If you conduct a survey about which housing and communal services service is the most expensive, almost everyone will name heating.
- This line of the receipt often contains the most significant amount. In a small apartment - up to two thousand, and in a large apartment it can easily exceed three thousand.
- It is not always clear where these numbers come from. And why does anyone pay for heat in the summer?
- When the heat is on in full force in the fall and spring, you have to pay for the heat and stuffiness. Or turn off the radiators and open the windows - and still pay.
- Sometimes, on the contrary, they drown somehow unconvincingly. If in winter the batteries couldn’t cope and you had to buy heaters, the amount on the receipt is especially annoying.
If your heating is extremely bad (in the apartment it is less than 18 °C during the day or 15 °C at night), you can try to get a recalculation.
Let's figure out how the heating fee is calculated and whether it can be somehow reduced.
What is the amount on my receipt?
The heat energy that enters your home is measured in calories. A calorie is a tiny quantity; that’s exactly how much energy is needed to heat 1 gram of water by 1 degree. Since any home needs a lot of heat, we are usually talking about gigacalories (abbreviated as Gcal). One gigacalorie is the amount of heat that can heat one thousand tons of water by one degree.
Heat bills are billed in gigacalories per square meter of space. To make it clear what quantities we are talking about: one gigacalorie is enough to heat from 40 to 60 m2 for a month. And it costs, depending on the tariff, 1500-2000 rubles.
How is the heating fee calculated?
It depends, firstly, on whether you have heat meters - communal and individual. If not, then you pay according to the so-called heating standards.
Secondly, heating fees can be charged (at the choice of the city or district administration):
- only during the heating season - five to seven months a year, when they really heat;
- or monthly in equal parts throughout the year.
Without counter
If there are no meters, the fee is calculated based on “heating standards per 1 m2” (they are simply multiplied by the tariff and the area of the apartment). The standards depend on the region, the time the house was built and the number of floors. However, they have nothing to do with the temperature outside the window or the quality of heating. That is, frankly speaking, they have nothing to do with reality.
There are simply standards, and they are not beneficial to you. For example, they implicitly include heat loss in old mains - that is, you pay for the heat that went into the ground.
The Ivanovs live in an apartment with an area of 45 m², the “heating standard” in their house is 0.02 Gcal per m2 per month, and the tariff is 1950 rubles. per Gcal.
It turns out that they pay per month: 45 m2 × 0.02 Gcal/m2 × 1950 rubles/Gcal = 1755 rubles.
With house meter
If a common house meter is installed, residents pay only for the heat that actually reaches their home. The amount in the receipt depends on what proportion of the apartment’s area is from the total area of the house.
A heat meter was installed in the house where the Ivanovs live. The apartment is the same (45 m2), the same tariff - 1950 rubles. per Gcal. The total area of the house is 9000 m2. The meter shows that last month 170 Gcal of thermal energy was received.
The Ivanovs pay (45 m2 / 9000 m2) x 170 Gcal x 1950 rubles/Gcal = 1657.5 rubles.
With apartment meter
If all apartments have individual heating meters, each tenant pays only for the heat consumed. Plus your share for heating common areas (stairs, landings, etc.).
Let's return to the Ivanovs. Tariff - 1950 rub./Gcal, apartment - 45 m2, house - 9000 m2. In addition to the common one, all residents installed individual meters. It took 18 Gcal to heat the stairs and landings - the difference between the readings of the house meter and all apartment meter readings.
The Ivanovs have 0.7 Gcal on their meter. They pay “for themselves” (0.7 Gcal x 1950 rub./Gcal) = 1365 rub., plus “for stairs” (45 m2 / 9000 m2) x 18 Gcal x 1950 rub./Gcal = 175.5 rub. Total - 1450.5 rub.
Why do I pay for heating in the summer?
Heating charges can be charged either only during the heating season (as in the examples above) or all year round.
The same amounts are obtained per year, but the first one is simpler and, most importantly, it is transparent for the recipient of the receipt. The second method is quite complicated and often causes confusion among residents. In this case, all heating costs for the year are added up and divided by twelve.
The Petrovs have the same apartment as the Ivanovs, but the local administration chose the second method, payment during the calendar year. There are no meters.
Let the heating season last 7 months. Divide 7 by 12 to get approximately 0.58. Let's multiply by the number obtained in the first example: 0.58 × 1755 rub. = 1023.75. This is the amount you will have to pay for heating every month throughout the year.
