Simplified accounting for small businesses. Accounting in small businesses

Small businesses are allowed to simplify their accounting. In this article, we will look in detail at who has the right to conduct simplified accounting, and we will also look at what can be simplified in accounting for a small enterprise.

Who can use simplified accounting

The main requirement for organizations that have the right to use simplified accounting is that they belong to small enterprises. The main conditions for this are:

• Number of employees less than 100 people;
• Income was less than 400 million rubles last year, from 2018 this value will increase to 800 million rubles;
• Balance sheet currency is less than 60 million rubles;
• The share of participation of small organizations (including foreign ones) is no more than 49%.

Organizations that do not have the right to use simplified accounting include:

• Joint stock companies, on the basis that they must conduct an audit;
• State and municipal unitary enterprises;
• Housing, housing construction, credit consumer cooperatives, microfinance organizations.

Important! If a small enterprise is required to conduct an audit, they cannot maintain accounting in a simplified form.

In addition, simplified accounting can be carried out by participants in the Skolkovo project.

How to simplify accounting

There are no specially developed standards for simplified accounting, but PBUs contain various simplified methods.

An organization can use either the available methods, or some of the specified methods, or keep records in full, that is, without reducing it.

To do this, the organization must assess how simplified accounting may affect its reporting.

One of the ways to simplify accounting is abbreviated reporting. The organization has the right to use it regardless of whether it uses other methods.

Today, starting in 2017, a new rule for choosing an accounting method applies to small businesses. If the standards do not contain an accounting method suitable for such organizations, then they have the right to choose a method based on the criterion of rationality. For example, based on accounting costs, as well as the significance of the data contained in the reporting. The methods that a small enterprise chooses must be prescribed in the accounting policy.

Let's look at ways to simplify accounting:

• Reduce OS cost. It is beneficial to use this method for organizations on the general regime that pay property tax at the residual value. With this method, the value of assets will decrease, which means there will be a reduction in property taxes. You can take into account the cost of the OS at the seller's price, including installation costs. And the costs of consultation or the intermediary's remuneration should be written off in the period in which they arise. The chosen method will need to be applied from the beginning of the year, the initial cost of the fixed assets will need to be recalculated based on those assets that the company accepted for accounting in the current year. Since the value of assets will change, depreciation will have to be recalculated. Postings:

Business transaction	Postings
Reduced OS cost	Storno D01 K08
Reduced capital investment costs	Storno D08 K60
Expenses written off	D20(23-26.44) K60
Depreciation recalculated	Storno D20(23-26, 44) K02
Accounting for costs of purchasing and installing OS	D08 K60
Expenses written off	D20 K60(76)

• Write off the full cost of expensive equipment. Since there is no need to calculate depreciation on inventory, this method is beneficial to all companies. Now inventory worth more than 40,000 rubles can be immediately written off when accepted for accounting. In this case, depreciation must be added to the price of the inventory; in addition, an OS-1 accounting card must be created for inventory of this value, since it is already an OS. It should be taken into account on account 01. Postings:

Business transaction	Postings
Costs for purchasing inventory are taken into account	D08(19) K60
Depreciation written off	D20 K02

• Charge depreciation less frequently. This method is beneficial for those companies that do not pay property tax or calculate it based on the cadastral value. For fixed assets, depreciation can be calculated at your choice: on December 31, once a year, or monthly or quarterly (Read also article ⇒).

Important! It is not profitable to carry out depreciation once a year if the organization calculates property taxes based on the residual value.

• Write-off of materials is carried out on the date of purchase. This method is beneficial for those organizations that are on the simplified tax system and pay for materials in advance, or on the date of purchase. Using this method, you can take into account materials or goods at the seller’s price. Other costs related to their acquisition are written off in the period in which they are incurred. These are customs duties, intermediary fees, delivery costs, insurance, etc. Micro-enterprises can use this method for all inventories. And other small businesses can write off costs at the date of acquisition.

Incoming assets at 10 and 41 can be ignored and immediately written off as a debit to the cost account. Postings:

• Intangible assets are written off at a time. This method is beneficial for those organizations that have intangible assets. With this method, there is no need to keep separate records of intangible assets, and there is no need to charge depreciation on them. You can write off intangible assets at once. If, before adopting this method, the organization accrued depreciation of intangible assets, then the residual value will need to be written off. Postings:

Business transaction	Postings
Intangible assets written off	D20(23-26.44) K04
Costs for the acquisition of intangible assets are taken into account	D20(23-26.44) K60(70)

• Reduce the chart of accounts. Using this method is beneficial for those organizations that have few accounting transactions. In this case there will be no confusion. You can use an abbreviated chart of accounts (Read also article ⇒). For example, costs can be reflected only on account 20, and account 76 can be used for settlements with both customers and reporting employees.
• Do not create valuation reserves. Small businesses may not create a reserve for vacation pay or depreciation of materials. Having decided to use this method, organizations must write off all reserves that were previously created. Postings:

• Do not recognize accounting differences. For those organizations that use a common system, this method of accounting is beneficial. With this method there will be fewer postings. Companies have the right not to recognize permanent or deferred tax liabilities and assets. For example, if there is a difference between tax and accounting depreciation, the difference should be reflected in accounting, but with the simplified method this is not necessary. The company will only have to calculate the profit for each account, taking into account actual expenses.
• Accounting is carried out using the cash method. For those companies that are on the simplified tax system and take into account both income and expenses in tax accounting upon payment, it is beneficial to use this method. Since the two accounts can be brought closer together. Small businesses can recognize revenue when payment is received from the buyer, and expenses when the debt is repaid.
• Use simplified registers and simplified reporting in accounting. For those organizations that have few business transactions per month, using this method of accounting is beneficial. If there are less than 30 transactions during the month, then they are recorded in the K-1 book; payroll accounting is used in the B-8 statement. If there are 30-100 transactions per month, then records are kept according to statements B-1-B-9. Moreover, each of them is used for transactions on one account. For example, B-3 is for production costs, and B-9 is for accounting for results. Small organizations have the right to submit reports to the tax and statistical authorities using simplified forms. For example, a simplified balance sheet does not contain breakdowns of indicators for authorized capital or profit (Read also article ⇒).

Thus, in order to apply simplified accounting, it is necessary to make changes to the accounting policy next year. If you change the accounting policy for the current year, companies will have to recalculate all indicators from the beginning of the year; when switching to simplified accounting from the beginning of the year, this is not necessary.

Small business accounting is simplified accounting for small businesses, companies and, of course, individual entrepreneurs. Small enterprises are understood as enterprises whose revenue is up to 400 million rubles. and the number of employees should not exceed 100 people.

Simplified accounting

A simplified accounting system is an accounting system for small businesses, in some way facilitated by a chart of accounts, types of reports submitted, etc.

Accounting, even in a simplified form, must be regulated by the company's accounting policies.

Accounting policies for small businesses

Accounting policy is an accepted set of accounting methods: primary observation, cost measurement, current grouping and final generalization of the facts of economic activity.

The accounting policy of small businesses is more rational. It is not bloated, it contains only the main points.

