13:24
B If you have ever created a business on your own, from scratch, then you probably took into account different possibilities for the place of registration. This usually happens at the place of registration of the founders of the new company. But imagine that you are from different regions, cities or even countries.... 2 33211:19
B The manager of TaxNet CJSC, Marat Gaifullin, spoke about the dawn of the electronic reporting market and the system of the future that will displace paper from workers’ desks. 14211:00
B Upon completion of the on-site tax audit, a company contacted us and was charged additional VAT and income tax in the amount of about 50 million rubles, as well as penalties and fines. 228 05 September 2019
11:50
On June 13, 2019, the Ministry of Justice registered Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated April 5, 2019 No. 54n, which amended the current PBU 16/02 “Information on discontinued activities.” Find out how this accounting regulation has been updated and when the innovations will be mandatory for use in our material. 717 04 September 2019
11:11
Since 2019, state (municipal) institutions have been guided by the Procedure for applying the classification of operations of the general government sector, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated November 29, 2017 No. 209n, the rules of application of which often raise questions. Based on the explanations of the Ministry of Finance, we will try to answer some of them and provide correspondence accounts. 1 322 August 21, 2019
10:50
Accounting is a rather conservative area in terms of regulatory regulation of the financial activities of organizations. But changes are also made to it from time to time, including to the basic accounting law - Federal Law No. 402-FZ dated December 6, 2011. Thus, a considerable number of new products are contained in the Federal Law of July 26, 2019 No. 247-FZ. It was published on the portal www.pravo.gov.ru on July 26, 2019 and in its main part came into force on this date. Some of the innovations concern public sector organizations, but there are also those that are of great importance for accountants of commercial organizations. 3 125 July 03, 2019
14:02
Here are the changes made to the Procedure for applying KOSGU, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated November 29, 2017 No. 209n, Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated May 13, 2019 No. 69n, which clarified the procedure for classifying transactions into groups, articles and sub-articles of KOSGU, as well as the features of reflecting individual transactions on articles (subarticles) of KOSGU. 797 May 21, 2019
10:56
Many accountants record information on off-balance sheet accounts rather sparingly or ignore them altogether. Because of this, the reliability of information about the state of the organization, its obligations and property suffers. And it can lead to an unfavorable audit report and administrative punishment. 1 471 March 28, 2019
11:10
One of the most important primary documents for taxpayers engaged in transport transportation is the waybill. Even filling it out incorrectly may result in the corresponding transportation costs not being accepted for tax purposes. 2 341 March 15, 2019
11:10
The greatest discussions, as a rule, are caused by questions of civil law consequences of the absence of primary accounting documents. What are the consequences in the civil law sphere of an organization’s lack of or failure to provide a primary accounting document to a counterparty? 3 690 March 01, 2019
11:15
Commentary to the Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated December 28, 2018 No. 298n. 2 238 February 22, 2019
13:34
In 2019, new rules for the application of KOSGU and a number of federal standards came into force. In this regard, the financial department has prepared further amendments to Instruction No. 157n (Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated December 28, 2018 No. 298n (hereinafter referred to as Order No. 298n)). As soon as the amendments come into force, it is necessary to update the accounting policies for 2019. In the article we suggest that you familiarize yourself with the main changes in the Unified Chart of Accounts and instructions for its application. 7 863 January 25, 2019
11:33
Is it possible to use an electronic digital signature and a facsimile signature when preparing accounting documents? What is the application procedure? 1 822 January 16, 2019
13:04
The organization is a supplier of products and delivers goods to customers through the services of a transport company. Primary documents accompanying the transfer of goods to the buyer are transferred to him through the driver of the transport company. The second copies of the primary documents, signed by the buyer, are transferred to the organization by mail. There are cases when the specified documents do not reach the addressee by mail. Can the supplier accept scanned copies of documents received from the buyer for accounting? 9 440 December 18, 2018
14:09
An accountant always has plenty of trouble. As in the famous fairy tale - “... go through 7 bags of beans, separate them into white and dark, plant 7 rose bushes, weed the beds, wash the windows, whitewash the kitchen, polish the floors, grind coffee for 7 weeks, tidy up the rooms...”. And everything needs to be done in time for the New Year. 2 77212:44
Next year at least 5 federal standards will come into force. Let's look at what requirements they place on institutions in general and accountants in particular. 12 342 December 13, 2018
12:17
In the process of doing business, situations quite often arise when an organization develops debts to suppliers and customers, i.e. accounts payable appears. If, after three years, the organization has not fulfilled its obligations under the contract, the accounts payable must be considered overdue, for which the statute of limitations has expired (Article 196 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). Overdue accounts payable due to the expiration of the statute of limitations must be included in non-operating income (this norm is enshrined in clause 18 of Article 250 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). Also, in order to write off accounts payable, in addition to the expiration of the statute of limitations, accounts payable must be confirmed by primary documents (this norm is enshrined in Federal Law No. 402 of December 6, 2011 “On Accounting”). 2 236 August 17, 2018
13:40
Currently, the Ministry of Finance is developing a full set of federal accounting standards in the public administration sector. Upon completion of this work, the principles and requirements of accounting will be brought into line with the operating conditions of public sector entities in a market economy. The instrument of reform is international financial reporting standards for the public sector. The article reveals the main fundamental changes that accounting (budget) accounting is subject to in connection with the approval of federal standards. 5 851 07 August 2018
12:54
Is the organization obliged to check the authority of persons who signed primary documents on the part of counterparties (in particular, invoices)? Is it necessary to indicate details of powers of attorney or orders in primary documents? 4 31011:01
On May 31, 2018, a draft federal accounting standard “Documents and document flow in accounting” was published on the Ministry of Finance website. Public discussion of the project will end on September 30, 2018. Let's take a look at the new document. 5 53610:49
From 01/01/2018, transactions with income of state (municipal) institutions should be reflected in accordance with the provisions of updated instructions No. 157n, No. 162n, No. 174n and No. 183n. Let us recall that the change in instructions followed the adoption of a number of federal accounting standards developed for the public sector, as well as the approval of amendments made to Instructions No. 65n. Let's consider the main nuances of accounting for income under the new rules. 28 710 March 15, 2018
13:35
The Judicial Collegium for Economic Disputes of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation came to the conclusion that it is possible to take into account bad debts in expenses not only in the period when the statute of limitations has expired, but also later. However, the value of the position of the RF Armed Forces lies not only in this. Details are in the proposed article. 17 133
1. Concept and components of economic accounting.
2. The concept of accounting, its subject and object.
3. The role of accounting in the enterprise management system and its functions.
4. Objectives of accounting as one of the functions of business management.
5. Accounting principles.
6. Characteristics of financial and management accounting.
7. Concept and relationship between the subject and object of accounting.
8. Classification of household assets.
9. Accounting method: concept and constituent elements.
10. The relationship between the subject and method of accounting.
11. Balance sheet: concept, form and structure.
12. Types of business transactions affecting the balance sheet.
13. Accounting accounts: concept, structure, types and purpose.
14. The essence of the double entry method in accounting accounts.
15. Synthetic and analytical accounting accounts: purpose and relationship. Subaccounts.
16. The relationship between the system of accounts and the balance sheet.
17. Generalization of current accounting data.
18. Primary documents: concept and classification.
19. Composition of document details.
20. Document flow: concept, organization.
21. Accounting processing of documents.
22. Storage of accounting documents.
23. Inventory: concept, tasks and procedure.
24. Accounting registers: concept and classification.
25. The procedure and technique for recording in accounting registers.
26. Ways to correct errors in accounts.
27. Form of accounting: concept, main elements, types.
28. System of regulatory regulation of accounting in the Russian Federation.
29. Characteristics of the Federal Law “On Accounting”.
30. Determine the responsibility of the chief accountant.
31. Accounting for cash in the cash register. The procedure for organizing accounting, primary documents. Synthetic and analytical accounting on the "Cash" account and sub-accounts, accounting of imprest amounts.