If there is a house or apartment meter, and the fee is calculated in the second way, everything is not so simple. It is not the latest meter readings that are taken into account, but the average monthly heat consumption for the past year (total heat for the entire heating season divided by twelve). Or, if the meter has just been installed, the same “heating standards”.
The result, naturally, never coincides with reality, and at the beginning of next year it has to be corrected. Therefore, deductions or additional payments appear on receipts - so that the amount that appears on the meter is obtained.
Is it profitable to install meters?
Household meter
According to Law No. 261 “On Energy Saving”, all apartment buildings must have communal meters, except for dilapidated, unsafe ones and those subject to demolition. Previously, an exception was made for houses that spent less than 0.2 Gcal per hour on heating (that is, 144 Gcal per month), but now this clause is no longer valid.
So, if your house is not completely on its last legs, you need to install a common heat meter. There are two news, good and bad.
Good: it really helps to save on heating bills - from 5 to 30%. The total bill for heating the house in which the meter is installed always decreases. If only because you no longer need to pay for heat loss on the way from the boiler room.
The Ivanovs paid “according to the standards” 1,775 rubles. per month, and with a common house meter they pay 1657.5 rubles. Let us assume for simplicity that this figure is constant (although, of course, in practice, each month turns out differently).
It turns out that they save 97.5 rubles. per month - approximately 6%. It's a small thing, but nice.
The bad news: the residents pay for the meter, and this is not a cheap pleasure. It is difficult to even predict the amount that the device itself, installation, and possible replacement of the heating unit will cost - two hundred thousand? half a million? This is not the limit - some complain about “golden” meters costing one and a half to two million.
Costs will be shared among all residents. Not quite equally - in proportion to the size of their apartments. This amount will either be given as a separate line on the housing and communal services receipt, or added to the heating fee. If the house is large, it will quickly pay off. But if the house is small and there are few apartments...
There are 180 apartments in the Ivanovs’ house (even if they are all the same, to make it easier to count). Suppose the meter costs 300 thousand. Then each apartment costs 1,667 rubles.
The Ivanovs save 97.5 rubles monthly, which means they will cover the cost of the meter in 17 months.
The Sidorovs live in a small house with 20 apartments. When they made an amendment to the law “On Energy Saving”, they had to install a meter. The management company settled on 150 thousand, but it’s still 7,500 per apartment.
Even if the Sidorovs save 200 rubles. per month - the meter will pay off only after three years. It’s good if by then it doesn’t need to be repaired - and these are new expenses.
Simply put, in a large house the meter pays for itself quickly, but in a small house it punches a hole in the residents’ budget, promising benefits someday in a bright future.
Note! The meter is useless if the house loses heat - you pay for heating the street. So try to insulate the entrance, install an entrance door with a closer, and tidy up the windows. Ideally, it is good to sheathe the facade of the building with polystyrene foam; this will help save up to 30% of heat energy.
Individual counter
It is possible to switch to apartment meter registration only for the entire house, although the legislation on this matter is not entirely clear. If you want to install a meter, but your neighbors are not particularly interested, contact the management company or the board of the HOA. Couldn't reach an agreement? Organize a general meeting of homeowners and put this issue to a vote.
The house as a whole will continue to pay according to the common house meter. The difference between his readings and the sum of the apartment readings is heating of common areas, they pay for it together.
Some residents will benefit from installing individual meters and some will lose. Those whose apartments are well insulated will pay less. And some of the neighbors - with old radiators and cracked windows - more.
Tidy up the windows. Replace old batteries with new ones with adjustment valves. Place screens made of foil or metal behind the radiators - this way the heat will not escape into the walls. It is also useful to insulate the balcony - it will create an air cushion between the street and the apartment.
An individual meter costs from 2 to 20 thousand rubles. - depending on the type, model, etc. It will pay for itself in a few years, but only if you really don’t waste heat energy.
The Ivanovs, as you remember, eventually acquired an individual counter. It seems that everything is in order with windows and radiators, because they save, as can be seen from the second and third examples, 1657.5 - 1550.5 = 107 rubles. per month.
Not bad, but, let’s say, a meter costs 5,000 rubles. will pay for itself in four years.