Since the accounting policy should be written by the chief accountant, accordingly, accounting should be handled by the chief accountant or a specialized company for maintaining remote accounting. Of course, Law 402-FZ “On Accounting” states that the head of the company can do the accounting, but here you need to understand that he will be responsible for preparing the reports and he must understand what numbers he will be entering into the reports.

Chart of Accounts for Small Business

The next simplified factor in accounting for a small enterprise is a shortened version of the working chart of accounts. Those. To comply with the principle of rationality on which the accounting policy is based, the Ministry of Finance proposes to reduce some accounts, i.e. suggests using basic accounts. For example, do not use 23, 25, 26, 28.29, but assign all costs to 20. Accounts 41, 43 are immediately written off to 41. Accounts 62,71,73,7576.79 are attributed to one common 76. Of course, this you will need to register this point in your accounting policy.

We all know that accounting data is systematized and accumulated in accounting registers.

So, when using a simplified accounting system, the forms of accounting registers can be simplified. Depending on the nature and volume of accounting transactions, this may be a form of accounting without the use (simple form) or using property accounting registers.

Each small business entity must make a choice for itself: whether to use a simple form of accounting or using accounting registers.

If he uses a simple form of accounting, then he needs to remember that all expenses and income of the company must be recorded in the books of account. And no one has canceled the preparation and submission of reports for small businesses. In this regard, a small business accountant will still have to keep records of accounting accounts, since the balance is formed on the basis of account balances.

Well, small businesses engaged in the production of products (works, services) are recommended to use a form of accounting using property accounting registers: registration of facts of economic activity in a set of simplified statements intended for generating information for management purposes and preparing financial statements. Each statement, as a rule, is used to record transactions on one of the accounting accounts used.

Forms of financial statements in an abbreviated version

When preparing financial statements, small businesses must proceed from the fact that they must give a reliable and complete picture of their financial position, the financial results of their activities and changes in their financial position. In this regard, the main forms of accounting statements for small businesses are Form No. 1 “Balance Sheet” and Form No. 2 “Profit and Loss Statement”.

Help with small business accounting

Due to the fact that small business managers are engaged in its development and they do not have the time and sufficient knowledge to maintain records and prepare reports, as well as there is no rented space for a full-time chief accountant to work, many of them enter into contracts with specialized companies that provide remote accounting - accounting outsourcing. Those. you transfer the accounting under the contract to an accounting firm, and it, in turn, completely carries out not only outsourcing of accounting, but also bears all obligations related to the activities of your company, you have the opportunity to receive advice from general specialists on all issues related to running your business.

Cost of small business accounting

The cost varies depending on what you have, LLC or individual entrepreneur, on the number of services, on the number of bank turnovers and much more. But the cost of remote accounting is much cheaper than paying labor and payroll taxes for a full-time accountant. On average, the cost is from 10,000 rubles. up to 12,000 rub. per month.

Back in 2013, small businesses were required to keep accounting records without double entry. The basis for this is clause 6.1 /2008. Small enterprises can be companies whose average number of employees over the previous year is no more than 15 people. In addition, the company should not have a share of a foreign organization, state or municipality in the authorized capital of more than 25 percent. The revenue of micro-enterprises cannot exceed 60 million rubles for the previous year. If all these conditions are met, the company can be called a micro-enterprise.

There are two accounting methods for microenterprises: cash and accrual accounting. In the first case, it is necessary to maintain double entries, and all transactions must be displayed in statements and accounts. But in this case, there is no need to reflect all transactions in the business book, payroll or accounts.

The accrual method involves keeping records without double entry; if the company does not intend to make accounting entries, it will need to develop its own accounting records and use standardized forms.

How to keep accounting for micro-enterprises?

If a decision is made to conduct accounting without double entry, it is necessary to provide for this rule in the accounting policy. And you don’t have to wait until the end of the year.

In addition, the accounting policy of the enterprise must indicate the forms of registers where transactions will be displayed. The forms can be called as you wish: books, magazines, cards, and so on. But all these forms must be approved by the head of the enterprise. These forms must display mandatory details, inventory balances, accounts payable, expenses, revenue turnover and non-current.

Old forms can be used as primary documents.

Accounting registers

Registers for accounting are developed taking into account the fact that information from them will be entered into the profit and loss statement. Any micro-enterprise will definitely need registers to record wages, goods, expenses and depreciation. All registers are completed using the same method by which expenses and income are recognized.

An accountant can do without some registers. For example, for bank or cash register balances you do not need to create your own registers. All account data is taken from bank statements. And you can find out about the cash balances from the cash book.

It is also not mandatory to develop a register for recording insurance contributions to funds. For these purposes, it is more convenient to use the document forms recommended by letter

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One of the principles of accounting regulation is the establishment of simplified methods of maintaining it.

There are certain relaxations in this regard for small businesses. However, today they are clearly not enough. Order of the Ministry of Finance dated May 16, 2016 N 64n is intended to “defuse” the situation a little, which seems to be aimed at simplifying accounting rules for “kids” - corresponding changes have been made to as many as four accounting regulations. However, in reality, everything is not as simple as we would like.

As a matter of fact, the innovations are addressed to companies that have the right to use simplified accounting methods, including simplified accounting (financial) reporting.

Let us recall that in general the purpose of the Law of December 6, 2011 N 402-FZ (hereinafter referred to as Law N 402-FZ) is to establish uniform requirements for accounting, including accounting (financial) reporting, as well as the creation of a legal mechanism for regulating accounting . At the same time, in Art. 20 of Law N 402-FZ emphasizes: the principles of accounting regulation have the same meaning for accounting as the basic principles of tax legislation - for the regulation of tax legal relations. Among such accounting principles, a special place is occupied by the principle of “establishing simplified methods of accounting, including simplified accounting (financial) reporting, for economic entities that have the right to use such methods.”

Who can conduct accounting using the “simplified” program

First of all, let us remind you for which organizations simplified methods of accounting are available, including simplified accounting (financial) reporting. The list of these is given in Part 4 of Art. 6 of Law No. 402-FZ. These include:

• small businesses;
• non-profit organizations;
• organizations that have received the status of project participants to carry out research, development and commercialization of their results in accordance with the Law of September 28, 2010 N 244-FZ “On the Skolkovo Innovation Center”.

At the same time, even if the company belongs to one of the named categories, simplified accounting is not available to it if it is named in Part 5 of Art. 6 of Law No. 402-FZ. In particular, the “black list” included joint-stock companies, residential complexes and housing cooperatives, microfinance organizations, bar associations, etc. They must conduct accounting according to general rules and prepare financial statements in full.

"Simplified" principles

The general principles for establishing simplified methods of accounting were approved by the Expert Group on Accounting and Reporting by Small Business Entities on November 25, 2015 (Minutes No. 7). These include:

1. compliance of accounting methods with the size, scale and social significance of the activities of an economic entity;
2. unity of methodological foundations of simplified and general accounting methods;
3. priority of the information function of accounting over its control function;
4. ensuring the quality and reliability of the information generated in accounting, its value for interested users when using simplified accounting methods;
5. eliminating the risks of abuse and fraud when using simplified accounting methods;
6. Comparability of financial information generated by simplified accounting methods with financial information generated according to general rules.

