Fire water supply: basics and features of operation. Fire water supply Characteristics of fire water supply systems

21.08.202327.05.2017

It has been established that in the territories of settlements and urban districts there should be sources of external or internal fire-fighting water supply. As provided for in Part 2 of Art. 62 of the commented Law, natural and artificial reservoirs, as well as internal and external water supply systems (including drinking, drinking, household and fire fighting) can be used as sources of fire water supply (see commentary to this article). Accordingly, in part 2 of the commented article, two types of sources of external fire-fighting water supply are named: 1) external water supply networks with fire hydrants; 2) water bodies used for firefighting purposes in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation. The provisions of the commented article are devoted to the requirements for these two sources of fire water supply. The requirements for internal fire water supply are established in Art. 86 of the commented Law. Along with this, Art. 99 of this Law separately provides for requirements for sources of fire-fighting water supply of a production facility.

Among the norms to which the provision of paragraph 2 of part 2 of the commented article refers, it is necessary to indicate, first of all, the following provisions of Art. 53 of the VdK of the Russian Federation on the use of water bodies to ensure fire safety: the withdrawal (withdrawal) of water resources for extinguishing fires is allowed from any water bodies without any permission, free of charge and in the amount necessary for extinguishing fires (part 1); the use of water bodies intended to ensure fire safety for other purposes is prohibited (part 2).

water consumption for external fire extinguishing (per one fire) of residential and public buildings for calculating the connecting and distribution lines of the water supply network, as well as the water supply network within a microdistrict or quarter, should be taken for the building requiring the highest water consumption, according to table 6;

water consumption for outdoor fire extinguishing at industrial and agricultural enterprises per fire should be taken for the building requiring the highest water consumption, according to table 7 or

The indicated tables 5,, and SNiP 2.04.02-84 * are reproduced, respectively, in tables 7 "Water consumption from the water supply network for external fire extinguishing in settlements", "Water consumption for external fire extinguishing of residential and public buildings", "Water consumption for external fire extinguishing of industrial objects and warehouse buildings" and "Water consumption for external fire extinguishing of production facilities and warehouse buildings" appendices to the commented Law. The notes contained in SNiP 2.04.02-84* are partially reproduced in the provisions of the commented article (see commentary to the indicated tables).

As established in clause 2.29 of SNiP 2.04.02-84 *, fire water supply should be accepted at low pressure, fire water at high pressure may be accepted only with appropriate justification. In a high-pressure water supply system, stationary fire pumps must be equipped with devices that ensure that the pumps are started no later than 5 minutes after a fire signal has been given (according to note to clause 2.29 for settlements with up to 5 thousand inhabitants, in which professional fire protection is not provided, fire water supply must be high-pressure).

In accordance with clause 2.30 of SNiP 2.04.02-84*, the free pressure in the low-pressure fire water supply network (at ground level) during fire fighting must be at least 10 m. less than 10 m with a full flow of water for fire fighting and the location of the fire nozzle at the level of the highest point of the tallest building. The maximum free pressure in the integrated water supply network should not exceed 60 m.

Clause 8.16 of SNiP 2.04.02-84 * provides that fire hydrants should be provided along highways at a distance of no more than 2.5 m from the edge of the carriageway, but no closer than 5 m from the walls of buildings; it is allowed to have hydrants on the roadway. At the same time, the installation of hydrants on a branch from the water supply line is not allowed. The arrangement of fire hydrants on the water supply network should ensure fire extinguishing of any building, structure or part of it served by this network from at least two hydrants at a water flow rate for external fire extinguishing of 15 l / s or more and one - at a water flow rate of less than 15 l / s, taking into account laying hose lines with a length not exceeding that specified in clause 9.30 on paved roads. The distance between the hydrants is determined by a calculation that takes into account the total water consumption for fire extinguishing and the throughput of the installed type of hydrants according to GOST 8220-85 "Underground fire hydrants. Specifications" (for this standard, see.

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Essay

On the topic: "Fire water supply"

Fire water supply is a set of measures to provide water to various consumers to extinguish a fire. The problem of fire water supply is one of the main ones in the field of fire fighting. Modern water supply systems are complex engineering structures and devices that provide reliable water supply to consumers. With the development of water supply to populated areas and industrial enterprises, their fire protection improves, since the design, construction, reconstruction of water pipes takes into account the provision of not only economic, industrial, but also fire-fighting needs. The main fire-fighting requirements provide for the need for the supply of standard volumes of water under a certain pressure during the estimated time of extinguishing fires.

Types of plumbing. Classypressure pipe fitting

According to their purpose, water pipes are divided into household, industrial and fire-fighting ones. Depending on the pressure, fire-fighting water pipes of high and low pressure are distinguished. In the high-pressure fire water pipeline, within 5 minutes after a fire is reported, the pressure necessary to extinguish the fire in the tallest building without the use of fire engines is created. To do this, stationary fire pumps are installed in the buildings of pumping stations or in other separate rooms.

In low pressure water pipes during a fire, fire pumps are used to create the required pressure, which are connected to fire hydrants using suction hoses.

In high pressure pipelines water is supplied to the fire site through hose lines directly from hydrants under pressure from stationary fire pumps installed in the pumping station.

All water supply facilities are designed so that during operation they pass the estimated water flow for fire needs at the maximum water flow for household and drinking and industrial needs. In addition, an emergency supply of water is provided in clean water tanks and water towers for extinguishing fires, and fire pumps are installed in pumping stations of the second lift. fire water supply hydrant operation

Pump-hose systems, which are collected when extinguishing fires, are also elementary high-pressure fire water pipelines, consisting of a water supply source, a water intake (suction grid), a suction line, a combined pumping station of the first and second rise (fire pump), water pipes (main hose lines), a water supply network ( working hose lines).

water towers designed to regulate pressure and flow in the water supply network. They are installed at the beginning, middle and end of the water supply network. The water tower consists of a support (trunk), a tank and a tent-device that protects the tank from cooling and freezing of water in it. The height of the tower is determined by hydraulic calculation, taking into account the terrain. Usually the height of the tower is 15...40 m.

The capacity of the tank depends on the size of the water supply, its purpose and can vary widely: from a few cubic meters on low-power water pipes to tens of thousands of cubic meters on large urban and industrial water pipes. The size of the control tank is determined depending on the water consumption schedules and the operation of pumping stations. In addition, they include an untouchable fire reserve to extinguish one external and one internal fire within 10 minutes. The tank is equipped with discharge, collapsible, overflow and mud pipes. Often the discharge and collapsible pipes are combined.

A variety of water towers are water reservoirs, which are designed not only to regulate the pressure and flow in the water supply network, but also to store a fire-fighting supply of water to extinguish fires for 3 hours. The tanks are located on elevated places.

Water tanks and towers are included in the water supply network in series and in parallel. When connected in series, all water from pumping stations passes through them. In this case, the discharge and collapsible pipes are not combined, and they work separately. At a minimum water consumption, excess water is accumulated in a reservoir or in a tank, and at a maximum, this reserve is sent to the water supply network.

When connected in parallel to the water supply network, excess water enters the tanks and tanks (at minimum water consumption), and at maximum water consumption it is sent to the network. In this case, the discharge and distributing pipelines can be combined. To control the water level in tanks and reservoirs, measuring devices are provided.

By type of object served water supply systems are divided into urban,settlement, and industrial,agricultural,railwayOroad, etc.

According to the type of natural sources Distinguish between water pipes that take water from surface sources (rivers, reservoirs, lakes, seas) and underground (artesian, spring). There are also mixed feed water supply systems.

According to the method of water supply water pipelines are pressure with mechanical water supply by pumps and gravity (gravitational), which are arranged in mountainous areas when the water source is located at a height that provides natural water supply to consumers.

According to the purpose of the system water supply is divided into household and drinking that meet the needs of the population; production, supplying water technological processes of production; firefighting and combined. The latter suit, as a rule, in settlements. From the same water pipes, water is also supplied to industrial enterprises if they consume an insignificant amount of water or, according to the conditions of the technological process of production, water of drinking quality is required.

With high water consumption, enterprises can have independent water supply systems that provide their household, drinking, industrial and fire-fighting needs. In this case, they usually construct household fire and industrial water pipelines. The combination of fire water supply with economic, and not with production, is explained by the fact that the industrial water supply network is usually less extensive and does not cover all the volumes of the enterprise. In addition, for some technological production processes, water must be supplied under a strictly defined pressure, which will change when extinguishing a fire. And this can lead either to an increase in water consumption, which is not economically feasible, or to an accident in production equipment. An independent fire-fighting water supply system is usually arranged at the most fire hazardous facilities - enterprises of the petrochemical and oil refining industries, oil and petroleum products warehouses, timber exchanges, liquefied gas storage facilities, etc.

Water supply systems can serve both one object, for example, a city or an industrial enterprise, or several objects. In the latter case, these systems are called group systems. If a water supply system serves one building or a small group of compactly located buildings from a nearby source, then it is called a local system. To supply water under the required pressure to various parts of the territory of the settlement, which has a significant difference in marks, arrange zoned water supply. A water supply system serving several large water consumers located in a certain area is called a district water supply system.

Water supply schemes for settlements

On the territory of most settlements (cities, towns) there are different categories of water consumers, presenting various requirements for the quality and quantity of water consumed. In modern urban water pipelines, the consumption of water for the technological needs of industry is on average about 40% of the total volume supplied to the water supply network. Moreover, about 84% of water is taken from surface sources and 16% from underground sources.

