What are called verbs in Russian? This is a part of speech that in its initial form answers the questions “What should I do?” ( drink, sing, paint, walk) or “What should I do?” ( drink, sing, paint, go). Verbs most often denote an action, sometimes a state. They can be personal, i.e. denoting an action performed by a specific person.
Examples. Blooms bird cherry. Her scent circles head. Here's someone from the hill came down. In this case, the verbs “blooms” and “descended” name the action that is performed by a specific person (cherry blooms, somebody came down), which is why they are called personal.
Impersonal verbs express an action that occurs without its producer.
Examples. It's getting dark. It's getting colder. I'm a little has a fever.
Impersonal verbs can be combined into semantic groups.
First group.
It includes verbs expressing actions occurring in nature. It’s getting dark, getting cold, blizzarding, freezing.
Second group.
Verbs that express a state or sensation. Chills, feverish, unwell.
Third group.
Impersonal verbs that capture desire, necessity, possibility or measure of action. Enough, should, must.
Impersonal and personal verbs are inextricably linked in language. In particular, the personal form often plays the role of an impersonal one.
Examples. Rings(l.ch.) call, the holidays have arrived. In my head rings(bl.ch.) from an excess of emotions.
In the first sentence, the personal form of the verb “rings” denotes an action that is performed by a specific manufacturer (bell). In the second case, the action takes place (occurs) regardless of the producer, in itself, it denotes a state, therefore, in this case it does not and cannot have a producer. (Can anyone ring in their head?) This is impersonal
Impersonal verbs freeze (are used) only in certain, fixed forms.
If they are in then they can be used exclusively:
- in the third person singular;
- in the present or future tense;
- in past tense, neuter form
Example. Soon it will get dark too early. (Ch. is used in the future tense, singular, third person). in autumn it's getting dark early. (Present tense, singular, third person). Today froze. middle genus, units number).
If verbs are in then they are used in the neuter gender.
Example. Quicker I'd freeze O.
In an indefinite form.
Example. Soon it will start to get dark.
Impersonal verbs are always the main member (predicate) in the meaning of these sentences is determined by the meaning of the impersonal verbs. Some of them record the state of living nature ( How early it gets dark in autumn!). Others are the state of a living being, including humans. ( It's easy to breathe in spring. His heart sank with fear.) Finally, sentences of this kind can have the semantic meaning of obligation or necessity. ( He pronounced the words clearly, as befits a good teacher.).
There are much more personal verbs that can appear in an impersonal form (in our language). The structures of such sentences and their meanings are very diverse. They decorate speech, give it imagery and emotionality.
Example. Sky laid dark clouds.
Verb tenses in Russian are an important morphological category. This is not a permanent sign. It denotes the moment of performing a certain action in relation to the moment of speech. This feature varies depending on the context.
Examples. I I'm drawing, I you I'm drawing. The action takes place in the present moment.
I you drew, that's the only way did not recognize. The action took place in the past.
I I'll draw you as queen. I I'll draw tomorrow morning. The action will take place in the future.
To determine the tense of a verb, just ask a question.
Verbs in the present and future tenses of the indicative mood and in the imperative mood have an inconsistent morphological feature of the person.
Face indicates the producer of the action.
The 1st person form indicates that the speaker (alone or with a group of people) is the producer of the action: I'm coming, let's go.
The 2nd person form indicates that the producer of the action is the listener / listeners: go, go, go, go.
The 3rd person form indicates that the action is carried out by persons not participating in the dialogue, or by objects: let him go, let him go, let him go / let him go.
Forms 1 and 2 persons, in the absence of a subject, can indicate that the action is attributed to any producer (see generalized personal one-part sentence: The quieter you go, the further you'll get).
From the point of view of relation to the morphological category of person, verbs can be divided into personal and impersonal.
Personal verbs denote actions that have a producer, and can act as predicates of two-part sentences ( I'm ill).