"Simplified" methods

The use of simplified methods, by definition, should ensure a reduction in the financial and administrative burden on economic entities. In Information of the Ministry of Finance N PZ-3/2015, which was published back in 2015, all the “secrets” of simplified accounting were revealed. In particular, representatives of the Ministry of Finance indicated that when developing an accounting policy, a micro-enterprise or non-profit organization using simplified methods may provide for accounting using a simple system (without using double entry). In addition, you can reduce the number of synthetic accounts in the work plan adopted by the organization. For example, to account for inventory, you can use account 10 “Materials” (instead of accounts 07 “Equipment for installation”, 10 “Materials”, 11 “Animals for growing and fattening”), etc.

It is also allowed not to revaluate fixed assets and intangible assets, not to reflect the depreciation of intangible assets, not to reflect estimated liabilities, contingent liabilities and contingent assets in accounting, including not to create reserves for upcoming expenses (for the upcoming payment of vacations to employees, payment of remunerations based on the results of work for the year , warranty repairs and warranty service, etc.).

New "simplified" ways

The Ministry of Finance, by Order No. 64n dated May 16, 2016 (hereinafter referred to as Order No. 64n), in a sense, “expanded” the range of simplified accounting methods. Moreover, the corresponding adjustments were made to four PBUs at once. An important nuance: the new “simplified” capabilities, although the said Order came into force only on June 20, 2016, can be used “retrospectively” - from January 1, 2016. To do this, you need to make appropriate changes to the accounting policies of organizations for accounting purposes.

"Initial" introductory

According to the general rules, the initial cost of fixed assets acquired for a fee is recognized as the amount of the organization’s actual costs for the acquisition, construction and manufacture of an object, with the exception of VAT and other refundable taxes (clause 8 of PBU 6/01, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of March 30, 2001 . N 26n). That is, all costs directly related to the acquisition, construction and manufacture of an OS object are actual costs. Therefore, they must be included in the initial cost of the OS.

In this part, the simplified methods of accounting introduced by Order N 64n suggest that an organization can determine the initial cost of fixed assets in a special manner:

• when purchasing them for a fee - at the price of the supplier (seller) and installation costs (if there are such costs and if they are not included in the price);
• during their construction (manufacturing) - in the amount paid under construction contracts and other agreements concluded for the purpose of acquiring, constructing and manufacturing OS.

As for other costs directly related to the acquisition, construction and manufacture of an asset, in the “simplified” case they are included in expenses for ordinary activities in full in the period in which they were incurred.

In other words, the initial cost of the operating system may not include, in particular, the following expenses:

• amounts paid for delivering the object and bringing it into a condition suitable for use;
• amounts paid to organizations for carrying out work under construction contracts and other contracts;
• amounts paid to organizations for information and consulting services related to the acquisition of fixed assets;
• customs duties and customs fees;
• non-refundable taxes, state duties paid in connection with the purchase of an asset;
• remuneration to the intermediary through whom the fixed asset was acquired;
• other costs directly related to the acquisition, construction and production of OS.

Variation in depreciation calculation

No less significant changes were made by Order No. 64n to the part concerning depreciation of fixed assets. And if previously, according to clause 19 of PBU 6/01, during the reporting year, depreciation charges on fixed assets had to be accrued monthly, regardless of the accrual method used, in the amount of 1/12 of the annual amount, now a “simplified” option is allowed. It consists in the fact that the annual amount of depreciation can be accrued at a time as of December 31 of the reporting year, and not monthly. There is another option - depreciation can be calculated periodically during the reporting year, by independently determining the appropriate period.

Simplifications in the depreciation calculation procedure are also provided for production and business equipment. Let us recall that these objects, in accordance with clause 5 of PBU 6/01, are classified as fixed assets if the duration of their SPI exceeds 12 months or the normal operating cycle. Thanks to Order N 64n, depreciation of the said inventory can be charged at a time in the amount of the initial cost of objects of such funds when they are accepted for accounting.

Simplified inventory accounting

Order No. 64n introduced a number of amendments to PBU 5/01 (approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance dated June 9, 2001 No. 44n), which regulates the accounting of inventories. There are several innovations in this part.

Firstly, we are talking about the possibility of optimizing the process of forming the initial cost of inventories. There is an analogy here with the process of forming the initial cost of an operating system. That is, it is allowed to evaluate purchased inventories at the supplier’s price. At the same time, other costs directly related to their acquisition are included in expenses for ordinary activities in full in the period in which they were incurred.

Let us recall that, according to the general rules, inventories are accepted for accounting at actual cost. This is the amount of the organization's actual acquisition costs, excluding VAT and other refundable taxes. At the same time, the actual costs of purchasing materials and equipment include, in particular:

• amounts paid in accordance with the agreement to the supplier (seller);
• fees for information and consulting services related to the acquisition of inventories;
• customs duties;
• non-refundable taxes paid in connection with the acquisition of a unit of inventory;
• remunerations paid to intermediaries through whom these objects are purchased;
• costs of procuring and delivering materials to the place of their use, including insurance costs;
• costs of bringing inventories to a state in which they are suitable for use for the planned purposes;
• other costs directly related to the acquisition of inventories.

According to the “simplified” rules, it is assumed that if expenses do not form the initial cost of inventories, then they are included in expenses for ordinary activities in full in the period in which they were incurred.

Secondly, we are talking about writing off expenses for inventories. According to the changes, such costs can be written off at a time if the nature of the organization’s activities does not imply the presence of significant balances of inventories or if these reserves are used for management needs. In this case, significant balances are considered to be those balances, information about the presence of which in the accounting records of an organization can influence the decisions of users of the financial statements of this organization.

In this part, micro-enterprises are separately highlighted - they are given the opportunity to write off any inventories without restrictions, that is, for these purposes they do not need to take into account information about the materiality of inventories balances from the point of view of its ability to influence the decisions of accounting users.

Thirdly, again, organizations that use simplified accounting methods, including simplified accounting (financial) statements, thanks to Order N 64n, may not create a reserve for reducing the cost of inventories (clause 25 of PBU 5/01).

Accounting for intangible assets and R&D expenses

Order N 64n also supplemented the “simplified” provisions of PBU 14/2007 (approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance dated December 27, 2007 N 153n) and PBU 17/02 (approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance dated November 19, 2002 N 115n). Their essence boils down to the fact that organizations using simplified accounting methods are given the right not to formulate the cost of intellectual objects in accounting and not to reflect them as part of intangible assets or R&D expenses. That is, expenses for R&D and for the acquisition (creation) of objects that are subject to accounting as intangible assets can be recognized as expenses for ordinary activities in the full amount as they are incurred.

Difficult problems of applying innovations

It must be said that these innovations are of a permissive nature. Accordingly, they are not applied by default; if you want to take advantage of the simplified rules, organizations must make changes to their accounting policies. At the same time, companies have the right to independently determine the feasibility of using each simplified method of accounting, regardless of the use of other simplified methods. That is, some of them can be “introduced” into practice, but some should be abandoned.