The water supply scheme for cities using surface water sources is shown in the figure. Water enters the water intake (head) and flows through gravity pipes 2 into the coastal well 3, and from it the pumping station of the first lift (HC-I) 4 is supplied to settling tanks 5 and then to filters 6 for cleaning from pollution and disinfection. After the treatment plant, water enters the reserve tanks

Water supply scheme of the settlement

: 1 - water intake; 2 - gravity pipes; 3 - coastal well; 4 -- pumping station I lifting; 5 - settling tanks; 6 -- filters; 7 - spare tanks of clean water; 8 -- pumping station II rise; 9 - conduits; 10 -- water tower; 11 - main pipelines; 12 - distribution pipelines; 13 - entry into buildings; 14 - clean water consumers 7, of which it is pumped by a pumping station of the second lift (NS-P) 8 through conduits 9 to a pressure-control structure 10 (ground or underground reservoir located on a natural elevation, water tower or hydropneumatic installation). From here, water flows through the main lines 11 and distribution pipes 12 of the water supply network to the inputs to buildings 13 and consumers 14.

A water supply or design system is usually divided into two parts: external and internal. The external water supply includes all facilities for the intake, purification and distribution of water by the water supply network before entering the building. Internal water pipelines are a set of devices that provide water from the external network and supply it to water-folding devices located in the building.

The use of underground water sources usually makes it possible to do without treatment facilities. Water is supplied directly to reserve tanks 2. When using groundwater, as well as when supplying large cities, there may be not one, but several sources

Plumbing scheme for an underground water source

1 - artesian well with a pump; 2 - spare tank; 3 - NS-II; 4 - water tower; 5 - water supply network

water supplies located on different sides of the settlement. Such water supply makes it possible to obtain a more uniform distribution of water throughout the network and its flow to consumers. The unevenness of water consumption with an increase in the population in cities is largely smoothed out, which makes it possible to do without pressure-control structures. In this case, water from the NS-P flows directly into the pipes of the water supply network.

Water supply for firefighting purposes in cities is provided by fire trucks from hydrants installed on the water supply network. In small towns, additional pumps are included in the NS-I to supply water for extinguishing fires, and in large cities, fire consumption is an insignificant part of water consumption, therefore, they practically do not affect the operation of the water supply system.

In accordance with modern standards, in settlements with a population of up to 500 people, which are located mainly in rural areas, a combined high-pressure water supply system must be installed to provide household, drinking, industrial and fire needs. However, it is not uncommon that only domestic and drinking water supply is constructed, and water is supplied for fire needs by mobile pumps from reservoirs and reservoirs replenished from the water supply.

In small settlements for economic and fire-fighting needs, local water supply systems are most often arranged with water intake from underground sources (mine wells or wells). Centrifugal and piston pumps, Airlift systems, wind power plants, etc. are used as water-lifting devices. Centrifugal pumps are the most reliable and easy to use. As for other water-lifting devices, due to their low productivity, they can only be used to replenish fire water supplies in reservoirs, reservoirs, water towers.

Sources of water supply

In accordance with the two categories of natural water sources, water intake structures are also divided into two groups: structures for receiving water from surface sources and structures for receiving groundwater. The choice of one or another source of water supply is determined by local natural conditions, sanitary and hygienic requirements for water quality, and technical and economic considerations. Wherever possible, preference should be given to underground sources of water supply.

Surface sources include rivers, lakes and, in some cases, seas. The location of the water intake is determined in such a way that the following conditions are satisfied:

the possibility of using the simplest and cheapest method of taking water from a source;

uninterrupted receipt of the required amount of water;

ensuring the supply of as clean water as possible (cleaning from pollution);

the closest location to the object supplied with water (to reduce the cost of water conduits and water supply).

Groundwater occurs at various depths and in various rocks.

For water supply use:

water of confined aquifers covered from above with impermeable rocks that protect groundwater from pollution;

non-pressure groundwater with a free surface, contained in layers that do not have a waterproof roof;

spring (spring) waters, i.e., groundwater that independently comes to the surface of the earth;

mine and mine waters (more often for industrial water supply), i.e., groundwater entering drainage structures during mining.

Fire hydrant device and operating requirements in winter and summer

A hydrant with a fire column is a water intake device installed on the water supply network and designed to take water when extinguishing a fire.

When extinguishing a fire, a hydrant with a column can be used, firstly, as an external fire hydrant in the case of connecting a fire hose to supply water to a fire extinguishing site and, secondly, as a water feeder for a fire truck pump.

Depending on the design features and conditions of fire protection of protected objects, hydrants are divided into underground and aboveground.

Underground hydrants are installed in special wells, covered with a lid. The fire column is screwed onto the underground hydrant only when it is used. An overhead hydrant is located above the surface of the earth with a column fixed to it.

Fire hydrant is designed to take water from the water supply network to extinguish fires, it consists of a riser, a valve, a valve box, a stem, an adjusting head with a thread and a cover. If the groundwater level is high, a check valve is installed on the outlet of the valve box.

Rice. Fire underground hydrant: 1 - drain tube; 2 - trigger hole; 3 - rod; 4 - adjusting head; 5 - riser; 6 - clutch; 7 - spindle; 8 - clamps; 9 - valve box; 10 - tee of the water supply network; 11 - sealing rubber ring; 12 - valve.

Hydrant column serves for the selection of water from the water supply network for extinguishing fires, as well as for the analysis of water for household and drinking needs. It consists of a cast-iron body, a tubular rod, a water pipe with an ejector, a hydrant valve, an ejector valve and outlet pipes. The hydrant-column is mainly used in rural areas. To take water for household needs, raise the handle up, the water pipe goes down. the ejector valve opens and water enters the household outlet. When the handle is lowered, the water pipe and the ejector valve take their original positions, and the water drains into the lower part of the hydrant body. When the column is turned on again, the water from the hydrant body is sucked off by the ejector. To open the hydrant, you need to turn the spindle with a key, while the tubular rod with the hydrant valve goes down, water fills the hydrant body and enters the fire pump suction line through the fire pipe with a connecting head. The water remaining in the hydrant body is sucked off by the ejector of the water column.

A hydrant-column is installed on the water supply network using a fire stand without a well device. The capacity of the combined hydrant is 20 l/s.

Fire column It is used to open and close a fire hydrant, as well as to connect fire hoses when taking water from the water supply network to extinguish fires. The main parts of the column are the body and the head. In the lower part of the body there is a threaded ring for connecting the column to a fire hydrant. In the upper part there is a column control and two branch pipes with connecting heads and two valves. A central key (tubular rod) with a square coupling at the bottom and a handle at the top passes through the gland in the head of the column. The handle is rotated with the valves of the discharge pipes closed. With the valves open, the handwheels will fall into the field of rotation of the handle. Thus, the column has a lock that excludes the rotation of the central key when the valves of the discharge pipes are open. Remove the column from the hydrant only when the hydrant valve is closed.

Rice. fire column: 1 - head; 2 - handle; 3 - end key; 4 - handwheel; 5 - cover; 6 - spindle; 7 - poppet valve; 8 - body; 9 - square coupling; 10 - bronze ring.

Technical characteristics of the underground fire hydrant

Requirements for the operation of fire hydrants in winter and summer e me

There are mandatory rules for the operation of fire hydrants. Improper handling of fire hydrants can lead to an accident on the water supply network, disruption of the water supply and accidents.

Preparation of fire-fighting water supply for operation in winter conditions is carried out:

urban water supply - during the period of the autumn inspection by the mobile teams of the AVR REVS (departments);

object water supply - during the autumn inspection by the water supply services of the objects.

Preparation of fire water supply for operation in winter conditions includes:

pumping out water from the risers of fire hydrants of the Moscow type and sealing drain holes with wooden plugs;

at a steady sub-zero outdoor temperature, pumping out water from the wells of hydrants filled above the level of the riser, followed by the execution of clause 1;

fire hydrants subject to flooding with groundwater and melt water are taken to a special account (Appendix No. 1 "Instructions ...") by the linear sections of the REVS and district fire departments with a mandatory mark in the book of fire water supply checks, subsequent monitoring of their condition by the REVS, pumping water from risers after thaws (if necessary) and mandatory transmission of information to district fire departments;

filling wells of hydrants with a special heat-insulating filler.

Requirements for the commissioning of new sources of fire waterOsupplies.

To the fire hydrants

Fire hydrants should be installed on ring water supply networks. It is allowed to install fire hydrants on dead-end lines, regardless of the water consumption for fire extinguishing, provided that their length does not exceed 200 meters.

The diameter of the water pipes on which fire hydrants are installed is determined by calculation in accordance with clause 8.46 of SNiP 2.04.02-84 "Water supply. External networks and structures", but the minimum diameter of water pipes in settlements and industrial enterprises must be at least 100 mm, in rural areas - at least 75 mm, the maximum pipe diameter should not exceed 500 mm.

Fire hydrants should be located along highways at a distance of no more than 2.5 m from the edge of the carriageway, but no closer than 5 m from the walls of buildings. It is allowed to have hydrants on the roadway. In the historical part of the city it is allowed to place fire hydrants in accordance with the requirements of clause 8.55 of VSN-89. The distance between hydrants should not exceed 150 meters.

Around the hatches of wells located in the built-up areas of off-road coatings or in the green zone, blind areas 1 m wide with a slope from the hatches should be provided, the blind areas should be 0.05 m higher than the adjacent territory; on the carriageway of streets with improved capital coatings, manhole covers must be flush with the surface of the carriageway; well hatches on water conduits laid in an undeveloped area should be 0.2 m above the ground.

There must be a free entrance to the hydrant with a width of at least 3.5 meters.