32. Accounting for funds in current and other bank accounts (including foreign currency accounts).
33. Principles of accounting and valuation of receivables and payables. Payment forms. Payment terms. Limitation of actions. System of accounts for accounting of settlements with debtors and creditors. Accounting for the provision for doubtful debts.
34. Accounting for settlements with suppliers and contractors. Types of settlements reflected on account 60, the accrual method when reflecting transactions on account 60, the procedure for accounting for advances issued. Accounting for settlements with buyers and customers. The procedure for analytical accounting on account 62. accounting for settlements on advances received.
35. Accounting for settlements with founders and shareholders.
36. Accounting for bank loans and loans and interest for the use of borrowed funds.
37. Accounting for settlements with the budget for taxes and other payments. Types of taxes, sources of payment. Accounting for settlements with extra-budgetary funds.
38. Accounting for settlements with other debtors and creditors. Accounting for claims settlements. Accounting for property and personal insurance payments.
39. Fixed assets, their composition, classification and evaluation (PBU 6/01 “Accounting for fixed assets”).
40. Synthetic and analytical accounting of fixed assets. Formation of the cost of fixed assets depending on the sources of income.
41. Accounting for depreciation of fixed assets Methods of depreciation of fixed assets.
42. Accounting for the costs of restoration of fixed assets.
43. Lease of fixed assets. Lease forms. Accounting for the lease of fixed assets from the lessor and the lessee. Accounting for leasing operations.
44. Accounting for the disposal of fixed assets.
45. Characteristics of intangible assets, their types, classification and valuation (PBU 14/2007 “Intangible assets”).
46. Synthetic and analytical accounting of intangible assets.
47. Accounting for the receipt of intangible assets. Methods for calculating depreciation.
48. Accounting for disposal of intangible assets.
49. Inventories, their composition, principles of assessment (PBU 5/01 “Accounting for inventories”). Materials, their classification and evaluation.
50. Accounting for receipt of materials. Formation of the actual cost of materials arriving at the warehouse. Accounting for the release of materials from warehouses. Methods for estimating material consumption.
51. Finished products, their composition and evaluation in the system of synthetic and analytical accounting. Accounting for finished products in warehouses and accounting departments.
52. Accounting for goods in retail, wholesale and commission trade.
53. Investments in financial investments as a separate type of economic activity. Purposes of financial investments.
54. Accounting for labor and settlements with personnel for wages. Types, forms and systems of remuneration. Types of deductions from the amounts of remuneration of workers. Synthetic and analytical accounting of calculations for wages with the organization's personnel.
55. Accounting for settlements with personnel for other operations.
56. Organizational expenses, their composition and accounting procedure (PBU 10/99). The concept of expenses, costs, expenses and the cost of products (works, services) in the financial accounting system. Production costs, their composition and classification by elements. Material costs, their composition, accounting. Labor costs, their composition, accounting. Accounting for the costs of preparation and development of production. General production expenses, composition and accounting. General expenses, composition and accounting. Accounting for costs of auxiliary production.
57. General rules for recognizing income from the ordinary activities of an organization. Accounting for income (revenue) from the sale of products, works, services. Calculation of the actual cost of products sold.
58. Determination and write-off of financial sales results.
59. Organizational income, concept, their composition. The moment of recognition of income and its reflection in accounting registers (accounting policy options for accounting and taxation purposes).
60. Business transactions for accounting for shipment and sale of products (works, services), their documentation and reflection on accounting accounts.
61. Commercial and administrative expenses: their composition and accounting procedure. Options for the accounting policy of writing them off to the cost of goods sold (works, services) or paying them off with financial results (income).
62. Other income and expenses, their composition, accounting and determination of financial results.
63. Basic principles of transactions in foreign currency. Valuation in accounting of currency values and transactions in foreign currency. Exchange differences and the procedure for their reflection in accounting.
64. Authorized capital (share capital, authorized capital), accounting for its formation and changes in enterprises of various organizational and legal forms of ownership.
65. Accounting for reserve capital.
66. Accounting for additional capital.
67. Accounting for reserves for future expenses and payments.
68. Accounting for retained earnings.
69. Accounting statements, their composition and content. The importance of financial statements in modern business practice, the general requirements for them.
.
Questions for the discipline exam
"Accounting and Analysis"
Economic accounting and its types. The role and importance of accounting.
Purpose, objectives and principles of accounting.
Subject and objects of accounting.
Accounting method, characteristics of its elements.
Concept, structure and content of balance. Types of balance sheets.
Types of balance sheet changes. Examples of transactions that do and do not affect the balance sheet currency.
Concept, structure and purpose of accounts. The relationship between accounts and balance.
Double entry of transactions in accounting accounts.
Synthetic and analytical accounting accounts, their relationship.
Classification of accounting accounts.
Chart of accounts, its meaning and principles of construction.
Documents: concept, purpose and classification. Document flow and rules for its preparation.
Inventory: concept, types, procedure for conducting and reporting results.
Assessment, its meaning and types. Valuation of property, capital and liabilities.
Accounting registers, their purpose. The procedure for correcting errors in accounting.
Regulatory regulation of accounting in the Russian Federation.
Accounting policy of the organization.
The procedure for accounting for funds in the organization's cash register. Documentation of cash transactions. Accounting for settlements with accountable persons.
Accounting for transactions on current accounts, currency and other bank accounts.
Accounting for current obligations and settlements: with suppliers and contractors, buyers and customers, other debtors and creditors.
Concept, classification and types of valuations of fixed assets.
Documentation and accounting of receipt of fixed assets into the organization.
Depreciation of fixed assets: methods of its calculation and accounting procedures.
Accounting for repairs of fixed assets.
Documentation and accounting of disposal of fixed assets.
Concept, composition and valuation of intangible assets.
Documentation and accounting of receipt of intangible assets.
Amortization of intangible assets: methods of calculation and accounting procedures.
Documentation and accounting of disposal of intangible assets.
Concept, classification and assessment of inventories.
Accounting for the receipt of material assets. Transport and procurement costs, their composition and distribution procedure.
Accounting for materials in warehouses and accounting departments.
Valuation methods and accounting for disposal of materials.
Accounting for financial investments.
Accounting for the number of personnel and hours worked.
Accounting for wages accrued for hours worked and unworked.
Accounting for deductions from wages.
Accounting for calculations of insurance premiums to non-budgetary state funds.
Organizational expenses and their types. Classification of production costs.
Methods of accounting for production costs.
Accounting for direct costs of production. Accounting and distribution of auxiliary production costs.
Accounting and distribution of general production and general economic costs.
Partial cost method and full cost method: essence and application features, advantages and disadvantages.
Standard method of cost accounting and calculation of product costs: essence and application features, advantages and disadvantages.
Accounting for work in progress and its evaluation.
The concept of finished products and their evaluation in current accounting and financial reporting. Accounting for the release of finished products.
Accounting for sales of products, goods, works and services.
The procedure for determining and accounting for the financial result from the sale of products (works, services).
Accounting for financial results from ordinary activities.
Accounting for other income and expenses of the organization.
Accounting for the distribution of the organization's profits.
Accounting for the authorized, additional and reserve capital of organizations.
The concept of credits and loans. Types and procedure for accounting for borrowed funds.
Accounting (financial) reporting and its significance. Composition of financial statements.
Subject, content and tasks of financial analysis.
Types and role of business activity analysis in enterprise management and increasing its efficiency.
Methods of financial analysis.
Profit as an indicator of the efficiency of economic activity.
Information base for analyzing the financial condition of the organization.
Analysis of the composition, dynamics and condition of fixed assets
Analysis of stock status.
Analysis of balances and cash flow.
Analysis of the use of enterprise production capacity.
Analysis of the use of material resources of the enterprise.
Analysis of the use of enterprise labor resources.
Methodology and analysis of production and sales of products.
Product cost analysis.
Analysis of the financial results of the enterprise.
