"News"
100 thousand schoolchildren and students applied for protection of their rights in 2009
Despite all the efforts of the state to combat corruption, the problem of “pocket payments” in schools and universities remains. In an interview with RIA Novosti, Viktor Panin, deputy head of the committee of the All-Russian Society for the Protection of the Rights of Consumers of Educational Services, spoke about what violations of their rights schoolchildren and students most often face. - If we talk about universities, then first of all, students who study at on a contractual basis. As a rule, we are talking about all kinds of violations of the agreement on paid education. For example, the contract unjustifiably includes a clause that if a student is expelled due to poor academic performance or any other reason, the tuition money paid by him will not be returned. That is, if a student paid for the entire year of study, but was expelled in the first semester, the money is not returned, despite the fact that he was not provided with the service for which he paid.
link: http://www.potrebitel. net/main/news/32714/
Victor Panin: The initiators of reforms in the education system are behind the scenes
Everyone is dissatisfied with the level of education in the country - parents, teachers, and children. According to VTsIOM, more than 80% of Russian citizens consider corruption to be the main problem in education. Every third respondent has personally encountered facts of corruption in the field of education; 12% of respondents paid for admission to universities or secondary education institutions. Deputy Chairman of the Committee of the All-Russian Society for the Protection of the Rights of Consumers of Educational Services Viktor Panin believes that the Ministry of Education and Science, instead of eliminating the shortcomings of the current legislation in the field of education and science, improves the quality of education in the country endless and ineffective experimentation.
link: http://www.epochtimes.ru/content/view/50790/54/
The Minister of Education is asked to leave in English
During the press conference, the All-Russian public action “OFF” began, which stands for “Fursenko’s resignation.” The organizers of the action are collecting signatures for this demand on the website http://www.fursenko.net, and they also plan to go out onto the street with signature sheets and attend crowded events. The demands of the masses will be presented to Russian President Dmitry Medvedev around the beginning of the school year, just in time for the United Russia party congress scheduled for September 3-4, said Viktor Panin, deputy head of the All-Russian Society for the Protection of the Rights of Consumers of Educational Services.
link: http://stopreform.org/?p=1619
“Scandals in education: who is to blame and what to do?”
Victor Panin: I will continue this tirade of Oleg Nikolaevich. And I will probably even be more emotional, since this is the beginning of our press conference, and I will be more harsh in my statements. I personally believe, and my colleagues have joined this position, that today, in fact, assessing the threat to Russia’s national security through the consequences of the so-called reforms carried out by Fursenko’s department, we are forced to confidently assert that the country’s national interests have been sacrificed to the interests of personal and dedicated.
link: http://www.smolin.ru/actual/press_conf/2011-06-28. htm
Viktor Panin met with human rights activists of the Don region
Of the school canteens inspected by consumer advocates, less than 1% meet standards
According to him, in 2009, the society for the protection of the rights of consumers of educational services announced the launch of the federal social project “Healthy Generation - Healthy Country.” “As part of this project, over 2,500 food units of educational institutions in schools, kindergartens, and food factories were inspected. Moreover, we literally recently carried out surprise raids in food processing plants. In particular, in Moscow, at ten food factories,” noted Viktor Panin.
link: http://vprave.info/iz- proverennyx
School textbooks: more benefit than harm?
In my opinion, an equally important story that has been worrying both parents and the educational expert community for several years now is the situation with educational literature, in particular with textbooks in schools. Since the beginning of this school year, the Society for the Protection of the Rights of Consumers of Educational Services has received a huge number of calls from alarmed parents who were concerned that this is not the first year that funds have been collected from parents for the purchase of educational literature, despite the fact that people have heard somewhere or read about that the budget is obliged to provide for these purchases. This is true, but in practice it turns out that many do not know about this, fall for similar tricks of the administration of educational institutions and are forced to hand over these funds or buy these textbooks themselves.
link: http://www.adigea.aif.ru/onlineconf/5895
Graduation events swept across Russia: parents were tortured by school taxes
- No, of course not. After all, the system does not exist on its own; it is not created in a vacuum somewhere. It is created by people, the same teachers, naturally all of us, citizens of our homeland. That is, those who participate in this process. These are the children's parents, these are the children themselves, after all. After all, we all create this system. Therefore, I would not in any way dump responsibility from teachers and from officials from the education system, who, in general, have a very strong and active influence on the current environment. In my opinion, the problem here is much deeper. If the teacher does not want to participate in this process, he certainly will not do it. And there is no need to talk now about who would organize the purchase of tables or desks.
link: http://www.kp.ru/radio/stenography/13837/
They cost a pretty penny
Victor Panin: One Moscow school. It began, it would seem, with a banality - an English teacher, a teacher of the highest category, was fired. Almost everyone who studied with her entered linguistic universities without additional classes or tutors. And they fired him “for an immoral act.” A young girl with no experience, who later turned out to be the director’s daughter, filled the vacant position.
link: http://www.rg.ru/2011/04/13/pobori-shkoli.html
Expert: only 0.2% of food units in schools meet sanitary standards
Only 0.2% of catering units in Russian schools, according to inspections carried out by the All-Russian Society for the Protection of the Rights of Consumers of Educational Services, meet sanitary and epidemiological requirements; in some educational institutions, staff in canteens smoke and drink alcohol in the workplace, the chairman of the society, Viktor Panin, said on Friday .