Impersonal verbs denote action that do not have a producer ( It's getting dark), or an action that is thought of as occurring against the will of the subject ( I'm not feeling well). These are states of nature ( It's getting dark), person ( I'm shivering) or subjective assessment of the situation ( I want to believe it). Impersonal verbs cannot be predicates of two-part sentences and act as the main member of a one-part impersonal sentence.
Impersonal verbs have a limited number of forms:
In the past tense of the indicative mood and in the conditional mood, the impersonal form coincides with the neuter singular form. numbers: it would be dawn;
In the present / future tense of the indicative mood, the impersonal form coincides with the form of the 3rd person singular. numbers: it is dawning, it will be dawning;
In the imperative mood, the impersonal form coincides with the form of the 2nd person unit. numbers: Sunrise early, I would get up earlier(figurative use of the imperative mood in the meaning of the conditional).
Most impersonal verbs also have an infinitive form, but some impersonal verbs do not even have this, for example: You should do the task in advance(verb follow in the infinitive there is no meaning of obligation).
Personal verbs can also appear in an impersonal form (cf.: The wave washed away the boat. - The boat was washed away by the wave.). This happens when the action itself is more important to the speaker than its producer.
In the indicative mood, the morphological feature of a person is expressed by personal endings and, if there is a subject in the sentence, is a concordant category: personal pronouns I And We require putting the verb in the 1st person form, personal pronouns You And You require the use of a verb in the 2nd person, other pronouns and all nouns, as well as words that act as a noun, require the use of a verb in the 3rd person form.
Conjugation
Conjugation- this is a change in the verb by persons and numbers.
The endings of the present/simple future tense are called personal endings verb (since they also convey the meaning of the person).
Personal endings depend on the conjugation of the verb:
If the personal endings of the verb are stressed, then the conjugation is determined by the endings. So, verb sleep refers to II conjugation ( sleep), and the verb drink- to I conjugation ( drink-eat). The same conjugation includes prefixed verbs derived from them with unstressed endings ( drink and eat).
If the endings are unstressed, then the conjugation is determined by the form of the infinitive of the verb: to II conjugation all verbs ending in - it, except shave, lay, rest on, as well as 11 exceptions: 7 verbs ending in - eat (look, see, endure, turn, depend, hate, offend) and 4 verbs starting with - at (hear, breathe, drive, hold). The remaining verbs refer to I conjugation.
In the Russian language there are verbs in which part of the personal endings belongs to the first conjugation, and part to the second. Such verbs are called differently conjugated. This want, run, honor and all verbs formed from the above.
Verb want has endings of the first conjugation in all singular forms. numbers and endings of the second conjugation in all plural forms. numbers.
Verb run has endings of the second conjugation in all forms except the 3rd person plural. numbers where it has the ending I conjugation.
Verb honor can either be heteroconjugated or belong to the II conjugation, which depends on the form of the 3rd person plural. numbers honor/honor.
In addition, there are verbs, some of whose personal endings are not represented in either the I or II conjugations. Such verbs have special conjugation. This There is And give and all those educated from them ( eat, pass), as well as verbs associated with origin data ( get bored, create). They have the following endings:
Most verbs have all possible forms of person and number, but there are also verbs that do not have any or usually do not use certain forms. So, for verbs win, find yourself, wonder there are no forms of 1st person unit. numbers, verbs crowd, group, scatter unit forms are not used. numbers, verbs foal, crystallize- 1st and 2nd person forms.
One day during the cold winter season, my mother caught a cold and fell ill. “Something has been chilling me all day today,” she complained to her little daughter. The girl was terribly surprised and asked: “Mom, who can make you feel cold?” “Nobody, just chilling,” she smiled. “It’s strange,” said the girl, “how can it be?” "Maybe. There are actions that, as in a fairy tale, are done by themselves or by some unknown force... We don’t know this, we don’t see and don’t know the one who acts, so we say this: it’s chilling, it’s getting dark, it’s dozing...” “What What kind of fairy tale is this?” you ask. We answer: “Impersonal verbs.”