An apartment meter will make it possible, by turning off the batteries during a thaw or during a winter holiday, not to pay for heat that you did not use. Well, not counting your share for heating the platforms and stairs, but it’s just tiny.
Note! Unfortunately, according to the law, individual meters cannot be installed in old houses with vertical pipe distribution (many risers, each with one battery). There they would still not pay for themselves - they are not cheap, and they would have to be installed on every radiator.
In new houses, horizontal wiring is usually provided - one heating riser enters the apartment, and all the radiators are powered from it in a ring.
What else can you do?
Sometimes you pay more than you should simply because you are being scammed. For example, they record the same service twice under different names. Or the management company pays the heat supplier according to the meter, and demands from the residents according to the standards per square meter. The difference is in your pocket. If you manage to catch the crooks by the hand, demand a recount.
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Savings in the sauna
If the house is not new or was built without taking into account the climate in the region, then it is advisable to insulate it. For this purpose, they now produce a lot of good materials: both cheap and not so cheap. In any case, thermal insulation of the building, with the installation of normal windows and doors, will significantly reduce the loss of internal heat. The main way to reduce heating costs is to optimize the heat supply system.
Thermostats
The simplest thing you can do is to put it on the heating radiators thermostats (thermostats). Their cost is low, and the return will be a reduction in fuel consumption by 15-20%. Accordingly, the “life” of the boiler will be extended. These are, so to speak, pleasant side effects, but the main function of thermostats is to set the desired temperature for each room. Now, due to the heat, there will be no need to open the windows, releasing expensive heat to the street. 101.74% At night, the temperature can be slightly reduced, and this is not even for the purpose of saving, it’s just that it’s healthier to sleep - doctors recommend. If there is a room (maybe more than one) in which no one lives, then why maintain + 20-24°C there, + 6-8°C is quite enough.
Balancing valves
Living in a house with more than one floor, you will notice that it is much warmer downstairs than upstairs. To properly heat the second and subsequent floors, turn on the boiler and/or circulation pump at full power. As a result, a normal temperature is established upstairs, slightly above 30°C on the ground floor, and fuel and electricity consumption increases significantly. To eliminate this situation, it is worth setting balancing valves. With their proper installation and adjustment, savings on heating can amount to 30-40%.
This is how just a few simple techniques can help you achieve cost reductions of up to 50-60%. And the amount saved in one heating season is quite capable of recouping the costs of optimizing the heat supply system.
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In this article we will tell you everything you need to know about saving heat:
Saving heat in a private home
For the greatest efficiency in saving thermal energy in a private home, as in any other facility, it is necessary to take a set of measures.
Such measures in this case include the following methods of heat conservation.
- Sealing windows - as practice shows, up to 40 percent of the heat can escape from the house through windows. If the windows are old, wooden, then for insulation you can use self-adhesive insulation and seals made of foam rubber, polyethylene foam and other heat-insulating materials. Even sticking tape on the cracks can make windows warmer.
- Using the same principle, it is necessary to eliminate the gaps between the doors and the door frame.
- If there are gaps between the door frame and the walls, they must be filled with foam.
- If you prefer, you should give preference to models with two or even three double-glazed windows. Such windows are more expensive, but quickly pay for themselves.
We save heat in our private home
- Apply heat-saving film to window glass.
- During periods of strong winds and cold weather, windows can be covered with bubble wrap.
- To get through the front door, you need to insulate it or install an additional door.
- Significant heat savings will be achieved by insulating walls with thermal insulation materials such as mineral wool, polyurethane foam or extruded polystyrene foam. The thickness of the insulation should be selected individually - depending on the region, as well as the material and thickness of the walls.
- When insulating the roof and walls from the outside, do not forget about insulating the foundation.
- Finishing them with heat-insulating plaster can also reduce heat loss through the walls.
- The use of “warm” wallpaper, for example, cork, is another effective way to insulate walls from the inside. Note that cork can be used not only on walls, but also on the floor. As a result, the latter will become not only warm, but also pleasant to the touch.
- An important measure to save heat in a private home is floor insulation. If the floor is wooden, on joists, then between the joists it is necessary to lay thermal insulation material (mineral wool, expanded polystyrene, expanded clay, ecowool, or others). If the floor is concrete, thermal insulation boards are laid under the screed. Another way to insulate the floor is to make a screed made of expanded polystyrene concrete. If the floor is wooden, you can also make a dry screed from expanded clay and gypsum fiber boards.
