Account 25 of accounting is an active account “General production expenses”, intended to reflect the amounts of expenses for servicing the main and auxiliary production of the enterprise. Using standard postings and practical examples for dummies, we will study the specifics of using account 25, the procedure for allocating costs and closing an account.
Like all expense accounts, it is active and has no balance at the end of the reporting period. Expenses on account 25 are indirect, that is, it takes into account costs the cost of which cannot be directly attributed to specific types of products.
The list of expenses collected on account 25 contains the following expenses:
- employee salaries;
- administrative expenses;
- business trips;
- insurance premiums;
- maintenance of production equipment;
- maintenance and repair of buildings, production systems;
- maintenance of production facilities;
- production losses, etc.
Analytical accounting of overhead costs is broken down by department and cost item.
The account may not be used if the organization has a limited number of items produced. In this case, it is sufficient to use accounts 20 and 23. But for many organizations, the use of indirect costs is more profitable from the point of view of calculating profit.
To calculate the profit, direct and indirect costs are taken. Indirect expenses, including account 25, are written off completely, which reduces income tax.
Amounts on account 25 do not participate in the formation of cost; they are written off to accounts 20, 23 and 29. The write-off methodology and distribution procedure are fixed by the enterprise in its accounting policies.
Subaccounts
Sub-accounts can be opened to the “General production expenses” account:
- 25.01 — “Maintenance and operation of equipment”;
- 25.02 — “General shop expenses.”
In this case, the first subaccount takes into account and monitors the implementation of the cost estimate for maintaining and ensuring the operability of the equipment. For construction organizations, this equipment is construction machines and other mechanisms.
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General production (general shop) expenses include the costs of management and maintenance of structural units of the main and auxiliary production.
Cost Allocation
Costs of account 25 are distributed to accounts 20, 23 and 29 by type of product in proportion to the established base. The distribution base for indirect costs is determined in accordance with methodological recommendations developed for various industries.
The choice of distribution methodology from an accounting perspective is selected depending on the reporting purposes. The least labor-intensive method is most often used - the distribution of indirect costs by a common base.
Typical postings for account 25
Postings to account 25 “General production expenses”
Example 1
The Avest company incurred the following expenses in July 2016:
- salary of the management staff - 315,000 rubles;
- contributions to extra-budgetary funds - 94,500 rubles;
- utilities - 98,000 rubles;
- depreciation of the industrial building - 31,000 rubles.
The accountant reflects these transactions with postings:
Example 2
Let's consider an example of the distribution of costs of account 25 between workshops.
The KapStroyProekt company has 3 production workshops. The costs of each workshop are directly allocated to specific types of products or distributed among other types of products in proportion to individual types of expenses.
Let’s assume that the enterprise “KapStroyProekt” incurred general production costs for a certain reporting period:
- for the maintenance of buildings for general industrial purposes - 180,000 rubles;
- for labor protection - 90,000 rubles;
- for the salaries of shop managers - 310,000 rubles;
- for awards to “excellent production workers” - 120,000 rubles.
The total amount of these costs is distributed among the three workshops in accordance with the direct costs in each workshop. Employees' salaries:
- workshop No. 1 - 220,000 rubles;
- workshop No. 2 - 400,000 rubles;
- workshop No. 3 - 105,000 rubles.
Direct costs by workshop:
- workshop No. 1 - 60,000 rubles;
- workshop No. 2 - 80,000 rubles;
- workshop No. 3 - 40,000 rubles.
In accordance with the accounting policy of the organization, shop expenses are distributed between shops in proportion to the costs incurred:
- For the period under review, the total amount of shop expenses was: 180,000 + 90,000 + 310,000 + 120,000 = 700,000 rubles;
- Costs for all workshops were: 220,000 + 400,000 + 105,000 + 60,000 + 80,000 + 40,000 = 905,000 rubles.
We calculate the distribution coefficient:
- Shop No. 1: (220,000 + 60,000)/905,000* 100 = 31%
- Shop No. 2: (400,000 + 80,000)/905,000 * 100 = 53%
- Shop No. 3: (105,000 + 40,000)/905,000 * 100 = 16%
We calculate the distribution of overhead costs between workshops:
- Workshop No. 1: 700,000 * 31% = 217,000 rubles;
- Workshop No. 2: 700,000 * 53% = 371,000 rubles;
- Workshop No. 3: 700,000 * 16% = 112,000 rubles.
Closing the 25th account will be reflected by the following transactions:
Conclusion
25 account is quite rarely used in business activities. This account is used as an intermediate link in determining the cost of production. Like all expense accounts, the account is revolving - that is, it has no balances at the end of the period.
From the point of view of economic activity, the allocation of general production costs is justified for industrial enterprises that have a branched structure of main and auxiliary production. All other organizations can get by with 26 counts.
The summarization of financial accounting data at the end of the reporting period is carried out in the account “Financial result of current activities”. It opens when there is no direct correspondence between the financial and management accounting accounts. The account "Financial result of current activities" is used to determine the financial result of current business activities, and the overall final financial result is determined in the account "Profits and losses".
The account “Financial result of current activities” is compiled at the end of the reporting period and after determining the balance of the accounts opened in financial accounting. In the debit of this account, the balances of inventory items at the beginning of the reporting period and the amount of their markdown at the end of the reporting period are recorded in correspondence with the credit of the inventory accounts and markdown reserves determined based on inventory data. Next, debit balances from all expense accounts are written off to the debit of the “Financial result of current activities” account. The credit balances of the income accounts, as well as the balances of inventory at the end of the reporting period and the amount of depreciation of inventories at the beginning of the reporting period are transferred to the credit of the “Financial result of current activities” account.