Definition
In the Russian language, there are some verbs that denote actions by themselves, that is, without any actor. We are talking about a group called “impersonal verbs”. What is their feature? If personal verbs are conjugated, then the latter cannot change according to persons and numbers. They are used exclusively in impersonal sentences. For example: “It got dark. Along the alleys, over sleepy ponds, I wander at random” (Ivan Bunin), “By midnight it’s slightly frosty” (Kuprin), “It’s shallow, it’s shallow throughout the whole earth, to all its limits...” (Pasternak). Now let's figure out what these unusual verbs mean and in what grammatical forms they can be used.
Lexical meanings
Their lexical meaning is quite diverse. In general, it determines the general meaning of an impersonal sentence. So, impersonal verbs can have the following meanings. The first and most common are the phenomena and states of nature. For example: it’s getting dark, it’s getting light, it’s drizzling, it’s blizzarding, etc.
The second is the psychophysical states of a person or a living creature (nauseous, freezing, unwell, dozing, vomiting and many others).
Third, the actions of natural forces (she was unlucky, everything was covered with snow).
The fourth is the presence or absence of something (lacking, sufficient). And the last one is ought (proper, proper, follows, befits, appears, ought).
Use
Impersonal verbs (examples follow) can be used in different grammatical forms. Firstly, this is the indefinite, or initial form of the verb (to freeze, become, get dark). They can also be used in the indicative and conditional moods. In the indicative mood they tend to change over time. The impersonal form of the verb can coincide in form with verbs in the 3rd person singular of the present or future tense (it is drizzling, it will drizzle; it is chilling, it is chilling; it is getting dark, it will get dark), as well as with neuter verbs of the past tense (it froze, it blew, it got sad) .
Please note that in general, the category of person in these verbs is a pure formality, since the third person form (or neuter form) is in a kind of “frozen” state, and there simply cannot be another. In the conditional mood, the sign of which is the particle “would/b”, they are used, respectively, with these particles (it would thaw, it would warm up, it would warm up). We remember that the particle “would/b” is always written separately with verbs. And, finally, in the imperative mood - with a hint of desirability (let it get warmer). The topic “Impersonal verbs: examples of use” does not end there. Let's move on...
Kinds
There are several types of impersonal verbs. These, strictly speaking, are the impersonal verbs themselves, which do not correlate with any subject (it is dawning, it is chilling, it is getting dark). Next are the impersonal forms of verbs, which are formed from personal ones using the suffix -sya (I think he hears it). Also, some personal verbs can also have an impersonal meaning. In this case, a sentence can often be constructed in two ways: either one predicate, expressed by an impersonal verb, without a subject, or with a subject, which names the subject of the action, and with the same predicate verb, but already used in a personal form. Consider the following sentences with impersonal verbs: “the hail destroyed the entire harvest” or “the hail destroyed the entire harvest”; “I don’t write” or “I don’t write”; “there was a whiff of dampness from the apartment” - “there was a whiff of dampness from the apartment.” As you can see, a sentence using an impersonal verb and a sentence with the same verb, but in a personal form, differ from each other only in expressive and semantic shades.
Fiction
This is especially noticeable in examples from fiction, in poetry: “My whole chest was filled with a chill, filled with a feeling of joy, delight” (Paustovsky), “I had a good friend - where better to be - but everything happened, we had no time for talk to him” (Simonov). Sentences constructed according to the formula “subject plus predicate, expressed by a personal verb” convey a more specific, unambiguous picture of the world, without any undercurrents. And phrases with verbs in an impersonal meaning, describing certain actions, processes or phenomena, appear to the reader more vague, and therefore more mysterious and mysterious. In this regard, impersonal verbs in the hands of a writer or poet become a real tool capable of creating unknown worlds and distances.