Almost all measures to save thermal energy described for a private house can be applied in an apartment.
In addition, the following methods for saving heat are effective.
- Glazing a balcony or loggia gives the same effect as installing an additional window.
- Insulation of a balcony or loggia.
- Adjustment of balcony block doors and timely replacement of seals.
- Insulation of walls from the inside that are adjacent to unheated rooms, for example, an elevator shaft or entrance.
- Using a carpet on the floor will not only make your home more comfortable, but will also reduce heat loss through the floor.
- Insulation of the ceiling from the inside, which is necessary even if there is a heated apartment on the floor above. The ceiling is adjacent to the cold external walls. In addition, it is cooled from the street side.
- After using the oven, leave it open - this will allow you to use the heat accumulated in it to your advantage.
Note that in a well-insulated apartment, heating is sufficient for several hours a day.
In autumn, spring and on warm days of winter, you can do without heating altogether.
To maintain the temperature, the heat that is released during cooking, as well as other physical human activities, is sufficient.
Saving heat in an apartment building
Heat savings in apartment buildings can be achieved in the following ways.
- Installation of door closers on entrance doors and use of double doors.
- Mandatory glazing of premises and elimination of cracks.
- Thermal insulation of the building facade.
- , thereby reducing the loss of heated air.
- Since heat rises, it is necessary. You can even use reeds or sawdust to insulate the ceiling.
- Behind heating radiators, for example, made of foam foam. As practice shows, this procedure allows you to increase the temperature in the room by at least one degree.
- Keeping radiators clean - this measure also eliminates heat loss emitted by radiators.
- Do not cover batteries with thick curtains, furniture or other objects.
- Be sure to close the windows with curtains at night.
- Insulate heating pipes with thermal insulation, even if they only pass through heated rooms. The heat transfer of radiators is higher than that of pipes, so thermal insulation will reduce heat loss.
- To ventilate rooms, use not vents, but supply valves that are installed on windows or mounted in walls.
Measures to save thermal energy in schools and kindergartens
In schools and kindergartens, many of the above-described energy saving methods associated with insulating walls, attics and building envelopes can be used.
In addition, you can use the following heat conservation methods.
- Insulation of basements.
- Insulation of floors.
- Arrangement of vestibules.
- Reducing ceiling heights in classrooms.
- Removing vegetation that shades windows will allow rooms to warm up on sunny days.
Let us note that a competent person can identify the main sources of heat energy loss and eliminate them.
We save heat at the enterprise
You can save heat in enterprises in the following ways.
- The use of heat-saving polyvinyl chloride film, which is mounted in the interframe space of the windows. These are the so-called.
- The use of canvas curtains at the entrances to production premises and workshops.
- Glazing of industrial premises.
In addition, it is necessary to take the measures described above, that is, glazing the premises, insulating the walls, eliminating cracks in the windows, etc.
Saving heat in the office
Saving energy in the office means taking the same measures as in apartments, schools and kindergartens.
In addition, you can use the heat saving methods suggested below.
- Using carpet on the floor will reduce the amount of heat loss through the floor.
- The use of foam or extruded polystyrene foam tiles for finishing the ceiling will reduce heat loss through the ceiling.
- A fan located under the ceiling allows you to disperse warm air throughout the room, which will make the use of thermal energy more rational.
- Rubber pads attached along the bottom edge of the door leaf allow you to eliminate the gap between the door and the floor. The use of such overlays is especially necessary if additional heaters are used in the office space and the temperature is higher than in the corridor.
The use of all of the above measures will reduce heating costs several times, and most importantly, provide comfortable living, learning and working conditions.
Other ways to save heat:
Recently, in connection with the solution to the problem of saving energy at home, the term “Energy Saving Home” has appeared. In such a house, less than 70 kW/(m2/year) is consumed for heating. The key features of such a house are increased thermal insulation, minimization of thermal bridges (concrete window elements, wall joints), energy efficient windows, low levels of outside wind penetration (infiltration), good ventilation, and strict heating and cooling requirements. Such houses reduce carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere.
In a passive house, heat consumption is so low that you can feel comfortable without using heating systems. Heat consumption in such a house (in Poland and Germany) is less than 33 kW/(m2/year). In the arsenal of modern architecture there are projects of houses that are independent of such central communications as electricity, water supply, sewerage, etc. There are many projects of such houses in every corner of the Earth. A self-sufficient home uses only solar and wind energy.