Analysis of the use of enterprise profits.
A system of indicators characterizing financial condition.
Profitability indicators, calculation methods.
Product profitability and ways to improve it.
Calculation and evaluation of liquidity ratios.
Calculation and assessment of solvency indicators.
Indicators and factors of insolvency of an organization.
Calculation of the financial stability ratio.
Indicators of business activity and ways to improve it.
Comprehensive assessment of the financial and economic activities of the organization.
Household Accounting is a system of orderly observation, measurement, registration and generalization of economic processes, facts and phenomena. This system includes: operational accounting, accounting, tax accounting, statistical accounting.
Operational accounting registers and calculates individual facts of business activities necessary for day-to-day operational management. Natural indicators are most often used. Operational information is recorded in free-form registers and transmitted to interested parties most often orally. For example: daily recording of staff attendance at work, GP output indicators, etc.
Tax accounting is a system for summarizing the information necessary to determine the tax base for various taxes provided for by the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. Confirmation of tax accounting data are primary documents, analytical tax accounting registers and calculation of the tax base.
Statistical accounting studies quantities. side of mass economic processes in order to reveal their qualitative originality, using special methodological techniques for this. These techniques boil down to conducting mass observation of household processes, their subsequent grouping, and calculation of qualitative analytical indicators.
Accounting is the formation of documented, systematized information about accounting objects and the preparation of accounting (financial) reporting on its basis in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.
Role and significance: BU is the most effective communication tool in business and is a complex and dynamically developing phenomenon. The information obtained in the process of accounting allows us to determine the current position and results of the organization's activities over the period, to identify hidden reserves and problem areas.
2. Purpose, objectives and principles of accounting.
The purpose of accounting is to generate information for external and internal users.
The main objectives of the BU are:
– generation of complete and reliable information about the activities of the organization, the results arising from it, about its financial status, necessary for internal users financial statements– managers, founders, participants and owners of the organization’s property for operational management, as well as external investors, creditors, suppliers, buyers, tax and financial authorities, banks and other interested users of financial statements;
– providing information necessary for internal and external users of accounting statements to monitor compliance with the legislation of the Russian Federation when the organization carries out business operations and their feasibility, the presence and movement of property and liabilities, the use of material, labor and financial resources in accordance with approved norms, standards and estimates;
– timely warning and prevention of negative results of the organization’s economic and financial activities, identification and mobilization of internal reserves to ensure the financial stability of the enterprise.
BU principles:
Assumption of property separation. (Accounting and reporting reflects only that property that is legally recognized as the property of a particular organization. All other assets and liabilities must be taken into account off the balance sheet)
Going concern assumption. (The organization will continue to operate for the foreseeable future and has no intention or need to liquidate or significantly reduce its scope of activities)
Assumption of consistency in the application of accounting policies. (The accounting policies adopted by the organization are applied consistently from one reporting period to another)
Assumption of temporary certainty of the facts of economic activity (Income and expenses of the organization are attributed to the reporting period in which they took place, regardless of the time of receipt or payment of funds)
Completeness requirement. (It is necessary to fully reflect the consequences of significant facts of economic activity)
Materiality requirement. (Material information is considered to be information without knowledge of which a reliable assessment of the financial situation and financial results of the organization’s activities is impossible. This is information related to income / expenses, related to the quantitative side or related to a trade secret.)
Requirement of neutrality. (Neutrality excludes unilateral satisfaction of the interests of some groups of users with reporting information to the detriment of other users.)
The requirement for consistency in the provision of information over time. (It is necessary to adhere to accepted accounting methods consistently from one reporting period to another.)
Timeliness requirement. (Timely reflection of all facts of economic activity is necessary and the generation of information about any operations cannot be delayed or accelerated.)
Requirement of discretion. (There should be a greater readiness to reflect potential losses (expenses) and liabilities than potential income and assets. Information about losses and liabilities is formed when opportunities for their formation arise, and income and assets - when such an opportunity is realized.)
Requirement of priority of content over form. (The formation of accounting and reporting information is carried out not so much on the basis of the legal form of the facts of economic activity, but on their economic content.)
Consistency requirement. (The identity of synthetic and analytical accounts must be respected.)
The requirement of rationality. (It is necessary to generate accounting and provide reporting information based on the conditions of economic activity and the size of the organization.)
3. Subject and objects of accounting.
The subject of accounting is the state and movement of assets, the sources of their formation and the results of the activities of an economic entity.
BU objects:
Facts of household life
Liabilities
Sources of financing for its activities
Other objects if established by federal standards
4.Accounting method, characteristics of its elements
Various techniques and methods are used to maintain records. The combination of these techniques and methods is an accounting method.
Each individual technique or method is an element of an accounting method. These include:
balance sheet
accounts and double entry
documentation
inventory
calculation
reporting.
The balance sheet is a way of summarizing and grouping the economic assets of an enterprise (by type, location and sources of education) in a monetary measure at a certain point in time. It contains information about the financial position of the enterprise.
An accounting account is a method of current reflection and grouping according to similar homogeneous characteristics of the movement and change of household assets, their sources and household processes.
The double entry system in accounts is based on the principle of duality and consists in the fact that each business transaction must be recorded at least twice: as a debit to one account and as a credit to another account in the same amount.
Documentation is a method of primary reflection of accounting objects by documenting them. For each business transaction or group of transactions, a document is drawn up, which is a material carrier of primary accounting information and subsequently serves as the basis for registering business transactions on accounts.
Inventory is a check at a certain point in time of the actual availability of property and liabilities of the enterprise and their compliance with the accounting data.
Valuation is a way of expressing the property of an enterprise in monetary terms by summing up the actual expenses incurred for its acquisition and creation.
The property of the enterprise is assessed and reflected in accounting and reporting in the currency of the Russian Federation - in rubles.
The enterprise's fixed assets are reflected in accounting at their full original or restored cost, and in reporting - at their residual value; raw materials, materials - at actual cost; finished products - at actual or standard (planned) cost; goods at trade, supply and distribution enterprises are reflected at retail (sales) or purchase prices.
Costing is a method of grouping costs and determining the cost of acquired material assets, manufactured products, completed work, and services provided.
Accounting statements are a set of accounting indicators for a certain period. It reflects on an accrual basis the property and financial position of the enterprise, the results of economic activities for the reporting period (quarter, year). It includes a balance sheet, a statement of financial results and their use, and is also supplemented by other reporting data with explanations in accordance with the requirements of accounting standards.
5. Concept, structure and content of balance. Types of balance sheets
.
Accounting balance is a way of grouping the assets and liabilities of an organization in monetary terms. The balance sheet characterizes the property and financial condition of the organization in monetary terms as of the reporting date.
In the balance sheet, assets and liabilities should be presented with a division depending on their maturity (maturity) into short-term and long-term.
The balance sheet asset is built on the principle of increasing liquidity.
The balance sheet liability is structured according to the degree of urgency. From less urgent to more urgent.
The balance sheet asset consists of 2 sections: non-current assets (intangible assets, fixed assets, financial investments (long-term), etc.) and current assets (inventories, VAT on acquired assets, debtor debt, DS, etc.).
The balance sheet liability consists of 3 sections: capital and reserves (equity), long-term liabilities and short-term liabilities.
TYPES of accounting balance:
By form:
-horizontal
-vertical
IN THE RF THE HORIZONTAL FORM IS ADOPTED: A=K + OBLIGATIONS;
VERTICAL: A – Liabilities = K
By time of compilation:
-Introductory: constituted at the time of establishment of the enterprise.
Current: compiled periodically, throughout the entire existence of the enterprise
Liquidation: made up during the liquidation of an enterprise throughout the entire period (at the beginning of liquidation and at the end).
Dividing: constituted at the time of division of a large enterprise into several smaller structural units.
Consolidating: formed when several enterprises are merged into one or one or more structural units are joined to a given enterprise.
