Urban water supply systems are a complex of engineering structures for the intake, lifting, purification of water, its conservation and delivery to the consumer. It includes the following structures:
water intake structures and first lift pumping stations that supply water to places of its purification;
wastewater treatment plants;
collection tanks for clean water;
pumping stations of the second and subsequent rises, supplying water to the city or to industrial enterprises;
water pipelines and water supply networks.
In urban water supply practice, there are various systems that provide consumers with water centrally. The entire variety of water supply systems can be classified according to the following criteria:
By type of natural sources used, - water pipelines that take water from surface or underground sources, and mixed consumption water supply systems;
by type of consumer– communal (city, village); fire protection; production, which, in turn, are divided by industry (water pipelines of chemical enterprises, thermal power plants, metallurgical plants, etc.);
By territorial coverage of consumers – local (for one object ) and group (or centralized) water supply systems that serve a group of objects;
according to the methods of presenting water - water pipes with by gravity (gravity) and with mechanical supply of water (using pumps);
By frequency of water use – with water circulation, with sequential use in various installations;
by nature of water use– direct-flow, reverse, sequential (with water reuse);
by type of consumer– household and drinking water, industrial, fire-fighting, agricultural;
on the complexity of customer service– integrated, incompletely separate, separate systems.
Unified system provides all three types of consumers, as a rule, with drinking water. Such systems are appropriate in cases where industry consumes potable quality water or a relatively small amount of water. These systems are simpler and have a relatively lower network construction cost, which is typically about 60% of the cost of the entire water supply system.
Incomplete separate system used when industry consumes a significant amount of water, the quality requirements of which are low. In this case, the construction of an integrated system is unprofitable, because unjustified costs of purifying water for industrial needs to drinking quality lead to a significant increase in the cost of construction and operation of the water supply system.
Separate systems provide for the construction of separate systems for drinking, industrial and fire protection needs. Such systems are very rare.
City water supply schemes differ in the set of structures necessary to provide water of the required quality and quantity. A general view of the water supply scheme, which includes a complete set of water supply facilities, is shown in the figure. The source of water supply is natural and artificial reservoirs, rivers, underground artesian and groundwater, seas and oceans.
Water supply systems for industrial enterprises are classified according to methods of water use: direct-flow, circulating and water reuse.
IN once-through systems water, as a rule, is part of the final product (for example, in the production of mineral acids, liquid suspended complex fertilizers, etc.) or significantly changes its composition (for example, water for electrolytes in electrolyzers), and therefore its reuse is impractical . In this case, it is discharged after mixing with other wastewater into the local hydrographic network or transferred to treatment plants.
IN circulating systems Reuse of water supply, when water is used primarily for cooling, it is advisable to cool the heated water (for example, in cooling towers) and supply it for reuse at the same facility. At the same time, only 3-5% of the total amount of water used is supplied from the water source to replenish its losses during circulation. Sometimes recycled water needs to not only be cooled, but also sent for treatment.
IN reuse systems water discharged by one industrial consumer can be used by another (for example, water after capturing fluorine gases in the production of superphosphate is used in the production of ammonium fluoride-hydrofluoride). This makes it possible to reduce the amount of water taken from the water source.
There are 4 water supply schemes:
1 – direct-flow system (water is discharged into reservoirs without purification). Qp.p. – irretrievable losses of water in production, Qsp. – water loss due to evaporation.
Qp.p. – water losses from industrial products,
Qisp – water loss due to evaporation.
2 – system with wastewater clarification at treatment plants.
Qos. – loss of water removed along with sludge from treatment facilities.
3
– water supply system with wastewater treatment before discharge into the reservoir
Qshl. – loss of water removed with sludge from treatment facilities.
The most widely used system.