The balance of the "Financial result of current activities" account shows the overall result of business activities, which at the end of the reporting period is transferred to the "Profit and Loss" account.
The debit of the “Financial result of current activities” account may include expenses that represent capital costs (work performed by the enterprise for itself) or are covered by specially formed reserves.
To determine the real result of economic activity, these expenses must be subtracted from the total amount of expenses reflected on the debit of the “Financial result of current activities” account, which is done by reflecting the cost of such work on the credit of the same account in correspondence with the debit of the “Work performed by the enterprise for itself” account " and "Expenses covered by previously created reserves."
The account “Work performed by the enterprise for itself” shows expenses not for the production and sale of products, but for the acquisition or construction of new assets of the enterprise. The amount of expenses that are taken into account in management accounting is the cost of property. Such expenses are written off to the debit of the “Buildings” and “Production Equipment” accounts from the credit of the “Work performed by the enterprise for itself” account.
The "Expenses covered by previously created reserves" account shows what amount must be deducted from the total amount of expenses reflected in the "Financial result of current activities" account, because it is already included in expenses when creating a reserve for these items. Let's consider two options for accounting for costs covered by reserve funds. Business transaction Amount, den. units A reserve was created for costs and losses 8000 Costs were incurred that were covered from the reserve funds 6000 Costs were covered from the reserve funds 6000 Closing expense accounts at the end of the reporting period 8000
Option 1 Debit accounts Credit accounts Amount, den. units Contributions to reserves for the reporting period
Expenses covered by
reserve funds
Provision for expenses and losses
Expenses covered by reserve funds
Contributions to reserves for the reporting period 8000 6000 6000 8000 Option 2 Debit accounts Credit accounts Amount, monetary units. Contributions to reserves for the reporting period
Expenses covered by
reserve funds
Provision for expenses and losses
Financial result of current activities Reserve for costs and losses Settlements with suppliers, cash register and other accounts
Financial result of current activities
Contributions to reserves for the reporting period
Expenses covered by
reserve funds
Total: 8000
6000
6000
800
6000 14 000
Reflection on the credit of the account “Financial result of current activities” of expenses for the production of depreciable property and expenses covered by previously created reserves allows us to determine the real expenses related to the economic activities of the enterprise and the amount of these expenses separately. Let's make entries in the account "Financial result of current activities" using the data specified in the previous paragraphs. Business transaction Amount, den. units Expenses for the purchase of inventories 15,000 Balance of inventories of inventories at the beginning 50,000 of the reporting period Balance of inventories of inventories at the end of 80,000 of the reporting period Reserve for markdown of inventories of inventories: 3,000 at the beginning of the reporting period at the end of the reporting period 5,000 Personnel costs 53,500 Transportation costs 1,000 Administration building maintenance costs 3,000 Taxes and fees 2,000 Sales 120,000 Financial transaction costs 20 Production subsidies 15,000 Supplier discounts 10,000 Rent received 20,000 Bad debt costs 2,000 Depreciation of property 25,000 Expense s for insurance 200
Financial result of current activities D.K. 1. 50000 2. 80000 3. 25000 5 3000 4. 200 14.120000 6. 5000 15. 15000 7. 15000 16. 10000 8. 53500 17. 20000 9. 1000 10. 3000 11. 2000 12.2000 13.20 Turnover: 156720 Turnover: 248800 From to: 91280
Procurement of inventory items"
D 1C
From-to: 15000 7. 15000
Based on the given data, we will draw up a diagram of entries in the “Financial result of current activities” account. Scheme of entries in financial accounting accounts at the end of the reporting period
Inventories of inventory items D.K. 14. 120000 | From-to: 120000 From-to: 50000 2. 80000 1.50000 From-to: 80000
Sales
To
d.
Personnel costs
TO.
Subsidies for production D.K.D. S-to: 15000
8. 53500
15. 15000
From-to: 53500 Taxes and fees Suppliers' discount
d.
K.D.K. 16. 10000
From to: 2000 I 11.2000 Transport costs
From to: 10000
d.
Rent receipt K.D.K. S-to: 1000
9.1000
17. 20000
C-to: 20000 Reserve for markdown of inventories of inventory items D.K.
Expenses for the maintenance of the administrative building D.K. 5. 3000
From to: 3000
10. 3000
From to: 3000
6.5000 From-to: 5000 Depreciation of property
- Expenses for bad debts
D.
TO.
d. ^
From to: 25000
3.25000
From to: 2000 J 12.2000
Insurance costs
d.
Expenses for financial transactions K.D.K. S-to: 20
13. 20
4.200
C-to: 200 After closing the accounts for accounting expenses and income, the financial result of the reporting period was established, which amounted to 91,280 den. units
More on topic 3.10.5. Closing accounts for accounting expenses, income and determining the financial result of current activities:
- 17.3. Audit of equipment safety and correctness of its reflection in accounting accounts
- 18.5. Audit of recording transactions related to accruals and deductions from employees’ wages in accounting accounts and in accounting registers
Closing a period (month) often causes certain difficulties for accountants. Moreover, the main questions arise when closing costly accounts. In this article V.N. Khomichevskaya, an independent consultant, analyzes the causes of emerging problems, talks about the technology for closing cost accounts and provides practical recommendations for choosing options for setting up accounting policies depending on the characteristics of the organization’s activities (production, performance of work or provision of services), needs for accounting data using the example of a program "1C: Accounting 8" (rev. 3.0).
Perhaps the most common reason for users to turn to the support line and simply to 1C consultants is problems with closing the month, and this mainly relates specifically to the process of closing expense accounts.