But in reality it is not that simple. At a minimum, it is necessary to carry out some analytical work and carefully weigh the consequences of decisions made. For example, if we talk about the consequences of not including other costs associated with their acquisition (construction) in the initial cost of fixed assets, there are several of them. On the one hand, the property tax base is reduced, on the other hand, this also leads to a decrease in the value of net assets...

If we talk about simplified methods of calculating depreciation, then by simplifying accounting and writing off depreciation charges once a year, thereby increasing the property tax base “within” the year. True, companies that use one or another special regime will not face such a problem.

July 2016

All articles for small businesses on benefits related to accounting and reporting (Nikitin V.V.)

Organizations that apply a special regime in the form of UTII often meet the criteria for a small business entity. This allows them to take advantage of a number of benefits related, for example, to accounting and preparation of financial statements.
The article discusses these benefits in relation to organizations:
— applying only a special regime in the form of UTII, without combining it with another taxation regime;
— who are not issuers of publicly placed securities (for such entities, the benefits in question apply in a very truncated version).
In addition, the article does not focus on microenterprises that are classified as small businesses, but for which additional benefits are provided.

Criteria for classification of an organizationto small businesses

Article 4 of the Law on Entrepreneurship Development<1>It has been established that small business entities (SMEs) include commercial organizations (with the exception of state and municipal unitary enterprises) that meet a number of conditions:
- the total share of participation of the Russian Federation, constituent entities of the Russian Federation, municipalities, foreign legal entities, public and religious organizations (associations), charitable and other funds in the authorized (share) capital (share fund) of these persons, as well as the share of participation owned by one or to several legal entities that are not small and medium-sized businesses, should not exceed 25%;
- the average number of employees for the previous calendar year should not exceed 100 people inclusive (this criterion must be observed by the “imputed” by virtue of clause 1, clause 2.2 and clause 2.3 of article 346.26 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation);
— revenue from the sale of goods (work, services) for the previous calendar year should not exceed 400 million rubles. (Clause 1 of the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 02/09/2013 N 101 “On the maximum values ​​of revenue from the sale of goods (works, services) for each category of small and medium-sized businesses”).
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<1>Federal Law of July 24, 2007 N 209-FZ “On the development of small and medium-sized businesses in the Russian Federation.”

Accounting

According to paragraphs.

1 clause 4 art. 6 of the Federal Law of December 6, 2011 N 402-FZ “On Accounting” (hereinafter referred to as the Accounting Law), SMP has the right to use simplified methods of accounting, including preparing simplified accounting (financial) statements.
This benefit does not apply to organizations whose accounting (financial) statements are subject to mandatory audit (clause 1, clause 5 of this article). The list of cases when a mandatory audit is carried out is given in paragraph 1 of Art. 5 of the Federal Law of December 30, 2008 N 307-FZ “On Auditing Activities”, in particular if the organization has the legal form of a joint stock company.
The main documents regulating the simplified procedure for maintaining accounting records and preparing financial statements are:
— Standard recommendations for organizing accounting for small businesses<2>(hereinafter referred to as Standard Recommendations). The document is applied to the extent that it does not contradict the Accounting Law;
— Information of the Ministry of Finance of Russia No. PZ-3/2012 “On a simplified accounting system and financial statements for small businesses” (hereinafter referred to as Information No. PZ-3/2012);
— Recommendations for small businesses on the use of simplified methods of accounting and preparation of accounting (financial) statements<3>.
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<2>Approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 21, 1998 N 64n.
<3>Recommendations for SMEs were developed by NP "IPB of Russia" on September 17, 2013, approved for use at a meeting of the expert group of the Russian Ministry of Finance on issues of accounting and reporting of SMEs. The document is intended to provide methodological assistance to SMPs in setting up and maintaining accounting records. It is not a normative document.

Small businesses are given the right to conduct accounting in a simplified manner:
— apply an abbreviated chart of accounts;
— do not use accounting registers;
— abandon the use of a number of PBUs;
— take into account certain types of business transactions in a simplified manner.
The head of the SMP has the right to take charge of accounting (Clause 3, Article 7 of the Accounting Law).
Please note that the benefits that an organization plans to take advantage of as an SSE must be reflected in its accounting policies in order to avoid the risk of disputes with the tax office.
Let's take a closer look at these benefits.

Abbreviated chart of accounts

For accounting purposes, SMP can reduce the number of synthetic accounts in the working chart of accounts in comparison with those accounts that are given in the standard Chart of Accounts (clause 8 of the Standard Recommendations, clauses 3, 3.1, 3.2 of Information No. PZ-3/2012) .
For example, an organization can open the following accounts to summarize information on costs associated with the production and sale of products (works, services):
— account 20 “Main production” (instead of accounts 20 “Main production”, 23 “Auxiliary production”, 25 “General production expenses”, 26 “General expenses”, 28 “Defects in production”, 29 “Service production and facilities”);
— account 44 “Sales expenses”.
Thus, the SMP independently determines, on the basis of the standard Chart of Accounts, which accounts it will use, based on the specifics of its activity. The working chart of accounts is attached to the accounting policy approved by the organization.

Simplified register system

To systematize and accumulate information, the SMP can adopt a simplified system of registers (simplified form) of accounting. Depending on the nature and volume of accounting operations, this may be a form of accounting without the use (simple form) or using property accounting registers (clauses 4, 4.1, 4.2 of Information No. PZ-3/2012).
The form of accounting without the use of property accounting registers (simple form) involves recording all business transactions only in a book (journal) for recording the facts of economic activity (see Appendix 1 to the Model Recommendations). A book (journal) is a register of analytical and synthetic accounting, on the basis of which it is possible to determine the availability of property and funds, as well as their sources, from a small business entity on a certain date and to draw up financial statements.
This form of accounting is recommended for small businesses that carry out a small number of business transactions (usually no more than 30 per month) and do not produce products (perform work, provide services) associated with large expenditures of material resources.
The form of accounting using property accounting registers (see section 4.2 of the Standard Recommendations) involves recording facts of economic activity in a set of simplified statements intended to generate information for management purposes and prepare financial statements. Each statement, as a rule, is used to record transactions on one of the accounting accounts used.
This form of accounting is recommended for small businesses engaged in production (performance of work, provision of services).

Reflection of transactions in accounting

Cash method. As a general rule, revenue is recognized in accounting on an accrual basis (as goods (work, services) are shipped), regardless of the actual receipt of funds from buyers and customers (clause 12 of PBU 9/99 “Organizational Income”<4>).
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<4>Approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated May 6, 1999 N 32n.

SMP has the right to recognize revenue on a cash basis (that is, revenue is recognized not as the rights of ownership, use and disposal for products supplied, goods sold, work performed, services rendered are transferred, but after receipt of cash and other forms of payment) (clause 12 of PBU 9 /99 “Income of the organization”). If an organization has adopted the cash method of revenue recognition in its accounting policy, then expenses are reflected after the debt is repaid (clause 18 of PBU 10/99 “Organizational Expenses”<5>).
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<5>Approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated May 6, 1999 N 33n.