Sanitated: constituted by independent auditors when the company is on the verge of bankruptcy and it is necessary to determine whether to declare bankruptcy or perhaps convince creditors of the advisability of deferring payments.
4. Source of compilation:
- Inventory: compiled on the basis of an inventory of property, funds in accounts, obligations based on the results recorded in the inventory records.
Book: built on the basis of current accounting data without preliminary verification.
General: compiled on the basis of accounting and inventory data, therefore considered the most important.
5. By volume of information:
Single (single): compiled on the basis of current accounting data and reflects the activities of only one enterprise.
Consolidated: - consolidated are developed by ministries and statements, calculating data for the industry as a whole by simply summing up indicators of the same name and excluding balances on mutual transactions.
-consolidated balance sheets are compiled by a group (holding, concern) represented by parent and subsidiary companies. This balance sheet generates information about a single enterprise as if there were one company.
6. By the nature of the activity:
-Main: balance sheet compiled for the main activity corresponding to the profile of the enterprise and registered in its charter.
Not the main one: a balance sheet compiled for all other activities other than the main one.
7. By orientation time:
-Provisional: includes indicative data for the last days of the reporting period
-Prospective: calculated for the next reporting period, including expected data.
-Directive: includes those that are predetermined and subject to implementation
8. By reflection object:
-Independent: only business entities endowed with the rights of a legal entity have.
-Separate: constitute divisions of the enterprise (Branches, representative offices).
9. According to the cleaning method:
Balance sheet – gross: formed with the inclusion of regulatory items (for example: depreciation)
Net balance: This is the balance from which regulatory items are excluded, which is called “cleaning”. Used in Russian accounting practice since 1996.
EXAM "Accounting"
Answers on questions.
Question No. 1. Accounting regulatory system
The system of regulatory regulation of accounting in Russia at present
time is carried out on the basis of documents regulating the organization and maintenance of accounting in the Russian Federation, which have different statuses.
Depending on the purpose and status, regulatory documents governing
Accounting can be thought of as four levels.
1st level- accounting legislation and related
norms.
The basis of the first level is:
Law of the Russian Federation “On Accounting” dated November 23, 1996 (as amended).
Regulations on accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation.
Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated July 29, 1998 No. 34n (as amended).
The working chart of accounts is approved by the organization based on
Chart of Accounts for Accounting, approved by the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation
Federation.
Federations - in rubles.
3. Documentation. All business transactions carried out by the organization must be documented with supporting documents, on the basis of which accounting records are maintained. Documentation of property, liabilities and other facts of economic activity, maintenance of accounting registers and financial statements is carried out in Russian. Primary accounting documents compiled in other languages must have a line-by-line translation into Russian.
4. Monetary valuation. Property, liabilities and other facts of economic activity are subject to valuation in monetary terms for reflection in accounting and reporting.
5.
Inventory. For to ensure the reliability of accounting data and financial statements, organizations are required to conduct an inventory of property and
obligations, during which their existence, condition and assessment are checked and documented.
6.
Formation of accounting policies.
To maintain accounting records in an organization, an accounting policy is formed that presupposes the property isolation and continuity of the organization’s activities, the sequence of application of the accounting policy, as well as the temporal certainty of the facts of economic activity.
The organization's accounting policies must meet the requirements of completeness, prudence, priority of content over form, consistency and rationality.
7.
Separate accounting.
In the accounting of the organization, separate accounting of current costs for production of products, performance of work and provision of services and costs is maintained,
related to capital and financial investments, property located in
property of the organization and property of other legal entities held by
this organization.
Question No. 3. Classification of household products by composition.
Accounting objects are:
1. economic assets (enterprise property);
2. sources of formation of economic assets;
3. economic processes that cause changes in property and their sources
formation.
Household supplies are divided into two groups.
|
divided: |
||
|
Fixed assets; Equipment for installation; Long-term financial investments, |
Raw materials; Fuel; Semi-finished products; Unfinished production; Future expenses periods. |
2. circulating funds: |
Question No. 4. Classification of household assets by sources of education and intended purpose.
Sources of household funds are divided into:
|
1. equity | |
|
Authorized capital; | |
|
III. Capital and reserves |
Passive |
|
1. Authorized capital |
|
|
IV. Long-term |
1. Loans and credits |
|
V. Short-term |
1. Loans and credits |
In addition, an integral part of the balance sheet is the Certificate of Valuables,
accounted for in off-balance sheet accounts.
QUESTION No. 6
Based on the way they influence the balance sheet, business transactions can be divided into four types.
1. Operations of the first type are characterized by the fact that when they are executed, only balance sheet asset items are affected, as a result of which funds are regrouped within this part of the balance sheet, but the balance sheet currency (balance sheet total) does not change.
Mathematically, using the basic accounting equation, the impact on the balance sheet of business transactions of the first type can be expressed by the following formula:
A + X-X = P, Where:
A - balance sheet asset;
P - balance sheet liability;
X is the amount of turnover for a business transaction. Examples of operations of this type include:
1. withdrawal of funds from a bank account to the cash desk; (D50 K51)
2. deposit of cash from the cash register to the settlement
bank account; (D51 K50)
3. receipt of funds (cash or non-cash) from debtors; (D50 K62)
5. return to the cash desk of unused amounts by accountable persons; (D50 K71)
6. release of materials from warehouses to production; (D20 K10)
7. receipt of finished products to the warehouse from production; (D43 K20)
2. Operations of the second type affect only the liability items of the balance sheet, as a result of which a regrouping of funds occurs within this part of the balance sheet, but the balance sheet currency (balance sheet total) does not change.
The impact on the balance sheet of transactions of this type can be expressed by the following formula:
A = P +X-X.
Examples of such operations include:
1. withholding personal income tax (NDFL) from personnel salaries; (D70 K68 personal income tax)
5. Based on direct participation in the production of products, works, services
Active (fixed assets directly related to the process of manufacturing products, works, services);
Passive (fixed assets used in the production management process).
Fixed assets are assessed:
In accounting - at original cost (when placing fixed assets on
accounting) or at replacement cost (after revaluation of fixed assets);
In financial statements - at residual value.
Question No. 21. Accounting policy of the organization, its main aspects.
The accounting policy of an enterprise is a set of methods and techniques for maintaining accounting and tax records, provided for by legislative and regulatory acts.
The accounting policies of organizations are formed by the chief accountant in all organizations, regardless of their organizational and legal form, by choosing one of the methods of accounting and tax accounting permitted by law and regulations for a specific area of accounting. If accounting methods are not established in regulatory documents for a specific area, then the organization must independently develop an accounting method based on the requirements of accounting and tax accounting.
Since 2002, an organization’s accounting policy must consist of two parts:
1) accounting policies for accounting purposes;
2) accounting policy for tax purposes.
Requirements for the content of the accounting policy are contained in PBU1/98 “Accounting Policy of the Organization” Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated December 9, 1998 No. 60n.
When forming the UE, they are approved
A working chart of accounts containing those used in the organization
synthetic and analytical accounts necessary for accounting;
Forms of primary accounting documents used for registration of business
operations for which standard forms of primary documents are not provided, but
also document forms for internal accounting reporting;
Methods for assessing the assets and liabilities of an organization;
The procedure for conducting an inventory of property and liabilities;
Document flow rules and technology for processing accounting information
and other solutions necessary for organizing accounting and tax accounting.
The selected methods of maintaining accounting and tax records are applied from the beginning of the financial year by all structural divisions of the enterprise (branches, representative offices, etc.), including those allocated to an independent balance sheet, regardless of their location.
Newly created organizations draw up their chosen accounting policies
before the first publication of financial statements, but no later than 90 days from the date of state registration.
The accounting policy is approved by order of the head of the enterprise and is subject to
mandatory disclosure in the explanatory note to the annual report. The adopted accounting policies are applied consistently from year to year without changes. Changes in accounting policies can only be made in the following cases:
1) changes in the legislation of the Russian Federation
2) changes in regulatory documents on accounting and taxation;
3) development of new accounting methods;
4) a significant change in the conditions of the organization’s activities (reorganization of the enterprise, change of owners, change in types of activities).