An indication plate should be installed at the location of the fire hydrant at a height of 2-2.5 m from the ground (plates on objects made in accordance with GOST 12.4.026-76 "Signal colors and safety signs" are installed directly at water sources and in the direction of movement to him). The plate should be 12x16 cm in size, red and have white inscriptions indicating:

type of hydrant (Moscow-type hydrant is denoted by the letter M);

diameter of the water supply network in millimeters (inches);

the nature of the water supply network (a dead-end network is indicated by the letter T in the upper left corner of the plate);

fire hydrant number (should correspond to the number of the house on which the coordination plate is located). Recording numbers with the number "0" in front (01.02.03., etc.) means that the index plates of these fire hydrants are located on trees, metal poles or street lighting poles, without reference to house numbers;

digital value of the distance in meters from the plate to the hydrant.

In accordance with clause 1.12. GOST 12.4.009-83 fire hydrant indicators must be illuminated by lamps or made using fluorescent or reflective coatings

Hydrants in wells are installed vertically. The axis of the installed hydrant should be located no closer than 175 mm and no further than 200 mm horizontally from the wall of the hatch neck. The distance from the top of the hydrant to the top edge of the hatch should be no more than 400 mm and no less than 150 mm. The technical condition of the fire hydrant is checked by installing a column with a mandatory start-up of water, and there should be no leakage of water in the flange connections of the hydrant.

After the commissioning of fire hydrants, an act is drawn up in 4 copies (one copy each for the fire department, fire department, REVS (department) and the organization that carried out the construction and installation work).

When accepting into operation hydrants located on the facility water supply networks, it is required to additionally test the network for water loss. After the commissioning of fire hydrants at the facility, an act of any form is drawn up in 4 copies (one for the district fire department, the second for the customer, the third for the general contractor, the fourth for the DSPT). On the basis of the act, the characteristics of the fire water supply of the object are entered into the summary sheet of the object's water supply.

To gravity wells

To take water from natural water sources with swampy banks or the impossibility of direct water intake from them, gravity (receiving) wells are arranged for fire extinguishing purposes.

Gravity wells must have dimensions in terms of at least 0.8x0.8 m. They can be made of concrete, stone and wood. The well must be equipped with two covers, the space between which is filled with insulating material for the winter period, which protects the water from freezing.

The depth of water in the well must be at least 1.5 m. The well is connected to the water source by a supply pipe, the diameter of which must be at least 200 mm. The end of the pipe entering the water source must be located at least 0.5 m above the bottom and at least 1.0 m below the low water horizon. pipe fish and various items.

There should be a free access to the gravity well, designed for the simultaneous installation of two fire trucks. At the location of the gravity well, a light or fluorescent sign with the inscription "CKN" should be installed.

To the firemen reservoirs

The need for a device and the required volume of fire-fighting reservoirs for the objects and settlements specified in note 1, clause 2.11. should be determined according to the water consumption rates for the estimated fire extinguishing time in accordance with the instructions of paragraphs 2.13.-2.17. and 2.24. SNiP 2.04.02-84.

The number of fire reservoirs must be at least two, while each reservoir must store half the volume of water for fire extinguishing (clause 9.29. SNiP 2.04.02-84).

Fire reservoirs should be placed from the condition of their service to buildings located within a radius of:

In the presence of autopumps - 200 m;

In the presence of motor pumps - 100-150 m, depending on the type of motor pump (clause 9.30. SNiP 2.04.02-84).

The distance from water bodies to buildings of 3.4 and 5 degrees of fire resistance and to open warehouses of combustible materials must be at least 30 m, to buildings of 1 and 2 degrees of fire resistance - at least 10 m (clause 9.30. SNiP 2.04.02-84).

If the direct intake of water from a fire reservoir by car pumps or motor pumps is difficult, it is necessary to provide for receiving wells with a volume of 3-5 cubic meters. meters. The diameter of the connecting pipeline should be taken from the condition of skipping the estimated water flow for external fire extinguishing, but not less than 200 mm. In front of the receiving well on the connecting pipeline, a well with a valve should be installed, the steering wheel of which must be brought out under the hatch cover. A grid should be provided on the connecting pipeline from the side of the reservoir.

Water must be drawn from each reservoir by at least two fire pumps, preferably from different sides.

Entrances with platforms for turning fire trucks, no less than 12x12 m in size, are arranged to fire reservoirs and receiving wells.

At the location of the fire reservoir, a light or fluorescent indicator should be installed with the following: the letter index PV, the digital values of the water supply in a cubic meter. meters and the number of fire trucks that can be simultaneously installed on the site near the reservoir.

For reliable water intake from natural reservoirs with a high steepness of the slopes of the coast, as well as a significant seasonal fluctuation of water horizons, entrances (piers) are arranged that can withstand the load of fire trucks. The entrance (pier) area should be located no higher than 5 m from the level of the low water horizon (LWL) and above the high water horizon (HWL) by at least 0.7 m and equipped with a drain tray for suction hoses. The depth of water, taking into account freezing in winter, should be at least 1 m, otherwise, a pit (pit) is arranged at the site of the fence. The width of the platform flooring should be at least 4.5-5 m with a slope towards the coast and have a strong side fence 0.7-0.8 m high. less than 25x25 cm.

The chiefs (deputy chiefs) of the units should leave for the technical acceptance of new or reconstructed sources of fire-fighting water supply.

Note: Acceptance of fire hydrants after completion of construction worksOand reconstruction of existing fire water supply networks are carried outTSPT TsUS UGPS (2nd shift), or in agreement with it.

Fire water inspections

Fire water supply checks are carried out:

On urban water networks twice a year (spring - from April 1 to June 1; autumn - from July 15 to November 1) by the mobile teams of emergency recovery operations (AR) of the areas of operation of water supply networks (REVS) and departments of SE "Vodokanal of St. Petersburg" with the obligatory presence of a representative of the PC. To conduct an inspection by the linear section of the REVS (department) of the State Enterprise "Vodokanal of St. Petersburg", a "Schedule for the inspection of fire hydrants for the REVS (department)" is drawn up (Appendix N 14 "Instructions ..."), which is approved by the head of the REVS (department) and agreed chief (deputy chief) During the spring inspection only fire hydrants of the Leningrad type are checked, during the autumn inspection all fire hydrants are checked.

Object fire water supply twice a year (spring - from April 1 to June 1; autumn - from August 15 to November 1) by the duty guards of fire departments with the obligatory presence of a representative of the water supply service of the facility. To check the object's water supply, the departments leave, headed by the head of the guard, from 9:30 to 11:00 and after 17:00 in agreement with the senior engineer of the Duty Department of the UGPS.

When conducting inspections of fire-fighting water supply (city and facility), the following is checked:

the presence of indicators for fire hydrants, reservoirs, gravity wells, piers, entrances and the correspondence of coordinates using a tape measure;

availability and condition of entrances to water sources;

the presence and condition of the outer cover of hydrants, gravity wells. In winter, the cover must be cleared of ice, the presence of loose snow on it is allowed no more than 10 cm. objects of the economy (organizations, institutions);

the internal state of the fire hydrant well, gravity well;

the presence of water and pressure by installing a column on all hydrants with the obligatory start-up of water. During the spring inspection of city hydrants of the Leningrad type, wells swollen with mud are cleaned (if necessary), and during the autumn inspection of all city and facility hydrants;

measures are being taken to prepare them for operation in the winter period;

the depth of the reservoir in the place intended for lowering the fence mesh. In winter, when conducting fire-tactical exercises and exercises, pay attention to the presence and size of the hole, clearing the site for the installation of fire trucks;

the condition of the load-bearing structures and flooring, the presence of side rails, a thrust beam and a discharge tray at the fire pier;

checking gravity wells and reservoirs by installing autopumps with water intake and start-up.

Note: it is not allowed during checks to use socket wrenches, poles and pipe trimmings to open hydrants and start up water without installing columns (with the exception of German-style hydrants).

Checks of fire-fighting water supply on city networks.

During the period of inspections of fire-fighting water supply on city networks, the mobile team of the AVR REVS (departments) of the State Enterprise "Vodokanal of St. Petersburg" arrives on its own transport according to the schedule at the FC, from where it follows to the place of the inspection with a representative of the FC (senior firefighter). The results of the check are entered by the senior firefighter in the fire water supply check book. If the water source is in good condition, then the date of the check and signature is put in the corresponding column, if the water source is not working, the nature of the malfunction is indicated according to the classification of defects (Appendix N 8 "Instructions ..."). On their duty days, the chiefs of the guards are personally responsible for ensuring the departure of the representative of the PC (senior firefighter) as part of the mobile team of the AVR REVS (department) of the State Enterprise "Vodokanal St. Petersburg" to check the water supply according to the schedule.

Based on the results of the autumn and spring checks of fire hydrants on the city network, an act is drawn up (Appendix N 15 "Instructions ..."), which is approved by the head of the REVS (department) of the State Enterprise "Vodokanal St. Petersburg" and agreed by the head (deputy head) of the HR. The act is drawn up in three copies: one - in the REVS (department); the second - in the FC; the third - in DSPT UGPS.

Information about the malfunction of hydrants on urban networks in the area of \u200b\u200bdeparture of the FC after the end of the check is transferred to the deputy head of the HPO for service (senior engineer) for the preparation of the Order of the GPN in the name of the head of the corresponding REVS (department) SE "Vodokanal of St. Petersburg". Faults in water sources detected during fire extinguishing are recorded in the inspection book and a telephone message is transmitted to the REVS (department) of the State Enterprise "Vodokanal of St. Petersburg" indicating the deadlines for elimination. In case of non-compliance with the Instructions of the State Fire Commission and telephone messages within the established time limits, those responsible for fire-fighting water supply in HIFs are obliged to apply to the heads of the REVS (departments) of the State Enterprise "Vodokanal of St. Petersburg" the rights provided for by the "Regulations on the State Fire Supervision".