RIA News
Born in 1969 in the Saratov region;
In 1991 graduated from the Riga Higher Military-Political School named after Marshal of the Soviet Union S.S. Biryuzov;
From 2002 to 2005 he studied at the Russian Academy of Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation under a joint program with the International Higher School of Business "MIRBIS", completed his studies with honors in the specialty "Public and Municipal Administration" with the additional qualification "Master of Business Administration" (MBA );
In May 2007 headed the Organizing Committee of the 1st All-Russian Forum of Large and Adoptive Families of Russia, acted as coordinator of social programs of the All-Russian Community of Large and Adoptive Families;
He took direct part in the work of the World Russian People's Council (2007), the All-Russian Conference "Protection of Consumer Rights: the Sphere of Education" (2007), the II All-Russian Civil Forum at the Public Chamber of the Russian Federation (2008);
Laureate of the first national award "Beacons of the Fatherland" - for the development of a strong civil society and care for children; awarded the insignia of the Strategic Missile Forces - the Marshal Nedelin medal, the Golden Badge of Honor of the National Foundation for Public Recognition - for his great contribution to the development of modern Russian education, fruitful public educational activities to protect the rights of participants in the educational process, active citizenship;
He is the head of federal social projects of the All-Russian public organization "Society for the Protection of the Rights of Consumers of Educational Services"; author of numerous methodological recommendations on self-defense of rights in the field of education; author of the Analytical Review "Corruption in Education in Modern Russia" (2010).
Married, has four children.
Publications with mentions on fedpress.ru
MOSCOW, April 15, RIA FederalPress. The Chairman of the All-Russian Society for the Protection of Consumers of Educational Services, Viktor Panin, sent an appeal to the Prosecutor General's Office, with...
Panin Viktor Evgenievich- Russian physicist, scientific director of the Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science SB RAS, specialist in the field of physics and mechanics of deformable solids, physical materials science, professor of the Materials Science Department of the Engineering School of New Production Technologies of Tomsk Polytechnic University, member of the TPU Board of Trustees.
Biography
From a family of employees. Panin spent his childhood and youth in Tobolsk, where he graduated in 1947. Wed. school No. 1. In 1947-1952. Studied at the Faculty of Physics of TSU. He graduated from the university with honors with a degree in Physics with a qualification. “A researcher with the right to teach in higher and secondary schools” and was recommended for graduate school in the specialty “Metalphysics”. He graduated from graduate school with a Ph.D. thesis defense at the United Council of Physics Faculties of TSU on November 24, 1955 on the topic “The influence of friction at the ends on mechanical properties and energy absorption during compression.” Approved for the scientific degree of Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences on October 17, 1956.
After graduating from graduate school, from September 1, 1955, he was a junior researcher at SFTI, and from February 2, 1957, he was an assistant at the Department of Experimental Physics at TSU. From 09/01/1959 – senior researcher at SFTI, specialty “Solid State Physics” (approved as a senior researcher in this specialty on 04/17/1963). From 01.06. 1969 – Head of the Department of Metal Physics at SFTI. In 1967, at the TSU Council, Panin defended his doctoral dissertation “Transformation processes and the main factors of hardening in a number of solid solutions based on copper” (approved for the degree of Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences on May 31, 1968).
Since 1979 - Head of the Department of Solid State Physics and Materials Science of the Institute of Atmospheric Optics (IOA) of the Tomsk Branch of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, and from 1980 to 1984. – Deputy Director for Scientific Work of the IOA. In 1984, on his initiative and under his leadership, the Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science (IPPM SB USSR Academy of Sciences, now RAS) was created in Tomsk, the permanent director of which he was from 1984 to 2002. Since 2002 - scientific director this institute.
Areas of scientific activity
Physics of plasticity and strength of solids. Physical mesomechanics of materials. Nanostructured materials and coatings. The role of the surface and internal interfaces in the deformation and destruction of solids. The nature of fatigue failure of loaded materials and structures. Wear in friction pairs. Diagnostics of pre-fracture using physical mesomechanics methods. Scientific basis for the design of materials with high characteristics of strength, wear resistance and fatigue strength. Surface hardening and application of hardening and protective coatings. Degradation and reliability problems of thin films and multilayer materials for electronics. Modern high technologies for strengthening and restoring structures and highly loaded machine parts.
Scientific activity
Panin's scientific activity for many years was associated with research into the plasticity and strength of materials and alloys. Then the problems of the electronic structure of metals and alloys, atomic distribution and the nature of phases in alloys became the focus of the scientific interests of him and the team of employees of the department he headed. Issues of thermodynamics of alloys, physics of sintering and internal oxidation are being developed. Based on electronic representations, work began on analyzing the nature of plasticity and strength of materials and alloys. Advances in the field of theoretical research have become the basis for the most important applied work on the creation of new materials for various purposes. Work was carried out in several directions: development of the theory of alloys, scientific foundations for the creation of new materials, powder metallurgy, plasticity and strength of materials.
During this period, contacts were established with many scientific centers of the country, research institutes, universities, and design bureaus. International recognition has also come. P. repeatedly traveled abroad for scientific purposes, representing the Tomsk school of solid state physics: China (1960), Bulgaria (1971, 1978), Germany (1973), Czechoslovakia (1974). In 1975, under a cooperation agreement between Great Britain and the USSR, Panin was sent to England as a representative of Soviet metal physicists, where he gave a number of lectures on the theory of alloys at the universities of Oxford, Birmingham and Guildford. On his initiative in the 70s. All-Union meetings on the ordering of atoms and their influence on the properties of alloys (1972, 1976) and All-Union schools on the calculation of electronic spectra in metals and the theory of phases in alloys (1975, 1978), III All-Union seminar on wear and adhesion were held in Tomsk and soldering of materials.