Changes in accounting policies must be justified and, for the purpose of comparability of accounting data, must be entered from the beginning of the financial year.
If changes in accounting policies are caused by reasons not related to legislation or regulations on accounting, and if these changes have a significant impact on the financial performance of the organization, then an assessment is made in monetary terms of the consequences of changes in accounting policies in relation to previous reporting periods (at least for two years ). The financial statements reflect the adjustment of the relevant data for the periods preceding the reporting period by inclusion in the financial statements for the reporting period.
The procedure for making changes to the accounting policy for tax purposes is similar; it is enshrined in Article 313 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. In the event of changes in legislation on taxes and fees, the order on accounting policies may be changed no earlier than the changes in legislation come into force.
The accounting policy should contain the following aspects:
1. Organizational.
2. Technical.
3. Methodological.
Organizational - must contain the selected scheme for building an accounting service at the enterprise.
Technical - must contain:
1) the chosen form of accounting;
3) an approved working chart of accounts containing the accounts used in the organization,
necessary for maintaining synthetic and analytical accounting;
4) established document flow (forms of primary accounting documents used for registration of business transactions, for which standard forms are not provided, as well as forms of documents for internal accounting reporting);
5) the procedure for conducting an inventory of property and liabilities.
Methodological
-
must contain a list of elements, methods and methods
their accounting, determined by the specifics of the enterprise’s activities.
Accounting methods include:
2) the costs of delivery and installation of fixed assets are included in their cost
D08 K60,76,70,69, etc.
3) the amount of VAT on delivery and installation costs is taken into account
4) when the object is put into operation, it is registered
5) VAT on paid delivery and installation costs is deductible
As depreciation is calculated:
amounts included in deferred income for principal received free of charge
funds are written off monthly as non-operating income in proportion to
the amounts of accrued depreciation for this fixed asset during the established
their useful life, which is reflected
Question No. 23. Accounting for disposal of fixed assets
Fixed assets can be removed from an enterprise for various reasons:
Sales;
Free transfer;
Liquidation in case of moral or physical wear and tear;
Transfers as a contribution to the authorized capital of another enterprise;
As a result of natural disasters, damage, theft;
Transfers as a contribution to joint activities, trust management, etc.
reasons.
Whenever fixed assets are disposed of, their residual value is written off from the balance sheet,
for this purpose, account 02 is closed by writing off the amounts of accrued depreciation according to D02 K01.
The resulting residual value on account 01 is written off depending on the nature
disposals, namely:
1) if the disposal of fixed assets is not of an investment nature (i.e., not related to
financial investments on account of contributions to the authorized capital of other organizations, contributions to
joint activities under a simple partnership agreement, etc.), then the residual value
written off as operating expenses D91-2 K01
2) if the disposal of fixed assets is of an investment nature, then the residual value
debited to the financial investment account D58 K01.
When reflecting transactions on disposal of fixed assets according to the new Chart of Accounts to the account
01 the subaccount “Retirement of fixed assets” is opened. This is advisable if
The disposal of fixed assets is of a long-term nature (associated with disassembly, dismantling). IN
In accounting, the disposal of fixed assets is reflected in the following order.
1. If the disposal of fixed assets is not of an investment nature (sale,
gratuitous transfer, liquidation, etc.)
D01 “Disposal of fixed assets” K01
3) the amount of accumulated depreciation on the disposed object is written off
4) the residual value of retired fixed assets is written off as operating expenses
D91-2 K01 “Disposal of fixed assets”
5) expenses associated with the disposal of fixed assets are reflected
D91-2 K10,60,76,70,69 etc.
6) revenue from the sale of fixed assets is reflected
7) reflects the amount of VAT accrued to the budget on proceeds from sales, and in the case of gratuitous
transfer of fixed assets - from market value
D91-2 “Other expenses” K68
8) the financial result from the disposal of fixed assets is written off at the end of the month to the account
profit and loss
D91-9 K99 or D99 K91-9.
When liquidating an OS due to inexpediency and unsuitability for further
use, impossibility or ineffectiveness of its restoration derivative disassembly
and dismantling. In this case, parts, components, spare parts suitable for use are sold as scrap
or scrap at the price of possible use or sale, and unsuitable for use
parts and materials are accounted for as secondary raw materials and are reflected in D10 K91-1. Expenses for
disassembly and dismantling are classified according to D91-2 K70.69, etc.
Upon disposal of fixed assets for which revaluation was made, the amounts
additional valuations accounted for as part of additional capital are written off to undistributed
profit
D83 K84.
2. If the disposal of fixed assets is of an investment nature (transfer on account
contributions to the authorized capital, joint ventures, etc.):
1) the initial cost of the disposed fixed asset is written off
D01 “Disposal of fixed assets” K01
2) the amount of accumulated depreciation on the disposed object is written off
D02 K01 “Disposal of fixed assets”
3) financial investments are reflected at the agreed value, while
a) if the agreed value of fixed assets coincides with the residual value
b) if the agreed value is more or less than the residual value, then
additional entry for the difference between the agreed and residual value, which
applies to non-operating income or expenses
D58 K91-1 or D91-2 K58.
Question No. 25. Accounting for the cost of repairing fixed assets
Repair of fixed assets depending on the volume and nature of repair work
divided into current and capital.
For routine and mid-term OS repairs include work on systematic and
timely protection of them from premature wear and maintenance in working order
condition.
5) for specialized navigation facilities;
6) for land plots and environmental management facilities.
For the fixed assets listed in the first four paragraphs,
accrual of depreciation at the end of the reporting year according to established depreciation rates
deductions and are accounted for in off-balance sheet account 010.
Fixed assets worth no more than rubles are allowed to be written off
costs as they are put into operation without depreciation.
Books, brochures and other publications (regardless of their value) are permitted
write off as expenses as they are released into production or operation (in tax
accounting - at the time of their acquisition).
The following entries are made in accounting:
1) for the cost of purchased books, brochures and other publications
2) when paying D60,76,71 K50.51
3) upon registration D01 K08
4) when released into service D26 K01
Depreciation is calculated based on the useful life.
Useful life of an item of fixed assets for accounting purposes
determined by the organization when accepting an object for accounting in one of two options, either
independently based on:
The expected lifespan of this object is in accordance with the expected
productivity or power;
Expected physical wear, depending on operating mode, natural
environmental conditions and influences, repair systems;
Regulatory and other restrictions on the use of this object (for example, the period
rent);
or according to the Classification of fixed assets approved by a resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation
dated 01/01/2001 for tax purposes, in accordance with the depreciation group to
to which this fixed asset belongs. If the useful life of the main
means is not indicated in the Classification, it is established by the organization independently,
based on the technical characteristics of the fixed asset item and the expected life
beneficial use.
In cases of improvement of the initially adopted normative indicators
functioning of a fixed asset as a result of reconstruction or
modernization, the organization can increase the useful life of this
object.
In accounting, depreciation is calculated according to groups of homogeneous fixed assets.
funds. In addition, depreciation for accounting and tax purposes
accrued differently.
Calculation of depreciation for accounting purposes accounting is carried out by one of
four methods:
Linear;
Reduced balance method;
The method of writing off value by the sum of the numbers of years of useful life;
The method of writing off the cost is proportional to the volume of products, works, and services.
The annual amount of depreciation charges is determined:
with linear method- based on the original cost (or replacement cost) and
depreciation rates;
with the reduced balance method- based on the residual value at the beginning
reporting year and the depreciation rate and acceleration factor established in
in accordance with the law RF;
with the write-off method based on the sum of numbers of years of useful life - based on
initial cost (or replacement cost) and a coefficient equal to
ratio:
Number of years remaining
useful life
K = ----
Sum of numbers of years of useful life
use
with the method of writing off the cost proportionally volume products (works, services)-
depreciation is calculated based on the natural indicator of the volume of products (work,
services) in the reporting period and the ratio of the initial cost of fixed assets and
expected volume of products (works, services) for the entire useful life
fixed assets.