Verbs in Russian can be divided into many types. One of these types is impersonal verbs, which are, as it were, the opposite of verbs that have persons. Let's see how to recognize the impersonal form, what is characteristic of it, and in what sentences it is used.
Verbs to denote actions without a subject
First, let's remember what personal verbs are. Usually, when we talk about a certain person or thing performing an action, the phrase sounds like this - “he did”, “she said”, “they did”, “we decided” and so on. The verb in such a sentence is closely related to the noun - it describes the action that we ourselves, the people around us, animals or even inanimate objects perform.
However, it also happens differently. It happens that verbs talk about actions that occur as if by themselves - no one performs them, there is no person who would be responsible for the process. It is precisely such verbs that are called impersonal.
Here are some examples:
- It was getting dark outside.
- I'm usually lucky in the lottery.
- There was a storm outside the window.
- In the evening he felt sad.
- There was a chill coming from the window.
Impersonal verbs are characterized by certain common features. In particular, they do not decline according to gender and number, of course, they do not have persons, and participles or gerunds cannot be formed from them.
What are the types of impersonal verbs?
- Indefinite form, or infinitive. For example - “getting dark, getting dark, wanting.”
- Conditional mood. For example - “it would have dawned sooner”, “it would have covered all traces”, “with time everything would have passed.”
- Indicative. In it, the impersonal verb can take the 3rd person singular form in the present tense - for example, “it’s getting dark outside the window,” “it’s stormy outside.” In addition, there are verbs in the future tense - “it will get dark” or “it will be stormy” - and in the past. But in the latter case, the masculine gender changes to the neuter gender - “it got dark”, “it started to snow”.
There are also impersonal verbs formed from personal verbs of the 3rd person and singular using the particle “sya”. For example - “I can’t sleep.” In this case, the personal verb would sound like “is not sleeping” and would be tied to the subject - “he is not sleeping,” “she is not sleeping.” But in its modified form, the verb denotes a physical or emotional state that can apply to anyone - and is therefore impersonal.
Some verbs name such processes, states, the meaning of which does not correlate with any actor. This is a designation of states of nature and man: It’s dawning, it’s getting dark, it’s getting dark, I’m not feeling well, I feel like it, it’s lucky. Impersonal verbs are used in a form that coincides in the present tense with the 3rd person singular form, and in the past tense with the neuter singular form: " It's getting light. The mouth of the sky opens wider and wider. Night he drinks sip after sip" (Mayak . ); "It got dark. Along the alleys, over the sleepy ponds, I wander at random" (Bun.).
Sometimes some personal verbs have an impersonal meaning. For example: “Sometimes like late autumn. There are days, there is an hour. When will blow suddenly in the spring And something stirs in us" (Tyutch.); "No birds are visible. The forest languishes obediently, empty and sick. The mushrooms came off, but hard smells In the ravines there is mushroom dampness" (Bun.); " Melo, melo throughout the whole earth, to all its borders, the candle was warming on the stele, the candle was burning" (Past.).
Attention should be paid to those cases when a personal verb in an impersonal meaning is used in a sentence where, in principle, another construction is possible: with a subject indicating the subject of the action, and the same (or similar in meaning) verb used in the personal form . For example: “It had not yet gotten completely dark, but the frost had grown violently stronger in the evening. The prickly scalding wind muzzle from the side of the dark crimson crack of the sunset, pressed to the ground, and as if from side to side shook above the heights the thundering gunfire of battle. Strongly carried ice chips swept from the parapets, sharp as broken glass, pricked in the lips, in the eyes" (Bond). A synonymous replacement is acceptable here: "by the wind muzzle"– "blew wind", " carried, pricked crushed ice" – " rushed, stabbed ice crumbs." However, options with impersonal and personal forms of the verb differ in expressive and semantic nuances. Sentences containing a subject and predicate (personal verb) paint a more specific, “existential” picture of the world. And the use of verbs in an impersonal meaning leads to the fact that the actions indicated by these verbs and naming the processes occurring in nature become more mysterious, vague, and mysterious in the reader’s perception, and the picture of the world itself, depicted by the writer, becomes just as mysterious, illusory and unsteady.