The REVS (department) SE "Vodokanal of St. Petersburg" informs the FC about the elimination of malfunctions of fire hydrants in the form of a telephone message indicating the timing of their re-check. For a re-check, the mobile team of the AVR REVS (departments) of the State Enterprise "Vodokanal of St. Petersburg" leaves with a representative of the fire department (senior fireman), who records the results of eliminating defects with the date in the book of fire-fighting water supply checks and reports them to the deputy head of the fire department.

Object checksfire water supply

For a qualitative study and control over the state of the object fire-fighting water supply, economic objects (organizations, institutions) are assigned to the chiefs of guards by order in part for a period of half a year. Guard chiefs are personally responsible for the timely control of the state of fire water supply sources at the facilities assigned to them within the established time limits.

All defects in fire water supply sources identified at economic facilities during the inspection period are entered in the Book of Inspections. If, during the inspection, malfunctions of water sources are detected, the head of the guard draws up an administrative protocol for the guilty responsible persons, which is transferred for analysis and issuance of a decision to the inspector of the State Fire Supervision assigned to the facility. A consolidated list of water sources that have not been repaired for 3 or more months should be sent in the form of an "alarm signal" (Appendix No. 3 "Instructions ...") to the DSPT UGPS

Information about malfunctions of water sources at facilities serviced by the State Fire Supervision Service of other ministries and departments should be sent signed by the head of the HPO to departmental inspectorates.

The inspection staff of the State Fire Supervision Service is personally responsible for monitoring the progress of troubleshooting fire water supply sources at assigned facilities.

Information from economic entities (organizations, institutions) on the performance of work to eliminate defects in water sources must be checked with access to the site, if the water source is in good condition, an appropriate entry is made in the check book and the date is set.

All information on the state of urban and facility sources of fire-fighting water supply, obtained during the period of inspections, in the course of extinguishing fires, conducting fire-tactical exercises and classes (vocational schools, PTZ), is entered in the Book of Water Supply Inspections by the senior fireman of the guard on duty during the inspection of the water source, or immediately after returning to the unit from the fire, vocational school (PTZ). When a water source malfunction is eliminated, an entry in the Book of Checks is made after a repeated (control) check of its condition by the senior fireman of the guard on duty. The book of checks of fire water supply is filled out monthly by the deputy head of the HR immediately before compiling the Operational Report on the state of fire water supply in the protected area. If the state of the water source for the current month has not changed, then the information of the previous month is entered in the corresponding column of the Book of Checks and a signature is put.

Based on the entries in the inspection book, the person responsible for fire-fighting water supply in the HR monthly up to the 25th day is:

information about the malfunction of the fire-fighting water supply in the area of \u200b\u200bdeparture of the PCh (Appendix N 5 "Instructions ..."), which are taken out in one copy on the main vehicles;

an operational report on the state of fire water supply in a protected area (Appendix N 2 "Instructions ..."), which is transmitted to the Duty Department of the Central Control Center of the UGPS on the 26-27-28-29 of each month on the day of duty of the second guard.

Water supply test method for water loss

Water supply networks are tested during hours of maximum water consumption, for example: in residential buildings - from 7 to 9 am; at industrial facilities in the presence of utility and drinking water supply - during the lunch break; with industrial and fire-fighting water supply - depending on the water consumption for production processes.

The method of testing water supply networks for water loss is to:

establish the pressure and flow of water available in the water supply network;

determine what pressure and water flow should be according to the norms;

compare the available pressure and water flow with what should be according to the standards and draw a conclusion about their compliance.

Water loss testlow pressure water pipes

The test for water loss of low pressure water pipes can be carried out using imported pumps in the following sequence:

The estimated fire water consumption for external fire extinguishing is determined in accordance with the requirements of SNiP 2.04.02-84 "Water supply. External networks and structures".

Determine how many autopumps will be required to select the required water flow from the external network, for example: Qnor = 90 l / s, n = 90/40 = 3 pumps of the PN-40U brand will be required for testing

Fire columns are installed on the most unfavorably located hydrants and are connected to the pump with the help of soft hoses (to prevent pumping water under vacuum and, thereby, prevent contamination of the water supply system with groundwater). Rubberized sleeves with a diameter of 66, 77 mm (one for each branch pipe) are attached to the pressure nozzles of the pump, ending with trunks with large diameter showers.

The water flow from the trunks is determined and the total water flow from the water supply system is calculated according to the table below.

Nozzle diameter, mm	Head at the trunk, m w.c.	Water consumption, l/s

The water supply network complies with the standards if, during the selection of the standard fire water flow, the free pressure from the most unfavorably located hydrants is at least 10 m of water column. (to determine the free pressure, you can use a pressure and vacuum gauge on the suction line of the pump).

Note: if the free head of the most unfavorably located hydrants is more than 10 m w.c., then to determine the actual water loss of the network, additional autopumps should be installed and the test repeated.

Water loss testhigh pressure plumbing

High pressure water pipes are tested for water loss in two ways:

a) A hose line 120 m long is laid with the supply of trunks with a spray of 19 mm to the ridge of the highest building on the site. The water flow rate of each jet must be at least 5 l/sec. The total number of design jets that can be obtained during testing is determined depending on the standard fire water consumption for a given object. For example, for a given object, the calculated fire water flow is 20 l/sec, then the number of jets to be obtained during testing should be equal to n=20/5=4 jets. This number of jets can be obtained from one or two hydrants. Having fully opened the valves on the fire columns and supplied water to the hose lines, determine the pressure at the column using the pressure gauge.

Then the value of the actual water consumption is determined by the formula:

Q\u003d 0.95 Krl (Hk - Hstv), where

Krl - the number of hose lines attached to the column;

Hk - pressure on the column pressure gauge;

Nstv - the height of the trunk above ground level.

b) The hose lines indicated in the first method are laid, and the trunks are located at ground level. The test of the network is carried out at a pressure at the column, the value of which is equal to Hk=Nstv+28. Then the minimum value of the total flow from the hydrant will be equal to:

Q= 0.95 Krl (Hstv + 28)

The actual flow rate is determined by the readings of the pressure gauge at the column according to the formula:

Q= 0.95 Krl Hk

If during the test, by supplying the calculated number of jets, it is found that Qfacqnorms, then it is necessary to provide for local installations for increasing the pressure.

Test insidennih water pipes for water loss

To test the internal network, it is necessary to select the most highly located and remote from the input internal fire hydrants.

Determine the required number of jets and water consumption for internal fire extinguishing for a given building in accordance with SNiP 2.04.01-85 "Internal water supply and sewerage of buildings".

Lay non-rubberized fire hoses with trunks 10, 15 and 20 m long from the cranes. To obtain fire jets with a capacity of up to 4 l / s, fire hydrants and hoses with a diameter of 50 mm should be used, for fire jets of greater productivity - with a diameter of 66 mm.

In order not to flood the premises with water during the test, the trunks must be led out the window or door outside the building.

Internal fire water supply for water loss is tested in one of the following ways:

change in the radius of action of the compact part of the jet. With this method, when water is supplied through the trunks, the radius of action of the fragmented (entire) jet is measured in meters. The radius of the compact part of the jet is 0.8 of the radius of the fragmented jet, i.e. Rk = 0.8 Rp. The resulting radius of action of the compact part of the jet must be compared with what should be according to the standards.

free pressures of internal fire hydrants should provide compact fire jets with a height necessary to extinguish a fire in the highest and most remote part of the building. The smallest height and radius of action of the compact part of the fire jet should be taken equal to the height of the room, counting from the floor to the highest point of overlap, but not less than: 6 m - for residential buildings, as well as in public, industrial and auxiliary buildings of industrial enterprises, up to 50 m high ; 8 m - for residential buildings with a height of more than 50 m; 16 m - for public and industrial buildings of industrial enterprises with a height of more than 50 m.

Note: testing of the internal water supply for water loss should be carried out with the simultaneous supply of the calculated amount of water for external fire extinguishing.

Features of fire water supply in waterless areas

Sometimes, due to the underdeveloped system of urban water supply, there is not enough water for fire extinguishing. In these cases, the head of the first fire brigade unit that arrived at the fire must: organize the supply of fire nozzles in decisive directions, ensuring extinguishing in other areas of the fire by dismantling the structures and creating the necessary breaks; take measures to find out the location of the nearest water sources, from which additional water can be obtained by installing fire equipment to work in pumping or delivering it by tank trucks, fuel trucks, watering machines and other equipment. When extinguishing a fire by transporting water, such a number of trunks should be used, the uninterrupted operation of which would be ensured by the transported water.

Identification of urban areas not provided with water for fire extinguishing

The determination of building sites that are not provided with water for extinguishing in the area of \u200b\u200bthe exit of the fire brigade should be preceded by work to determine the water yield of the water supply network for fire extinguishing in strict accordance with the regulatory requirements set forth in SNiP. When analyzing water loss to extinguish fires in water supply networks, it is necessary to carefully identify areas that do not have water supply networks, pre-built reservoirs (reservoirs), as well as natural water sources (rivers, lakes, ponds, etc.). This information should be put on the water source chart and plots (areas) raised with the necessary calculations, schemes for obtaining water (by transportation, pumping) in case of extinguishing fires on them.

Organization of water supply to the place of fire in waterless areas

The conditions for successful fire extinguishing require a constant supply of the required calculated amount of water to the fire site. Practitioners of the fire department are well aware of how important it is to obtain water in a timely manner and in the required quantity to extinguish fires, which in most cases is the main means of fighting fire.