4 – circulating water supply system. The water consumption in it is small, determined by the consumption necessary to replenish irreversible water consumption in the process of production and consumption, as well as the periodic replacement of water in circulating cycles (blowdown). At a thermal power plant with a capacity of 1 million kW, with direct-flow water supply, 1.5 km3 of water is consumed annually, with a circulating system - only 0.12 km3, i.e. 13 times less.
Entrainment – loss of water through droplet entrainment,
Qreset – water loss when purging the system,
Qadd – water taken from a water body to replenish water losses in the system.
In this water supply system, waste water after purification is not discharged into a reservoir, but is reused in the production system, undergoing regeneration after each production cycle.
5 – drainless water supply system (closed system), the most promising, but most difficult to achieve.
Water efficiency criteria
Water use efficiency can be assessed by the following three indicators combined.
The technical perfection of the water supply system is assessed by the amount of recycled water used (%)
The efficiency of using water withdrawn from a source is assessed by the utilization factor
Irreversible water consumption and losses (%)
,
where Qrev, and Qseq. – the amount of water used in circulation and sequentially;
Qist. and Qcheese. – the amount of water taken from the source and entering the water supply system with raw materials;
Q SW is the amount of wastewater discharged into the reservoir.
For the economic assessment of water supply systems, it is necessary to consider the cost of the water used, the costs of water supply and their share in the cost of production, the environmental damage caused to the environment due to the discharge of polluted wastewater, as well as the economic effect of using each of the considered schemes.
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water supply systems |
Rice. Cost of water (C), capital investments (K), environmental damage (U) and economic effect (E) when using 1-4 water supply systems.
The general water supply scheme may vary depending on specific conditions. For example, if water does not require purification, then treatment facilities and associated facilities are excluded from the scheme. When the source is located at higher elevations than the user facility, water can be supplied by gravity and there is no need to build pumping stations. Some systems use multiple water supplies, resulting in an increase in the number of major facilities.
Water intakes, pumping stations and water treatment facilities.
Water intake is a hydraulic structure that abstracts water from a supply source (rivers, lakes, reservoirs) for water use needs. In addition, there are water intakes used for hydropower, irrigation, etc. Water intake structures must ensure that water is present in the water pipeline
in a given quantity,
required quality,
in accordance with the water use schedule.
Facilities for collecting water from surface sources are classified according to the type of source (river, reservoir, lake, sea, etc.). Of the river ones, the most common are coastal, channel, floating, and bucket. They can be combined with first lift pumping stations.
Coastal water intake structures, used on relatively steep river banks, are a large-diameter reinforced concrete well with a front wall placed into the river. Water enters it through holes equipped with grates, and then passes through meshes that provide mechanical purification of the water.
Run-of-river water intake structures, which are used on flat banks, have a head placed in the river bed; water flows by gravity into a coastal well, which is often combined with a first lift pumping station.
Floating water intake structures are a pontoon or barge on which pumps are installed to draw water directly from the river. Water is supplied to the shore through pipes with movable joints laid along a connecting bridge.
In bucket water intake structures, water flows from the river first into a bucket (an artificial dam) located near the shore. The bucket itself is used to sediment sediments, as well as to combat ice phenomena - slush, deep ice.
Groundwater intake is a hydraulic structure for collecting groundwater and supplying it to water supply and other water management systems. The choice of site for groundwater intake equipment is determined by the geological and hydrogeological conditions of the area, the distance from the place of water use, etc. Structurally, such water intakes are divided into wells and shaft wells. Wells are the most versatile, technically more advanced type of water intake and are used for centralized water supply. They have greater productivity and most fully comply with sanitary requirements. The depth of the wells can reach 800m. The flow rate can reach 50 l/s or more. The walls of wells in unstable rocks are reinforced with casing pipes, which fit one into the other and, within the boundaries of the aquifer, end with a filter made of porous concrete, gravel, ceramics, and metal mesh. Submersible pumps are used to lift water. Often, water intake wells are equipped with water towers, which regulate the pressure and water losses in the water supply network. The service life of wells is 10-15, sometimes up to 30 years.