Fixed assets. Based on paragraphs 7 - 9 of Information No. PZ-3/2012, SMP has the right in accounting to:
— do not revaluate fixed assets as provided for in clause 15 of PBU 6/01 “Accounting for fixed assets”<6>;
— not to revaluate intangible assets, and also not to reflect the impairment of intangible assets, which are provided for in paragraphs 17, 22 of PBU 14/2007 “Accounting for intangible assets”<7>.
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<6>Approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated March 30, 2001 N 26n.
<7>Approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 27, 2007 N 153n.

Financial investments. SMP has the right to carry out a subsequent assessment of all financial investments (both market and non-market) in the manner established for financial investments for which their current market value is not determined (clause 19 of PBU 19/02 “Accounting for financial investments”<8>), that is, at the original cost.
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<8>Approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 10, 2002 N 126n.

Conditional facts. SMP is allowed not to apply PBU 8/2010 “Estimated liabilities, contingent liabilities and contingent assets”<9>(clause 3 of PBU). As a result, the organization will not reflect estimated liabilities, contingent liabilities and contingent assets in accounting and reporting. For this purpose, the SMP may, among other things, not create any reserves (for example, for paying vacations to employees, warranty repairs and warranty service), and take into account all actually incurred expenses as expenses as they arise.
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<9>Approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 13, 2010 N 167n.

Borrowing and credit costs. SMP has the right to recognize as other expenses interest on all loans and credits, including those that are used to acquire (create) an investment asset and interest on which, as a general rule, is included in its cost (clause.

7 PBU 15/2008 “Accounting for expenses on loans and credits”<10>).
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<10>Approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated October 6, 2008 N 107n.

Correction of past errors. As a general rule, significant errors of previous years are corrected by entries in correspondence with account 84 “Retained earnings (uncovered loss)” and using a retrospective recalculation of comparative reporting indicators of previous years (clause 9 of PBU 22/2010 “Correcting errors in accounting and reporting”<11>). SMP has the right to correct a significant error of the previous reporting year, identified after the approval of the financial statements for this year, without applying account 84 and without retrospective recalculation.
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<11>Approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated June 28, 2010 N 63n.

Reflection of the consequences of changes in accounting policies. As a general rule, the consequences of changes in accounting policies that have had or are capable of having a significant impact on the financial position of the organization, the financial results of its activities and (or) cash flows are reflected in the financial statements retrospectively, with the exception of certain situations (clause 15 of PBU 1/2008 “ Accounting policy of the organization"<12>). SMP has the right to reflect in its financial statements any consequences of changes in accounting policies prospectively, except in cases where a different procedure is established by the legislation of the Russian Federation and (or) a regulatory legal act on accounting (clause 15.1 of PBU 1/2008).
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<12>Approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated October 6, 2008 N 106n.

Financial statements

SMP can prepare financial statements in a reduced volume (clauses 5 and 6 of Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 2, 2010 N 66n “On forms of financial statements of organizations”), that is, it can consist only of a balance sheet and a statement of financial results. A statement of changes in equity, a statement of cash flows, notes to the balance sheet and a statement of financial results are prepared only if they contain information without which it is impossible to assess the financial position and financial results of the organization.
In addition, the SMP has the right:
— independently develop financial reporting forms;
- include in the balance sheet and profit and loss statement only indicators for groups of items, without detailing indicators for items;
— disclose a smaller amount of information in the financial statements compared to the amount provided for other business entities.
Forms of the balance sheet and financial statements of SMP are attached to the above document.
SMP provides in the financial statements indicators about individual assets, liabilities, income, expenses and business transactions separately only if they are significant and if without knowledge of them by interested users it is impossible to assess the financial position of the entity or the financial results of its activities.
SMP is allowed not to apply the following PBUs relating to the preparation of financial statements:
— PBU 12/2010 “Information by segments”<13>(clause 3 of PBU). As a result, the organization will not reflect segment information in its financial statements;
— PBU 16/02 “Information on discontinued activities”<14>(clause 3.1 of the PBU). Failure to apply this PBU allows the organization not to comply with the requirements for disclosing information on discontinued activities in the financial statements.
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<13>Approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated November 8, 2010 N 143n.
<14>Approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 2, 2002 N 66n.

Small enterprises are also allowed not to apply PBU 11/2008 “Information about related parties”<15>, except for cases when they publish financial statements in whole or in part in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, constituent documents or on their own initiative (clause.

3 PBU 11/2008). As a result, they have the right not to disclose information about related parties in their financial statements.
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<15>Approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated April 29, 2008 N 48n.

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What accounting concessions are provided for small businesses?

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Starting from the new year, all organizations, including those who use the simplified tax system, will have to keep accounting records in full. At the same time, most of the “simplified” businesses belong to small businesses. And for them there is a simplified version of accounting.

However, in order to apply it in practice, special rules must be enshrined in the accounting policies of the organization. Let's consider what concessions the “kids” can take advantage of.

An important point. In order to use the simplified accounting option provided for a small enterprise, you need to reflect this fact in the accounting policy.

Relaxation No. 1: the head of a small enterprise can conduct accounting independently. Currently, the head of any organization can do accounting independently if he considers it possible. But starting from 2013, only small and medium-sized businesses will have this privilege (Clause 3, Article 7 of Federal Law No. 402-FZ of December 6, 2011).

Relaxation No. 2: “kids” in accounting can recognize income and expenses using the cash method, that is, as money is received and spent. This right is granted to small enterprises by clause 12 of PBU 9/99 and clause 18 of PBU 10/99. Other organizations conduct accounting using the accrual method or, as they say, “by shipment.” And, accordingly, revenue is recognized in income only after ownership of the goods has transferred to the buyer or the customer has accepted the work. They reflect expenses in the reporting period in which they occurred, regardless of the time of actual payment of funds.

Let us note that the cash method in accounting may be convenient for “simplistic” people. Because they recognize income and expenses in tax accounting in the same way. By choosing the cash method and fixing it in your accounting policy, you will bring accounting and tax accounting closer together.

For reference. “Simplers” may find it convenient to recognize income and expenses in accounting using the cash method. After all, they use it in tax accounting.

Relaxation No. 3: small businesses may not apply some accounting provisions. For example, PBU 2/2008. By refusing it, you will be able to take into account income and expenses under construction contracts in the general manner in accordance with the requirements of PBU 9/99 and PBU 10/99. You also have the right to refuse PBU 8/2010. In this case, you will not have to create any reserves, and all costs incurred will be expensed as incurred. In addition, “little ones” may not apply PBU 11/2008 “Information on related parties”, PBU 12/2010 “Information on segments”, PBU 16/02 “Information on discontinued activities”, as well as PBU 18/02 “Accounting for settlements” on corporate income tax."