In each fire department garrison, in the area served by the fire department, based on the analysis of the availability of water for fire fighting, organizational and practical measures should be developed to ensure the organization of timely and in the required amount of water supply to extinguish fires.

With a lack of water, it is very important to take timely measures to transport it from the nearest water sources, using regular fire equipment, as well as national economy equipment. In waterless areas, one should not neglect such sources of water as reservoirs with a water level below the suction height of fire equipment or the absence of reliable access roads to them. In these cases, it is necessary to organize the intake of water and its supply using hydraulic elevators, water-removing ejectors and motor pumps. One of the ways to get a large amount of water through existing water pipelines that have insufficient pressure and minimal flow is to turn on additional backup booster pumps, and in more complex fires, turn off certain sections of the water supply network to direct additional water to the fire site.

When organizing the supply of water by tank trucks, it must be borne in mind that the uninterrupted operation of the first delivered trunk in the main direction of the spread of fire and, moreover, the further introduction of additional trunks to localize and extinguish the fire depends on the clear and organized operation of tank trucks. To reduce the time when refueling tankers with water and emptying them at the fire site, it is necessary to organize a tanker refueling point at the water source, and a water consumption point at the fire site.

It is advisable to install auto pumps, motor pumps at the point of filling tankers; at the point of water consumption - tank trucks into which water is drained to ensure the constant operation of fire nozzles.

The number of tankers Nc necessary for the supply of water and ensuring the smooth operation of the trunks is determined with sufficient accuracy for practice by the formula

where is the time for tank trucks to the water source and back, min; - time of refueling tankers with water, min; - tank emptying time, min; - the number of reserve tankers (accepted depending on the availability of equipment).

The travel time to the water source and back to the place of fire is determined by the formula

where L is the distance from the fire to the water source, km; - average speed of the tank truck km/h.

The refueling time of a tank truck is determined by the formula

where is the capacity of the tank, l; - supply of the pump, which fills the tank truck (water flow from the fire column) l / min.

The emptying time of the tank is determined by the formula

where is the total productivity of the trunks supplying water to the fire, l / s.

Use of jet pumps to draw and supply water to the fire site

To take water from natural water sources that have unfavorable conditions for the access of fire trucks to them (steep or swampy banks), jet pumps - hydraulic elevators and water-removing ejectors can be used. The operation of these pumps is based on the principle of ejection, created by the energy of the working medium. The working medium for hydraulic elevators and ejectors is water supplied from pumps of fire trucks or fire motor pumps.

As the practice of extinguishing fires in areas with underdeveloped water supply shows, in the absence of access roads to sources of natural water supply or with unsatisfactory terrain, hydraulic elevators can be used to take water from open water sources at a lifting height of up to 20 m, located at a distance of up to 100 m with a water layer thickness at least 5 cm.

At present, hydraulic elevators G-600 are widely used, water-removing ejectors EV-200, which have the same purpose as G-600, are less commonly used.

The G-600 hydraulic elevator consists of a vacuum chamber and a suction grate; with the help of bolts, an elbow and a diffuser with a mixing chamber and a stand are attached to the vacuum chamber. The conical nozzle is screwed onto the elbow fitting and placed inside the vacuum chamber. To connect the pressure hoses to the hydraulic elevator, there are coupling heads at the ends of the diffuser and the elbow.

The principle of operation of the hydraulic elevator is as follows: under the pressure created by the pump, water flows to the hydraulic elevator. A jet of water emerging from the nozzle creates a vacuum in the diffuser. Under the influence of atmospheric pressure on the surface of the reservoir, water from it rushes through the grate into the vacuum chamber, then into the diffuser, where it mixes with water supplied to the hydraulic elevator.

In the practice of extinguishing fires with the adaptation of hydraulic elevators, the following schemes are most widely used.

1. Scheme of water intake by hydraulic elevator systems using suction hoses. The operation of this scheme is carried out when it is necessary to obtain significant water consumption to extinguish a fire. Water is taken from the tank truck through the suction hose by the pump, and its working part is fed through the pressure pipe and further along the pressure fire hose to the hydraulic elevator, from which, together with the ejected water, it enters the tank through the return line of the fire hoses. The ejected part of the water obtained in this way is directed through the second nozzle of the pump to extinguish the fire.

...

Classification of external water pipes

Wireless PV based on water intake from natural or artificial fire reservoirs. To do this, sites are arranged on the shore for the placement of fire pumps, and sometimes water intake devices.

Tap water supply - based on the intake of water from fire hydrants of the ring or dead-end network.

By type of object served

According to the method of water supply

Pressure water pipelines called those in which water is pumped from the source to the consumer

Gravity is called , in which water from a high-lying source to the consumer flows by gravity. Such water pipelines are sometimes arranged in the mountainous regions of the country.

Gravity water supply scheme: 1 - water intake; 2 - gravity structures; 3 - coastal well and treatment facilities; 4 - unloading well; 5 - unloading tank; 6 - plumbing; 7 - water supply network

Requirements for sources of fire water supply

Buildings, structures and structures, as well as the territories of organizations and settlements, must have sources of fire-fighting water supply to extinguish fires.

As sources of fire-fighting water supply, natural and artificial reservoirs, as well as internal and external water supply systems (including drinking, household and drinking, household and fire-fighting) can be used. The need for the installation of artificial reservoirs, the use of natural reservoirs and the installation of fire-fighting water supply, as well as their parameters are determined by this Federal Law.

On the territories of settlements and urban districts there should be sources of external or internal fire-fighting water supply. Settlements and urban districts must be equipped with fire-fighting water supply. In this case, the fire water supply system may be combined with a drinking or industrial water supply system.

The sources of external fire-fighting water supply include:

external water supply networks with fire hydrants;
water bodies used for firefighting purposes in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

In settlements and urban districts with a population of up to 5,000 people, free-standing public buildings with a volume of up to 1,000 cubic meters, located in settlements and urban districts that do not have an annular fire-fighting water supply system, industrial buildings with facilities of categories C, D and D for fire and explosion hazard and fire hazard at a water flow rate for external fire extinguishing of 10 liters per second, in roughage warehouses with a volume of up to 1000 cubic meters, in warehouses of mineral fertilizers with a volume of up to 5000 cubic meters, in buildings of radio and television transmitting stations, buildings of refrigerators and storages of vegetables and fruits, it is allowed to provide external fire fighting sources as sources water supply natural or artificial reservoirs.

Water consumption for external fire extinguishing of one- and two-story production facilities and one-story warehouse buildings with a height of not more than 18 meters with load-bearing steel structures and enclosing structures made of profiled steel or asbestos-cement sheets with combustible or polymer insulation should be taken at 10 liters per second .

In the high-pressure water supply, stationary fire pumps must be equipped with devices that ensure that the pumps are started no later than 5 minutes after a fire alarm has been given.

The minimum free head in the low-pressure fire-fighting water supply network during fire extinguishing should be at least 10 meters.

The minimum free pressure in the high-pressure fire-fighting water supply network must ensure the height of the compact jet at least 20 meters with a full flow of water for fire extinguishing and the location of the fire nozzle at the level of the highest point of the tallest building.

The installation of fire hydrants should be provided along highways at a distance of no more than 2.5 meters from the edge of the carriageway, but not less than 5 meters from the walls of buildings, fire hydrants may be located on the carriageway. At the same time, the installation of fire hydrants on a branch from the water supply line is not allowed.

The arrangement of fire hydrants on the water supply network should ensure fire extinguishing of any building, structure, structure or part thereof served by this network from at least 2 hydrants at a water flow rate for external fire extinguishing of 15 or more liters per second, with a water flow rate of less than 15 liters per second - 1 hydrant.

REQUIREMENTS FOR SOURCES OF FIRE-FIGHTING WATER SUPPLY OF A PRODUCTION FACILITY

Production facilities must be provided with external fire-fighting water supply. The arrangement of fire hydrants on the water supply network should ensure fire extinguishing of any building, structure, structure or part of the building, structure, structure served by this network.

The supply of water for fire extinguishing purposes in artificial reservoirs should be determined based on the estimated water consumption for external fire extinguishing and the duration of fire extinguishing.

Fire hydrant and fire column

Purpose, device, operation, procedure for use and operation

A hydrant with a fire column is a water intake device installed on the water supply network and designed to take water when extinguishing a fire.

A hydrant with a column when extinguishing a fire can be used:

as an external fire hydrant in case of connection of a fire hose for water supply to the place of fire extinguishing,
like a fire engine pump water feeder.

fire column

fire column design

The column consists of body 8, head 1, cast from aluminum alloy AL-6, and socket wrench 3. A bronze ring 10 with a thread for installation on a hydrant is installed in the lower part of the column body. The column head has two branch pipes with coupling heads for connecting fire hoses.

The opening and closing of the branch pipe is carried out by valves, which consist of a cover 5, a spindle 6, a poppet valve 7, a handwheel 4 and a gland packing seal.

The socket wrench is a tubular rod, in the lower part of which a square coupling 9 is fixed to rotate the hydrant rod. The socket wrench is rotated by handle 2 fixed at its upper end. The sealing of the rod exit point in the column head is provided by a stuffing box.

Hydrant column

Hydrant column is a hydrant combined with a water column. The selection of water from the hydrant is carried out using a pressure hose with a diameter of 66 mm with its direct supply to the fire barrel or the pump of the fire truck.

The hydrant shutter is opened with a special key with a force of not more than 300 N, the spindle speed is not more than 18 and at a water pressure in the network of not more than 1 MPa (10 kgf / cm2). The water remaining after the operation of the hydrant in its body is removed by the ejector of the water column by pressing its handle for 3 ... 7 minutes.

It is intended for the selection of water from the water supply network for extinguishing fires, as well as for household and drinking water supply.

