Do
Virgin verb, nsv., uptr. cf. often
Morphology: i virgin, you you do, he she it does, we virginyou you do, they do, virgin, do it, deval, devala, devalo, devali, virgin, virile, maiden, virgin;
st.
child
1. If you do not know where do away something, then you do not know how to use it, apply it. There are people who do not know what to do with their time. | He has nowhere to put his energy. |
- And where are you going to get so many apples? - I'll cook the jam.
2. If you are something do somewhere, then you put it, hide it somewhere.
You've got to put these magazines somewhere, but I have all the shelves full. |
st.He didn't know where to put the cap. | Where did you put my brooch?
3. If you don't know where to put your eyesmeans you are ashamed of something.
I didn’t know what to do with my eyes out of shame. |
st.You shout at them, and then you don't know where to put your eyes, because you understand that you yourself are to blame.
4. If you don't know what to do with yourselfthen you don't know what to do.
In the evenings we did not know what to do with ourselves. |
st.After that, I did not know what to do and where to put myself.
Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language Dmitriev... D. V. Dmitriev. 2003.
See what is "to put" in other dictionaries:
See spend ... Dictionary of Russian synonyms and expressions similar in meaning. under. ed. N. Abramova, M .: Russian dictionaries, 1999. put, put, spend Dictionary of Russian synonyms ... Synonym dictionary
GIRL, put what where, put, put, interfere, hide; | spend, use, harass; | give, get away with, get rid of. Where did you put your hat? Where are the mittens? He does not know where to give money, he shakes. Where will I take my children? sya, suffering. and ... ... Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary
GIRL, GIRL, GIRL (colloquial). 1.sover. (bud. time not used). The same thing to put. Where did you put the book? 2.nonverted. to put (last time rare). Where he puts the money is unknown. Where he put the money every time is unknown. Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary. ... ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
GIRL, ayu, ayu; whom (what), with the words “where”, “somewhere”, “nowhere” (colloquial). 1.nonverted. (present time). Place, define, and put (no one knows where). Where are the children for the summer? Where are you taking my books? Money nowhere d. To whom n. (lots of… … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
Nowhere that. Simple. About a large number, an abundance of which l. FSRYa, 274 ... A large dictionary of Russian sayings
do away - GIRL1, nesov. (Sov. do), who what. Place (place) someone, that l. where l., defining and finding for whom, what l. shelter, place; Syn .: post. The chairman puzzled for a long time ... Comprehensive Explanatory Dictionary of Russian Verbs
Dress, Art. glory. match, etc., ite. from put away. Wed lit. dėvėti to wear (dress), Greek. ἔθεαν, τιθέασι, θῶκος seat from * θόακος (Fick 1, 465; Bezzenberger - Fick, BB 6, 238) ... Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language by Max Vasmer
I nonsov. and owls. crossover colloquial 1. Putting, putting away something somewhere so that it is difficult to find. Ott. Hide, cover someone or something. 2. transfer. Get rid of any feelings, experiences, etc. II nes. and owls. crossover colloquial Find a place ... ... Modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language by Efremova
To do, do, do, do, do, do, do, do, do, do, do, do, do, do, do, do, do, do, do, do, do, do, do, do, do, do, do, do, do, do, do, do, do, dew, dew, ... ... Word forms
do away - damn it, ayu, ayet ... Russian spelling dictionary
Books
- Land in the window (collection), Yuri Ivanovich. Since ancient times, intelligent creatures loved to have fun with hunting, but sooner or later any civilized society recognizes hunters as poachers and mercilessly fights the destruction of nature. But…
The Russian leader acknowledged the problem, noting that recently "it has been growing." According to the president, there are tens of thousands of landfills in the country that operate in the "gray zone" or are not registered at all.
Vladimir Putin proposed introducing personal responsibility for the ecological situation in the regions for officials and other officials. The president said this after he was complained on the "direct line" on June 7 about overcrowded landfills and landfills. The Russian leader acknowledged the problem, noting that recently "it has been growing." According to the president, there are tens of thousands of landfills in the country that operate in the "gray zone" or are not registered at all.
The Russians complained to Russian President Vladimir Putin about the problem of garbage disposal. As reported on the "straight line", which took place on June 7, in some regions of Russia, garbage is dumped on already closed landfills, and the Leningrad region suffers from landfills that are formed practically around residential buildings.
This was stated by Ekaterina Omelchenko, a volunteer who helped to process environmental issues from the country's residents. According to her, people are afraid of incineration plants, since those that are already working are far from modern standards and do not improve the environment, but, on the contrary, spoil it.
It was also noted that a landfill was recently set up with the permission of the authorities near the monument to the Unknown Soldier, which is located in the village of Sinyavino (Leningrad Region). When public figures began to express their dissatisfaction, it was allegedly moved, but the rubbish still remained.
The President promised that they would fight decisively with landfills and that the garbage should be recycled. He explained the neglect of the problem by the Soviet legacy. “In Soviet times, unfortunately, practically never the garbage was disposed of - it was simply dumped on the so-called landfills, and that was all.
The country produces 70 million tons of waste per year, and this problem is growing. We must certainly solve it.
Somewhere we have approximately 1100 polygons that are in a normal state. Tens of thousands work either "in the gray", or are not registered at all, "- said the Russian leader.
Putin stressed that environmental issues are "important and acute", and recently they have received more and more attention. According to the head of state, the introduction of personal responsibility of the people responsible for it will help to improve the ecological situation in the regions. He also called for the construction of modern waste incineration plants and follow the Japanese path, where clean production of this kind is also found in the city centers.
The President also noted that waste disposal can be carried out in various ways. “We have more than 100 waste incineration companies, but only a few dozen work with modern technologies. By 2024, we must build 200 waste disposal plants. And the whole program is designed for the construction of 238 factories, ”the president said about his plans for the future.