Relaxation No. 4: all financial investments (contributions to the authorized capital, issued loans, etc.) “kids” can be accounted for at their original cost. That is, reflect in accounting the amount actually spent, which subsequently does not change. Note that other organizations must divide financial investments into two groups (clause 19 of PBU 19/02). The first includes investments for which the current market value is not determined. They are reflected in accounting at the reporting date at historical cost. The second group includes investments for which the current market value can be determined. Such investments should be adjusted monthly or quarterly during the year, and at the end of the reporting year they should be reflected in the balance sheet at market value.

Relaxation No. 5: small businesses have the right to simplify the working chart of accounts by merging some of the accounts. This privilege was granted to the “kids” by the Russian Ministry of Finance in Information No. PZ-3/2010. For example, you can reflect all income and expenses on account 99 “Profits and losses”. In this case, you will not use accounts 90 “Sales” and 91 “Other income and expenses”. However, you will have to open subaccounts for account 99 for significant types of income and expenses. This will allow you to separate income and expenses for ordinary activities from other income and expenses. More details about account consolidation are described in this issue on p. 46.

Relaxation No. 6: “little ones” can reflect in their reporting the consequences of changes in accounting policies prospectively, that is, only in the current period. This is stated in clause 15.1 of PBU 1/2008. We are talking about changes that have had or are likely to have a significant impact on the financial position of the company, financial results of its operations or cash flows.

Other organizations reflect the consequences of changes in accounting policies not related to amendments to legislation using the retrospective method. This means that they must recalculate reporting indicators as if the changes occurred not now, but in the past. In this case, the recalculation is carried out at least for two years preceding the reporting year (clause 15 of PBU 1/2008).

Note that in a similar way, that is, using the retrospective method, organizations correct significant errors of the previous reporting year that were identified after approval of the reporting for the current year. But “kids” are again exempt from it (clause 9 of PBU 22/2010). They correct detected errors using count 91 or count 99 if they refused count 91. As a result, reporting indicators for the past year are formed, and the indicators of previous reporting remain the same.

Relaxation No. 7: small enterprises may not revaluate fixed assets and intangible assets. However, any other organizations have the right to refuse revaluation (clause 15 of PBU 6/01 and clause 17 of PBU 14/2007). However, before making such a decision, it should be remembered that in some cases, revaluation of property may be beneficial to the company. For example, an organization that maintains its investment attractiveness should not refuse to revaluate real estate, which only becomes more expensive over the years.

Memo. "Simplers", like any other organizations, can refuse to revaluate fixed assets and intangible assets. However, this is not always beneficial.

V.A. Sinitsyna

Expert of the magazine "Simplified"

Home — Documents

Accounting registers for small businesses

Let's see what minimum set of registers will be required for a small organization that decides to conduct accounting without double entry, but using the accrual method. We will also give examples of such registers (Clause 6.1 of PBU 1/2008).
You can call them whatever you like - statements, registers, calculations, notebooks, books or tables. But no matter what registers and their names you choose, they must contain all the required details (Article 10 of the Law of December 6, 2011 N 402-FZ):

• name of the register and your organization;
• the start and end date of maintaining the register and/or the period for which it was compiled;
• unit of monetary measurement of indicators;
• names of positions of persons responsible for maintaining the register, their signatures indicating surnames and initials.

Attention! Do not forget that the accounting registers used must be approved in the accounting policy (Clause 4 of PBU 1/2008).

The head of the organization must approve the register forms by order. When determining the list of your registers, it is important to highlight accounting objects so that you can then create reports.

Registers for accounting of assets, liabilities and individual transactions

We will look at the most common basic accounting registers that a micro-enterprise may need.
1.

Salary. You can set up its accounting in such a register.

The final balance of the "Salary" register (as a rule, it is positive if the salary for the second part of the month is paid at the beginning of the next) must be taken into account when calculating the "Accounts Payable" indicator of the balance sheet liability.

2. For Personal income tax And insurance premiums special accounting is required - for this you can keep individual cards for each employee.
The Pension Fund of Russia, together with the Social Insurance Fund, has developed a recommended form of card for recording payments to employees and amounts of insurance contributions. It can be found in the legal reference database (Approved by Letter of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation dated January 26, 2010 N AD-30-24/691, FSS of the Russian Federation dated January 14, 2010 N 02-03-08/08-56P).

3. Taxes. Separate registers may also be required for calculation other taxes.
Information on all accrued amounts of taxes and contributions can then be combined in one register dedicated to settlements with the budget and funds.

Consolidated register of accounting of settlements with the budget and extra-budgetary funds for 2013.

date operations	the name of the operation	Primary document (name, date)	Amount, rub.
Accrual tax	Payment tax
Balance as of 02/28/2013
	Insurance paid contributions to the Pension Fund from employees' salaries for February 2013	Payment N 69 from 03/12/2013, bank statement from 03/12/2013
	Personal income tax accrued from employees' salaries	Settlement and payment statements N N 5, 6 for March
	Insurance accrued salary contributions employees in the Pension Fund	Individual accounting cards insurance premiums
	Tax accrued when SSNO for the first quarter 2013	Tax calculation with the simplified tax system no. 1 from 03/31/2013
Total for March 2013
Balance as of 03/31/2013
	Personal income tax from salary employees for March transferred to the budget	Payment N 72 from 04/01/2013, bank statement from 04/01/2013

If the company owes money to the budget, then the final balances from the pivot table will need to be taken into account when filling out the “Accounts Payable” indicator on the balance sheet liability. If on the contrary, then budget debts must be taken into account in the line “Financial and other current assets” of the asset in the simplified form of the balance sheet.

4. Accounting money movements The bank helps to maintain a current account because it provides bank statements. So you don’t have to keep track of your bank balances separately at all.

A cash book is used to record money in the cash register. Bank and cash balances form the indicator of the “Cash and cash equivalents” line of the balance sheet asset.

Please note that in the form of a cash book sheet there is column 3, in which you must indicate the number of the corresponding account (sub-account). However, if a micro-enterprise refuses to use double entry in accounting, then in principle there cannot be corresponding accounts. Therefore, this column does not need to be filled in.

5. If the organization has fixed assets, then you need to calculate depreciation on them and keep accounting cards (for example, according to Form N OS-6). For each OS, you need to determine its useful life. In accounting, you need to focus on the real period during which you plan to use a specific object.

Depreciation register for 2013

6. Reserves- these are, as a rule, goods. If there are few goods, a table compiled on the principle of “income - expense” is sufficient to account for them.

Note
If there is production (and with remains of unfinished products), it will be necessary to maintain a separate register of finished products, work in progress and resources used in production (raw materials, materials, wages, etc.).

However, if you have the same goods delivered in different batches with different purchase prices, you will have to work hard to determine the cost of goods sold. There are two ways to write off goods - at average cost or using the FIFO method (first batch to be received, first to be written off).

Let's give an example of a register that can be used by those who decide to determine the cost of writing off goods at the average cost.

And to reflect your shipments, you can make a simple register for recording the sale of goods. It may look like this (if your organization is a VAT defaulter, columns 4 and 5 can be removed).