Column hydrant design

Depending on the design features and conditions of fire protection of protected objects, hydrants are divided into:

Underground fire hydrant

Fire underground hydrant, shown in the figure, consists of three parts cast from gray cast iron: valve box 9, riser 5 and mounting head 4.

Cast iron hollow valve 12 drop-shaped, assembled from two parts, between which a rubber sealing ring 11 is installed. There are clamps in the upper part of the valve 8, which move in the longitudinal grooves of the valve box.

Spindle 7, passed through the hole in the riser cross, is screwed into a threaded sleeve in the upper part of the valve. Coupling is fixed on the other end of the spindle 6, which includes the square end of the rod 3. The upper end of the rod also ends with a square for the end key of the fire column.

By rotating the rod and the spindle (using the end key of the fire column), the hydrant valve, due to the presence of clamps, can only perform translational movement, ensuring its opening or closing.

When opening and lowering the valve, one of its latches closes the drain hole 2, located at the bottom of the valve box, preventing water from entering the hydrant well. To stop the selection of water from the water supply network, by rotating the rod and the spindle, the hydrant valve rises, while ensuring that the drain hole is opened by the latch. The water remaining after the operation of the hydrant in the riser flows through the drain hole and the drain pipe 1 into the hydrant well, from where it is removed by force. To prevent water ingress V the hydrant body on the drain pipe is equipped with a check valve.

Overhead fire hydrant

Overhead fire hydrant, is shown schematically in the figure.

Although there is an opinion among many that the use of ground hydrants is impossible in countries with a cold climate (such as Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, etc.), an example of a city such as Chicago can immediately counterbalance this opinion. In a word, the use of overground SGs is possible in any climatic conditions, it is only necessary to choose the appropriate type of aboveground SG, namely with a constant water supply (wet SG) or with a regulated water supply (dry SG).

The last option is, in principle, a Moscow-style SG with a fire column wound around it. The use of above-ground SG not only removes all the shortcomings of the above-ground one, but also reduces the time for the free development of a fire, and in terms of aesthetics, they can be much more attractive than it might seem at first glance.

Operation of fire hydrants and columns

Fire hydrants, as a rule, are installed along the street on the water supply network at a distance of 50 ... 120 m from each other, while providing convenient access and use. To find underground hydrants on the walls of buildings and structures against which the hydrant is installed, attach a special plate or indicator of the location of the hydrant.

The selection of water by the pump of a fire truck must be carried out through two hoses (diameter 66 mm) connected in parallel to the column, one of which must be pressure-suction, and the other - pressure.

The hydrant valve is opened in the following order:

turn the handle of the socket wrench of the column by 2 ... 3 turns and fill it with water,
after the noise stops, pause and continue turning the socket wrench handle until the hydrant valve is fully opened,
then turning the handwheels counterclockwise, open the valves of the pressure nozzles of the column,
close the hydrant in the reverse order, with the valves of the column pressure pipes closed,
when unscrewing the column, the socket wrench must not move.

Requirements of labor protection rules when working with fire columns and hydrants

When using a fire hydrant, its cover is opened with a fire hook or crowbar. In this case, it is necessary to ensure that the lid does not fall on the feet of the opener.

If the air temperature is negative (not lower than -15 ° C), then the hydrants are inspected only externally, and at lower temperatures it is forbidden to open the covers of the wells. Hydrants with water start-up are checked only with the help of a fire column, since the use of socket wrenches or other devices can lead to an accident.

Literature:

Federal Law No. 123-FZ of July 22, 2008 Technical regulation on fire safety requirements;
Order No. 1100n "On approval of the Rules for labor protection in the divisions of the federal fire service of the State Fire Service" dated December 23, 2014;
Dmitriev V.D. The history of the development of water supply and sanitation in St. Petersburg. St. Petersburg, 2002;
Fire water supply: Textbook. - M .: Academy of the State Fire Service of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, 2008;
Textbook V.V.Terebnev, V.A.Grachev, A.V.Podgrushny, A.V.Terebnev Fire drill training.

LECTURE Topic 6. 3.: Fire water supply and fittings Lesson 1: Purpose and types of fire water sources, installation of a fire hydrant and a fire column

Learning objectives: 1. To study with students the classification of water supply systems, types, purpose and characteristics of fire-fighting outdoor water supply (water supply for outdoor fire extinguishing and non-piped fire-fighting water supply). 2. To study the purpose of the device and the procedure for operating fire hydrants and fire columns, the fire safety requirements of the technical regulation (No. 123 FZ) and other regulatory documents for water supply networks and structures on them. 3. Form professionalism among listeners. 4. To instill in students a sense of responsibility for the proper organization of the use of fire equipment for its intended purpose.

Educational questions 1. Classification of water supply systems. 2. Water pipelines for outdoor fire fighting. 3. Wireless fire fighting water supply. 4. Fire hydrant and fire column. Fire hydraulic elevator G 600. Fire safety requirements for water supply networks and structures on them.

Literature: 1. Federal Law of the Russian Federation of July 22, 2008 N 123 FZ "Technical Regulations on Fire Safety Requirements". 2 Order of the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Russian Federation dated December 23, 2014 No. 1100 n “On approval of the Rules for labor protection in the divisions of the federal fire service of the State Fire Service. "(introduced by order of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation dated April 15, 2015 No. 183). 3. Order of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia dated September 18, 2012 No. 555 “On the organization of material and technical support for the system of the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergency Situations and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters”. 4. V. V. Terebnev, Yu. N. Moiseev, V. A. Grachev, et al. Training of firefighter rescuers. Fire technical training. Fire fighting equipment and rescue equipment. Ekaterinburg: OOO publishing house. "Kalan", 2010. 5. A. O. Semenov, M. V. Bogomolov, Yu. N. Moiseev, E. V. Fedotov. Graduate Handbook. Fire engineering. Ivanovo 2009. 6. GOST R 53961 2010. “Fire fighting equipment. Underground fire hydrants. General technical requirements. Test Methods". 7. GOST R 53250 2009. “Fire fighting equipment. Fire column. General technical requirements. Test Methods". 8. SP 8. 13130. 2009. “Code of rules. Fire protection systems. Sources of external fire water supply. Fire safety requirements". 9. SP 10. 13130. 2009. “Code of rules. Fire protection systems. Internal fire water supply. Fire safety requirements".

PUMP HOSE SYSTEMS assembled during fire extinguishing are ELEMENTARY HIGH PRESSURE FIRE-FIGHTING WATER PIPELINES, consisting of: Ø water supply source, Ø water intake (suction grid), Ø suction line, combined pumping station of the first and second lifts (fire pump), Ø water pipes (main hose lines), Ø water supply network (working hose lines). 1 fire stand, 2 plumbing; 3 water well; 4 fire hydrant, 5 fire column, 6 hose line (suction pressure), 7 fire pump; 8 fire hose, 9 fire hose TYPES OF PUMP HOSE SYSTEMS a - the simplest connection, b - serial connection, c - mixed connection, 1 - pump, 2 - main hose line, 3 - working hose line, 4 - fire hose

KEEPING THE FIRE-FIGHTING WATER SUPPLY IN CONSTANT AVAILABILITY IS ACHIEVED BY: correct installation, operation, timely and high-quality capital and scheduled preventive repairs in the manner and within the time limits established by the current instructions and other regulatory documents; timely preparation of fire-fighting water supply for work in winter conditions; timely and high-quality inspection of fire water supply systems with a mandatory test for water loss; elimination of malfunctions and damages as soon as possible; maintenance of access roads and platforms to water sources in good condition

4th study question. FIRE HYDRANT AND FIRE COLUMN. FIRE HYDROELEVATOR G 600 A. FIRE SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR WATER NETWORKS AND FACILITIES ON THEM.

TYPES OF FIRE HYDRANTS: 1. underground 2. above ground UNDERGROUND HYDRANTS are installed in special wells, closed with a lid. The fire column is screwed onto the underground hydrant only when it is used. ABOVE GROUND HYDRANT is located above the surface of the earth with a column z fixed on it (considering the climatic features of Russia, it has not received distribution). The main requirements for hydrans are to ensure a QUICK START OF WATER and their NON-FREEZE

INSTALLATION OF THE COLUMN ON THE HYDRANT is carried out by rotating it clockwise. OPENING OF THE HYDRANT AND VALVES OF THE COLUMN is carried out by rotating (counterclockwise), respectively, the socket wrench and the handwheel REMOVE THE COLUMN FROM THE HYDRANT ONLY WHEN THE HYDRANT VALVE IS CLOSED

FIRE SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR FIRE HYDRANTS, COLUMNS AND HYDROELEVATORS (Federal Law of the Russian Federation of July 22, 2008 N 123 FZ "Technical Regulations on Fire Safety Requirements"): Article 127. General requirements for fire hydrants and columns 1. Fire hydrants must be installed on external water supply networks and provide water supply for fire extinguishing purposes. 2. Fire columns should provide the possibility of opening (closing) underground hydrants and connecting fire hoses for taking water from water supply networks and supplying it for fire fighting purposes. 3. Mechanical forces on the controls of the shut-off devices of the fire column at operating pressure should not exceed 150 Newtons. Article 131 2. Fire suction screens must be capable of filtering water drawn from open bodies of water and preventing the ingress of solid particles that could cause pump failure. Fire suction screens must be equipped with check valves.