Statistics
As of 2006, more than 6,000 passive houses, office buildings, shops, schools, and kindergartens were built in the world. Most of them are in Europe.
An energy-saving house is always compact, well-insulated, with large glass windows on the south and blank walls on the north. It should also have proper zoning of rooms. In winter, such a house is heated mainly by low sunlight and accumulates heat. In winter, the air is heated in pipes underground and enters the house, in summer it is cooled underground. Hot water and electricity are from solar and wind energy.
A house like this is ideal. But what if we live in an ordinary house? Is there a way to save energy? To understand how energy can be used most efficiently, let's look at statistics. More than 82% of the energy consumed by the average home goes to heating and water heating, 13% to lighting, and only 5% to cooking and electrical appliances (TV, refrigerator, computer, etc.).
Some of the easiest ways to save heating energy include adjusting the temperature in your rooms and getting into the habit of being comfortable in cooler temperatures (though this will vary from person to person, of course). Do not set the heater to the maximum temperature, because excessively dry air is harmful to the health and beauty of the skin. For healthy sleep, it is very useful to lower the temperature in the bedroom by 2-3°C at night. By the way, lowering the temperature by 1°C means saving approximately 5% of heat. We advise you to lower the temperature in the house to a minimum while you are away, because the room can heat up quite quickly.
We make maximum use of the heat from the batteries.
The energy consumption that goes into heating significantly depends on the state of the heating system and its type. If it is not in proper condition, then the energy consumption for heating the house can double! And this is not only polluting the environment, but also throwing money out the window.
Do not cover heating radiators with curtains, do not decorate them or disguise them, because then they direct a significant part of the energy to the wall, and, accordingly, to the outside. Behind the heating radiator it is worth placing a thermal screen made of foil or a special material made from environmentally friendly products. It is ideal if the temperature of the radiators in each room is regulated. Reducing the thermostat temperature by even 1°C can save up to 10% of money.
We replace old windows and balcony doors with new ones
Old windows transmit 10 times more heat than walls, and new ones - 2-3 times. If your windows are large, replacing them can save you half your heating costs. Replacing windows is a true savings investment. If it is not possible to replace all the old windows, it is worth replacing them at least in the largest rooms, where heat loss is maximum. The new windows are tighter, but the room needs ventilation. You need to ventilate the room quickly and intensively: open the windows in the rooms so that a draft forms. It is better to turn off the heating at this time.
In an uninsulated house, most of the heat is lost through the walls - approximately 33%. Approximately 20% of heat is lost through vents and drafts, and another 20% is lost due to poor insulation of window frames and single-glazed windows. It's worth investing in insulating your home! In a wooden house, it is worth investing in inter-crown insulation, on which the thermal protection of the log walls of the house depends.
We cook economically
Here are simple rules that you can follow to save energy when preparing food.
Use pot lids. Without lids, 30% more energy is consumed.
Do not cook frozen foods. Thaw them first in air or in the microwave.
Heat at maximum until it boils, then reduce the energy flow.
The cookware should not be smaller than the heating field.
Use flat bottom pans. If the cookware is not completely adjacent to the stove, 50% more energy is used.
Use pressure cookers to cook foods that take a long time to cook and you can save up to 60% on energy.
You can make heating cheaper. This is important, because the costs for it are the highest of all for maintaining a house. It turns out that some simple methods do not require large expenditures and save significant amounts of money on heating. Let's look at this issue, but let's start with expensive solutions...
Major Savings
The main savings on heating are achieved by insulating the house and optimizing its ventilation. As well as some other activities carried out at the design and construction stage. But insulation is expensive and refers to major home renovations. How much is optimal to spend on it, so that the costs will be recouped in 5 – 12 years?
The answer lies in building codes. If you use them and set the calculated thickness of insulation, then the insulation will pay for itself as quickly as possible. If you overdo it, the designs will turn out to be too expensive or not feasible at all, it will not be profitable. But if there is little or no insulation, then this is too uneconomical, heating costs will be high, exceeding the average by several times.
Therefore, if the house is not insulated, then it is advisable to carry out these measures and wait for profits in the future...
The issue can be solved cheaply
Sometimes a large heat leak can be fixed inexpensively. There are obvious losses of money on heating, primarily associated with ventilation problems, i.e. with drafts.