He stressed that we are not talking about "kerosene stoves", but about modern enterprises.
Earlier it was reported that four waste processing plants will be built in the Moscow region.
Commenting on this problem, Deputy Prime Minister Aleksey Gordeev noted that out of 70 million tons of waste, only 8% is recycled.
"We are preparing from January 1, 2019 for the entry of new rules and regulations for waste management," the official said. According to him, each region will be obliged to develop a territorial waste disposal scheme. For each entity, regional operators will be appointed who will organize and be responsible for environmental actions. Within the framework of the subjects of the Federation, they will also introduce uniform tariffs for this work.
Gordeyev also said that the creation of a portal through which social activists will be able to follow what is happening in the field of ecology is currently being completed.
The "garbage theme" also touched upon the Yaroslavl region. On the eve of the "direct line" Yaroslavl residents called the call center and sent messages in which they complained about the import of Moscow garbage into the city. They argued that the local authorities did not take into account their demands to stop these events. In a video message, the activists asked to intervene in the situation "as quickly as possible, because the lives and health of our children depend on it."
Among other things, there were complaints about illegal storage of garbage in the Vladimir, Kurgan and Kursk regions, in the Stavropol and Trans-Baikal regions. These cases, as well as the situation with the Aleksinsky quarry in the Klinsky district of the Moscow region and with the closed, but not reclaimed Zavolenie landfill in the Orekhovo-Zuevsky district, have already been taken under control in the All-Russian Popular Front.
According to Omelchenko, who asked the president a question, most of the messages were sent by residents of the Moscow region: a similar problem was raised on the "direct line" last year.
In the regions close to the Moscow region, they are also worried and afraid that "they will simply be flooded with Moscow rubbish."
The girl herself called all the heads of administrations of various regions, tried to get through to the governors. At the same time, Omelchenko said that “there are also positive examples when the administration of the Yaroslavl region reacted very clearly, in a businesslike, constructive manner, and immediately began to resolve the issue.” She did not specify whether the local authorities were prompted to act by a specific appeal from the activists sent to the "direct line".
Recall that on the previous straight line, the problem of garbage was considered on the example of the Kuchino landfill in Balashikha, near Moscow. Residents of the surrounding areas said they were in a "simply unbearable situation."
The largest landfill in the Moscow region was located just 200 meters from residential buildings, kindergartens and clinics, as well as 20 kilometers from the Kremlin, activists said. There were fires every day, it was impossible to breathe, gases were regularly emitted: methyl mercaptan, sulfur dioxide. From these vapors, hydrogen sulphide was formed, which local residents breathed. An appeal to the president became, in their words, "the last hope."
Putin agreed that "the issue is very painful and complex." A week after the "direct line" there was an order to close "Kuchino". This was ordered to be controlled by Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev. On November 10, an emergency degassing began at the landfill, which caused a surge of unpleasant odor that reached Moscow. According to data as of mid-May 2018, half of the Kuchino slopes have already been covered with polymer fabric. The completion of the landfill reclamation is scheduled for the summer of 2019.
The situation in Balashikha also forced other residents of the Moscow region to talk about the problem of overloaded landfills in the region. Thus, one of the most massive protests demanding the closure of landfills took place in Volokolamsk at the Yadrovo training ground.
According to experts, this problem can be solved in Russia, but not as quickly as we would like. “Garbage must be disposed of somewhere - this is the key point.
The "garbage question" has been catastrophically launched in Russia for many years. Consumption is growing, the amount of waste is growing - and it needs to be removed somewhere. There is no place to bury garbage in cities, so it is necessary to negotiate with the neighboring regions, ”
Alexander Ginzburg, professor at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, NRU RAS, explained to Gazeta.Ru.
The problem is that no one knows what to do with the “garbage question,” Ginzburg said. And for several months nothing can be done with landfills in the same Moscow region.
“Today the legislation is adapting to the Western processing system and already allows its implementation. The problem is infrastructure and inertia. In the West, the system has been implemented for decades, in our country they are trying to implement it in three years, "- said to Gazeta.Ru associate professor of the Higher School of Urbanism. A.A. Vysokovsky National Research University Higher School of Economics Nikolay Kichigin.
He noted that the introduction of a new processing system is a gradual, step-by-step algorithm of actions planned for decades. According to the chapter's forecasts, the introduction of separate waste collection in the country will take 10-15 years, since there is no corresponding infrastructure.
At the end of January 2018, the Prime Minister approved a strategy for the development of the industry for processing, recycling and disposal of waste until 2030. Deputy Head of the Ministry of Industry and Trade Viktor Evtukhov estimated the creation of a waste processing industry in Russia at 5 trillion rubles.
Lydia Misnik Yakov Lysenko
1. Everything is connected with everything. This is a statement about the ecosystem and the biosphere.
2. You have to pay for everything. This is a universal "law" of rational nature management. You need to pay with energy for additional cleaning of waste, fertilizers for increasing yields, sanatoriums and medicines for worsening human health.
3. Everything must be put somewhere. This is a provision on human economic activity, waste from which is inevitable, and therefore, you need to think about their reduction in quantity and the subsequent burial of this waste.
4. Nature knows best. This is the most important provision of environmental management, which means that you should not try to conquer nature, but you need to cooperate with it, using biological mechanisms to purify wastewater and increase the yield of cultivated plants. At the same time, one should not forget that man himself is a biological species, a part of nature, and not its ruler. Table 1 (Appendix 2) shows how to take into account the "laws" of B. Kommoner when man uses various ecosystems.