Register of accounting for sales of goods

Accounting for settlements with suppliers and customers are usually maintained by all organizations - at least for management accounting purposes. The company's debt to the counterparty will go to the balance sheet asset (the line "Financial and other current assets"), and the debts of the counterparties will go to the balance sheet liability (as a rule, this is the line "Accounts payable").

And so on for all accounting objects that exist in a particular organization. Don’t forget about the liabilities that rarely change—the authorized capital. After all, as a rule, there are no movements on it, but when preparing reports it must be taken into account (even if you will not create a separate register for its accounting). In the simplified balance sheet it is reflected in the line “Capital and reserves”.

Registers for calculating profit

At the end of the year, it will be necessary to calculate the financial result of the company’s activities. To do this, you will need to maintain a register of income and expenses for core activities and a similar register for other income and expenses. They must be kept “accrual”. That is, revenue should be reflected as goods are shipped (and not as payment for them is received), and, for example, wages - as they accrue, and not as they are paid (you can reflect the monthly salary in its entirety on the last day of the month).

Register of accounting of income and expenses for core activities for 2013.

The “Expense” column should include those amounts that you, in general, should have already taken into account in other registers. For example, wages accrued to employees or depreciation. Please note: personal income tax cannot be taken into account in expenses. After all, it is withheld from employees’ salaries.

As a result, each operation, even without using the double entry method, will be reflected in two accounting registers. It turns out that instead of one double entry, you will need to make two different ones. And for anyone who is at least a little familiar with accounting, there are no special advantages in a simple form of accounting.

True, it is not necessary to duplicate literally all records. Thus, in the register of income and expenses, you can reflect in one entry the cost of goods sold per month (or per quarter).

In addition, you need to create a register of other income and expenses. It must reflect accrued bank interest, bank commissions, as well as other “non-core” income and expenses. It also calculates profit/loss from other operations. These indicators will not go into the balance sheet, but they will be useful for filling out the financial results report - for filling out the lines “Other income” and “Other expenses”.

Then you need to determine the amount of retained earnings (or uncovered losses) of the company from the beginning of its existence.

A separate register is not required to determine the financial result of the current year - it will be visible in the annual reporting in the form of “Report on financial results” in the last line “Net profit (loss)”. When filling out the financial results statement, please note that it shows amounts calculated on an accrual basis from the beginning of the year, and not balances of indicators as of the reporting date.

Thus, a separate register will only be needed to summarize financial results for different years.

Indeed, in the simplified form of the balance sheet (unlike the usual one) there is no line “Retained earnings (uncovered loss)”. The total amount of your profit/loss along with the authorized capital (and additional capital - if any) is taken into account in the line "Capital and reserves".

Calculation of the total amount of retained earnings/uncovered loss as of December 31, 2013

Making a balance

The balance is drawn up on a specific date (annual - on December 31). It shows static information - that is, the balances (total values) of assets and liabilities as of this date. Therefore, to compile it, what you previously calculated in your statements (registers, tables) - how much and to whom the organization owes, who owes it, what property you have and the financial result - now needs to be posted on the lines of the balance sheet.

After you have divided the indicators of all your registers into the lines of the balance sheet, it’s time to check the total - whether the balance of the asset matches the balance of the liability.

Drawing up an annual report will be a real test of the correctness of the chosen accounting method and its organization. True, accounting reports must be filled out in thousands of rubles. Therefore, minor inconsistencies are acceptable.

If the balance does not converge, we determine the difference and look for the reasons. We check whether we have missed anything, whether we have correctly posted data from our registers to the balance sheet (as an asset or a liability), whether we have forgotten any property, whether we have reflected the authorized capital, whether we have correctly calculated the profit of our organization.

In general, if you have a very tiny micro-enterprise and there are not many transactions, then choose the cash method of accounting and reflect the transactions in a single book.

And if not, then a simple form of accounting that does not involve double entry will actually not be so simple after all. And it is much easier to get confused in such accounting than in ordinary accounting. So, if you know the double entry method, it is better not to “simplify” your life in this way. After all, double entry ensures a full reflection of transactions in accounting and allows you to avoid many mistakes.

The feeling is that the changes being considered in PBU 1/2008 are a benefit for show, granted to small enterprises that dream of getting rid of accounting altogether. This is a kind of compensation for the fact that simplifiers were not allowed to abandon accounting.

Please also note that micro-enterprises (like all others) are required to confirm all operations and accounting objects with primary documents: payroll statements, cash and expense orders, receipt orders, materials accounting cards, etc. No one freed them from this.

Accounting for micro-enterprises can be simplified. There are several ways. For example, accounting for micro-enterprises can be carried out without double entry or using the cash method. Micro-enterprises also have the right to use an abbreviated chart of accounts and fill out simplified accounting statements.

Features of accounting in micro-enterprises

Organizations that are classified as small businesses are required to keep accounting records. But they have the right to use simplified accounting methods and prepare accounting (financial) statements using special forms.

Simplified accounting methods, in particular, include:

• abbreviated chart of accounts;
• simplified procedure for recognizing income and expenses;
• simplified accounting of interest on loans and borrowings;
• simplified procedure for correcting errors and revaluing assets.

At the same time, the organization has the right to choose which simplified accounting methods to use, securing them in its accounting policies.

An organization that keeps records in a simplified way has the right to choose:

• full form (accounting is carried out using double entry using asset accounting registers);
• abbreviated form (accounting is carried out using double entry without using asset accounting registers).

In addition, micro-enterprises have the right to conduct accounting using a simple system, without using the double entry method. If you decide to abandon postings, then it is enough to register business transactions in a single document. For example, in the accounting book according to form No. K-2 MP. In this case, it is necessary to observe the chronological sequence, and reflect income and expenses directly by groups of items in the balance sheet and income statement. For example, separately collect the amounts of income and expenses under the item “Fixed Assets”, separately form the “Inventories” indicator, etc.

Accounting policy for accounting at micro-enterprises

If you decide to keep accounting records for micro-enterprises without double entry, then be sure to provide for this in your accounting policies. Here is an example of new wording in accounting policies.

In addition, provide in your accounting policies the forms of registers in which you intend to reflect transactions. You can call the forms whatever you like - cards, books, notebooks, magazines.

The register forms are approved by the head of the company. And they must contain all the mandatory details listed in Article 10 of the Federal Law of December 6, 2011 No. 402-FZ. In particular, the name of the document, the start and end date of maintenance or the period for which the register was compiled.

You will need data from the registers to complete your annual financial statements. This means that in such registers you need to receive the balances of inventories, non-current assets, accounts payable, turnover in revenue and expenses at the end of the reporting period.

Here you should focus on simplified financial reporting forms that can be filled out by small enterprises (including micro-enterprises). These forms are available in the order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 2, 2010 No. 66n. Let us briefly explain that in simplified forms, unlike regular forms, there are much fewer lines. Thus, in a simplified balance sheet, many assets can be shown in one line, without separately specifying the amount of accounts receivable and input VAT.

But you won’t have to develop new forms of primary documents just because you decided to abandon double entry. Maintain general order. That is, the initial forms are approved by the head of the company. However, it is not necessary to use standardized forms. Leave standard forms only if expressly required by law. Let's say this concerns cash documents.