The chosen depreciation method must be applied throughout the entire
useful life (that is, service life) of a fixed asset.
Question No. 27. Types, forms and systems of remuneration.
The main forms of remuneration are:
1) piecework;
2) time-based;
3) chord.
With piecework wages the amount of earnings depends on the number of products produced
new products, works, services in accordance with established piece rates.
The piecework form of remuneration has its own systems.
2) piecework-bonus;
3) piecework-progressive.
Straight
piecework
remuneration provides for payment of labor in proportion
the number of products produced, work performed, services performed, based on fixed prices established taking into account the required qualifications.
Piece-bonus
remuneration includes bonuses for quality and
quantitative indicators.
Piece-progressive
the system provides for an increase in wages for production
above the norm.
Attime-based wage system earnings are accrued for a certain
the amount of time worked regardless of the amount of work performed. He
is calculated based on the tariff rate for one hour of work or the official salary for the time worked.
The time-based form of remuneration has its own systems:
1) simple time-based;
2) time-bonus
Simple time-based This is a system in which the amount of remuneration depends on the qualifications and work experience of the employee.
Time-based bonus The remuneration system includes bonuses in addition to the tariff rate.
With chord remuneration is determined by the total earnings for performing a certain amount of work or manufacturing certain products.
Salaries in accounting are divided into basic and additional.
To basic salary
refers to the wages paid to employees for
time worked. It includes:
1) payment at tariff rates and piece rates;
2) time-based wages;
3) additional payments for piecework and time-based bonus payment systems;
4) additional payments for hazardous working conditions;
5) additional payments for working overtime and at night.
If deductions at the initiative of the administration are made along with deductions by
executive documents, then the total amount of deductions should not exceed b 50%, and when alimony is withheld -70%
Deductions for compensation of material damage are made if a shortage is discovered during the inventory of material assets, then it is compensated at the expense of financially responsible persons. For the amounts of material damage withheld from the employee’s salary, an entry is made D70 K73-2
Withholding of funds previously issued on account is carried out if the employee
there were unspent accountable amounts that he did not return to the cashier in a timely manner. IN
accounting entry is made D70 K71.
Deductions from wages to the social insurance fund of part of the cost of sanatorium and resort vouchers paid by the employee are reflected in accounting
The following deductions may include the following deductions upon written application of the employee:
1) payments for personal insurance;
2) trade union dues;
3) alimony;
4) loans;
5) to pay off obligations to subscribe for shares, etc. withholding.
Such deductions from wages in accounting are as follows:
1) for the amount of payments for personal insurance
2) for the amount of subscription to shares D70 K75
3) for the amount of alimony, loans, trade union dues
D70 K76.
Question No. 33. Accounting for wages and settlements with personnel for wages.
Accounting for payroll settlements with employees, both on staff and not on staff
enterprises, all types of wages, bonuses and benefits are maintained on account 70.
1. Payroll.
Salaries are calculated for time worked and time not worked, but time subject to payment under the law (vacation pay, preferential hours for teenagers, breaks in the work of nursing mothers, payment during the performance of state and public duties).
Salaries can be accrued from the following sources:
1) cost;
2) the organization’s profit;
3) targeted financing funds.
Accrued wages for hours worked
reflected in accounting depending on which department the employee works in and what work he performs, In accounting
The following entries are made for the amount of accrued wages:
1) employees of primary, auxiliary, service production and management
personnel D20,23,25,26,29 K70
2) employees involved in the sale of products and goods
3) workers employed in construction and reconstruction of fixed assets
4) employees for work performed, which are taken into account as deferred expenses D97 K70
5) workers involved in eliminating the consequences of emergency events
Accrued wages for time not worked, but payable according to
legislation,
in particular, vacation pay and temporary disability benefits are reflected in accounting in the following order.
Vacation pay
are calculated based on the employee’s average earnings. Calculation order
average earnings approved by Decree of the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation dated January 1, 2001 No. 38." "Vacation pay
are credited to the same accounts as employee salaries. An organization can create a cash reserve to pay for vacations. In this case, vacation pay is accrued from the previously created reserve and reflected in D96 K70.
Temporary disability benefits are paid from the funds of the Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation. In accounting, accrued temporary disability benefits are reflected according to D69-1 K70
Accrued dividends (income) to employees who are shareholders
(members) of the organization
reflected at the expense of the organization's net profit
Accounting for settlements with personnel regarding wages.
Salaries can be paid to employees both in cash and in kind
form.
Payment of wages in cash can be carried out:
a) in cash by issuing from the cash register;
b) non-cash by transfer to the employee’s personal bank account. Salary
must be issued within three days. The salary paid is reflected in accounting.
1) when issued from the cash register D70 K50
2) when transferring to a personal bank account
D70 K51.
Payment of wages in kind can be made in the form of:
1) products of own production, goods;
2) other values.
The payment of wages in kind is reflected in accounting;
1) when issuing products of own production, goods
D70 K90-1
2) when issuing other material assets
D70 K91-1.
For payroll settlements with employees, an account is opened for each employee. card
"Personal account", which reflects all accrued and withheld amounts. Based on personal accounts, a payroll statement is compiled. Payment of wages is carried out according to settlement and payment or payroll within the time limits established by the company.
After three days, the payroll statement is closed, and not issued
amounts are deposited.
The deposited amounts are recorded in the register of deposited amounts and submitted to the bank. IN
in accounting, deposited amounts are reflected
D70 K76.
Subsequent issuance of deposited amounts is carried out according to a cash receipt order, which is reflected in accounting D76 K50.
Deposited amounts not claimed within three years are credited to non-operating income D76 K91-1.
Question No. 35. Concept, classification and valuation of intangible assets
In accordance with PBU14/2000 (MFG Order No. 91n) to intangible
assets include objects that simultaneously meet the following conditions:
1) do not have a material form;
2) can be separated from other property;
3) are intended for use in the production of products, works, services or for
management needs of the organization;
4) can be used for more than 12 months;
5) are not intended for subsequent resale;
6) generate income;
7) accompanied by documents that confirm both the existence of the object itself and
exclusive rights to it (patents, certificates, patent assignment agreement, etc.
documentation).
In accordance with paragraph 4 of PBU 14, the list of objects related to intangible assets,
closed, these include only:
1.
exclusive rights to intellectual property, to which
relate:
a) exclusive rights to industrial property objects:
Patents for inventions;
Patents for industrial designs;
Certificates for utility models;
b) exclusive right to selection achievements;
For computer programs;
For appellations of origin;
at cost in rubles, by converting foreign currency at the Central Bank exchange rate on the date of transfer of ownership.
* To the actual costs of acquisition, production of intangible
assets
relate:
The cost paid to the copyright holder under the contract for the transfer (assignment) of rights;
“amounts paid for information, consulting services related to
acquisition of intangible assets;
4. depreciation;
5. other costs.
Grouping by costing items determined by industry guidelines for
cost accounting and calculating the cost of products, works, services. Typical grouping
consists of the following costing items:
1. raw materials and materials;
2. returnable waste (subtracted);
3. purchased products, semi-finished products and third-party production services
organizations;
4. fuel and energy for technological purposes;
5. wages of production workers;
6. contributions for social needs;
7. expenses for preparation and development of production;
8. general production expenses;
9. general business expenses;
10. losses from marriage;
11. other production costs;
Question No. 42. Methods of accounting for production costs.
Depending on the method of including costs in the cost price, it can be calculated
full actual production cost or incomplete actual
production cost.
When calculating the full actual production cost.
1. All costs are divided into:
straight, which directly relate to the calculation object;
indirect,
which at the end of the reporting period are distributed between
calculations in proportion to any base.
objects
Direct - on calculation accounts 20.23 (D20.23 Yu 0.70,69.60, etc.);
Indirect - on collection and distribution accounts 25.26 (D25.26 K10.70,69.60, etc.)