And, despite a fairly large range of errors in specific databases (of course, specific organizations with their own characteristics of activity and accounting), it should be noted that all these errors have a single source of origin. This is the stage of initial database settings, in particular, working with settings Accounting policy.
Incorrectness may consist either simply in a technical error in choosing one or another accounting method, or in the inconsistency of the chosen method with the realities of a particular organization. And often the root cause of this is forced, but unjustified haste when choosing and executing these settings. Although it also happens that the user simply does not imagine the cause-and-effect relationship between one or another “flag” and the consequences, which ultimately manifest themselves at the time of carrying out monthly regulations.
So let's try to figure out what and why.
Why are expense accounts not closed?
You can start from the end. By a deductive, so to speak, method, remembering with the kind words of the most brilliant detective Sherlock Holmes.
So, how is the problem most often formulated?
The expense account is not closed.
This “unclosedness” can either be indicated as an error when performing the Month Closing processing, or (if the processing is “silent”) discovered by the user himself when examining the turnover balance sheet generated after carrying out the regulations as the final balance on the cost account.
And by what account?
The difference starts here.
Cost accounts close two routine transactions. One of them is responsible for accounts 20, 23, 25, 26, the second - for account 44 (see Fig. 1).
The second one is easier to understand, so let's start with it.
Account 44 “Distribution costs”
If after the close of the month you see an account balance of 44.01, there may be two reasons for this. The first is the absence of sales of goods (revenue) from trade operations, the second is the balance of transportation costs.
In the first case, the entire debit turnover on the distribution costs account for the month will not be closed, and then it becomes necessary to check whether all sales transactions have been entered into the database.
But if the write-off of distribution costs did not occur in full, create a balance sheet for account 44.01, check which cost items included the unwritten off amounts, and then clarify what type of tax accounting expenses is tied to these cost items. If these are “transport costs,” then the algorithm for the regulatory operation did everything as it should, that is, it calculated the amount of transport costs for the delivery of goods from the supplier in proportion to the amount of goods still remaining in the warehouse. If you find an error in this, check whether the binding of these directory elements is correct Expenditures to transport costs. If necessary, correct and re-post all documents, and close the month again.
Cost accounts 20, 23, 25, 26
Let's now look at closing accounts of direct and indirect costs for production and provision of services or performance of work.
There will be much more control questions that will lead us to the correct result. And in justifying one or another accounting method, it will be necessary to include such indicators as the duration of the production cycle, the need to calculate the cost of production, including or excluding administrative expenses, the presence or absence of the need to calculate the cost of a unit of services provided, accounting for serial products (or services), etc. The following standard configuration objects will be used: Accounting policy, reference books Nomenclature groups And Nomenclature, Cost Items etc. All these data and settings should “make friends” with each other in accordance with the specifics of your organization. And then the result of closing the month will invariably please (at least in technical terms).
First, I would like to talk about the situation with the “non-closure” of indirect expense accounts - 25 and 26.
For novice users - accountants of small firms - the problem of the balance on these accounts is often associated with the methodology for closing monthly transactions in general and a lack of understanding of the technology for closing the month in the program. The illusion is that if the balance sheet needs to be formed once a quarter, then the month can be closed according to the same “schedule”.
However, no! Closing the month is the closing of the MONTH, so that all operations required by these regulations are carried out monthly. In particular, the general production and general expenses accounts we are considering should not have a balance at the end of the month. If you close the month only for the last month of the quarter, then it will not become the closing of the quarter, and the accumulated indirect expenses of the first two months will not be written off.
If, in this regard, complete mutual understanding has been reached with the program, and you are closing exactly the month, but, nevertheless, difficulties arise with closing indirect expenses, which processing reports during execution as an error, then most likely (and it will report program) there is an incorrectness in register filling Methods for allocating indirect costs- an important component Accounting policy. And this is not so much an incorrectness from a technical point of view, as a discrepancy between the option for filling out the register and the realities of your organization.
Two examples:
1. The indicator chosen as the basis for the distribution of indirect costs Salary, which means in the understanding of the program (in the form of a regulatory operation Closing accounts 20, 23, 25, 26), that the basis for distribution will be all amounts of costs for items for which the type of expense for tax accounting is “wages”, allocated to the accounts of direct expenses (20.01 and/or 23). If in this case (and practice knows enough such cases) the wages of the main production workers are attributed to account 25 (that is, to the account for which the distribution was set), then the routine operation simply will not find in account 20.01 the amounts that would serve as the basis for distribution, which it will inform you about, stopping the month-closing process.
2. In the same information register, Issue volume, which means the distribution of indirect costs in proportion to the quantitative indicator of manufactured products. However, unless the production cycle is short, there may well be a month when simply not a single unit of finished product is produced, and therefore there will also be no base for allocating indirect costs.
The summary of these examples is that when choosing methods for allocating indirect costs, you need to treat this not formally, but in accordance with the realities that are specific to your organization.
Now it’s time to answer a few more important questions, the answers to which will determine the chain of necessary initial settings, on which, in turn, the results of executing the regulatory algorithms will depend. These questions are about the activities of the organization and about the information need that exists in the organization and is presented to the data of the 1C: Accounting 8 database (rev. 3.0).
Product release: checking the Accounting Policy settings
We dealt with trading operations above. Now let's talk about the release of products (production) and the provision of services (performance of work).
Let's start with product release. To start with Accounting policy you will need to set the appropriate flag (Fig. 2).
What is the production cycle time?
In contrast to the above example with indirect costs, the question of forming the amounts of work in progress (WIP) will arise.