Conclusion
Human behavior is a complex dynamic process of dialectical development of a person's relationship with the surrounding social and natural environment, accompanied by reciprocal changes in the interacting components. This constantly changing environment serves as a source of factors in relation to a person that continuously form his subjective sphere, his personal qualities. It directly and indirectly determines his activity, for "objects and phenomena of the external world appear not only as objects of cognition, but also as certain motives for action, motives." However, this does not in any way mean that the outside world is the only factor that determines human activity. "Everything in the psychology of the emerging personality is somehow conditioned externally, but nothing in its development is deduced from external influences." To understand human behavior, it is necessary to understand the content of his inner spiritual world as a kind of receiver of external influences and as a source of direct motives that induce a person to take certain actions.
Environmental irresponsibility is becoming unacceptable in all spheres of society: economic, scientific and technical, social and at all levels - from national to personal. Everyone should be responsible for the damage caused to nature: managers who made a decision without taking into account its environmental consequences; scientists who made a gross miscalculation in the course of environmental expertise; scientists who made a gross miscalculation in the course of environmental expertise; a designer who did not include environmental safety requirements in the project; a driver who has drained used oil at the edge of a forest; a tractor driver who has laid a furrow where it can become the beginning of a ravine - in other words, every person, no matter what post he holds, is responsible to nature. Increasing environmental responsibility is called upon to understand and feel everything - from government leadership to each individual. Measures of administrative and material responsibility for violations in the field of nature protection and the use of natural resources should be urgently strengthened.
Speaking about the laws of nature and the features of the civilization of the coming century, Academician N.N. Moiseev especially notes that humanity today is on the verge of a revolution of the same scale that it experienced at the end of the Paleolithic. Only the synthesis of the natural and the social will become a characteristic feature of the coming century.
Attachment 1
Schematic diagram of the interaction of the main factors in the "society - environment" system
 |
Appendix 2
B. Commoner's “Laws” and Human Use of Various Ecosystems.
|
Biosphere |
Natural ecosystems |
Agroecosystems |
Urban ecosystems |
|
|
Everything is connected to everything |
The biosphere is our common home. There can be no ecological happiness in one country. Ocean pollution, greenhouse gases and ozone holes must be tackled by the entire peaceful community |
The ecosystem is in a state of ecological balance. It can be destroyed by the destruction of the genus or the introduction of a new species. Drainage of bogs causes rivers to become shallow. Grazing in mountainous areas destroys the soil, reduces the absorption of rain and snow water. As a result, springs dry up |
The number of livestock depends on the area of \u200b\u200barable land, pastures and forests. With their correct ratio, grass stands are not destroyed, cattle are fed, and its manure maintains the fertility of arable soils. The forest protects arable land from drought, and the birds living in it, cultivated plants - from pests |
Cities are ecosystems in which the ecological balance is often disturbed. It is necessary to make sure that their impact on the surrounding natural and agricultural ecosystems is minimal, so that as little pollutants as possible enter the atmosphere and rivers |
|
You have to pay for everything |
The international community is funding scientific projects to preserve biodiversity and climate. Rich countries help the poor to improve their ecological situation. |
It is necessary to bear the costs of maintaining special services that control the rational use of natural resources, the restoration of natural ecosystems disturbed by improper use, and the creation of specially protected areas |
It is necessary to bear the costs of creating conditions for growing cultivated plants and keeping livestock, as well as protecting the resources of the Agroecosystem - soils, natural forage lands, forests, water bodies |
To ensure the protection of the ecosystems surrounding cities, it is necessary to invest heavily in the development and implementation of low-waste technologies and the construction of reliable treatment facilities. |
|
Everything needs to be put somewhere |
The international community has passed special laws prohibiting the call up of toxic and radioactive waste and their disposal in poor countries. The oceans are also not a place for waste. Each country must landfill on its own territory |
Natural ecosystems are not a place for creating waste dumps, although these ecosystems are able to disinfect a certain amount of pollutants without disturbing the ecological balance, for example, aquatic ecosystems have a high self-cleaning ability |
With ecologically organized agricultural production, there is no waste in Agroecosystems: manure from livestock farms goes to the fields, and crop waste is used as animal feed. Fertilizers and pesticides are used so that their residues do not accumulate in the soil and do not pollute groundwater or water bodies |
Since there is no completely waste-free production, reliable disposal of toxic and radioactive waste and geologically stable formations is required |
|
Nature knows best |
It is necessary to remove from the ecosystem as many biological resources as it can restore itself through the mechanisms of maintaining ecological balance (this applies to timber harvesting, hunting, fishing, collecting medicinal raw materials, using pastures) |
It is necessary to learn from nature to grow those plants for which the soil and climate are most favorable, to grow together several varieties or types of cultivated plants, to maintain a high diversity of species of "enemies of our enemies" |
To improve the ecological situation in the city, you need to use plants: create green zones around, and parks, squares, lawns - inside cities |
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The Russians complained to Russian President Vladimir Putin about the problem of garbage disposal. As reported on the "straight line", which took place on June 7, in some regions of Russia, garbage is dumped on already closed landfills, and the Leningrad region suffers from landfills that are formed practically around residential buildings.
This was stated by Ekaterina Omelchenko, a volunteer who helped to process environmental issues from the country's residents. According to her, people are afraid of incineration plants, since those that are already working are far from modern standards and do not improve the environment, but, on the contrary, spoil it.
It was also noted that a landfill was recently set up with the permission of the authorities near the monument to the Unknown Soldier, which is located in the village of Sinyavino (Leningrad Region). When public figures began to express their dissatisfaction, it was allegedly moved, but the rubbish still remained.
The President promised that they would fight decisively with landfills and that the garbage should be recycled. He explained the neglect of the problem by the Soviet legacy. “In Soviet times, unfortunately, practically never the garbage was disposed of - it was simply dumped on the so-called landfills, and that was all.
The country produces 70 million tons of waste per year, and this problem is growing. We must certainly solve it.
Somewhere we have approximately 1100 polygons that are in a normal state. Tens of thousands work either "in the gray", or are not registered at all, "- said the Russian leader.