The transfer in 1979 of Panmin and part of the staff of the Department of Metal Physics of the SFTI to the Institute of Optics and Atmosphere of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences marked a new stage in the development of the Tomsk school of solid state physics within the framework of academic science. With the formation of the independent Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, research in the field of physics of metals and alloys significantly intensified and became diversified. Many of his works have significant theoretical and practical value and are widely used to develop new materials and technologies for their production and processing.
The Institute has become Russia's leading organization for computer-aided design of materials. Panin is the founder and director of the scientific school “Physical mesomechanics and computer-aided design of materials”. By the decision of the Grants Council under the President of the Russian Federation, the school was classified as one of the leading scientific schools in Russia. He carried out research under the target program “Creation and development of high-performance processes and equipment in industrial conditions.” Provided scientific leadership to the integration project of the Ministry of Education “State support for the integration of higher education and fundamental science”, the Interuniversity Scientific and Technical Progressive Program “Fundamental Research in the Field of Powder Metallurgy”, the International Russian-Slovenian Project “Ceramics”, the regional scientific and technological progress “Siberia”, etc.
Main results
Under the leadership of ac. V. E. Panin created and is developing a new scientific direction - physical mesomechanics of materials, which organically combines the mechanics of a continuous medium (macro level), the physics of plastic deformation (micro level) and physical materials science. He formulated and substantiated the fundamental principles of physical mesomechanics: the determining role of stress concentrators of various scales in the generation of deformation defects of various types, the fundamentally important role of defect flows on the surface in the development of plastic flow, the role of internal interfaces in the formation of quasiperiodic stress concentrators generating deformation defects, movement on meso-level of three-dimensional structural elements as a whole according to the “shear+rotation” scheme, the wave nature of the propagation of an elementary shear with constrained material rotation, destruction as a global loss of shear stability of a loaded solid at the macroscale level. He is the founder and director of the scientific school "Physical mesomechanics and computer-aided design of materials." By the decision of the Grants Council under the President of the Russian Federation, V. E. Panin’s school was classified as a leading school.
Along with recognized successes in developing the fundamental principles of a new scientific direction, V. E. Panin and his colleagues obtained a number of major practical results. On the basis of physical mesomechanics, methods have been developed for the computer design of new materials and technologies for their production, new non-destructive methods for testing loaded materials and structures, principles and technologies for creating high-strength materials and reinforcing coatings, including nanostructured ones.
IFPM SB RAS
Main building of the Institute of Physics and Mathematics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Republican Engineering and Technical Center
Building No. 2
Panin created the Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science from scratch and until recently was its permanent director. The revolutionary scientific direction “physical mesomechanics of materials” was formed at the institute, electron beam technology of powder metallurgy was developed, and the combination of powder metallurgy with conventional metallurgy turned out to be effective. The developments of the academic institute are in demand in the energy sector, railway transport, and the oil and gas industry. Today, IFPM is also conducting research on the creation of especially strong ceramics with a supermicrocrystalline structure or nanoceramics.
At the same time, as Panin put it, the education of scientific youth became a strategic direction. The Academic Institute works together with universities under the Integration program. Back in 1980, Panin headed one of the materials science departments. In 1989 A branch of the TPI department and graduate school was opened at the academic institute. Since 1997, joint work has been carried out within the framework of the federal target program “State support for the integration of higher education and fundamental science.”
IPPM specialists have developed and delivered basic and special lectures to university students. Already from the third year, students perform laboratory work and undergo all types of internship at an academic institute. Their research work is supervised by qualified specialists.
Students conduct their research on a modern scientific and technical basis, which is not available at the university. In particular, a unique optical-television installation “Tomsk” created at IFPM is used, which allows, through computer processing, to monitor the pattern of sample deformation under various forms of loading, an original automated laser measuring complex, electron and tunnel microscopy.
Many research projects are carried out by the institute’s staff together with students. These works are published in Russian and international journals and collections. Students have become full participants in international conferences and symposiums - they give independent reports in English. A number of student collaborations are commissioned by industrial enterprises. The branch of the department at the Institute of Applied Mathematics and Applied Mathematics has actually become a center for training high-quality specialists at all levels of education - bachelors, engineers, masters, and graduate students. Every year, the most capable graduates of the department are assigned to the laboratory of the Institute of Physics and Mathematics of the SB RAS.
Nowadays, the institute is mastering high-tech developments for key sectors of the economy with access to the international market. One of the most effective developments is electron beam technology of powder metallurgy, which is being introduced into the metallurgical industry. The West Siberian Metallurgical Plant has mastered the technology of increasing the operating time of the head nozzles of blowers - tuyeres in blast furnaces from 2-3 months to 2 years. The same technology has been developed by the institute for crystallizers used in steel casting. Metallurgical plants (Kuznetsk, Severostal, Ukraine) use the institute’s developments on a contractual basis. The Institute’s new technologies for applying coatings, strengthening materials and increasing their service life are applicable in virtually all industries: in the energy sector (thermal, hydro and nuclear power plants, in the manufacture of titanium steam turbine blades); aircraft manufacturing; railway transport; oil and gas industry. The Institute conducts advanced research in the field of ceramic products, increasing the ceiling of their ductility and strength.