3. At the end of the reporting month:
General production and general business expenses are distributed between types
main and auxiliary production and types of products according to D20.23 K25.26;
The costs of auxiliary production are distributed between types of products according to D20 K23.
At the same time, accounts 25.26 do not have a balance at the end of the month, account 23 may have a balance
work in progress.
With this method of cost sharing, the full actual production cost of products, works, and services is calculated.
When calculating incomplete actual production costs.
1. All costs are divided into:
variables
costs, the amount of which directly proportional to changes in volume
production;
conditional - variables
costs that are not dependent on changes in production volume
is directly proportional;
conditionally permanent costs that do not depend on changes in production volume.
2. During the reporting month, expenses are taken into account:
Variables - according to D20,23 K10,70,69,60, etc.;
Conditional variables - according to D25 K10,70,69,60, etc.;
Conditionally permanent - according to D26 K10,70,69,60, etc.
3. At the end of the reporting month:
Variable and semi-variable costs are written off in D20 K23.25;
Shortages and damage to material assets in workshops;
Losses from downtime due to the fault of the workshop, etc.
To general economic include expenses for general maintenance and management of the organization as a whole. They include the following types of costs.
1. Costs of maintaining the management apparatus:
Salary of the management staff with contributions to social funds;
Depreciation and maintenance costs of passenger cars;
Expenses for fire and security guards;
Postal and telegraphic, stationery;
Information and consulting services;
salaries of other general plant personnel with contributions to social funds;
Depreciation, repair, maintenance of buildings, structures, general plant equipment;
Training costs;
Costs of invention and rationalization, etc.
3. Some types of taxes, fees and deductions , which, in accordance with the law,
included in the cost of products, works, services.
4. Factory overhead expenses.
Losses from downtime caused by workshops;
Shortages and losses from damage to material assets and finished products, etc.
During the month, general production expenses are accounted for on account 25, general business expenses - on account 26;
At the end of the month, overhead costs are written off to cost.
products, works, services for D20,23 K25, general business expenses are written off in one of two ways
methods depending on the accounting policy of the enterprise:
1) for the cost of products, works, services according to D 20.23 K26;
2) directly to the sales account according to D90-2 K26.
At the end of the month, accounts 25 and 26 have no balance.
When written off at the end of the month as cost, these expenses are distributed between individual types of products and the balance of work in progress.
Distribution of overhead costs
between calculation objects
produced in one of the ways provided for by industry instructions on the formation of cost at enterprises in various industries:
Proportional to the accrued wages of production workers
Proportional to the amount of direct costs for the production of products, works, services.
Distribution of general business expenses depends on the method chosen by the accounting policy for writing off general business expenses.
If general business expenses are written off as the cost of products, works, services, then they are distributed among the objects of calculation in accordance with industry standards
instructions in proportion to the selected base:
Wages of production workers;
The amount of direct material costs;
Volume of products produced.
If general business expenses are written off directly to sales revenue, then the entire amount of general business expenses is subject to write-off. because they are normative
the documents do not provide for the distribution of these costs between sold and shipped products.
Question No. 44. The concept of finished products, evaluation and accounting.
In accordance with PBU5/98 finished products are part of the material
inventory of the organization, intended for sale, resulting from production process, finished processing, complete,
corresponding to current standards or technical specifications.
Released finished products are accounted for on account 43 by one from two ways:
at actual production cost;
at standard (planned) cost.
The chosen valuation method must be fixed in the accounting policy.
Actual production cost used for single
small-scale production and when producing mass products of a small range.
Standard cost used in mass and batch production with
a large range of finished products.
Receipts from the production of finished products are documented with invoices,
specifications, acceptance certificates and other primary documents.
The release of finished products to customers is issued with an invoice. As a standard
forms of the invoice, you can use the invoice for the release of materials on the side, form M-15.
Accounting for the production of finished products at actual cost.
When accounting for finished products on account 43 at actual cost, there are two possible
accounting option.
1st option. If the organization keeps records of the movement of finished products during the month
only in natural meters, then the receipt of finished products at the warehouse is reflected in
actual cost entry according to D43 K20. In this case, the actual cost can be
Calculate only at the end of the month. Therefore, no entries are made on account 43 during the month.
In the end of the month:
1) the actual cost of manufactured products for the month is calculated;
2) the average cost per unit of finished products per month is determined, taking into account its balance
in stock at the beginning of the month;
3) the actual cost of shipped and sold products is calculated.
The following entries are made in accounting at the end of the month:
For the actual cost of manufactured products D43 K20;
On the actual cost of shipped and sold products based on the average
unit cost of production D45.90-2 K43.
2nd option. If an organization tracks the movement of finished products during a month as in
natural and in cost measures, then in the absence of information within a month about
The actual cost of products produced in the organization is set at a discount price.
The standard (planned) cost of the finished product can be used as the accounting price.
products, which is reflected in analytical accounting, highlighting deviations in actual
production cost from cost at accounting prices. Such deviations are taken into account
for homogeneous groups of finished products, which are formed based on the level of deviations
actual production cost from the cost at accounting prices of individual
products. On account 43 two sub-accounts are opened:
43-1 “Finished products at discount prices”;
43 -2 “Cost deviations”.
During the month, finished products are accounted for according to D43-1 K20 at the accounting price, and at the end
month, the actual cost of manufactured products is determined and determined
deviations of the actual cost from the accounting (planned) and by the amount of deviations the accounting
the cost of the finished product is brought to the actual record according to D43-2 K20, depending on
type of deviations. If the actual cost is greater than the accounting cost (an overspend has occurred), then
The cost is increased by direct recording. If the actual cost is less
accounting (savings have occurred), then the cost is reduced by a reversal entry.
As a result, at the end of the month, finished products are reflected in accounting at actual
cost.
The amount of deviations of the actual production cost of finished products from
cost at accounting prices is determined based on the percentage of deviations of the actual
cost of production from the accounting price of shipped (sold) products, which
calculated by the formula:
Amount off at the stop g/p Amount off. according to g/p, receipt.
Percentage on beginning m-tsa + to warehouse per m-ts
deviations = -- x 100%
in shipped Cost g/p + Cost g/p
(sold) at accounting prices at accounting prices
products at the beginning of the m-ts received for the m-ts
Amount of deviations Book value Percentage
products = shipped g/p x deviations: 100%
in the shipped
(implemented)
products
The percentage of deviations and the planned cost allow you to calculate the actual
the cost of the balance of finished products in the warehouse at the end of the month.
When writing off finished products within a month, the amount of deviations is written off to those
the same accounts to which finished products are written off at accounting (planned) prices.
If the actual cost turns out to be greater than the accounting cost, then the cost
of shipped (sold) products increases by the amount of deviations according to D45.90-2 K43.
If the actual cost is less than the accounting cost, then the cost
of shipped (sold) products is reduced by the amount of deviations of the reversal
record D45.90-2 K43
Accounting for the release of finished products at standard (planned) cost using account 40 “Output of products, works, services”
When accounting for finished products on account 43 at standard (planned) cost with
using account 40, the accounting procedure has the following features.
Finished products are reflected on account 43 at standard (planned) cost, and on
account 40, deviations of actual production costs from standard costs are determined
per month. In accounting, accounting entries are made in the following order.
Within a month:
1) finished products released from production and delivered to the warehouse are reflected By
standard (planned) cost D43 K40;
2) finished products shipped and sold within a month are written off from the balance sheet according to
standard (planned) cost:
a) shipped but not sold finished products are written off D45 K43;
b) shipped and sold finished products are written off D90-2 K43.45.