A short production cycle, as a result of which the products are ready by the end of any month, leaves no balances in the cost account. One typical example of such products is bread baking.
If the production cycle is longer (weeks, months and years), then you should prepare for the fact that the account balance is 20.01 - this is natural. In addition, this residue will gradually accumulate until the product is completely manufactured and released.
In this case, the question should be asked: are the products manufactured serial (for example, furniture) or are there differences, due to which it is important to track the financial result for each product or order (for example, airplanes).
If the products are serial, then with a single product group you will need to enter the amounts of work in progress manually, based on the calculation of released products and products that require completion of the production process. To do this, it is recommended to use the document WIP Inventory, in which you need to reflect the amounts accumulated in unfinished products. They will ultimately become the balance of the account 20.01 carried over to the next month.
The task of calculating and entering WIP balances can, and sometimes should, be simplified by introducing a separate directory element for each product of a long production cycle Nomenclature groups. That is, having practically established the correspondence of the element Nomenclature group element Nomenclatures. In this case, the rule embedded in the algorithm will work: no production output - no write-off of costs accumulated on account 20.01. Thus, you are freed from the need to both calculate the balance of the work in progress and enter it in a special document. And, in addition, as noted above, when you sell a product, you will automatically receive the opportunity to see only the income (revenue) and actual expenses, that is, the financial result.
Production costs: direct or indirect?
The next question is: what is the structure of production costs, which costs are direct and which are indirect?
We have already mentioned above those errors that prevent the month-closing regulations from doing their job of closing indirect expense accounts as they should. It is necessary to clearly understand in which account each cost item should be accounted for. To do this, in particular, it is necessary to know whether this or that cost item can be attributed to direct costs.
An important factor here is that the cost analytics on accounts 20.01 and 23 contains a subaccount Nomenclature groups(unlike account 25, which does not contain this subconto). And the wording “attribution to direct costs” means whether the amounts of costs for certain items can be attributed to specific item groups.
Obviously, the strategy for filling out the directory should “make friends” here Nomenclature groups and the need (and opportunity!) to account for costs as direct ones. For example, if it is necessary to strictly take into account wages as part of the costs of certain types of products, then they should be assigned to a specific product group. If this is labor-intensive and not critical, then it is more convenient to attribute it to account 25 and set the rule for its distribution in the register, which was discussed above.
Separately, those costs that must be considered general economic are determined. They are taken into account in account 26, and the strategy for writing them off should be chosen correctly. If it is important to see the “net” production cost of products, you should choose to include general business expenses in the cost of sales, otherwise, we choose to include in the cost of products, works, services, and then again you should establish a method for distributing these costs and choose the right base (see Fig. .3).
It would probably not be amiss to say that in the listed options, the decisive role is played by the goal, the request for which the 1C: Accounting 8 program was purchased in the first place. If there are no other tasks other than submitting reports, then the most important request of the accountant can be expressed by the wish that, under any circumstances, the processing Closing the month did not find any errors and closed everything that was required. It’s a different matter if (in full accordance with the level of this program) there is a real management request for data on the actual cost, financial result broken down by different types of activities and specific items, then the approach to the combination of settings should be completely different.
So, the next important question.
Production: simple or multi-process?
What is the complexity of production - simple or complex, multi-process? What functional units are included in the production process?
For simple production, it will be enough to take into account the issues and settings listed above. In complex, multi-process production, in which several divisions may be involved, it will also be necessary to determine how semi-finished products transferred from processing to processing will be taken into account (see Fig. 4).
And if the order of redistributions is set manually, then you will have to track possible additions to the list of functional departments. For example, in one month two new branches or divisions appeared in the organization. Until this moment everything was fine and Closing the month worked like clockwork. In the month of the appearance of branches, Closing the month will complain that “the order of divisions has not been established...”. This just means that it is necessary to re-form the list of divisions and select the necessary place for the newly created ones in the technological chain.
By the way, the biggest difficulties are created when, while accounting is already in progress, the list of functional units is redrawn (one or several times). If we take into account the fact that financial results are formed on an accrual basis for the year, and for their accounting costs are important, the analytics for which are divisions, then it is unlikely that reworking the directory of the same name will contribute to high-quality cost accounting, and therefore satisfy the management request.
But miracles do not happen and a high-quality information product from your database will not be born on its own
Both in the production process and in the process of providing services or performing work (which we will discuss in more detail later), with a complex business process diagram or functional structure of an organization, an answer to the following question may be required.
Are services provided to other departments?
We analyze the structure of the organization and determine whether there are divisions that provide services to other own divisions (Fig. 5).
If so, then you need to choose how to evaluate these services. There are two options: either according to the volume (quantity) of services provided, or according to their planned cost. Moreover, the second option contains the first: because the planned cost is just the same volume (quantity), but multiplied by the planned cost per unit of service provided.
At the same time, we willy-nilly involve two more participants in the productive “friendship” of our settings.
The first is the unit of measurement of this service, which for detailed accounting should certainly not be just a piece and always one (and what then to evaluate if it is always one?), but definitely expressed, for example, ton-kilometers when transporting goods.
The second method includes the planned cost per unit of service, and then it must also be economically justified, and not taken from the ceiling.
Of course, the fact of closing accounts will not be affected by the “piece” or “ruble” of the planned cost. But the calculation amounts themselves will definitely be affected.
For an activity such as production, there may be special expenses, called commercial expenses, which are essentially distribution costs, but are associated not with trading activities, but with the sale of products. Therefore, the next question is: does the organization have commercial expenses? And if they exist, then they are recorded in account 44.02. The program does not provide for any distribution of these costs. They are written off in full to account 90.07.