A gap around the perimeter of a window where the mounting foam has collapsed, a gap under the door, a gap somewhere in the ceiling. As a result, for example, air exchange is increased by 20% from the optimal one - about the same amount you need to pay more for heating.
Bringing the ventilation back to normal is not difficult. In this case, you can also be guided by the air humidity in the room. With increased air exchange in winter, it will be reduced by dry outside air. The optimal humidity in living rooms is 50 - 60%.
Also, inexpensive and easily implementable measures include insulating the attic floor - with a minimum of costs, the greatest heat-saving effect.
Reduce temperature
Often houses are too warm, the temperature is too high. Residents may wonder whether such a high temperature is necessary, or whether it can be cooler.
An increase in temperature of one degree entails a several percent increase in heating costs. In many cases, without much loss of comfort, you can lower the temperature by a couple of degrees - for example, from 25 to 23 degrees. Temperatures up to 21 degrees are considered comfortable.
Thus, if you wish, you can save 10% or more on heating by simply making the atmosphere in your home cooler.
But in these degrees and percentages lies great potential for savings if you approach the temperature reduction creatively and automatically….
Big savings on heating balancing
Saving 25% or more on the temperature in your home is quite possible without any significant loss of comfort. If 50 thousand rubles are spent on heating per season, then savings in one year can reach more than 12 thousand rubles. - not bad…
You can permanently lower the temperature in those rooms where you don’t need it higher. A storage room, a workshop, a boiler room, an unused bedroom, a second bathroom, a hall... Rooms closed with interior doors can simply remain cold; there you can turn off the heating altogether.
This is achieved by simply installing thermal heads or manual control valves on radiators. But you need to take into account that automatic thermal heads with a solid fuel boiler are not applicable, so that you don’t end up with a situation where the radiators are closed, but there is a fire in the boiler and no energy is consumed...
Reduce costs with automation
Programmable thermal heads and modern boilers can operate according to a given mode. At certain hours or days they can reduce the temperature and turn off.
Usually during the day there is no one in the house - at work, at school... Why heat it at this time? Therefore, it is often programmed this way. Heat generation decreases at night, by the morning it becomes noticeably cooler, towards lunch it becomes cold, then the heating is turned on and by the evening the temperature is almost acceptable.
For example, according to witnesses, the zealous Germans and Austrians, even in hotels, are already “teeth to tooth” by morning...
This heating mode provides the above-mentioned large savings percentages. Moreover, the benefit also compensates for the installation of expensive automation, if one needs to be installed to control radiators or the boiler itself...
Redistribute the temperature across the height of the room
It is known that heating mainly with water heated floors saves 10 - 15% of heating costs. How are these savings achieved? It turns out, first of all, due to a decrease in the average temperature in the room. The hot zone under the ceiling that is typical for radiators disappears. The room is on average a couple of degrees cooler, but users don’t notice it. On the contrary, not a cold floor - higher comfort.
Heat loss is also slightly reduced due to the lower temperature of the ceiling and windows, which were primarily affected by the hot jet during radiators.
Thus, creating a heated floor during construction (during major repairs) is a contribution not only to comfort, but also to future savings. It will be especially noticeable if the house has high ceilings, more than 2.6 meters. Then heating with radiators alone becomes too wasteful.
How to save on heating immediately, what to do...
For example, there are only 15 heating radiators installed in the house, and the boiler is solid fuel. What to do to save ten or two percent of money during the heating season, but at the same time not freeze.
- First of all, check the seals and cracks on the windows. Install a hygrometer and thermometer in the living room. Regulate the flow of fresh air using available means within reasonable limits, maintaining standard humidity.
- Assess the energy output of each radiator. Isn't she redundant? Use balancing valves to turn off those radiators that heat unnecessary rooms. Such balancing is not so simple, but with some effort and time you can master it and find the desired positions of the regulators over time.
Conduct a comprehensive inspection of the building, plan non-summer season measures for heat conservation and energy savings.
- Measures to insulate building envelopes, primarily windows and doors (replacement) and attic floors.
- Organize supply and exhaust adjustable ventilation devices.
- Create a heated floor system in addition to radiators.
- If possible, install an automated boiler (preferably a low-temperature gas condensate boiler), programmable thermal heads on separate radiators. use the programmable operating mode of both individual radiators and the entire heating system as a whole.