In the end of the month:
1) the actual cost of manufactured finished products for the month is determined, which
reflected by D40 K20;
2) deviations of the actual cost from the standard (planned) formed on account 40
at the end of the month are written off according to D90-2 K40 by direct or reversal entry, depending on
type of deviations:
a) if the actual cost is greater than the standard (planned) cost, i.e. there has been an overrun,
then direct recording is made via D90-2 K40;
b) if the actual cost is less than the standard (planned) cost, i.e. savings have occurred, then
reversal entry according to D90-2 K40.
Account 40 is closed at the end of the month and has no balance, i.e. the entire amount of deviations
the actual cost from the standard (planned) cost is written off regardless of the quantity
products sold.
The balance of finished products at the end of the reporting period is reflected in the balance sheet according to
standard (planned) cost. Adjustment of the cost of finished products by the amount
There are no deviations of the actual cost from the normative (planned) cost
provided.
Question No. 46.Purpose of account 90 “Sales” and its structure.
The procedure for determining the financial result from sales
Account 90 “Sales” is intended for accounting for income and expenses by regular types
activities of the organization and determining the financial results for them.
Financial result from sales is identified on account 90 “Sales” and is determined in
as the difference between the amount of revenue (excluding indirect taxes and payments of VAT, excise taxes, etc.)
reflected on the credit of this account, and the amount of the actual cost of goods sold,
products, works, services.
To reflect individual components of the financial result on account 90, open
the following subaccounts:
90-1 “Sales revenue”
90-2 “Cost of sales”
90-3 “Value added tax”
90-4 "Excise taxes"
90-5 “Export duties”
(Similarly, sub-accounts are opened to account for other obligatory payments to the budget,
which are included in the price).
90-9 “Profit (loss from sales.”
Operations to generate income and expenses from sales (ordinary activities)
are carried out as follows:
1) entries for subaccounts 90-1.90-2.90-3.90-4.90-5.90-6 are made cumulatively over
reporting year,
2) the financial result from sales for each month is determined by comparing the total debit turnover 90-2.90-3.90-4.90-5.90-6 with the credit turnover of subaccount 90-1,
3) at the end of each month, the financial result from sales is written off:
profit according to D90-9 K99
loss according to D99 K90-9.
There is no balance on account 90 at the end of the month. However, all subaccounts have either a debit
or a credit balance, the value of which accumulates until the end of the year. This information is used to draw up a profit and loss statement, Form No. 2.
4) At the end of the reporting year, all sub-accounts opened on account 90 are closed with internal records:
a) for the amount of accumulated revenue D90-1 K90-9
b) for the amount of accumulated expenses D90-9 K90-2.90-3.90-4.90-5.90-6.
Accounting entries for accounting for income and expenses from ordinary activities are reflected in accounting in the following order.
1. Revenue from sales of D62 K90-1
2. VAT on revenue D90-3 K68.76
3. Cost of goods sold, products, works, services D90-2 K20,26,44,41,43,45
4. Excise D90-4 K68
5. Export duties D90-5 K68
6. Financial result from sales for the month:
a) profit D90-9 K99
b) loss D99 K90-9
7. In trade organizations that keep records of sales
cost is reversed trade margin D90-2 K42
8. Closing all sub-accounts at the end of the reporting year:
a) for the amount of accumulated sales revenue D90-1 K90-9
b) for the amount of expenses associated with sales of D90-9 K90-2.90-3.90-4.90-5
Active-passive accounts include:
2. A simple transaction is called a transaction in which the following simultaneously correspond:
A) one debit account and one credit account +
B) two debit accounts and two credit accounts
C) two debit accounts and one credit account
D) one debit account and two credit accounts
3. Capital that is formed during the formation of an organization from the contributions of the founders:
A) Statutory +
B) Additional
B) Reserve
D) Main
4. Settlements on loans and borrowings that are repayable within a year are:
A) Long-term
B) Periodic
B) Short-term +
D) Constant
5. Finished products are:
A) products that have not passed all stages of technological processing, or have not been delivered to the warehouse
B) products produced at this enterprise and delivered to the warehouse +
C) goods purchased by the organization for sale
D) products produced at this enterprise, but not delivered to the warehouse
6. Receipt of goods from suppliers is reflected by posting:
A) D-t 41 K-t 62
B) D-t 10 K-t 60
B) D-t 41 K-t 60 +
D) D-t 60 K-t 41
7. Responsibility for organizing accounting at the enterprise lies with:
A) Accountant
B) Manager +
B) Deputy head
D) Economist
8. Office supplies were released from the warehouse to the accounting department, reflected by the posting:
A) D-t 10 K-t 26
B) D-t 23 K-t 10
B) D-t 26 K-t 10 +
D) D-t 20 K-t 10
9. The method by which economic assets receive monetary expression is called:
A) inventory
B) score +
B) documentation
D) calculation
10. Securities purchased for cash are reflected by the following entry:
A) D-t 83 K-t 14
B) D-t 14 K-t 30.31 +
B) D-t 85 K-t 66
D) D-t 91 K-t 66
11. Identified manufacturing defects in accounting are reflected by posting:
A) D-t 20 K-t 28
B) D-t 28 K-t 25
B) D-t 28 K-t 20 +
D) D-t 43 K-t 28
12. Accounting policies are formed:
A) Cashier
B) Economist
B) Chief accountant +
D) Manager
13. Debt of various organizations or individuals of our organization:
A) Creditor
B) Accounting
B) Accounts receivable +
D) Banking
14. Income includes:
A) revenue from sales of products
B) revenue from services rendered
C) revenue from work performed
D) all answers are correct +
15. In the balance sheet, finished products are valued:
A) at actual cost +
B) at the discount price
B) at planned cost
D) at market value
16. Accounting is currently maintained by:
A) Orderly recording of transactions
B) Double entry +
B) Costing
D) Balance sheet information
17. The difference between incoming and outgoing accounts is:
A) chess sheet
B) subaccount
B) balance +
D) accounting register
18. Which synthetic account does the “Vehicles” subaccount belong to?
A) inventories
B) fixed assets +
B) accounts receivable
D) deferred costs
19. The account on which production records are kept?
A) 10 count
B) 43 count
B) 90 count
D) 20 count +
20. Accounting entry D-t 20 K-t 69 means:
A) Deductions were made for social insurance from the wages of workers in auxiliary production
B) Temporary disability benefits were paid to workers of the main production
C) The amounts of contributions due to them are transferred to the social insurance authorities
D) Deductions have been made for social insurance from the wages of workers in primary production +
21. Revenue is credited to the settlement account for products sold and is reflected by the posting:
A) D 90 K 43
B) D 90 K 51
C) D 51 K 90 +
D) D 51 K 50
22. To account for retained earnings (uncovered losses), the following account is intended:
A) score 43
B) score 44 +
B) score 45
D) score 46
23. Accounting registers are:
A) Primary documents
B) Special form tables +
B) Accounting books
D) Orders and orders for accounting
24. After approval of the annual report, accounting registers:
A) Destroy
B) Grouped and summarized, after the expiration of the storage period - handed over to the archive +
B) Handed over to the archives
D) Handed over to a higher organization
25. To correct erroneous correspondence of invoices or larger amounts than expected, the following applies:
A) Corrective method
C) Correction and method of filling out the entry
D) “Red reversal” method +
26. When an amount is recorded in the registers that is less than the actual amount, the following applies:
A) Corrective method +
B) Additional recording method
B) The “red reversal” method
D) Correction and method of filling out the entry
27. The order journal is maintained:
A) By account credit +
B) By debit of the account
B) By debit and credit of the account
D) For the credit of cash accounts only
28. The debt to the bank for a short-term loan was repaid from the current account, reflected by the posting:
A) D-t 66 K-t 51 +
B) D-t 51 K-t 76
B) D-t 51 K-t 66
D) D-t 67 K-t 51
29. Income tax is withheld from the wages of workers and employees, reflected by posting:
A) D 68 K 70
B) D 70 K 69
C) D 70 K 68 +
D) D 68 K 70
30. What accounting registers do order journals belong to?
A) synthetic
B) analytical
B) chronological
D) combined +