Note. In the individual poetic style of speech, on the contrary, there are cases of using impersonal verbs with a personal meaning: “Suddenly - I’m in full I'm getting light be able - and the day will ring again" (Mayak). Such deviations from traditional usage, due to their unusual nature, are very expressive.
Type category
The category of aspect is the ability of a verb to characterize how an action develops in time (irrespective of the moment of speech). Thus, some verbs represent an action as limited in its development by some limit. These are perfect verbs. Others are like a process, not limited by any limit. These are imperfective verbs.
The limit of action development, expressed by perfective verbs, can be different. Most logically, the concept of a limit is associated with the idea of the end of an action. Termination of action may be due to its exhaustion: “Snowflake slowly melted" (V.Kat.). A special case of exhaustion of action is the achievement of the result that was sought: "Now it turns out that he wrote great work" (Ch.); "Lebedkin took a lump of earth in his hands and rubbed it between the fingers" (A. Stepanov). In both cases, the nature of the duration of the action in time (its duration or shortness) is not felt, the characteristic of the action is focused on expressing the idea of the end, its termination as exhausted, effective. In verbs with a certain structure (mainly with prefix from-, and also with this prefix and postfix -xia) the action is presented not only as having ceased (for some reason, but not due to its exhaustion), but also as having lasted for a long time: " Dissuaded golden birch grove, cheerful language" (Es.); "I'm going east,” the captain suddenly declared loudly and defiantly, “ fought back - he nodded at his motionless left hand" (Chuck).
The limit may refer to the beginning of an action, and the actions themselves may be felt a) as more or less prolonged or, on the contrary, b) as those whose length in time is not felt in any way: a) “And he obediently set off drip and by morning he returned with poison" (P.); " Sang hewn horns" (Es.); b) "How will plead goldfish" (P.).
An action (state) can be presented as a process, the development of which is limited to some (relatively small) time period: “The junior officers came together chat And smoke" (Kupr.); "You are calling me, friend, be sad on the sleepy shores" (Es.).
An action can be characterized as being accomplished in one act, including instantly: “How old are you?” – “Eighty” – made a joke young lady" (Ch.); " Smiled sleepy birch trees" (Ec.).
Since perfective verbs express a relationship to an internal limit (the completed transition from the absence of an action to the beginning of an action, the transition from an action to the absence of an action, the completion of an action for some time), it is clear that perfective verbs do not have a present tense.
Imperfective verbs represent an action or a) as lasting an indefinite time without a break, “continuous”, i.e. without a definite beginning and end, or b) as also not limited in time, but intermittent, repeating from time to time: a) “You you're flowing like a river, strange name" (B.Ok.); "Two-light hall shone morning light; the morning light was gray and cloudy; thick stems rocked ricinium in the window in the rain; they were doused with crystal and silver, muddy streams carried in the windows there is red sand paths" (A. Bel.); b) "The doctor slowly stirred spoon in a glass and smoked" (Veres.); "In the garden.... lazily howls dog" (Ch.); "Old Monsikha respected into the back rooms of the women-witches" (A.N.T.).
The use of adverbial words is closely related to how the action develops, how it is represented by perfect and imperfect verbs (and vice versa, the meaning of certain adverbial words used in the text predetermines the use of verbs of a certain type). So, for example, when the action is one-act, instantaneous, adverbial words like suddenly, suddenly, unexpectedly(as well as words fixing time, the moment of action; in this time, then, right there and so on.). The action is repeated, intermittent, arising and stopping, arising again and stopping again, etc., can be accompanied by words like often, from time to time, from time to time, sometimes, every now and then. If we are talking about a continuous long-term action, words that clarify or enhance its meaning are possible, such as endlessly, incessantly, all the time, long etc. and so on.