Putin stressed that environmental issues are "important and acute", and recently they have received more and more attention. According to the head of state, the introduction of personal responsibility of the people responsible for it will help to improve the ecological situation in the regions. He also called for the construction of modern waste incineration plants and follow the Japanese path, where clean production of this kind is also found in the city centers.
The President also noted that waste disposal can be carried out in various ways. “We have more than 100 waste incineration companies, but only a few dozen work with modern technologies. By 2024, we must build 200 waste disposal plants. And the entire program is designed for the construction of 238 factories, ”the president said about his plans for the future.
He stressed that we are not talking about "kerosene stoves", but about modern enterprises.
Earlier it was reported that four waste processing plants will be built in the Moscow region.
Commenting on this problem, the Deputy Prime Minister noted that out of 70 million tons of waste, only 8% is recycled.
"We are preparing from January 1, 2019 for the entry of new rules and regulations for waste management," the official said. According to him, each region will be obliged to develop a territorial waste disposal scheme. For each entity, regional operators will be appointed who will organize and be responsible for environmental actions. Within the framework of the subjects of the Federation, they will also introduce uniform tariffs for this work.
Gordeyev also said that the creation of a portal through which social activists will be able to follow what is happening in the field of ecology is currently being completed.
The "garbage theme" also touched upon the Yaroslavl region. On the eve of the "direct line" Yaroslavl residents called the call center and sent messages in which they complained about the import of Moscow garbage into the city. They argued that the local authorities did not take into account their demands to stop these events. In a video message, the activists asked to intervene in the situation "as quickly as possible, because the lives and health of our children depend on it."
Among other things, there were complaints about illegal storage of garbage in the Vladimir, Kurgan and Kursk regions, in the Stavropol and Trans-Baikal regions. These cases, as well as the situation with the Aleksinsky quarry in the Klinsky district of the Moscow region and with the closed, but not reclaimed Zavolenie landfill in the Orekhovo-Zuevsky district, have already been taken under control in the All-Russian Popular Front.
According to Omelchenko, who asked the president a question, most of the messages were sent by residents of the Moscow region: a similar problem was raised on the "direct line" last year.
In the regions close to the Moscow region, they are also worried and afraid that "they will simply be flooded with Moscow rubbish."
The girl herself called all the heads of administrations of various regions, tried to get through to the governors. At the same time, Omelchenko said that "there are positive examples when the administration of the Yaroslavl region reacted very clearly, in a businesslike, constructive manner, and immediately began to resolve the issue." She did not specify whether the local authorities were prompted to act by a specific appeal from the activists sent to the "direct line".
Recall that on the previous straight line, the problem of garbage was considered on the example of the Kuchino landfill in Balashikha, near Moscow. Residents of the surrounding areas said they were in a "simply unbearable situation."
Just 200 meters from residential buildings, kindergartens and clinics, as well as 20 kilometers from the Kremlin, was the largest landfill in the Moscow region, activists said. There were fires every day, it was impossible to breathe, gases were regularly emitted: methyl mercaptan, sulfur dioxide. From these vapors, hydrogen sulphide was formed, which local residents breathed. An appeal to the president became, in their words, "the last hope."
Putin agreed that "the issue is very painful and complex." A week after the "direct line" there was an order to close "Kuchino". This was ordered to be controlled by Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev. On November 10, an emergency degassing began at the landfill, which caused a surge of unpleasant odor that reached Moscow. According to data as of mid-May 2018, half of the Kuchino slopes have already been covered with polymer fabric. The completion of the landfill reclamation is scheduled for the summer of 2019.
The situation in Balashikha forced other residents of the Moscow region to start talking about the problem of overloaded landfills in the region. Thus, one of the most massive protests demanding the closure of landfills took place in Volokolamsk at the Yadrovo training ground.
According to experts, this problem can be solved in Russia, but not as quickly as we would like. “Garbage must be disposed of somewhere - this is the key point.
The "garbage question" has been catastrophically launched in Russia for many years. Consumption is growing, the amount of waste is growing - and it needs to be removed somewhere. There is nowhere to bury garbage in the cities, so it is necessary to negotiate with the neighboring regions, ”
- Alexander explained to Gazeta.Ru, professor at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, NRU RAS.
The problem is that no one knows what to do with the "garbage question," Ginzburg said. And for several months nothing can be done with landfills in the same suburbs.
“Today the legislation is adapting to the Western processing system and already allows its implementation. The problem is infrastructure and inertia. In the West, the system has been implemented for decades, in our country they are trying to implement it in three years, "- said to Gazeta.Ru associate professor of the Higher School of Urbanism. A.A. Vysokovsky Nikolay Kichigin.
He noted that the introduction of a new processing system is a gradual, step-by-step algorithm of actions planned for decades. According to the chapter's forecasts, the introduction of separate waste collection in the country will take 10-15 years, since there is no corresponding infrastructure.
At the end of January 2018, the Prime Minister approved the strategy for the development of the industry for processing, recycling and disposal of waste until 2030. The deputy head estimated the creation of a waste processing industry in Russia at 5 trillion rubles.
1. Everything is connected with everything. This is a statement about the ecosystem and the biosphere.
2. You have to pay for everything. This is a universal "law" of rational nature management. You need to pay with energy for additional cleaning of waste, fertilizers for increasing yields, sanatoriums and medicines for worsening human health.
3. Everything must be put somewhere. This is a provision on human economic activity, waste from which is inevitable, and therefore, you need to think about their reduction in quantity and the subsequent burial of this waste.
4. Nature knows best. This is the most important provision of environmental management, which means that you should not try to conquer nature, but you need to cooperate with it, using biological mechanisms to purify wastewater and increase the yield of cultivated plants. At the same time, one should not forget that man himself is a biological species, a part of nature, and not its ruler. Table 1 (Appendix 2) shows how to take into account the "laws" of B. Kommoner when man uses various ecosystems.