DIVISIONS OF THE STATE FIRE-FIGHTING SERVICE (SFS) CARRY OUT CONTROL OVER THE PROPER MAINTENANCE OF FIRE-FIGHTING WATER SUPPLY EQUIPMENT and have the right to require in the prescribed manner from the heads of enterprises and institutions the elimination of malfunctions of fire-fighting water supply facilities, the construction of fire reservoirs and water supply networks with fire hydrants in accordance with the requirements of the FIRE FIGHTING RULES MODE B RUSSIAN FEDERATION. FIRE DEPARTMENTS ARE GRANTED THE RIGHT TO CONTROL THE TECHNICAL CONDITION OF FIRE HYDRANTS UNDER MANDATORY COMPLIANCE WITH THE FOLLOWING CONDITIONS: Checking (testing) of hydrants with the launch of water is allowed only at positive outside temperatures; At temperatures from 0 to -20 o. C, only an external inspection of the hydrant is allowed without letting water into the hydrant riser; Opening the covers of the well at an outdoor temperature below -20 o. C in order to avoid heat loss of the well itself is prohibited; In all cases, during checks, it is prohibited to use a socket wrench to open the hydrant.

EACH FIRE STATION MUST HAVE A DIRECTORY IN THE SERVICE AREA THE LOCATION OF IDRANTS AND THEIR TECHNICAL CONDITION. CONTROL OF THE TECHNICAL CONDITION OF THE FIRE COLUMNS IS CARRIED OUT BY AN EXTERNAL INSPECTION DURING THE CHANGE OF SENTRY, WITH A CHECK OF THE SAFETY OF THREADED CONNECTIONS AND CLOSURE OF THE VALVES. ONCE A YEAR THE COLUMNS ARE SUBJECTED TO HYDRAULIC TESTING UNDER PRESSURE OF 1 MPA (10 KGS / CM 2). THIS IS NOT ALLOWED TO LEAKAGE WATER THROUGH THE OIL SEALS.

FIRE SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR WATER NETWORKS AND FACILITIES ON THEM (SP 8. 13130. 2009. "Code of rules. Fire protection systems. Sources of external fire water supply. Fire safety requirements") Ø Fire hydrants should be provided along roads at a distance of no more than 2, 5 m from the edge of the carriageway, but not closer than 5 m from the walls of buildings; it is allowed to have hydrants on the roadway. Ø Fire hydrants should be installed on the annular sections of water lines. It is allowed to install hydrants on dead-end water supply lines with the adoption of measures against freezing of water in them. Ø The arrangement of fire hydrants on the water supply network should ensure fire extinguishing of any building, structure or part of it served by this network from at least two hydrants at a water flow rate for external fire extinguishing of 15 l / s or more and one at a water flow rate of less than 15 l / s, taking into account laying hose lines with a length not exceeding that specified in paragraph 9. 11 on paved roads. Ø Fire hydrants must be in good condition, and in winter they must be insulated and cleared of snow and ice. Roads and access roads to sources of fire-fighting water supply must ensure the passage of fire equipment to them at any time of the year.

At hydrants and reservoirs (water sources), as well as in the direction of movement towards them, appropriate SIGNS must be installed (volumetric with a lamp or flat, made using reflective coatings that are resistant to atmospheric precipitation and solar radiation). THEY SHOULD BE CLEARLY APPLIED WITH NUMBERS INDICATING THE DISTANCE TO THE WATER SOURCE FIRE SAFETY SIGNS ACCORDING TO GOST R 12. 4. 026 2001 FIRE HYDRANT FIRE WATER SOURCE At the locations of underground fire hydrants. The sign must have numbers indicating the distance from the sign to the hydrant in meters At the location of a fire reservoir or pier for fire trucks Location indicators (obsolete) a) fire hydrant; b) fire reservoir

REQUIREMENTS FOR OPERATION OF FIRE HYDRANTS IN WINTER TIME: PREPARATION OF FIRE-FIGHTING WATER SUPPLY FOR OPERATION IN WINTER CONDITIONS IS CARRIED OUT: urban water supply during the autumn inspection by mobile teams (departments); object water supply during the autumn inspection by the water supply services of the objects. PREPARATION OF FIRE-FIGHTING WATER SUPPLY FOR OPERATION IN WINTER CONDITIONS INCLUDES: pumping out water from fire hydrant risers and sealing drain holes with wooden plugs; at a steady sub-zero outdoor temperature, pumping out water from the wells of hydrants filled above the level of the riser; fire hydrants subject to flooding by groundwater and meltwater are taken into special account by linear sections and district fire departments with a mandatory mark in the book of fire water supply checks, subsequent monitoring of their condition, pumping water from risers after thaws (if necessary) and mandatory transfer of information to district fire departments; filling wells of hydrants with a special heat-insulating filler.

PROHIBITED: use fire hydrants, fire reservoirs for other purposes; carry out the reconstruction of fire water supply networks, connect consumers, install water meters on the networks of the unified fire water supply, liquidate and turn off fire hydrants, water bodies without coordination with the State Fire Service.

3. FIRE-FIGHTING WATER SUPPLY TO SETTLEMENTS AND INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES

3.1 Classifications of water supply systems

Water supply system- a complex of interconnected devices and structures that provide consumers with water in the required quantity and quality. The water supply system includes devices and facilities for water intake from a water supply source, its transportation; processing, storage, supply regulation and distribution between consumers.

Water supply scheme- the consistent location of these structures from the source to the consumer, their relative position relative to each other.

Water supply systems should be designed in accordance with the requirements for the design of external networks and water supply facilities, as well as other regulatory and technical recommendations and requirements for water by consumers. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account local conditions, the diversity of which leads to the fact that the water supply system of any object is unique and unrepeatable in its own way.

The whole variety of water supply systems encountered in practice is classified according to the following main features:

- by appointment: household and drinking; fire fighting; production; agricultural. The listed types of systems can be both independent and combined. Systems are combined if the requirements for water quality are the same or it is economically beneficial;

- by the nature of the natural sources used: systems receiving water from surface sources (rivers, lakes, reservoirs, seas, oceans); systems that take water from underground sources (artesian, ground); mixed nutrition systems (when using various types of water sources);

- on a territorial basis(coverage): local (single object) or local; group or district, serving a group of objects; off-site; intrasite;

- according to the methods of water supply: gravity (gravitational); pressure (with mechanical water supply using pumps); combined;

- according to the frequency of use of consumed water(for enterprises): direct-flow (single use); with consistent use of water (two or three times); circulating (repeated use of water, carried out according to a closed, semi-closed scheme or with the discharge of part of the water - blowing); combined;

- by types of serviced objects: urban; settlement; industrial; agricultural; railway, etc.;

- according to the method of delivery and distribution of water: centralized; decentralized; combined.

Water supply systems in settlements are usually centralized. At the same time, depending on local conditions and economic feasibility, they can be separate - with their own sources of water supply for each of the zones (residential or industrial) - or combined - with a common source of water supply for both zones (Fig. 3.1).

Figure 3.1 - Water supply systems: A - centralized separate; b - centralized united; V - combined: 1 - water intake structure; 2 - pumping station NS-1; 3 - treatment facilities; 4 - clean water tanks; 5 - NS-N; 6 - water tower; 7 - conduits; 8 - distribution water supply network; 9 - settlement; 10 - production area.

Decentralized (local) water supply systems are built for individual remote local consumers or a group of buildings, as well as settlements scheduled for resettlement.

According to the reliability or degree of provision of water supply, centralized water supply systems are divided into three categories (Table 3.1).

Water supply systems (water pipelines) used simultaneously for household and (or) industrial water supply and for extinguishing fires, or a special fire-fighting water supply can be of low or high pressure (Fig. 3.2):

a) with the supply of water from the water supply network through low-pressure hydrants (if there is a fire station, the necessary pressure is provided using fire trucks or motor pumps);

b) in the absence of a fire station, the pressure is created by stationary fire pumps installed in pumping stations, while the network pipes must be selected taking into account the increase in pressure during a fire.

Figure 3.2 - Fire extinguishing schemes from the water supply: A - low pressure; b - high pressure

A special fire-fighting water supply system can be arranged with water supply directly from fire-fighting tanks or natural reservoirs (rivers, lakes, ponds); the necessary pressure is provided by fire trucks or motor pumps.

In settlements with a population of more than 5 thousand people, fire water supply should be of low pressure. Fire-fighting water supply for settlements with a population of up to 5 thousand people is also allowed from natural or artificial reservoirs or reservoirs with water taken from them by fire pumps or motor pumps. In this case, the required number of reservoirs or reservoirs is determined based on the fact that the radius of their action should not exceed when extinguishing a fire: by car pumps - 200 m, motor pumps - 100-150 m. The volume of each reservoir must be calculated for the water flow required to extinguish the fire within 3 hours. Replenish fire tanks from the drinking water supply. The choice of a fire water supply system is justified by technical and economic calculations. For settlements with a population of up to 50 people, when building with one-two-story buildings, as well as for detached industrial buildings of I and II degrees of fire resistance with a volume of up to 1000 m 3, fire water supply can not be provided.

An approximate scheme of water supply for a settlement is shown in fig. 3.3.

Figure 3.3 - Scheme of water supply of a settlement when using a surface water source: 1 - source of water supply; 2 - water intake structure; 3 - pumping station of the 1st lift; 4 - water treatment plant; 5 - clean water tank (RCV); 6 - pumping station of the second lift; 7 - pressure-control structure (water tower); 8 - distribution network of the settlement; 9 - gravity conduits; 10 - pressure conduits, 11 - suction conduits, 12 - pressure of pumps I lift, 13 - pressure of pumps I lift, 14 - line of free pressure in the distribution network.

3.2 Plumbing for outdoor fire fighting

Water supply schemes are performed depending on the nature of the water supply, which must serve fire needs, and its purpose.