Performance of work (provision of services)
Now let's turn to activities such as providing services or performing work.
This activity has many similarities with production, including in accounting - the same cost accounts are used, there may be a simple scheme of services or a complex, multi-stage one, a single department may be involved, or perhaps several, etc.
If we also take into account that there is such a type of production - processing of customer-supplied raw materials, which is considered a service, but at the same time can represent a completely serious production, then it becomes clear that the border between production and services is quite blurred.
Therefore, in many ways, the above nuances of the initial settings for production certainly apply to services.
The main difference is that the result of production is material - the completion of the process is the appearance of finished products in the warehouse. You can’t put the service in a warehouse. And the fact of completion of the service process, its implementation is the signing of the act by the customer.
In this regard, the question arises: are your services manufacturing, that is, similar in accounting to the production of goods?
What signs of “similarity” are meant? First of all, this is the need to account for a unit of services at a planned cost. If such a need exists, then, firstly, the service (by analogy with a product) must be correctly assigned a unit of measurement and the size of the planned cost, and, secondly, a document must be used to reflect its implementation Act on the provision of production services.
This positioning of the service makes it possible to obtain a cost estimate for a unit of service, which also makes it similar to activities such as production.
If there is no need to account for the service as a production service, then the planned cost is not needed, and other documents are used - Sales of goods and services, or, if there is one service and many clients, a document Provision of services.
The second sign is the need to determine the financial result for individual stages of work or orders? If it is, then you need to consider a strategy for filling out the directory Nomenclature groups.
Closing the month ideally forms the financial result, that is, it takes into account both costs and income (revenue). If there is always revenue, then there are no problems. In the Accounting Policy, you select the appropriate setting (Fig. 6).
Closing the month in PP “1C: Enterprise Accounting 8” ed. 2.0 is entirely dependent on the settings made by the user. Let's look at what settings and how they affect the distribution of collected costs.
Let's turn to the chart of accounts. The following cost accounts are intended to collect the organization's costs:
- Account 20 “Main production”
- Account 23 “Auxiliary proceedings”
- Account 25 “General production expenses”
- Account 26 “General business expenses”
- Account 28 “Defects in production”
- Account 29 “Servicing industries and farms”
- account 44 “Sale expenses”
Diana LLC is engaged in production activities for the production of finished products (account 20) and the provision of transportation services (account 44). The collection of costs and the release of semi-finished products is carried out on account 20 in the item group “Semi-finished products”, finished products - in the item group “Finished Products”. Costs for services provided by the auxiliary unit for the main workshops and administration are reflected in account 23 in the nomenclature group “Services of auxiliary units”.
To distribute general business expenses, the Direct Costing method is used; general business expenses are distributed according to accrued wages.
Necessary system settings for correct cost distribution
First of all, we note that for users to work correctly in the program, “Setting up accounting parameters” must be performed. For a manufacturing enterprise, on the “Types of Activities” tab, it is necessary to set the flag “Production of products, performance of work, provision of services” (Fig. 1).The main settings that affect the closing of the month are made in the “Accounting Policies of the Organization”. It is recommended to set an accounting policy for each year, since some of the settings made in the accounting policy are periodic (for example, the list of direct tax accounting expenses is valid only during the year for which the accounting policy is set, and if the organization has introduced one accounting policy for 2 years, then in the second year all costs when closing the month in tax accounting will be classified as indirect).
What tabs of the “Accounting Policy” affect the closing of the month in accounting?
- General information
- Production
After setting this flag, the “Production”, “Product Output”, “WIP” tabs automatically appear.
On the tab " Production » the parameters for the distribution of accounts 20, 23, 25, 26 are set (Fig. 3).
Cost distribution 20 accounts produced according to sales revenue. In our example, costs on account 20 are collected in the context of two item groups - “Semi-finished products” and “Finished products”. Revenue from sales for both types of activities is also collected by product groups.
Depending on what setting is set for account 20 in the organization’s accounting policy, the program will determine whether account 20 should be closed for a specific analytics. What is important for the program is not the fact of collecting revenue for a specific item group, but how the revenue was collected (by what document).
- When the “At planned prices” flag is set, when closing the month, the revenue collected on account 90.01 by the document “Act on the provision of production services” will serve as the basis for the distribution of costs.
- When the “By revenue” flag is set, when closing the month, the revenue collected in account 90.01 by the document “Sales of goods and services” will serve as the basis for the distribution of costs.
- When the “At planned prices and output volume” flag is set, when closing the month, the revenue collected in account 90.01 by any of the documents will serve as the basis for cost distribution.
For organizations that provide services, the program analyzes not the collection of costs for a specific type of document, but the entries in the accumulation registers that produce these documents:
- at planned prices - the register “Output of products and services at planned prices”, formed by the document “Act on the provision of production services”
- by revenue - the register “Sales of services”, formed by the document “Sales of goods and services”
Note that the settings made in the organization’s accounting policy determine which indicator will be filled in in the document - planned prices or output volume. The “By planned prices and output volume” option allows the user to independently determine in the document which of the two indicators he wants to indicate.
IMPORTANT! The item group account 23 must differ from the item groups for which sales revenue is collected.
Account 23 is the only cost account for which you can specify the direction of distribution. According to the indicated direction, the regulatory operation “Closing accounts 20, 23, 25, 26” will work.
Cost distribution 26 accounts can be done in two ways:
- using the “direct costing” method: at the end of the month, entry Dt 90.08 Kt 26 will be generated and the collected costs will be included in management expenses
- not using the direct costing method: at the end of the month, general business expenses will be included in the cost of products produced or services provided, and the posting Dt 20 Kt 26 will be generated
When choosing the second option, the flag in the “direct costing” field is not set, and using the “Set methods for distributing general production and general business expenses” button, the base for distributing costs account 26 is set.