IPPM currently has 5 laboratory buildings equipped with modern instruments and technological equipment, staffed with highly qualified specialists, it includes 32 doctors and 98 candidates of science. In 1985, the Republican Engineering and Technology Center (RITC) was created at the institute to bring developments to industrial designs and organize their mass production.
In 1991, in order to facilitate the acceleration of scientific and technological progress in the sectors of the national economy, the Russian Materials Science Center (RosMC) was created on the basis of the IFPM, uniting the materials science departments of TSU, TPU, TGASU. In 1994 IPPM and RITC were given the status of State Research Center. IPPM is the parent organization of the International Center for Research on Physical Mesomechanics of Materials, established in 1997.
Social activity
Curator of the study group (TSU); member of the trade union bureau of the SFTI; curator of the NSO of the Faculty of Physics; was elected chairman of the scientific advisory council on metal physics of the SFTI. He was the chairman of the Tomsk regional board of the Knowledge Society; Chairman of the Council for Awarding Academic Degrees in Physics at the Physics Faculties of TSU; member of the Main Council for Solid State Physics of the Ministry of Higher Education and Science of the RSFSR; member of the Main Council for Powder Metallurgy of the State Committee for Science and Technology of the Council of Ministers of the USSR; Deputy editor of the journal “News of Universities. Physics"; member of the Tomsk regional committee of the CPSU; member of the Presidium of the SB RAS; member of the presidium of the Tomsk Scientific Center SB RAS; Deputy Chairman of the Joint Scientific Council of the SB RAS on Mechanics, Energy and Mining Sciences; member of 3 scientific councils of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the coordinating council for technical sciences, the scientific council on the problem of “Reliability, resource and safety of technical systems”, the joint scientific council on the complex problem of “Mechanical Engineering”.
Panin is the chairman of the dissertation council for awarding the scientific degree of Doctor of Science in the specialty “Physics of Condensed Matter, Mechanics of Deformable Solids”, “Metallurgy and Heat Treatment of Metals” at the Institute of Physics and Mathematics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Member of the Coordination Council of the Ministry of Industry and Science of the Russian Federation in the priority area “Computer Design of Materials” of the state scientific and technical program “New Materials and Chemical Products”. Member of the editorial boards of 4 scientific journals, including two international “Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics” (Amsterdam, the Netherlands); editor-in-chief of the journal “Physical Mesomechanics”, Publishing House of the SB RAS.
Main publications
1. Panin V.E., Sergeev V.P., Panin A.V. Nanostructuring of surface layers and application of nanostructured coatings. - Tomsk: TPU Publishing House, 2008. - 285 p.
2. Surface layers and internal interfaces in heterogeneous materials / hole. ed. V. E. Panin; Ross. acad. Sciences, Sib. Department, Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science. - Novosibirsk: Publishing house SB RAS, 2006. - 520 p. - (Integration projects of the SB RAS; issue 8).
3. Panin V.E., Grinyaev Yu.V. Physical mesomechanics - a new paradigm at the intersection of physics and mechanics of a deformable solid // Phys. mesomech. - 2003. - T. 6. - No. 4. - P. 9-36.
4. Panin, V. E., Panin, A. V., Derevyagina, L. S., Kopylov, V. I., Valiev, R. Z. Scale Levels of Plastic Flow and Mechanical Properties of Nanostructured Materials. P. 37-43 In Zehetbauer, Michael / Valiev, Ruslan Z. (eds.). Nanomaterials by Severe Plastic Deformation.- 2004. XXII, ISBN 3-527-30659-5 - Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.- 850 p.
5. Panin V.E., Elsukova T.F., Panin A.V., Kuzina O.Yu.. Mesosubstructure in the surface layers of polycrystals under cyclic loading and its role in fatigue failure // Reports of the Academy of Sciences. - 2005. - t.403.- No. 3.- P.1-6.
6. Panin V.E., Panin A.V.. Large-scale levels of plastic deformation and destruction of nanostructured materials // Nanotekhnika. - 2005. - T. 3. - P. 28-42.
7. Panin V.E., Egorushkin V.E., Panin A.V. Physical mesomechanics of a deformable solid as a multilevel system. I. Physical foundations of the multilevel approach. Phys. mesomech. 2006 -t.9. No. 3. P.9-22.
8. Panin V.E., Panin A.V.. The fundamental role of the nanoscale structural level of plastic deformation of solids // Metallurgy and Heat Treatment of Metals. - 2006. - No. 12 - P.5-10.
9. Panin V.E., Sergeev V.P., Panin A.V., Pochivalov Yu.I.. Nanostructuring of surface layers and application of nanostructured coatings is an effective way to strengthen modern structural and instrumental materials. Phys. - 2007. - T.104. - No. 6. - P. 1-11.
10. Panin V.E., Egorushkin V.E., Panin A.V., Moiseenko D.D.. The nature of localization of plastic deformation of solids // Zh.T.F. - 2007. - vol. 77. - issue. 8.- pp. 62-69.
11. Panin V.E., Panin S.V., Goldstein R.V. Mesomechanics of multiple cracking of brittle coatings in a loaded solid // Int. Journ. Fracture. - 2008. - P. 37-53.