Human behavior is a complex dynamic process of dialectical development of a person's relationship with the surrounding social and natural environment, accompanied by mutual changes in the interacting components. This constantly changing environment serves as a source of factors in relation to a person that continuously form his subjective sphere, his personal qualities. It directly and indirectly determines his activity, because "objects and phenomena of the external world appear not only as objects of cognition, but also as certain motives for action, motives." However, this does not in any way mean that the outside world is the only factor that determines human activity. "Everything in the psychology of a developing personality is somehow conditioned externally, but nothing in its development is deduced from external influences." To understand a person's behavior, it is necessary to understand the content of his inner spiritual world as a kind of receiver of external influences and as a source of direct motives that induce a person to take certain actions.
Environmental irresponsibility is becoming unacceptable in all spheres of society: economic, scientific and technical, social, and at all levels - from national to personal. Everyone should be responsible for the damage caused to nature: managers who made a decision without taking into account its environmental consequences; scientists who made a gross mistake in the course of environmental expertise; scientists who made a gross mistake in the course of environmental expertise; a designer who did not include environmental safety requirements in the project; a driver who has drained used oil at the edge of a forest; a tractor driver who has laid a furrow where it can become the beginning of a ravine - in other words, every person, no matter what position he holds, is responsible to nature. Increasing environmental responsibility is called upon to understand and feel everything - from government leadership to each individual. Measures of administrative and material responsibility for offenses in the field of nature protection and the use of natural resources should be urgently strengthened.
Speaking about the laws of nature and the features of the civilization of the coming century, Academician N.N. Moiseev especially notes that humanity today is on the verge of a revolution of the same scale that it experienced at the end of the Paleolithic. Only the synthesis of the natural and the social will become a characteristic feature of the coming century.
Schematic diagram of the interaction of the main factors in the "society - environment" system
www.ecologytarget.ru
Due to the great complexity of the objects of study, ecology has a lot of laws, principles and rules in it. Therefore, they cannot be reduced to several, even highlighting the main ones among them. Famous American and environmentalist. Barry. Commoner in 1974 formulated his own, maximally shortened and simplified version of the laws of ecology. B. Commoner expressed a pessimistic thought: "If we want to survive, we must understand the reasons for the approaching catastrophe" He formulated the laws of ecology in the form of four aphorisms:
o. Everything is connected with everything - this statement repeats the well-known dialectical proposition about the universal connection of things and phenomena
o. Everything must go somewhere - this is an informal paraphrase of the fundamental physical law of conservation of matter
o. Nature knows better - this situation splits into two relatively independent theses: the first is associated with the slogan "back to nature", the second - with a call for caution in dealing with him
o. Nothing is given for free - this environmental law allegedly "unites" the three previous
The first law "Everything is connected with everything" draws attention to the universal connection of processes and phenomena in nature and human society. In terms of value, it is close to the law of internal dynamic equilibrium: a change in one of the indicators of a system, as a rule, causes structural and functional quantitative and qualitative changes, while the system itself retains the total amount of material and energy. How-thin colors.
Ecology considers the biosphere of our planet as a complex system with many interconnected elements. These connections are realized on the principles of negative feedback (for example, in the "predator - - prey" system), direct connections, and also due to various interactions. Due to these connections, harmonious systems of the circulation of substances and energy are formed. Any interference in the work of a balanced fur aniso biosphere causes a response in many directions at once, which makes forecasting in ecology an extremely difficult task.
Let's take a typical example. In an aquatic ecosystem, each biological link is characterized by its own reaction rate, which depends on the rate of metabolic processes and reproduction of the corresponding organisms. For the appearance of a new generation of fish, several months are required, algae - several days, bacteria-spreading can multiply in several hours. The metabolic rate of these organisms (i.e. the rate at which they assimilate nutrients, use oxygen, or produce waste products) is inversely related to their size; if the metabolic rate of fish is taken from a unit, then for algae this rate will be about 100, and for bacteria - about 10,000 units.
In order for the entire cyclic system to remain in equilibrium, it is necessary that the overall rate of its internal processes be guided by the slowest link, in our case, the growth and metabolism of fish. B. Any external influence that speeds up a part of the cycle and thereby makes one part work faster than the system as a whole, leads to adverse consequences. If the system is in a new moat, oxygen is produced by algae and supplied from the atmosphere. Suppose that the rate of entry of organic waste into the system has increased sharply (for example, due to the discharge of wastewater, bacteria have increased their activity, as a result, the rate of oxygen consumption by bacteria-spreading masses can exceed the rate of its production by algae (as well as the rate of its entry from the atmosphere) , then the oxygen content in the water will approach zero, and the system will bend.
B. Commoner wrote: “All this is a consequence of a simple fact: everything is connected with everything. The system is stabilized due to its dynamic properties; the same properties under the influence of external loads can lead to dramatic consequences: the complexity of the ecosystem and the rate of its circulation determine the degree of load, it can withstand, that is, a small shift in one place can cause further, significant and long-term consequences.
Both nature and society are in a single network of systemic interactions. Any change in nature, caused by man, causes a chain of consequences - a violation of one link in this chain leads to similar disturbances in other links. Biosphere. The earth is an equilibrium ecosystem in which all the individual links are interconnected and complement each other. Violation of any link entails changes in other links. For example, one of the consequences of human intervention in nature was the disappearance of species and a decrease in species diversity.