Cost distribution 25 accounts is carried out according to the base specified by the button “Set methods for distributing general production and general business expenses.”
In the information register “Methods for the distribution of general production and general business expenses” it is necessary to set the time period from which the distribution base, cost account and distribution base are valid (Fig. 4). Please note that in this register you can make detailed settings for each division and each cost item. If this information is not specified, the program will perceive it as a distribution method for all items of the specified cost account.
In the “Distribution base” field (Fig. 5), an indicator is indicated according to which on account 20 the costs of account 25 (and 26 if direct costing is not used) are distributed between item groups.
Please note that among the indicators there is an option “Individual direct cost items”. For this setting, the “List of cost items” field is intended, which indicates the list of cost items by which the indicator for calculating the base will be determined.
Closing 44 accounts is carried out automatically, and the posting Dt 90.07 Kt 44.02 is generated. If in an organization, when collecting costs, a cost item with the type “Transportation costs” appears, then the distribution under this item is made in proportion to the balance of goods. The amount of direct expenses in terms of transportation costs related to the balance of unsold goods is determined by the average percentage for the current month, taking into account the carryover balance at the beginning of the month in the following order:
- the amount of direct expenses attributable to the balance of unsold goods at the beginning of the month and incurred in the current month is determined;
- the cost of purchasing goods sold in the current month and the cost of purchasing the balance of unsold goods at the end of the month are determined;
- the average percentage is calculated as the ratio of the amount of direct expenses (clause 1 of this part) to the cost of goods (clause 2 of this part);
- the amount of direct expenses related to the balance of unsold goods is determined as the product of the average percentage and the cost of the balance of goods at the end of the month” (Article 320, Chapter 25 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).
- responsibility for determining the amount of work in progress falls on the shoulders of the accountant, who enters the document “Inventory of work in progress” and reflects in this document a list of item groups and the amount of costs that should remain in the work in progress.
- the amount of work in progress is determined by the program independently: costs for a product group for which there was no production are regarded as work in progress. At the same time, the accountant can also enter the document “Inventory of work in progress”, assigning an additional amount of costs to work in progress.
Cost distribution using the example of Diana LLC
Let's look at how costs are distributed using the example of Diana LLC. During the month, on account 20, costs were collected for two item groups - “Finished products” and “Semi-finished products” in two production shops (Fig. 7).
The release of finished products and semi-finished products is also reflected in the corresponding product groups in two workshops at the planned cost (for a semi-finished product the planned cost is 14,000 rubles, for finished products 6,500 rubles).
At the end of the month, part of the semi-finished and finished products are sold to the final buyer (Fig. 8).
One unit of finished product, for which costs were written off in Shop 1, remained in work in progress. To reflect this operation, the accountant needs to enter the document “Inventory of work in progress.” The tabular part of the document indicates the nomenclature group of the work in progress and the amount of costs according to accounting and tax accounting data that must be left in work in progress. Please note that no postings are generated when posting a document, but when closing the month, the program will take into account the information specified by the user.
The auxiliary division provided services to Workshop 1, Workshop 2 and the Administration, as a result of which all costs collected in the nomenclature group “Services of auxiliary divisions” were decided to be distributed between these divisions taking into account the coefficients:
Shop 1 - 25 units.
Shop 2 - 22 units.
Administration - 6 units.
Before starting routine processing to close the month, the accountant needs to enter the document “Production Report for the Shift”, indicating in the tabular part of the document exactly where the collected costs should be distributed (Fig. 10).
To “transfer” the costs of invoice 23 to invoices 25 and 26, it is necessary to indicate the cost item to which these costs will “go”, otherwise, at the end of the month, postings Dt 25 Kt 23 and Dt 26 Kt 23 will be generated, and then the distribution of the amount that came with 23 invoices will not be processed. Let's create a separate cost item “Costs of auxiliary production” in order to see what amount of costs was transferred from the auxiliary workshop to other departments.
Let's analyze the collected costs in the accounting accounts and determine how the distribution should be carried out (Fig. 11).
1. When closing the month, all selling expenses will close on account 90.07, i.e. a posting will be generated Dt 90.07 Kt 44.02 in the amount of 1,500 rubles.
2. According to the distribution base specified in the document “Production Report for the Shift” account 23 the entire amount of costs 3,044.4 rubles collected on account 23 should be distributed in 3 areas:
3. According to the accounting policy of the organization expenses 26 bills at the end of the period they are closed on account 90.08 “Administrative expenses”.
Taking into account the costs coming from account 23, the amount of general business expenses will be:
344,65+1 866,4=2 211,05
Thus, when performing the routine operation “Closing accounts 20, 23, 25, 26”, a posting of Dt 90.08 Kt 26 in the amount of 2,211.05 rubles will be generated.
4. When distribution of overhead costs are divided as follows:
- the entire amount of costs within the division is “transferred” from account 25 to account 20
- within the division, on account 20, distribution is made between product groups according to the base specified for the distribution of overhead costs
Do not forget that when distributing general production costs (Fig. 13), it is necessary to take into account the amount of auxiliary production costs that “came” to account 25 when distributed between areas.
The amount of costs for Workshop 1 is 10,876+1,436.04=12,312.04
The amount of costs for Workshop 2 is 6,972+1,263.71=8,235.71
The amount of costs for account 20 before distribution by divisions and product groups is (Fig. 14):
You also need to remember that 2,389 rubles remain in the work in progress for the “Finished Products” product group for the Workshop 1 division.