12. Panin V.E., Egorushkin V.E. Physical mesomechanics and nonequilibrium thermodynamics as a methodological basis for nanomaterials science // Physical mechanics. - 2009.- T.12.- No.4.- P.5-17.
Graduate student supervision
Doctoral student supervision
05.16.01 - Metal science and heat treatment of metals
05.16.06 - Powder metallurgy and composite materials
01.04.07 - Physics of condensed matter
Honorary titles
- Honorary citizen of Tomsk
- Honorary Worker of Higher Professional Education of the Russian Federation
- Member of the editorial board of the international journal “Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics”
- Member of three editorial boards of Russian journals
- Editor-in-Chief of the international journal "Physical Mesomechanics"
- Member of the Bureau of the Department of Energy, Mechanical Engineering, Mechanics and Control Processes of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- Member of the Presidium of the Tomsk Scientific Center SB RAS
- Member of the Bureau of the Joint Scientific Council of the SB RAS on Mechanics and Energy
- Member of three Scientific Councils of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences
- Full member of the RAS
- Foreign member of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, majoring in Materials Science
Panin - Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1981), Full Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1987), Honorary Citizen of Tomsk (2000), Honorary Worker of Higher Professional Education of the Russian Federation (2000), Honorary Professor of TSU (2001).
Order of the Red Banner of Labor (1981, 1986), “For services to the Fatherland, IV degree” (1998); medal “For valiant work. In commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the birth of V.I. Lenin".
Sources
1. Biographical reference book “Professor of Tomsk Polytechnic University”: Volume 3, part 2 / Author and compiler A.V. Gagarin. - Tomsk: TPU Publishing House, 2006-266 pp.
2. Journal of TPU “Tomsk Polytechnic” No. 10, 2004-199 pp.
) - Minister of Justice of the Russian Empire in 1841-1862, owner of the Marfino estate near Moscow.
Biography
The youngest son of Vice-Chancellor Count Nikita Petrovich Panin from his marriage to Sofia Vladimirovna, daughter of Count Vladimir Grigorievich Orlov. Born in Moscow, where his father temporarily lived, who was in disgrace during the latter part of the reign of Paul I. Named in honor of Count Kochubey. He spent most of the first years of his childhood in the Dugin estate (in the Smolensk province). He was brought up under the direct supervision of his parents and his tutor, the German Bütger, under whose guidance he was so well prepared that he passed the exam at Moscow University in 1819. Passed the exam that same year and entered the service of the College of Foreign Affairs.
In 1824 he was appointed secretary of the embassy in Madrid. During the Turkish War of 1828-29. served in the field office of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; after the end of the war he was sent to Greece as chargé d'affaires. In 1831 he was appointed assistant secretary of state of the State Council; in 1832 - associate minister of justice; in 1839 - manager of the Ministry of Justice; in 1841 approved by the minister; He held the post of minister until 1862, when he was dismissed and remained a member of the State Council. Since 1864 he was the chief manager of the Second Department.
During his long tenure as Minister of Justice, Count P. remained a zealous guardian of the pre-reform order, which collapsed with the publication of judicial statutes on November 20, 1864. Completely unaware of the living reality of practical life, he treated everything from a formal point of view; in his department, writing reigned, which was the main evil of the then legal proceedings; even the introduction of personal reports seemed a big step forward. He was a strong opponent of reforms in his department and resigned shortly after the approval of the basic principles of the new legal proceedings and judicial system. Under Panin, legal proceedings in Russia were not public and open, but were secret and written - there were no lawyers, and there were no juries. Count Panin said: “...the legal profession should not be allowed in Russia, because dangerous spread knowledge of laws beyond the circle of employees!“And this despite the fact that at the same time the Russian laws of that time clearly stated that no one in Russia has the right to claim ignorance of the laws.
Each case began in the district court, went through the Civil (or Criminal Chamber), then came to the appropriate department of the Senate and, if the decision of the senators was not unanimous or not approved by the prosecutor (who, for the most part, blindly carried out the personal instructions of the Minister of Justice Count Panin, given in regarding this or that case, depending on the bribe, patronage, connections with court officials, personal interest), the case passed to the general meeting of the Senate and was considered by all senators. Before Count Panin, the decision of two-thirds of the senators at the general meeting was considered final, but Panin began to demand consultation on any matter that he desired. This consultation consists of several officials of the Ministry of Justice, personally selected by Panin, who considered the decision of the general meeting of the Senate (despite the fact that the officials chosen by Panin had ranks below senatorial) and submitted their opinion to the Minister of Justice, that is, Count Panin, who in turn approved this opinion or replaced it with his own. Then the matter with the minister’s opinion was sent again for consideration by the general meeting of the Senate. If the senators at the general meeting of the Senate did not agree with minister's opinion on the case, the case was transferred to the appropriate department of the State Council, and then considered by all members of the State Council, who held joint meetings on Mondays in St. Petersburg. A vote was taken on the case, after which the case was presented to the Emperor for signature. His Majesty could make a decision at his personal discretion, even if thirty members of the State Council voted FOR and only one AGAINST, the Emperor had the right to give preference to such one vote. However, in most cases, the Sovereign only signed the papers, relying on the opinion of officials due to the lack of time and physical opportunity to review all the papers he signed. However, at the Senate level, even if all the senators and the prosecutor made a unanimous decision on the case, the plaintiff, dissatisfied with the decision, had the opportunity to further delay the case - he could submit a request to the petition commission. The law clearly determined that the decisions of the Senate are not subject to appeal and are final, but the following article of the same law also clearly determined that in some cases it cannot be prohibited to resort to a petition to the Sovereign. If the plaintiff had good patronage or he could support his petition with a more or less significant amount of money (it was well known that the decisions of the petition commission, which was headed by Prince A.F. Golitsyn, were bought), then the Emperor was informed that the matter was flagrant, that the decision requires reconsideration and on behalf of His Majesty the case was redirected for consideration to the State Council. Very often, officials found a violation of the procedure for registration/form of documents or an investigation on the spot, or they were ordered to conduct a new investigation (which was sometimes impossible in the case, for example, of a lawsuit between peasants and a master, since it was necessary to keep the fields unsown or unharvested until officials inspected the work, etc.). etc., which threatened a hungry winter without bread for the peasants), so the cases were returned to the Senate three or four times and the litigation dragged on for years... The Code of Laws of the Russian Empire numbered 15 volumes at that time, but all these laws were dead letter for the population of the country, firstly, because the very first article states that His Majesty is above the law (everything depends on the will of the Sovereign, and not on the law), and secondly, there is confusion in the laws themselves (at least the same example, as stated above: the decision of the Senate is not subject to appeal, but it can be appealed in some cases).