The second law "Everything must go somewhere" is close to the one discussed above, as well as the law of the development of a natural system at the expense of the environment. This law is an informal paraphrase of the fundamental amental law of physics - matter does not disappear anywhere. It can be called the law of conservation of the mass of matter, and it is one of the most important requirements for the rational use of natural resources. Unlike general production and everyday life, living nature as a whole is almost waste-free - there is no waste in it. Carbon dioxide, which is emitted by animals as a waste product, is a nutrient for green plants. Plants "wiki" provide oxygen, which is used by animals. Organic remains of animals serve as food for decomposers, and even their waste (inorganic substances - nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon dioxide) becomes food for the algae and the waste products of some organisms in nature are "raw materials" for others. This testifies to the high level of closedness of the circulation of substances in the biosphere, the circulation of speech in the biosphere.
On the example of the biological cycle, one can see how the residues and waste products of some organisms are found in nature as a source of existence for others. Man has not yet created such a harmonious cycle in his economic activity. Any production constantly produces at least two things - the necessary products and waste. Waste does not disappear by itself: it accumulates, is again involved in the circulation of substances and leads to unpredictable consequences. The technological waste of society often "does not fit" into natural ecosystems, they do not disappear anywhere and become pollutants. From the point of view of wildlife, mankind produces mainly garbage and poison. Any pollution of nature returns to man in the form of "ecological boomerangological boomerang".
Against this background, "bold" projects for the disposal of our waste are born, especially radioactive, for example, in space, on other planets, they even suggest sending them to. The sun. Fortunately, she has many opponents in these projects, because the second law. The commoner has not been canceled. We still have no idea what the specific mechanisms of the "ecological boomerang" might be in case of an attempt to "pollute" the Sun. Better not even try. So, nothing in nature disappears, but only passes from one form of the existence of matter into another form of the emerging of matter into the mind.
The third law "Nature knows best" indicates that while there is no absolutely reliable information about the mechanisms and functions of nature, people almost inevitably harm natural systems. B. Commoner, for a better understanding of this law, drew an analogy: when a person who is not familiar with the clock device wants to fix it, the clock is unlikely to work. Any attempt to change something at random is doomed to failure. Law. The commoner in this case can be paraphrased as follows: "the watchmaker knows better." Like a clock, a living organism, which is influenced by "blind" random changes, will almost certainly not be improved, but evil will not be polish, but evil.
“Living things consist of many thousands of different organic compounds,” he wrote. B. Commoner - and at times it seems that at least some of them can be improved if they are replaced by some kind of artificial variant of natural substance. The third law of ecology asserts that the introduction of organic substances that do not exist in nature, but created by man, but participate in a living system, is likely to cause trouble. ”One of the most amazing facts in the chemistry of living substances is that for any organic substance, produced by living beings, in nature, an enzyme capable of decomposing this substance. Therefore, when people do not synthesize a new organic compound, the structure is significantly different from natural substances, it is likely that there is no decomposing enzyme for it, and this substance accumulates in nature.
Therefore, this law calls for caution in dealing with nature. No wonder himself. B. Commoner two years later supplemented the wording of this law: "Nature knows best what to do, and people should try to learn how to do it as beautifully as possible."
Humanity has passed a much shorter path of development than the biosphere. Earth. For many millions of years of existence of the biosphere, the connections and mechanisms of its functioning have been fully formed. A thoughtless, non-visual intervention of people in nature can (and does) lead to the destruction of individual links between the links of ecosystems and to the impossibility of returning ecosystems to their original state. A man, self-confidently desiring "sex and" nature, disrupts the course of natural processes. Indeed, in nature, everything is very expedient and functional. And this is understandable, because she had enough time to discard all unsuccessful options and leave only the verified vivirene style.
In 1991, a group of American researchers conducted an experiment called "Biosphere-2" in a desert region of the state. Arizona, a complex of isolated from the external environment rooms with a glass roof and walls (only solar energy came from the outside) was built, in which five ecosystems connected to each other were created: tropical rainforest, savannah, desert, swamp and the sea (basin over 8 m with a living coral reef reef).
3,800 representatives of fauna and flora were resettled in "Biosphere-2", and the main criterion for their selection was the benefits that they could bring to people (consumed as food, purify the air, give medicines, etc.). The technosphere, which had living and working premises for eight people, a gym, a library, a city and numerous technical equipment (sprinkler systems, pumps for circulating water and air, a computer with many sensors, which had to conduct monitoring of vital parameters of a complex of parameters in a complex).
The purpose of the experiment, designed for two years, was to create a closed ecosystem, a kind of mini-biosphere, which functioned on the basis of self-sufficiency and was independent of "Biosphere-1" (as the authors called the biosphere. Earth). This mini-biosphere should organically include a mini-technosphere with researchers. The authors dreamed of achieving artificially maintained homeostasis in the system, i.e. stability of basic life important parameters (temperature, humidity, etc.). Biota waste from one ecosystem should have served as resources for others for іnshoi.
The project was intended to fulfill (albeit on a small scale) a dream. IN AND. Vernadsky on the transition to human control of all processes in the biosphere
The experiment ended unsuccessfully: in less than six months, the researchers were evacuated from the "Biosphere-2" back to the native "Biosphere-1" The desired control of the processes and the balance of the technosphere and "Biosphere-2" you could not achieve, moreover, the main parameters of the system, in In particular, the content of carbon dioxide in the air, the composition of microorganisms in the soil, etc., are out of control. When content. C02 in the air reached a level dangerous to human health and it was not possible to reduce it by any means, the experiment was terminated, the experiment was carried out.
The collapse of the "Biosphere-2" experiment clearly proved that the complete balance of all processes, the circulation of substances and energy, the maintenance of homeostasis are possible only on a scale. The Earth, where these processes have been perfected for many millions of years and no computers are able to take over the management of a system whose complexity is much higher than their own. The validity of the principle, as formulated by the mathematician, was also confirmed. J. Neumann: "The organization of the system below a certain minimum level leads to a deterioration in its quality".