It turns out that when closing cost accounts, the following costs will be collected on account 20:
Since the postings for writing off the cost of goods sold and semi-finished products were generated at the accounting price, then after all costs have been distributed, these postings must be adjusted to the fact. As can be seen in Fig. 14, the planned price for the production of finished products is 6,500 rubles, for semi-finished products - 14,000 rubles.
Regardless of which workshop produced the finished product or semi-finished product, when released to one warehouse, the cost per unit of production will be calculated as the average between two released units, i.e. (9,197.51+6,597.01)/2=15,794.52/2=7,897, 26 rub.
Cost of 1 piece. semi-finished product will be (21,305.93+21,158.1)/2=21,232.015 rubles.
Thus, entries generated when selling products must be adjusted as follows:
Dt 90.02 Kt 43 Finished products 7,897.26-6,500=1,397.26
Dt 90.02 Kt 43 Semi-finished product 21,232.015-14,000=7,232.015
Please note that in our example, for each division in the context of product groups, the production of only 1 unit of product was reflected, therefore the entire amount of collected costs was distributed to this unit. How is distribution made between released products if different product items are released within one division for the same product group?
PP "1C: Enterprise Accounting 8" distribution of costs between manufactured products is carried out in proportion to the volume of output, i.e. costs are collected using the “pot” method and distributed in equal terms across all manufactured products. It turns out that the cost per unit of products of different types within the combination “Division + Product group” is the same.
Closing cost accounts
Closing the costs of account 44 is carried out by the regulatory operation “Closing account 44 “Distribution costs” (Fig. 15).
Let's consider the results obtained by the regulatory operation “Closing accounts 20, 23, 25, 26” (Fig. 16).
If we analyze the entire distribution of costs, it will become obvious that the distribution of the same cost accounts is made several times, for example, when distributing general business expenses, the posting Dt 90.08 Kt 26 is first generated for the amount of costs collected during the month. Next, part of the costs of auxiliary production comes to account 26, after which Dt 90.08 Kt 26 is re-distributed to the amount of costs received from account 23.
Similarly, adjustments are made to the postings for the production of products and write-off of the cost of products sold. Let’s establish selection according to KT 43 accounts and present all transactions according to the “Finished Products” nomenclature (Fig. 17).
The first two entries are generated during the first distribution of the costs of the main production (only those costs that were collected in account 20 before distribution).
Why were 2 postings generated if only one sale of 1 unit of finished product was actually reflected?
As you remember, the production output was reflected in 2 workshops, therefore, when adjusting the output entries (Dt 43 Kt 20), 2 entries are reflected for each workshop and, accordingly, the cost of sales is also adjusted taking into account both entries Dt 43 Kt 20 (Fig. 18) .
Since two units of products were produced, and one was sold, then when generating the posting Dt 90.02 Kt 43, the amount is half as much as the amount of posting Dt 43 Kt 20.
To simplify the reconciliation of the results of manual calculations and calculations made by the program, we will summarize all the data in a table and generate an “Account Analysis” report (Fig. 19, 20).
| Wiring | Sum |
| Dt 26 Kt 23 | 344,65 |
| Dt 90.08 Kt 26 | 2 211,05 |
| Dt 25 Workshop 1 Kt 23 | 1 436,04 |
| Dt 25 Shop 2 Kt 23 | 1 263,71 |
| Dt 20 Shop 1 GP Kt 25 | 4 419,71 |
| Dt 20 Shop 1 PF Kt 25 | 7 892,33 |
| Dt 20 Shop 2 GP Kt 25 | 5 948,01 |
| Dt 20 Shop 2 PF Kt 25 | 2 287,7 |
As can be seen from the presented reports, the results of collecting and distributing costs 25 and 26 coincide with the calculated data.
Starting from 2013, all organizations (including organizations using the simplified tax system and UTII) are required to keep accounting, draw up and submit to the tax authorities and ROSSTAT a legal copy of the financial statements for 2018: balance sheet and financial results statement.
The balance sheet of a small enterprise must be submitted in two addresses, places. The obligation to submit a mandatory copy of the accounting (financial) statements to the state statistics body (Rosstat) at the place of state registration arises in accordance with the accounting law 402-FZ.
But the second copy of the financial statements - the balance sheet and the financial results statement must be submitted to the tax office - the Federal Tax Service of the Russian Federation. This duty arises in accordance with. Where does it say in clause 5 clause 1 that the taxpayer is obliged to submit to the tax authority at the location of the organization annual accounting (financial) statements no later than three months after the end of the reporting year.
Note: Except for cases when an organization, in accordance with Federal Law of December 6, 2011 No. “On Accounting,” is not required to keep accounting records. These include, in particular, individual entrepreneurs.
Before preparing financial statements for the year, the accountant needs to summarize the organization’s activities and close the accounting accounts, according to which the financial results of the organization’s activities are determined.
In work it is also necessary to be guided, provisions of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation and data from tax registers of the organization.
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How to close reporting periods in accounting and determine financial results during the year
It is clear that this is an unusual and difficult task for beginners, so we will briefly and in an accessible form describe this process.
To determine the financial result of an organization’s activities, it is necessary to close the reporting period. In accounting, a month is recognized as a reporting period (clause 48 of PBU 4/99).
All accounts related to the display of production costs, revenue (income), and the formation of financial results for compiling the balance sheet of a small enterprise can be conditionally divided into three groups:
1 . Accounts that, in accordance with Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated October 31, 2000 N 94n “On approval of the Chart of Accounts for accounting of financial and economic activities of organizations and instructions for its application,” do not have a balance at the end of the month - 25 “General operating expenses” 26 “ General running costs".