Panin was a staunch opponent of the abolition of corporal punishment; the adoption by the State Council of a law abolishing corporal punishment served as the closest reason for his resignation. Panin argued that this measure was premature and did not correspond to the degree of development and education of the people.
| On Sunday, April 28, Natalie and Panin got married; the wedding was brilliantly beautiful; there are many guests from both sides. First, an Orthodox ceremony took place in the Senate Church, and then a second one in the Lutheran Church. Then we went to the newlyweds to continue the celebration. Natalie was impeccably dressed, beautiful, very excited; deeply perceiving the seriousness of what was happening, she still could not hide her joy, because she loves Panin. God bless them and grant them happiness! The next day she came to me. I was her imprisoned mother, and Pierre Palen was her imprisoned father. |
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Olga
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Evgenia
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Leonilla
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Vladimir with his wife
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An excerpt characterizing Panin, Viktor Nikitich
The period of the 1812 campaign from the Battle of Borodino to the expulsion of the French proved that a won battle is not only not the reason for conquest, but is not even a permanent sign of conquest; proved that the power that decides the fate of peoples lies not in the conquerors, not even in armies and battles, but in something else.French historians, describing the position of the French army before leaving Moscow, claim that everything in the Great Army was in order, except for the cavalry, artillery and convoys, and there was no fodder to feed horses and cattle. Nothing could help this disaster, because the surrounding men burned their hay and did not give it to the French.
The won battle did not bring the usual results, because the men Karp and Vlas, who after the French came to Moscow with carts to plunder the city and did not personally show heroic feelings at all, and all the countless number of such men did not carry hay to Moscow for the good money that they They offered it, but they burned it.
Let's imagine two people who went out to duel with swords according to all the rules of fencing art: fencing lasted for quite a long time; suddenly one of the opponents, feeling wounded - realizing that this was not a joke, but concerned his life, threw down his sword and, taking the first club he came across, began to swing it. But let us imagine that the enemy, having so wisely used the best and simplest means to achieve his goal, at the same time inspired by the traditions of chivalry, would want to hide the essence of the matter and would insist that he, according to all the rules of art, won with swords. One can imagine what confusion and ambiguity would arise from such a description of the duel that took place.
The fencers who demanded fighting according to the rules of art were the French; his opponent, who threw down his sword and raised his club, were Russians; people who try to explain everything according to the rules of fencing are historians who wrote about this event.
Since the fire of Smolensk, a war began that did not fit any previous legends of war. The burning of cities and villages, retreat after battles, Borodin’s attack and retreat again, abandonment and fire of Moscow, catching marauders, rehiring transports, guerrilla warfare - all these were deviations from the rules.
Napoleon felt this, and from the very time when he stopped in Moscow in the correct pose of a fencer and instead of the enemy’s sword he saw a club raised above him, he never ceased to complain to Kutuzov and Emperor Alexander that the war was waged contrary to all the rules (as if there were some rules for killing people). Despite the complaints of the French about non-compliance with the rules, despite the fact that the Russians, the people of higher position, seemed for some reason ashamed to fight with a club, but wanted, according to all the rules, to take the position en quarte or en tierce [fourth, third], to make a skillful lunge in prime [the first], etc. - the club of the people's war rose with all its formidable and majestic strength and, without asking anyone's tastes and rules, with stupid simplicity, but with expediency, without considering anything, it rose, fell and nailed the French until those until the entire invasion was destroyed.
And good for the people who, not like the French in 1813, having saluted according to all the rules of art and turning the sword over with the hilt, gracefully and courteously hand it over to the magnanimous winner, but good for the people who, in a moment of trial, without asking how they acted according to the rules others in similar cases, with simplicity and ease, pick up the first club he comes across and nail it until in his soul the feeling of insult and revenge is replaced by contempt and pity.
One of the most tangible and beneficial deviations from the so-called rules of war is the action of scattered people against people huddled together. This kind of action always manifests itself in a war that takes on a popular character. These actions consist in the fact that, instead of becoming a crowd against a crowd, people disperse separately, attack one by one and immediately flee when they are attacked in large forces, and then attack again when the opportunity presents itself. This was done by the Guerillas in Spain; this was done by the mountaineers in the Caucasus; the Russians did this in 1812.
