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Complex adjectives are written with a hyphen or together. A hyphen is used if a complex adjective: 1) denotes shades of colors:yellow-blue, bright red; 2) formed from compound nouns that are written with a hyphen: southwestern (southwest), Tien Shan (Tien Shan); 3) formed by adding equal words, between which a conjunction can be inserted And: bitter-salty (bitter and salty), meat and dairy (meat and dairy), Russian-English (Russian and English). Complex adjectives are written together, which are formed on the basis of the phrase: railway - railway, athletics - athletics. Yellow-blue (color). Southwest (southwest). Alma-Ata (Alma-Ata). Bitter-salty (bitter and salty). Zheleznodorozhny (railway). |
When applying this rule, think like this: (car) repair- this is a complex word, it is formed from a combination of words in which one is subordinate to the other (repair of wagons). This means that this word needs to be written together: car repair. (convex)concave- this is a complex word, it is formed from the bases of words independent of each other convex And concave, you can insert a conjunction between them And. This means that this word must be written with a hyphen: convex-concave.
330 . Write down complex adjectives in two columns: in the first, write down those that are formed from a combination of words subordinate to one another; in the second - those that are formed from two words independent of each other. Emphasize the connecting vowels.
Magazine and newspaper, socio-political, pulp and paper, chess and checkers (competitions), ancient Ru..kiy, Ru..co-French..iy, oil tanker, left..bank, yellow-red, agricultural, Western European, iron foundry, science fiction, copper smelting, socially useful.
socio-political
socially useful
331 . Together or with a hyphen? Indicate the conditions for choosing continuous and hyphenated spelling of complex adjectives (see example in the box). What category do these adjectives belong to?
(Agricultural) economic, (physical) mathematical, (Russian) English, (steel) foundry, (middle) century, (tight) fusible, (greenish) gray, (ten) storey, (locomotive) repair, (south) eastern, (yellow)red, (three) meter, (garden)garden, (rail)rolling, (north)western, (forty)kilometer, (ancient)Russian, (factory)factory, (cotton)paper, (two)room, (cast iron) foundry.
332 . What compound adjectives can be formed from these words? Write them down, indicating the conditions for choosing the hyphenated spelling of compound adjectives.
Yellow green; White blue; Red White; light, purple; dark, blue; pale, blue; bright, pink; dark, chestnut.
333 . Write down compound adjectives formed from these words.
Sample: pale, pink, face - pale pink, pale-faced, pink-faced.
Dark, brown, hair; black, white, eyebrow; blue, green, eye; red, blue, nose; white, pink, marshmallow.
334 . I. Write down complex adjectives that are written together in one column, and in the other - adjectives that are written with a hyphen.
(Light) blue, (crimson) red, (dark) chestnut, (water) wire, (agricultural), (silver) white, (blue) green, (steam) transport, (heat) carrier, (helicopter) flight, (ice)cold.
II. In word combinations, replace the highlighted words with adjectives. Write down the adjectives along with the nouns.
Sample: Factory for ship repairs- Shipyard.
Paper, sensitive to light; case first stage; building twelve floors; polygon with equal sides; collected works in five volumes; fruit and berry culture; factory for casting iron; woman with gray hair; man with broad shoulders; requirements sanitary and hygienic; production writing paper; young woman at seventeen.
335 . Read and title the text. Write it down using missing commas. Indicate the conditions for selecting the orthogram being studied.
336 . Read two excerpts from N.V. Gogol’s story “Taras Bul6a”. In your opinion, what type of text are these sentences taken from? Write it down using missing commas. Underline the adjectives that describe the color of the steppe and sky in the morning and evening. Explain the meaning of words you don't know.
1. The so..tse appeared long ago in the cleared sky and bathed the steppe with its life-giving (warmth)creative light. The further the steppe went, the more beautiful it became. The entire surface of the earth seemed like a (green)golden window along which mi(l, ll)ions of different colors were splashed.
2. In the evening the whole steppe completely changed. Its entire motley space was enveloped by the last bright reflection of the social world and gradually darkened, so that one could see how a shadow ran across it, and it became (dark) green; the fumes rose thicker, every flower, every grass gave off ambergris, and the whole steppe smoked with an incense.. stench. Across the (blue)dark sky, as if with a giant brush, wide stripes of roses...gold had been painted; From time to time, light and transparent clouds appeared in white tufts.