So, both the comprehensive management of "Biosphere-1" and the creation of artificial biospheres such as "Biosphere-2" today (and in the near future) is beyond the power of man. The efforts of mankind should be aimed at preserving the planetary biosphere - a very complex, balanced system, the stability of which is now being disrupted by the technosphere. We need to try not to "take over the leadership of the biosphere", but to act in such a way that "does not interfere with nature", which, according to the law. B. Commoner, ”knows better than a yak, behind the law. B .. Commoner, "more beautifully".
Tragic egocentrism in its extreme manifestation was expressed by a famous breeder of the 30s of the XX century. IN AND. Michurin: “We cannot wait for beauties from nature; it is our task to take them from her. ”Human activity will only be justified when the motivation of his actions is determined primarily by the role for which it was created by nature, when the needs of nature will be more important for a person than personal ones. Humanity must learn to live in harmony with nature.
The fourth law "You have to pay for everything, or nothing is given for free" again concerns those problems that generalize the law of internal dynamic equilibrium and the law of the development of a natural system at the expense of its environment. B. Commoner explained this law as follows: “The global ecosystem is a single whole, within which nothing can be gained or lost, and which cannot be an object of general improvement: everything that was pulled out of it by human labor must be replaced. Payment on this bill cannot be avoided, it can only be deferred. The current environmental crisis only says that the postponement has dragged on for a long time "And added:" We have opened the circle of life, turning it into countless cycles, into linear chains of artificial events at the line lance of piece pods. "
The fourth law confirms that natural resources are not infinite. In the course of his activity, a person takes on a “debt” from nature a part of its products, leaving behind a pledge those waste and pollution that he cannot help but prevent. This debt will grow until the existence of mankind is under threat and people are not fully aware of the need to eliminate the negative consequences of their activities. And this elimination of the self will require very large expenses, which will become the payment of this debt. Indeed, the unreasonable exploitation of natural resources and natural benefits threatens with retribution, which will come sooner or later, sooner rather than later.
At the present stage of the development of science and technology, mankind seems to be less dependent on nature, but this dependence has been preserved, and not only has been preserved, but has become more complicated, since only the relative role of the laws of nature has changed. Humanity is still dependent on energy, mineral, biological, water and other natural resources. Therefore, the laws of ecology. Barry. The commoner, just like all our very important laws reflecting the general systemic laws of the functioning and development of objective reality, should be remembered and taken into account in their daily activities.
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Everything needs to be put somewhere the law
Everything is connected to everything
Biosphere is a global ecosystem. Within this framework, nothing can be gained or lost. Everything that is extracted by human labor must be returned. The payment cannot be avoided, it can only be delayed.
The ecosystem is in a state of ecological balance. It can be destroyed by the destruction of a species or the introduction of a new species. Drainage of bogs causes rivers to become shallow. Grazing in mountain forests destroys the soil, reduces the absorption of rain and snow water. As a result, springs dry up.
The number of livestock depends on the area of \u200b\u200barable land, pastures and forests. With their correct ratio, grass stands are not destroyed, and its manure maintains the fertility of arable land. The forest protects arable land from drought, and the birds living in it protect cultivated plants from pests.
The city is a socio-natural system, the reproduction of life of which is regulated by man. Cities consume 2/3 of natural resources and generate 2/3 of waste that pollutes the atmosphere. We have yet to learn how to design a city as a human habitat.
You have to pay for everything.
The international community is funding scientific projects to preserve biodiversity and climate. Rich countries help the poor to improve their ecological situation.
It is necessary to bear the costs of maintaining special services that control the rational use of natural resources, the restoration of natural ecosystems, disturbed by improper use, and the creation of specially protected areas.
It is necessary to bear the costs of creating conditions for growing cultivated plants and keeping livestock, as well as protecting the resources of agroecosystems - soils, natural forage lands, forests, water bodies.
A person pays for the “convenience” of urban life with health, injuries from an aggressive technogenic environment, and increased mortality. Large expenditures are required to restore the natural qualities of the urban environment.
Everything needs to be put somewhere
The international community has adopted special laws banning the export of toxic and radioactive waste and their disposal in poor countries. The oceans are also no place for waste. Each country must dump waste on its own territory.
Natural ecosystems are not a place for creating waste dumps, although these ecosystems are able to disinfect a certain amount of pollutants without disturbing the ecological balance, for example, aquatic ecosystems have a high self-cleaning ability.
With ecologically organized agricultural production, there is no waste in the agroecosystem: the manure of livestock farms goes to the fields, and crop waste is used as animal feed. Fertilizers and pesticides are used in such a way that their residues do not accumulate in the soil and do not pollute groundwater or water bodies.
It is necessary to create low-waste and non-waste technologies, efficient treatment facilities, and develop reliable technologies for the disposal of toxic and radioactive waste.
Nature knows best.
It is not worth seeking to “improve nature”. All the power of a person lies in the knowledge of the laws of nature and the ability to apply them.
It is necessary to withdraw from the ecosystem as many biological resources as it can restore itself by maintaining ecological balance (this applies to timber harvesting, hunting, fishing, collecting medicinal raw materials, and using pastures.
It is necessary to learn from nature to grow those plants for which the soil and climate are most favorable, to grow together several varieties or species of cultivated plants, to maintain a high diversity of species “enemies of our enemies).
To improve the ecological situation in the city, it is necessary to act in a natural manner, creating green zones around, and parks, squares, lawns inside cities.
Commoner's environmental laws. Types of ecological systems by energy classification. Synthesis of primary organic matter
ECOLOGICAL LAWS OF COMMONER
formulated in the early 70s of the XX century. American scientist B. Commoner.
First law. Everything is connected to everything. This is the law on ecosystems and the biosphere, which draws attention to the universal connection between processes and phenomena in nature. It is designed to warn a person against rash impact on certain parts of ecosystems, which can lead to unforeseen consequences. (for example, draining bogs leads to shallowing of rivers).