A war of this kind was called partisan and they believed that by calling it that, they explained its meaning. Meanwhile, this kind of war not only does not fit any rules, but is directly opposite to the well-known and recognized infallible tactical rule. This rule says that the attacker must concentrate his troops in order to be stronger than the enemy at the moment of battle.
Guerrilla warfare (always successful, as history shows) is the exact opposite of this rule.
This contradiction occurs because military science accepts the strength of troops as identical with their number. Military science says that the more troops, the more power. Les gros bataillons ont toujours raison. [Right is always on the side of large armies.]
In saying this, military science is similar to mechanics, which, based on considering forces only in relation to their masses, would say that forces are equal or unequal to each other because their masses are equal or unequal.
Force (amount of motion) is the product of mass and speed.
In military affairs, the strength of an army is also the product of the mass by something, some unknown x.
Military science, seeing in history countless examples of the fact that the mass of troops does not coincide with the strength, that small detachments defeat large ones, vaguely recognizes the existence of this unknown factor and tries to find it either in geometric construction, then in weapons, or - the most common - in the genius of the commanders. But substituting all these multiplier values does not produce results consistent with historical facts.
Meanwhile, one only has to abandon the false view that has been established, for the sake of the heroes, about the reality of the orders of the highest authorities during the war in order to find this unknown x.
X this is the spirit of the army, that is, a greater or lesser desire to fight and expose oneself to the dangers of all the people who make up the army, completely regardless of whether people fight under the command of geniuses or non-geniuses, in three or two lines, with clubs or guns firing thirty once a minute. People who have the greatest desire to fight will always put themselves in the most advantageous conditions for a fight.
The spirit of the army is a multiplier for mass, giving the product of force. To determine and express the value of the spirit of the army, this unknown factor, is the task of science.
This task is possible only when we stop arbitrarily substituting instead of the value of the entire unknown X those conditions under which force is manifested, such as: orders of the commander, weapons, etc., taking them as the value of the multiplier, and recognize this unknown in all its integrity, that is, as a greater or lesser desire to fight and expose oneself to danger. Then only by expressing known historical facts in equations and by comparing the relative value of this unknown can we hope to determine the unknown itself.
Ten people, battalions or divisions, fighting with fifteen people, battalions or divisions, defeated fifteen, that is, they killed and captured everyone without a trace and themselves lost four; therefore, four were destroyed on one side and fifteen on the other. Therefore four was equal to fifteen, and therefore 4a:=15y. Therefore, w: g/==15:4. This equation does not give the value of the unknown, but it does give the relationship between two unknowns. And by subsuming various historical units (battles, campaigns, periods of war) under such equations, we obtain series of numbers in which laws must exist and can be discovered.
The tactical rule that one must act in masses when advancing and separately when retreating unconsciously confirms only the truth that the strength of an army depends on its spirit. In order to lead people under the cannonballs, more discipline is needed, which can only be achieved by moving in masses, than in order to fight off attackers. But this rule, which loses sight of the spirit of the army, constantly turns out to be incorrect and is especially strikingly contrary to reality where there is a strong rise or decline in the spirit of the army - in all people's wars.
The French, retreating in 1812, although they should have defended themselves separately, according to tactics, huddled together, because the spirit of the army had fallen so low that only the mass held the army together. The Russians, on the contrary, according to tactics, should attack en masse, but in reality they are fragmented, because the spirit is so high that individuals strike without the orders of the French and do not need coercion in order to expose themselves to labor and danger.
The so-called partisan war began with the enemy’s entry into Smolensk.
Before guerrilla warfare was officially accepted by our government, thousands of people of the enemy army - backward marauders, foragers - were exterminated by the Cossacks and peasants, who beat these people as unconsciously as dogs unconsciously kill a runaway rabid dog. Denis Davydov, with his Russian instinct, was the first to understand the meaning of that terrible club, which, without asking the rules of military art, destroyed the French, and the glory of the first step to legitimize this method of war belongs to him.
On August 24, Davydov’s first partisan detachment was established, and after his detachment others began to be established. The further the campaign progressed, the more the number of these detachments increased.
The partisans destroyed the Great Army piece by piece. They picked up those fallen leaves that fell of their own accord from the withered tree - the French army, and sometimes shook this tree. In October, while the French were fleeing to Smolensk, there were hundreds of these parties of various sizes and characters. There were parties that adopted all the techniques of the army, with infantry, artillery, headquarters, and the comforts of life; there were only Cossacks and cavalry; there were small ones, prefabricated ones, on foot and on horseback, there were peasant and landowner ones, unknown to anyone. There was a sexton as the head of the party, who took several hundred prisoners a month. There was the elder Vasilisa, who killed hundreds of French.
The last days of October were the height of the partisan war. That first period of this war, during which the partisans, themselves surprised at their audacity, were afraid at every moment of being caught and surrounded by the French and, without unsaddled or almost getting off their horses, hid in the forests, expecting a pursuit at every moment, has already passed. Now this war had already been defined, it became clear to everyone what could be done with the French and what could not be done. Now only those detachment commanders who, with their headquarters, according to the rules, walked away from the French, considered many things impossible. The small partisans, who had long since begun their work and were closely looking out for the French, considered it possible what the leaders of large detachments did not dare to think about. The Cossacks and men who climbed among the French believed that now everything was possible.