Compound adjectives are parts of speech created by combining two words. They can be converted back into a phrase, the components of which will either have grammatical relationships or simply adjoin each other. In the latter case, words can be related to each other only by meaning.
Ways of education
In the Russian language there are complex adjectives consisting of two elements, which in their original form are words related to each other by grammatical agreement. For example:
- Russian-speaking population (Russian language);
- general historical method (general history);
- comprehensive school (general education);
- seriously ill patient (seriously ill patient);
- one-way traffic (one side).
Adjectives can be formed from nouns that are related to each other by such a type of grammatical meaning as control. For example:
- metalworking machine (metal processing);
- forest protection sign (forest protection);
- house-building company (house construction);
- car rental company (car rental);
- petty bourgeois thinking (petty bourgeoisie).
Compound adjectives can come from words that do not have any grammatical relationship and names of geographical objects. For example:
- easily wounded person (easily wounded);
- sharpened knife (sharpen sharply);
- Nizhny Tagil plant (Nizhny Tagil);
- North Ossetian branch (North Ossetia);
- Bolshevyazemsky Museum (Bolshiye Vyazemy).
Integrated spelling of terms
The spelling of compound adjectives may vary. It depends on the method of formation and the area of vocabulary to which these words relate. In the scientific, technical and medical literature there are often terms derived from two words. For example: oxygen-containing, ancient Slavic, spinal, thermal insulating, chromate, private, alkaline earth. Among these words there are also those that cannot be converted into a phrase. For example: equestrian; herbivorous. The continuous spelling of complex adjectives of this category cannot raise doubts, since they consist of elements, one of which (and in some cases both) cannot be used separately. It should also be remembered that adjectives are always written together, starting with elements such as general-, late-, upper-, ancient-, lower-. It is also impossible to write separately words on terminological topics that begin with high-, wide-, low-, deep-, small-, narrow-, many-, small-, strong-, acute-, steep-, dense- and so on. For example:
- potent sleeping pills;
- highly developed country;
- large-scale actions;
- highly specialized production;
- densely populated area.
Separate writing of terms
The spelling of complex adjectives is influenced by the presence of explanatory words in the sentence. More precisely, if they are present, only the spelling of individual words can be correct. For example:
- densely populated area (an area densely populated by foreigners);
- little-studied problems (a problem little studied by science).
When spelling, you also need to pay attention to word order. Compound adjectives almost always precede the noun they refer to. And a free phrase, examples of which were discussed above, usually follows it. For example:
- quick-drying paint (paint that dries quickly in the open air);
- pungent (a solution that smells pungent at high air temperatures);
- an easily achievable goal (a goal that is easily achievable for a person who has special knowledge);
- perishable milk (milk that quickly spoils without prior pasteurization).
It should also be remembered that compound words, like all others, have only one stress. There are two of them in phrases.
Compound adjectives are also words whose first component is quarter-. For example: quarter-final, quarter-blood.
Hyphen in adjectives and nouns
Hyphenated and continuous spelling of complex adjectives is a section of spelling, ignorance of which often leads to spelling errors. In order to avoid them, you just need to remember a few simple rules.
You need to know that adjectives are always written with a hyphen if they are formed from nouns with a hyphen. For example:
- social democratic party (social democracy);
- south-eastern district (southeast);
- Karachay-Cherkess population (Karachay-Cherkessia);
- New York Park (New York);
- prime ministerial corps (prime minister).
But if such complex adjectives have a prefix, they are written together. For example:
- anti-social democratic views;
- Syrdarya city.
Personality
Words created from proper names are always written with a hyphen. Whereas you need to know that in such cases there must certainly be a hyphen between the main elements of the adjective. For example:
- Ilfo-Petrovsky characters;
- Main Read novel;
- Robin Hood's exploits;
- Potap-Potapychev portfolio;
- Ivan-Groznovsky time.
Adjectives containing two equal concepts
The writing of complex adjectives depends on the semantic load carried by each of the components. And if one word contains elements that have equal concepts, they are written with a hyphen. For example:
- cultural and entertainment center;
- reporting and examination concert;
- cardiovascular disease;
- propaganda event;
- English-German dictionary;
- workers' and peasants' movement;
- Russian-Turkish war;
- artistic and journalistic genre;
- Distillery;
- electronic-automatic method.