Also in your accounting policy, provide for the option of calculating depreciation. A micro-enterprise has the right to charge depreciation:

• once a year (when preparing annual financial statements);
• when there is a need to determine the residual value of fixed assets and intangible assets (for example, when drawing up a balance sheet, determining net assets when a participant leaves the ownership (founders), if it is necessary to submit financial statements for obtaining a loan, etc.).

A small business that keeps records in a simplified manner can reduce the number of synthetic accounts in its working chart of accounts compared to the general Chart of Accounts. For example, you can group data on generalized synthetic accounts >>>

Income and expenses

Microenterprises have the right to recognize income and expenses on a cash basis. That is, not at the time of shipment or other moment of transfer of ownership, but as money is received or spent.

This method is suitable for simplified companies. This special regime involves maintaining tax accounting using the cash method. This means that it is possible to reduce the discrepancies between accounting and tax accounting. But there will still not be a complete coincidence.

For example, when calculating tax using a simplified method, the cost of raw materials and supplies is included in expenses immediately after payment to the supplier. And in accounting, these amounts affect the financial result only in that part that falls on the cost of manufactured products. And only after its implementation.

Small businesses can write off materials in accounting immediately after purchase. There is no need to wait until it is written off for production. For micro-enterprises, this rule applies in any case. How to organize accounting for micro-enterprises >>>

For companies using the general regime and imputation, the cash method in accounting will only complicate the calculation of balance sheet and income statement indicators. After all, in order to determine the cost of goods, you will need not only to ship them, as with the accrual method, but also to track payment. It is even more difficult to calculate the shares of paid and unpaid materials involved in production.

In addition, you must take into account in advance that with the cash method it is more difficult to keep track of salaries, since they can be included in expenses only in part of the amounts issued. And personal income tax and contributions - after they are paid.

There are accounting features for loans and borrowings. If a small enterprise acquired, constructed or manufactured fixed assets using borrowed funds, then the interest on them can be taken into account at its discretion:

• or as part of other expenses;
• or as part of the initial cost of the fixed asset.

As a general rule, interest on borrowed funds or targeted loans strictly increases the initial cost of the fixed asset. True, this happens when three conditions are simultaneously met:

• the property is an investment asset;
• interest accrued before the asset was acquired, constructed or created;
• interest is accrued before the start of using the investment asset in activities, if the work on its acquisition, construction or creation is not completed.

In all other cases, interest is included in other expenses.

And this is where SMEs have an advantage - if the organization is a small business and has the right to conduct accounting in a simplified manner, then all interest on loans and borrowings can be included in other expenses. You can also do the same with interest on loans and borrowings that were taken out for the purchase, construction or creation of investment assets.

Accounting registers for micro-enterprises

Data from primary documents is registered and accumulated in accounting registers - books, journals, statements, etc. But those SMEs that have no more than 30 business transactions per month can refuse them. They have the right to register them and summarize information in one document - a book for recording facts of economic activity (clause 4.1 of information No. PZ-3/2015). The company has the right to develop the form of the book independently.

Those companies that carry out more than 30 accounting transactions per month have the right to simplify register forms and reduce their number (clause 4 of information No. PZ-3/2015). For example, use a set of statements given in the standard recommendations approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 21, 1998 No. 64n. There are much fewer of them than in the register system from the unified journal-order form of accounting for enterprises (approved by letter of the USSR Ministry of Finance dated March 8, 1960 No. 63).

If your company has less than 30 transactions per month, but registers are approved in the accounting policy, then they must be maintained until the end of the year.

It is most convenient to develop registers taking into account the fact that you will then transfer information from them to the balance sheet and income statement. In this case, you can focus on simplified forms of financial statements.

You will need at a minimum registers for accounting wages, depreciation, goods, income and expenses for core activities. Fill out all registers using the accrual method - that is, the method by which you recognize income and expenses. This means, for example, that the cost of goods will have to be included in income as they are shipped to customers. Expenses, of course, must also be recognized on an accrual basis, without waiting for payment.

To complete the balance sheet, you will also need balances of goods (other inventory) and non-current assets. But remember that you can write them off after sale only at average cost or using the FIFO method. Therefore, you will need two registers - for accounting for the sale of goods and for writing off the purchase price. In the first register, you will indicate the cost of goods shipped, which is the company's revenue. And in the second register you will have to calculate using the average cost or the FIFO method the amount at which the purchase price should be included in expenses.

Example:

Vega LLC is a micro-enterprise. On May 20, the accountant paid the employees an advance in the amount of 500,000 rubles. On the same day, the company transferred the money to the employees’ accounts. And on May 31, employees were paid wages. Its amount was 750,250 rubles.

Personal income tax on all salaries for May was:
(RUB 500,000 + RUB 750,250) × 13% = RUB 162,533

The accountant withheld tax from employee salaries. And then on June 7 he transferred the balance in the amount of 587,717 rubles. (750,250 - 162,533) to employee accounts.

On June 20, the accountant paid the employees another advance in the amount of 600,000 rubles. On the same day, I transferred the money to the employees.

In addition, in May, the micro-enterprise shipped goods worth RUB 4,500,000 to customers. (excluding VAT). And the VAT amount was 900,000 rubles. There were no shipments in June.

Option 1.
Accounting at a micro-enterprise is carried out using double entry

In May, the accountant of Vega LLC made the following entries:
DEBIT 20 CREDIT 70
— 500,000 rub. — advance payment was accrued to employees for May;

DEBIT 70 CREDIT 51
— 500,000 rub. — advance payment to employees’ accounts;

DEBIT 20 CREDIT 70
— 750 250 rub. — employees’ salaries for May were accrued;

DEBIT 62 CREDIT 90 subaccount “Revenue”
— 5,400,000 rub. (4,500,000 + 900,000) - reflects the cost of shipped goods;

DEBIT 90 subaccount “Value added tax” CREDIT 68 subaccount “VAT calculations”
— 900,000 rub. - VAT has been charged.

In June the entries were as follows:
DEBIT 70 CREDIT 68 subaccount “Personal Tax Payments”
— 162,533 rub. — personal income tax was withheld from the advance payment and salary for May;

DEBIT 70 CREDIT 51
— 587,717 rub. — salaries for May were transferred to employees;

DEBIT 20 CREDIT 70
— 600,000 rub. — advance payment was accrued to employees for June;

DEBIT 70 CREDIT 51
— 600,000 rub. — advance payment to employees’ accounts.

Option 2.
Accounting for a micro-enterprise is carried out without double entry

The accountant did not make any entries. In May and June, he will make entries in the registers for accounting wages and shipping goods

Register of accounting of income and expenses for core activities for 2019

Date of operation	Operation	Document	Amount, rub.
			income	consumption
	An advance has been accrued towards wages for May.
	Products shipped within a month	Register of accounting for sales of goods
	Salary accrued for May 2019	Salary register for 2019

Thus, if an accountant refuses double entry, then there is no need to transfer transactions from registers to accounts.