According to the method of creating pressure, fire water pipelines are:

1) high pressure, which are divided into:

a) constant high pressure water pipes;

b) high pressure, increased only during a fire. In this case, the pressure in the water supply network is sufficient to directly supply water to extinguish fires from hydrants installed on the network (without the help of imported pumps);

2) low pressure(water supply for extinguishing from imported pumps).

Fire fighting pipeline of constant high pressure rarely satisfied due to the high material costs of creating a water supply network serving only fire needs, and the need for a high water tower or a separate pneumatic installation.

Fire-fighting high-pressure water supply, increased only during a fire, arrange mainly at stationery plants, large oil refineries and other industrial facilities characterized by a high fire hazard,

The fire-fighting water supply of high pressure, which is increased during a fire, is combined with the drinking water supply of industrial enterprises. The pressure for fire extinguishing increases only in the utility and drinking network; in the industrial water supply system, the pressure remains unchanged at this time, therefore, during a fire, production processes that require constant pressure in the network are not disturbed. The construction of fire-fighting water pipelines, combined with domestic and drinking ones, is also expedient because the economic network, as a rule, is more branched than the industrial one, and covers the largest part of the object's territory. With such water supply systems, external fire extinguishing can be carried out directly from hydrants without imported pumps, and internal fire water supply is provided by a device in the building of fire risers with fire hydrants. At the same time, the water tower is arranged with a height sufficient for gravity water supply to extinguish a fire from internal fire hydrants (in the initial stage of a fire). The tank of the water tower during a fire after starting the fire pump is turned off by an automatic device, since the pressure developed by the fire pump exceeds the height of the water tank.

A high-pressure fire-fighting water supply system, combined with an industrial water supply system, is arranged in rare cases when, in case of a fire, it is necessary to supply all the amount of water necessary for production needs under high pressure (as a rule, this amount is significant).

Low pressure fire water supply, combined with a utility and drinking water supply system, is calculated in such a way that during a fire only the amount of water supplied increases, while the pressure in the network is maintained at least 10 m. With low pressure water supply systems, it is not required to turn off the water tower or counter-reservoir during a fire. Such water pipelines are widespread in cities and towns, where there are no other networks, except for household ones. The selection of water for extinguishing fires from such water supply systems is carried out using imported fire pumps (car pumps, motor pumps, etc.).

Low-pressure fire water supply, combined with industrial water supply, is arranged in industries where fire consumption, compared to production, is small and does not affect the pressure of the production water supply. However, if for fire needs it is necessary to start an additional pump, a decrease in pressure in the network is possible, which is not always allowed by the requirements of the technology. With the considered scheme of the water supply system, water is taken for external fire extinguishing from the network of the combined low-pressure industrial and fire water supply system, and internal fire extinguishing is carried out from internal economic and industrial water supply systems. Such a scheme is rational, because the internal network in this case supplies water both for household and drinking needs and for the needs of internal fire extinguishing.

Fire water pipelines are sometimes combined simultaneously with domestic and industrial water supply systems. In this case, the water supply network is unified, and water pipes can be of high and low pressure.

The above schemes of fire water pipelines are used in various combinations. The choice of one or another scheme depends on the nature of the production, the territory it occupies, the characteristics of the fire hazard of production, the flow rate of water supply sources and technical and economic indicators, as well as the local conditions of the object in question.

With high production water consumption, in some cases it is more rational to have a high-pressure fire-fighting water supply system combined with a drinking water supply system.

If a low-pressure fire water supply system is acceptable for an object, then it can be combined with a production one, provided that the water supply network of buildings and structures on the territory of the object is sufficiently covered.

The choice of the water supply scheme is influenced by the characteristics of the internal fire water supply, sprinkler-drencher equipment, as well as stationary fire extinguishing installations. In addition, when choosing a fire-fighting water supply, it is necessary to consider whether there is a fire brigade at or near the facility.

Low-pressure water pipelines can only be constructed if there are fire brigades with mobile fire pumps at the facility or in its immediate vicinity. It is advisable to install high-pressure water pipelines in the absence of a fire brigade or in the absence of mobile fire pumps to supply the full estimated amount of water to extinguish a fire (for example, at objects remote from settlements). When choosing a water supply scheme, it is necessary to take into account the technical and economic indicators of the technical solution option, including capital investments and operating costs of the water supply system.

Table 3.2 gives the characteristics of fire water pipelines, reflecting the advantages and disadvantages of the options when choosing a rational scheme.

Table 3.2 - Advantages and disadvantages of options for fire water supply schemes

continuation of table 3.2

3.3 Internal fire water supply

Internal plumbing must provide water for the formation of jets necessary for extinguishing a fire. This requires the installation of a water tower with a certain supply of water, continuous operation of pumps, or a pneumatic water supply device that replaces the water tower.

The influence of the requirements of an internal fire water supply system on the choice of an external water supply scheme can be shown by an example. Let's assume that the fire water pipeline can be made according to the low pressure scheme and combined with the industrial water supply system that supplies untreated water (not suitable for household and drinking needs). The question arises: to which water supply system can the internal fire network be connected?

In the case of combining an internal fire network with a production one, it is necessary to take into account the effect of an increase in pressure in the network on the operation of an external industrial water supply system, based on the condition of extinguishing a fire from internal fire hydrants. If the required pressure for the production water supply is small, and the flow rate is high and the pressure for extinguishing through internal taps is greater than the production pressure, then it is not advisable to combine the internal fire water supply with the production one.

3.4 Sprinkler and deluge equipment

sprinkler equipment It is designed to automatically signal a fire and extinguish it. The equipment consists of pipes laid indoors under the ceiling. Sprinklers are installed on the pipes, which automatically open when the room temperature rises to a predetermined limit and supply water to the fire in the form of dripping water jets. The sprinkler system is constantly under water pressure to ensure its supply to the fire site when the sprinkler lock is opened. The water source of sprinkler equipment is the economic fire, industrial fire and other water supply systems, as well as natural water sources and artificial reservoirs.

Depending on the type of water source, the type of water feeder is selected. Typically, sprinkler equipment has two water feeders: auxiliary (automatic) and main. An automatic water feeder (water tank, hydropneumatic installation, water supply) supplies water and the installation until the main water feeder is switched on. Pumping and power equipment, water pipes and spare tanks are used as the main water feeder. Pipelines of sprinkler equipment in standby mode are filled with water or air, depending on the air temperature in the room. Distribution networks of sprinkler equipment are divided into independent sections (usually a section protects a room or floor of a building) with dead-end or ring piping. Drop water jets are formed when water leaves the sprinkler at a head of at least 5 m.

Deluge Equipment is intended for automatic or manual fire extinguishing in rooms by irrigation with drip water jets on the estimated area of the building. Deluge equipment is also used to create water curtains in door or window openings, irrigate individual elements of process equipment, etc. Such equipment is used for fire hazardous facilities where rapid fire spread is possible. When burning flammable substances and liquids, deluge equipment localizes the fire (restrains the development of the fire), allows firefighters to approach the fire and prevents the spread of fire to neighboring objects. The device of deluge equipment is similar to sprinkler equipment, only instead of sprinklers, deluges are installed on the distribution network (sprinklers without a fusible lock) and the water supply is automatically turned on at the command of a fire detector that reacts to one of the factors accompanying a fire (heat, smoke, flame).

Stationary installations of local action are used to extinguish fires in certain sections of technological installations of a particularly high fire hazard, when the use of sprinkler-drencher equipment is ineffective. The extinguishing effect in this case is achieved by the instantaneous supply of a large amount of water to the fire in a short period of time. Extinguishing the flame of solid combustible materials and liquids in this case is achieved as a result of the supply of sprayed or misty water jets. For the formation of such jets, special sprinklers are used, into which water is supplied under high pressure (up to 1 MPa).

Water-foam fire extinguishing installations used to extinguish the flames of flammable and combustible liquids. These installations are most widely used in fire protection systems in the chemical, petrochemical and other industries where oil and natural gas are extracted and processed. The extinguishing agent in such installations is foam, which is obtained from a 4-6% aqueous solution of foam concentrates. Foam installations have a sprinkler or deluge design. In terms of their design, they are similar to stationary water fire extinguishing installations. The difference is that the sprinklers are replaced with foam sprinklers, and the drenchers are replaced with foam generators. In addition, the water feeders of foam installations are additionally equipped with dispensers for introducing the required amount of foam concentrate into the water flow.

3.5 Fire monitor settings

Fire monitors are used to supply and control water or foam jets of high power. For this purpose, high-capacity fire monitors (up to 100 l / s) are installed on special towers, roofs of buildings or sites and connected to a special high-pressure fire-fighting water supply.

Fire monitors are designed to extinguish fires in timber and lumber warehouses, on high-tech technological equipment (for example, distillation and vacuum columns of oil refineries), as well as warehouses with liquefied combustible gas. For the operational operation of the fire monitor, a quick-acting valve for turning on and off the fluid supply from the water supply is provided.

Carriage installations come with manual and automated drive. The above schemes determine only the composition and relative position of the elements of the water supply system. The dimensions of individual structures and installations, the number and power of pumps, the capacity of tanks, the height and capacity of water towers, pipe diameters are calculated depending on the flow rate of the supplied water and the operating mode planned for them.

The main factor determining the parameters of the operation of the elements of the water supply system is the mode of water consumption by the consumers that this system serves. Unlike many engineering systems calculated but in advance known and given loads, water supply systems must take into account the continuously changing mode of water supply, therefore, when designing water supply systems, accurate forecasting of water consumption is necessary.

For industrial enterprises, water consumption for production needs is set in accordance with the technological regulations for water consumption. It is more difficult to predict water consumption in settlements, since water consumption by the population is determined by a number of factors related to the way of life and labor activity of people.