Adjectives formed from parts with heterogeneous features
Hyphenation of compound adjectives is applicable when the word consists of elements that can be converted into nouns or other parts of speech that are not homogeneous parts of speech. The first part of such adjectives is often such bases as mass-, national-, military-, scientific-, educational-. For example:
- Research Institute;
- folk arts and crafts;
- Navy;
- Training and Consulting Center.
Adjectives denoting a connotation of quality
If an adjective means a property, and an additional element is added to give it some connotation, hyphenated spelling is used. The same rule applies to writing complex adjectives denoting colors and shades. For example:
- sweet and sour sauce;
- masculine and stern appearance;
- anxious and obsessive thoughts;
- a good-natured, friendly smile;
- pale pink lips;
- bright red dress.
Spelling terms with a hyphen
Many terminological adjectives are written with a hyphen. For example:
- cereals and legumes;
- gastrohepatic collection;
- magnetically soft materials;
- stone-concrete foundation;
- filling and drain valve.
Complex adjectives are not written together if their first part is borrowed from a foreign language with the suffix “-iko”. When writing words of this type, a hyphen is used. For example:
- historical and ethnographic;
- critical-journalistic;
- medical and health;
- political and legal;
- chemical-technological.
Hyphenated and continuous spellings of compound adjectives are found in the same definitions. Spelling in such cases depends on the context. For example:
- courageous-stern appearance (severe and courageous);
- courageously stern appearance (masculine severity).
Adjectives often consist of elements that are individually synonymous. And their synonymy is a sure basis for hyphenated spelling. For example:
- naive and childish reasoning;
- solemnly sublime vocabulary;
- arrogant and contemptuous attitude.
Which compound adjectives are written together and which are written with a hyphen?
-
Example: blond,
omnivorous. - How do you spell red and yellow?
- Written together: adjectives formed from compound nouns written together.
Example: gutter (lt; drain),
reinforced concrete (lt; reinforced concrete),
adjectives in which one of the constituent parts is not used separately.
Example: blond,
omnivorous. - How to spell coniferous? mixed forest. ??
- Neka kaapold
- Complex adjectives are written together:
1. Formed from compound nouns written together, for example: water supply (water supply), agricultural (farmer, agriculture), Novosibirsk (Novosibirsk).
2. Formed from combinations of words, in their meaning subordinate to one another, for example: railway (railway), national economic (national economy), natural science (natural sciences), complex (complex in the way of subordination), rail rolling (rolling rails), national ( common for the people), field-protective (forming protection for fields), metal-cutting (cutting metal); This also includes those denoting a single concept of formation (including terminological ones) from an adverb and an adjective (or participle), for example: little-used, nearby, vital, deeply respected, freshly baked, clairvoyant, potent, wild-growing, evergreen, plain-colored.
Note. Complex adjectives, which include adverbs, should not be mixed with phrases consisting of an adverb and an adjective (or participle) and written separately, for example: diametrically opposed, directly opposite, purely Russian, childishly naive, poorly hidden, clearly expressed.
3. Used as terms and formed from two or three bases, regardless of the nature of the latter, for example: thoracoabdominal (obstruction), Indo-European (languages), Old High German (language), bicarbonate (gas); also deaf and dumb.
Compound adjectives are written with a hyphen:
1. Formed from nouns written with a hyphen, from personal names of combinations of first and last names, as well as from the names of settlements, which are combinations of first and last names, first names and patronymics, for example: diesel-motor, social-democratic, Buryat-Mongolian, northeastern, Alma-Ata, Orekhovo-Zuevsky, Nizhne-Maslovsky, Ust-Abakansky, Romain-Rollan, Walter-Scott, Lev-Tolstovsky, Erofei-Pavlovichsky.
Note 1. The adjective Moskvoretsky is written together.
Note 2. Adjectives formed from proper names, written with a hyphen, and having a prefix that is absent from the noun, are written together, for example: Priamudarya, Zaissykkul.
2. Formed from two or more bases denoting equal concepts, for example: interest-free, convex-concave, party-Komsomol, gardening, meat and dairy, English-Japanese, Russian-German-French (dictionary), blue- white-red (flag).