2 . Accounts that, in most cases, have a balance of work in progress, but can be completely closed (20 “Main production”, 23 “Auxiliary production”, 29 “Service production and facilities”)
3. Accounts that generally do not have a balance at the end of the month, but have a balance for each subaccount - 90 “Sales”, 91 “Other income and expenses”.
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Writing off costs to expense accounts
Write-off of expenses on account 26 “General business expenses”
The procedure for closing account 26 depends on the chosen accounting policy, or more precisely, the method of forming the cost of production.
The cost price can be formed: 1) at the full production cost; or 2) at reduced production costs.
Note: For small businesses, the second option is more convenient.
When choosing an accounting policy " at full production cost» costs can be written off monthly using the following entries:
Debit 20 “Main production” Credit 26
Debit 23 “Auxiliary production” Credit 26
Debit 29 “Service production and facilities” Credit 26
When choosing an accounting policy " at reduced production costs» General business expenses can be fully attributed to the cost price:
D 90.2 “Cost of sales” Credit 26.
Write-off of expenses on account 25 “General production expenses”
Account 25 is closed monthly by debiting the amount of expenses from the account using the following transactions:
Debit 20 “Main production” Credit 25
Debit 23 “Auxiliary production” Credit 25
Debit 29 “Service production and facilities” Credit 25
depending on the activity with which these costs are associated.
Writing off costs from account 44 “Sales expenses”
Costs are written off from account 44 “Sales expenses” monthly in whole or in part by posting:
Debit 90.2 “Cost of sales” Credit 44 – sales expenses are written off.
Closing account 20 “Main production”, 23 “Auxiliary production”, 29 “Service production and facilities”
At the end of the month, accounts 20,23,29 can be closed with the following transactions:
Debit 90.2 “Cost of sales” Credit 20
Debit 90.2 “Cost of sales” Credit 23
Debit 90.2 “Cost of sales” Credit 29
Service organizations can close these accounts completely (without leaving unfinished production on the account balance).
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Closing accounts 90 “Sales” and 91 “Other income and expenses”
At the end of each month, organizations determine the financial result of their activities (profit or loss).
The financial result of the organization’s activities is determined as follows:
The amount of the organization's revenue (Turnover on Credit account 90.1) minus Cost of sales (amount of turnover on accounts 90.2, 90.3,90.4,90.5).
If the difference between Revenue (minus VAT and other similar payments) and Cost is positive, then the organization made a profit in the reporting month.
The amount of profit is reflected by the posting:
Debit 90.9 Credit 99 – profit for the month is reflected.
If the difference is negative, then the organization suffered a loss.
The amount of loss is reflected by the posting:
Debit 99 Credit 90.9 – reflects the loss at the end of the month.
Thus, the subaccounts of account 90 “Sales” have a balance at the end of each reporting month, but account 90 itself should not have a balance at the end of the month.
At the end of the year, all subaccounts of account 90 that have a balance must be closed.
Subaccounts are closed using the following transactions:
D 90.1 K 90.9 – closing of account 90.1 “Revenue” at the end of the year.
D 90.9 K 90.2 – closing account 90.2 “Cost of sales” at the end of the year.
D 90.9 K 90.3 – closing of account 90.3 “Value added tax” at the end of the year.
D 90.9 K 90.4 – closing of account 90.4 “Excise taxes” at the end of the year.
D 90.9 K 90.5 – closing of account 90.5 “Export duties” at the end of the year.
Closing account 91 “Other income and expenses”
At the end of each month, organizations determine the financial result in account 91 “Other income and expenses.”
The balance of other income and expenses is the difference between the turnover on the Credit of account 91.1 “Other income” and the turnover on the Debit of account 91.2 “Other expenses”. If the account balance is in credit, the organization has made a profit, and if the account has a debit balance, the organization has made a loss.
The financial result for other income and expenses is reflected in the following entries:
Debit 91.9 Credit 99 - profit from other activities is reflected;
Debit 99 Credit 91.9 - loss from other activities is reflected;
At the end of the year, all subaccounts of account 91 are closed with the following transactions:
Debit 91.1 Credit 91.9 - subaccount 91.1 is closed at the end of the year.
Debit 91.9 Credit 91.2 - subaccount 91.2 is closed at the end of the year.
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Closing account 99 “Profits and losses” at the end of the year
If at the end of the year the organization made a profit, then the following posting is generated:
Debit 99 Credit 84 - reflects the net profit of the reporting year.
if there is a loss, then the posting:
Debit 84 Credit 99 - reflects the uncovered loss of the reporting year.
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A simple form of accounting for micro-enterprises
The right to keep records for groups of financial statements items without using double entry in accounts.
The easiest way to organize accounting is do not use double entry at all, that is, do not make any postings at all. True, only micro-enterprises can use this method (clause 6.1 of PBU 1/2008). And only if it does not distort information about the company, that is, it allows the preparation of financial statements.
The article will help you draw up a balance sheet; balances and turnovers are considered in detail, for which accounts the Balance Sheet and the Statement of Financial Results for small businesses are compiled (Form KND 0710098). Download balance sheet and financial statements forms. Simplified accounting reporting for small businesses. Download Taxpayer program version 4.45.2
Reporting via the Internet. Contour.Extern
Federal Tax Service, Pension Fund of Russia, Social Insurance Fund, Rosstat, RAR, RPN. The service does not require installation or updating - reporting forms are always up to date, and the built-in check will ensure that the report is submitted the first time. Send reports to the Federal Tax Service directly from 1C!