On October 22, Denisov, who was one of the partisans, was with his party in the midst of partisan passion. In the morning he and his party were on the move. All day long, through the forests adjacent to the high road, he followed a large French transport of cavalry equipment and Russian prisoners, separated from other troops and under strong cover, as was known from spies and prisoners, heading towards Smolensk. This transport was known not only to Denisov and Dolokhov (also a partisan with a small party), who walked close to Denisov, but also to the commanders of large detachments with headquarters: everyone knew about this transport and, as Denisov said, sharpened their teeth on it. Two of these large detachment leaders - one Pole, the other German - almost at the same time sent Denisov an invitation to each join his own detachment in order to attack the transport.
“No, bg”at, I’m with a mustache myself,” said Denisov, having read these papers, and wrote to the German that, despite the spiritual desire that he had to serve under the command of such a valiant and famous general, he must deprive himself of this happiness, because he had already entered under the command of a Pole general. He wrote the same thing to the Pole general, notifying him that he had already entered under the command of a German.
Having ordered this, Denisov intended, without reporting this to the highest commanders, together with Dolokhov, to attack and take this transport with his own small forces. The transport went on October 22 from the village of Mikulina to the village of Shamsheva. On the left side of the road from Mikulin to Shamshev there were large forests, in some places approaching the road itself, in others a mile or more away from the road. Through these forests all day long, now going deeper into the middle of them, now going to the edge, he rode with Denisov’s party, not letting the moving French out of sight. In the morning, not far from Mikulin, where the forest came close to the road, Cossacks from Denisov’s party captured two French wagons with cavalry saddles that had become dirty in the mud and took them into the forest. From then until the evening, the party, without attacking, followed the movement of the French. It was necessary, without frightening them, to let them calmly reach Shamshev and then, uniting with Dolokhov, who was supposed to arrive in the evening for a meeting at the guardhouse in the forest (a mile from Shamshev), at dawn, fall from both sides out of the blue and beat and take everyone at once.
Behind, two miles from Mikulin, where the forest approached the road itself, six Cossacks were left, who were supposed to report as soon as new French columns appeared.
Ahead of Shamsheva, in the same way, Dolokhov had to explore the road in order to know at what distance there were still other French troops. One thousand five hundred people were expected to be transported. Denisov had two hundred people, Dolokhov could have had the same number. But superior numbers did not stop Denisov. The only thing he still needed to know was what exactly these troops were; and for this purpose Denisov needed to take a tongue (that is, a man from the enemy column). In the morning attack on the wagons, the matter was done with such haste that the French who were with the wagons were killed and captured alive only by the drummer boy, who was retarded and could not say anything positive about the kind of troops in the column.
Victor Nikitich Panin
Panin Viktor Nikitich (28.III.1801 - 1.IV.1874), count, - Russian statesman. Since 1819 - in the diplomatic service. From 1832 - Deputy Minister of Justice, from 1839 - Manager of the Ministry of Justice, in 1841-1861 - Minister of Justice. He adhered to an extremely reactionary course and was opposed to any reforms. As a member of the Secret (since 1857) and Main (since 1858) committees for peasant affairs, he stubbornly delayed the abolition of serfdom. In 1860, he became chairman of editorial commissions, where he defended the interests of serf owners in every possible way. Was not present at the final meeting of the drafting committee due to sharp disagreements with other members. Published 2 essays dedicated to the so-called Princess Tarakanova (M., 1867), and several documents from the family archive.
Soviet historical encyclopedia. In 16 volumes. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1973-1982. Volume 10. NAHIMSON - PERGAMUS. 1967.
Panin Viktor Nikitich (03/28/1801-04/1/1874), count, statesman, diplomat, son N.P. Panina. From 1819 he served in the College of Foreign Affairs. He carried out diplomatic assignments in Madrid. He served in the office of the Minister of Foreign Affairs during the Russian-Turkish War of 1828-1829. In 1831 he was a Russian attorney in Greece. In 1832 he was appointed acting deputy minister of justice, then - minister of justice. He held this post until 1862. During his reign, conscientious courts were abolished, the Moscow Archive of Justice was put in order, a special school for Caucasian surveyors was established, etc. In 1857 he was appointed a member of the secret, and in 1858 - the Main Committee for Peasant Affairs . In 1860, he was entrusted with the chairmanship of the editorial commissions that were part of the Main Committee, and for this period he was relieved of control of the Ministry of Justice. Panin believed it was necessary to provide landowners with patrimonial police within the boundaries of their estates; he did not allow the right of landowners to their lands, which were for the use of the peasantry, to be recognized by law as an incomplete right of ownership of these lands. He was opposed to giving land to peasants for indefinite use and tried, if possible, to limit the maximum allotment of land. At the same time, defending his opinion and being an opponent of the reform, he remained correct in the debate and tried to follow the will Alexandra II. In 1861, Panin left the Ministry of Justice, because he finally disagreed with the fundamental provisions of the proposed judicial reforms. In 1864 he was appointed chief executive of the Second Branch of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery. He was retired from 1867.
Materials from the site Great Encyclopedia of the Russian People were used.
Read further:
Panin Nikita Petrovich (1770-1837), count, diplomat, father of Viktor Nikitich.
Literature:
Kolmakov N. M., Gr. V. N. Panin, "PC", 1887, No. 11-12;
Semevsky V.I., Cross. question in Russia in the 18th century. and first floor. XIX century, vol. 1-2, St. Petersburg, 1888.