3. Formed from two bases and denoting: a) quality with an additional shade, for example: rolling-loud, bitter-salty; b) shades of colors, for example: pale pink, bright blue, dark brown, black-brown, bluish blue, golden yellow, ash gray, bottle green, lemon yellow, yellow-red.
4. Included in geographical proper names and starting with east, west, north and north, south and south, for example: West Kazakhstan region, East China Sea, Union of South Africa.
Note 1. Adjectives formed from two or more stems that do not fit the listed rules are written with a hyphen, for example: literary-artistic (almanac), political-mass (work), dictionary-technical (department), podzolic-swamp, loose -lumpy-silty, elongated-lanceolate.
Note 2. Words are also written through a hyphen, the first component of which is sam-, sama-, for example: sam-friend, sam-third, sam-five, sama-heel.
- Easily
- Complex adjectives are written together:
1. Formed from compound nouns written together, for example: water supply (water supply), agricultural (farmer, agriculture), Novosibirsk (Novosibirsk).
2. Formed from combinations of words, in their meaning subordinate to one another, for example: railway (railway), national economic (national economy), natural science (natural sciences), complex (complex in the way of subordination), rail rolling (rolling rails), national ( common for the people), field-protective (forming protection for fields), metal-cutting (cutting metal); This also includes those denoting a single concept of formation (including terminological ones) from an adverb and an adjective (or participle), for example: little-used, nearby, vital, deeply respected, freshly baked, clairvoyant, potent, wild-growing, evergreen, plain-colored.
Note. Complex adjectives, which include adverbs, should not be mixed with phrases consisting of an adverb and an adjective (or participle) and written separately, for example: diametrically opposed, directly opposite, purely Russian, childishly naive, poorly hidden, clearly expressed.
3. Used as terms and formed from two or three bases, regardless of the nature of the latter, for example: thoracoabdominal (obstruction), Indo-European (languages), Old High German (language), bicarbonate (gas); also deaf and dumb.
Compound adjectives are written with a hyphen:
1. Formed from nouns written with a hyphen, from personal names of combinations of first and last names, as well as from the names of settlements, which are combinations of first and last names, first names and patronymics, for example: diesel-motor, social-democratic, Buryat-Mongolian, northeastern, Alma-Ata, Orekhovo-Zuevsky, Nizhne-Maslovsky, Ust-Abakansky, Romain-Rollan, Walter-Scott, Lev-Tolstovsky, Erofei-Pavlovichsky.
Note 1. The adjective Moskvoretsky is written together.
Note 2. Adjectives formed from proper names, written with a hyphen, and having a prefix that is absent from the noun, are written together, for example: Priamudarya, Zaissykkul.
2. Formed from two or more bases denoting equal concepts, for example: interest-free, convex-concave, party-Komsomol, gardening, meat and dairy, English-Japanese, Russian-German-French (dictionary), blue- white-red (flag).
3. Formed from two bases and denoting: a) quality with an additional shade, for example: rolling-loud, bitter-salty; b) shades of colors, for example: pale pink, bright blue, dark brown, black-brown, bluish blue, golden yellow, ash gray, bottle green, lemon yellow, yellow-red.
4. Included in geographical proper names and starting with east, west, north and north, south and south, for example: West Kazakhstan region, East China Sea, Union of South Africa.
Note 1. Adjectives formed from two or more stems that do not fit the listed rules are written with a hyphen, for example: literary-artistic (almanac), political-mass (work), dictionary-technical (department), podzolic-swamp, loose -lumpy-silty, elongated-lanceolate.
Note 2. Words are also written through a hyphen, the first component of which is sam-, sama-, for example: sam-friend, sam-third, sam-five, sama-heel.
- written together: adjectives formed from compound nouns written together.
Example: gutter (lt; drain),
reinforced concrete (lt; reinforced concrete),
adjectives in which one of the constituent parts is not used separately.
Example: blond,
omnivorous.
Complex adjectives are written together:
1. Formed from compound nouns written together, for example: plumbing(water pipes), agricultural(farmer, agriculture), Novosibirsk(Novosibirsk).
2. Formed from combinations of words that are subordinate in meaning to one another, for example: railway(Railway), national economic(National economy), natural science(natural Sciences), complex(complex in the way of subordination), rail rolling(rolling rails), nationwide(common for the people), marshy scrub(forming protection for fields), metal-cutting(cutting metal); This also includes those denoting a single concept of formation (including terminological ones) from an adverb and an adjective (or participle), for example: rarely used, nearby,burning, dear, freshly baked, clairvoyant, potent,wild, evergreen, plain-dyed.