Second law. Everything has to go somewhere. This is a law on human economic activity, waste from which is inevitable, and therefore it is necessary to think both about reducing their number and about their subsequent use.
Third law. Nature “knows” best. This is the law of a reasonable, conscious use of natural resources. We must not forget that man is also a biological species, that he is a part of nature, and not its ruler. This means that you cannot try to conquer nature, but you need to cooperate with it. Until we have complete information about the mechanisms and functions of nature, and without an accurate knowledge of the consequences of the transformation of nature, no "improvement" of it is permissible.
Fourth law. Nothing is given for free. This is the law of rational use of natural resources. ". The global ecosystem is a single whole, within which nothing can be gained or lost and which cannot be the object of overall improvement. " You need to pay with energy for additional cleaning of waste, fertilizer - for increasing the yield, sanatoriums and medicines - for the deterioration of human health, etc.
The energy classification of ecosystems distinguishes 4 types: 1) natural unsubsidized ecosystems that receive energy only from the Sun (open oceans, deep lakes, alpine forests); 2) natural ecosystems,
subsidized by the Sun and other natural sources (rainforests, tidal zones, etc.); 3) natural areas subsidized by humans and the Sun (agro-ecosystems, aqua culture); 4) zones that received energy from others
ecosystems in the form of food and fuel (cities or urban areas).
Intensive agroecosystems currently occupy about 60% of all arable land on the planet. They are characterized by the use of an additional flow of energy (except for solar), a sharp decrease in the diversity of living
organisms and the dominance of artificial selection. In preindustrial agroecosystems, less costs were required, but they were less efficient with higher productivity per human labor input. IN
industrial agroecosystems, the cost of human labor per unit of production is less (in the United States, 4% of the rural population feeds the remaining 96%), but the total costs increase sharply, which leads to the allocation of large
government subsidies for fuel. Providing the population with balanced food products has already led to a fivefold increase in expenditures on farm animals in comparison with people. From
intensification of agroecosystems primarily benefits the rich countries. The use of the most modern and highly productive varieties of plants and animal breeds without adequate supply of energy and necessary
nutrient loss in poor countries.
Synthesis of primary organic matter.
Almost all primary organic matter on Earth is formed by green plants in the process of photosynthesis. This process takes place with the absorption of energy, which is stored in the chemical bonds of organic matter.
Due to the fact that plants produce organic matter under the influence of photons of light, they are called photosynthetics. Besides green plants, organic matter is produced by some bacteria. They receive energy for this through chemical reactions, which is why they are called chemosynthetics.
There are sulfur bacteria that receive energy due to the oxidation of sulfur to its oxides, nitrifying bacteria, oxidizing ammonia to nitrites and nitrates. There are also iron bacteria
"In the book" The Closing Circle " Barry Commoner offers four laws, formulated by him in the form of aphorisms.
We will cite them and briefly comment on them, showing that in their essence these are known laws of nature of the most general and fundamental level.
Law 1. Everything is connected with everything.
This law postulates the unity of the World, it tells us about the need to look for and study the natural sources of events and phenomena, the emergence of chains connecting them, the stability and variability of these connections, the appearance of breaks and new links in them, stimulates the study of these breaks to heal, as well as to predict the course of events ...
Law 2. Everything must go somewhere.
It is easy to see that this is, in essence, just a paraphrase of the well-known conservation laws. In its most primitive form, this formula can be interpreted as follows: matter does not disappear. […]
Laws 1 and 2, as a consequence, define the concept of closedness (closedness) of nature as an ecological system of the highest level.
Law 3. Nature knows best.
The law states that any major human intervention in natural systems is harmful to her. This law, as it were, separates man from nature. Its essence lies in the fact that everything that was created before man and without man is the product of lengthy trial and error, the result of a complex process based on factors such as abundance, ingenuity, indifference to individuals with an all-encompassing desire for unity.
In its formation and development, nature has developed a principle: what is collected, then it is understood.
This principle is beautifully formulated in the famous film Mark Zakharova "Love Formula". Remember, the blacksmith, breaking the carriage of Count Cagliostro to extend the repair period, utters the following maxim: “What one person does, another can always break”. In nature, the essence of this principle is that no substance can be synthesized naturally if there is no means to destroy it. The whole cycle mechanism is based on this.
Man, in his activity, does not provide for this, at least immediately. Not everything that he "collects", nature knows how to destroy. This is one of the dead-end situations in the relationship between man and nature, although man himself is a part of nature. […]
Man wants to be independent of nature, to be above it, and everything that he does, he creates for his comfort, for his pleasure and only for them. But he forgets that against the background of natural expediency and harmony, in words A.I. Herzen, "Our comfort is pathetic and our debauchery is ridiculous." Probably, we should follow the call of our peasant poet Nikolay Klyuev: ". with God we will be gods. ". For this, a person must pacify his pride. We will return to this thought at the end of the book.
Law 4. Nothing is given for free.
In other words, you have to pay for everything. In essence, this is the second law of thermodynamics, which speaks of the presence of fundamental asymmetry in nature, that is, the unidirectionality of all spontaneous processes occurring in it. When thermodynamic systems interact with the environment, there are only two ways of transferring energy: heat release and work. The law says that natural systems create the most favorable conditions to increase their internal energy - they do not take "duties". All the work done without any losses can pass into heat and replenish the reserves of the internal energy of the system. But, if we do the opposite, that is, we want to perform work at the expense of the reserves of the internal energy of the system, that is, to do the work through heat, we must pay. You can't turn all the warmth into work. Every heat engine (technical device or natural mechanism) has a refrigerator, which, like a tax inspector, collects the duty. This is payment for useful work, a kind of tax to nature. "
Pavlov AN, Fundamentals of ecological culture, St. Petersburg, "Polytechnic", 2004, p. 57-58.