Note. Complex adjectives, which include adverbs, should not be mixed with phrases consisting of an adverb and an adjective (or participle) and written separately, for example: diametrically opposed, exactly the opposite, purely Russian, childishly naive, poorly hidden, clearly expressed.
3. Used as terms and formed from two or three bases, regardless of the nature of the latter, for example: thoracoabdominal(block), Indo-European(languages), Old High German(language), bicarbonate(gas); Also - deaf-mute.
Compound adjectives are written with a hyphen:
1. Formed from nouns written with a hyphen, from personal names - combinations of first and last names, as well as from names of settlements, which are combinations of first and last names, first names and patronymics, for example: diesel engine, social democratic, Buryat-Mongolian, northeastern, Alma-Ata, Orekhovo-Zuevsky,Nizhne-Maslovsky, Ust-Abakansky, Romain-Rolandovsky, Walter Scott, Leo Tolstoy, Erofey-Pavlovichsky.
Note 1. The adjective is written together Moskvoretsky.
Note 2. Adjectives formed from proper names, written with a hyphen, and having a prefix that is not present in the noun, are written together, for example: Priamudarya, Zaissyk-Kul.
2. Formed from two or more bases denoting equal concepts, for example: interest-free, convex-concave, party-komsomol, gardening,meat and dairy, English-Japanese, Russian-German-French(dictionary), blue-white-red(flag).
3. Formed from two bases and denoting: a) quality with an additional shade, for example: boomingly loud, bitter-salty; b) shades of colors, for example: pale pink, bright blue,dark blond, black-brown, slate blue, golden yellow, ash gray, bottle green, lemon yellow, yellow-red.
4. Included in geographical proper names and starting with eastern , western ,north- And north- , south And south- , For example: West-Kazakhstan region, East China Sea, Union of South Africa.
Note 1. Adjectives formed from two or more stems that do not fit the listed rules are written with a hyphen, for example: literary and artistic(almanac), political-mass(Job), vocabulary-technical(Department), podzolic-marsh, loose-lumpy-dusty, elongated-lanceolate.
Note 2. Words are also written with a hyphen, the first component of which is myself- , herself- , For example: self-friend, himself-third, on your own, she-heel.
Each of us has at least once had the opportunity to check how to write such adjectives as “popular science”, “zootechnical”, “two-story”, “blue-green”. To make a mistake means to make a serious mistake in your knowledge of your native language. However, it is not always clear how the presence or absence of a hyphen is determined.
Adjectives consisting of two, and sometimes even three stems at once are called complex. If you remember simple rules, you will no longer have to use search engines to check the next phrase.
When is a hyphen placed between parts of a compound adjective?
The Russian language provides four cases in which the constituent parts of an adjective are separated by a line.
- If the two underlying words are heterogeneous in meaning. For example, “popular science” - the parts of the adjective do not complement each other, but describe two different concepts.
- If the adjective comes from a compound noun, which, in turn, is written with a hyphen. For example, “northeast” - since the original noun “northeast” contains a hyphen, the adjective derived from it must also be equipped with a hyphen.
- If both parts of a complex adjective describe some quality of the object - “blue-green”, “sweet and sour”.
- If a word consists of two equal parts, and the hyphen between them can be replaced without loss by the conjunction “and”. For example, “literary and artistic concept” - one can say that the concept is “literary and artistic”, the essence will remain the same.
In what cases is a complex adjective written together?
Remembering in which cases a hyphen is not necessary is also quite easy.
- If the first part is a numeral. For example, “two-story” or “three-digit.” Also, a hyphen is not placed if the first part is an adverb ending in “o” and “e”. The words “sedentary” and “highly flammable” would be examples.
- If the adjective comes from a compound noun, also written without a hyphen - for example, the word “semiannual”, formed from “half a year”.
- When the first or second part of an adjective cannot be used on its own. For example, in the word "broad-chested", the first part has descriptive meaning only when combined with the second part.
In addition, most scientific and lexical terms are written together. A hyphen is not placed in phrases with a subordinating connection within a sentence - for example, “blood vessel,” that is, “a vessel that carries blood.”