Water intake structures are designed to collect water from a source and roughly purify it, mainly from floating objects.
Pumping stationsPumping stations I, II and other rises serve to raise water. Lift station 1 usually supplies water to the treatment plant, lift station P supplies water to the water control tank. Their necessity is determined by the terrain and the length of water transportation. They are equipped with pumps, usually electrically driven, and control, warning and control equipment. Many pumping stations are remote controlled and fully automated.
Water treatment plants process natural water to give it qualities that meet user requirements. If the water in the source meets the consumer’s requirements, then there is no need for treatment facilities.
Water from surface sources, as a rule, is not suitable for drinking due to significant turbidity, color and higher bacterial content than is acceptable for drinking water. Therefore, before water is supplied to the water supply system at treatment facilities, it is clarified (suspended and colloidal impurities are removed), color is removed and disinfected (freed from pathogenic bacteria), softened, etc.
Purified water is supplied to the water supply facility via water pipelines and spread throughout its territory with the help water supply network.
Water network
The water supply network is a set of water supply lines (pipelines) for supplying water to places of water use and is the main element of the water supply system.
A water supply network laid outside the boundaries of structures is called external. The so-called house branches (pipes) are connected to the water supply network line, through which water is supplied to individual structures.
The houses are equipped internal water supply networks.
For water supply network equipment it is used water pipes. The choice of pipes depends on the required pressure in the water supply network, the nature of the soil, the installation method and economic factors. For underground installation, the most common are cast iron, asbestos-cement and steel pipes; reinforced concrete and plastic are also applicable. The depth of pipe laying depends on the level of soil freezing, water temperature and operating mode (in Ukraine about 1.5-2 m). The maximum depth of pipe laying is determined by the need to preserve pipes from destruction as a result of transport loads.
Water supply networks are equipped shut-off valves– dampers and valves for shutting off individual sections of the network, water dispensing equipment, fire hydrants, and sometimes street standpipes. Hydrants and dampers are usually installed in special prefabricated or brick wells covered with metal hatches.
According to technical conditions, the water pressure in the water supply network of populated areas should not exceed 6 atm. To supply water to multi-storey buildings, local pumping stations are additionally equipped.
The network may be annular(consisting of separate adjacent closed loops-rings that can be turned off in case of an emergency) and branched (dead-end), in which, in the event of an accident in any section, the water supply to all sections of the network located behind the damage is stopped. Therefore, branched networks can only be installed in cases where interruptions in water consumption are acceptable.
The width of the water supply network route must be at least 40 m on both sides of the axis when laying water pipelines in an undeveloped area and 10 m in a built-up area.
In places where there is a forced intersection of water supply and sewer networks in a populated area, the water supply system is designed higher than the sewer line. The vertical distance between them is at least 0.4 m.
When laying water pipes in parallel at the same level as sewer pipes, the distance between the pipelines must be at least 1.5 m if the diameter of the water pipes is no more than 200 mm and at least 3 m if the diameter of the water pipes is more than 200 mm.
When laying water pipes in parallel below sewer pipes, the distance between the walls of pipelines in filter soils must be at least 5 m. Laying sewer pipes above water pipes should not be allowed in places where subsidence and accidents of water supply networks are possible due to high groundwater levels, laying the network along moss roofs , in seismic areas, etc.
It is not permitted to locate cesspools and other similar objects at a distance of less than 20 m from water supply networks.
To regulate the pressure and flow of water, create its reserve and align the operating schedule of pumping stations, they build water towers and reservoirs.
Water tower consists of a water tank, usually cylindrical in shape, and a supporting structure (trunk). The regulatory role of the water tower is that during times of reduced water use, excess water supplied by the pumping station accumulates in it and is consumed during times of increased water consumption. The height of the water tower (the distance from the surface of the earth to the bottom of the tank), as a rule, does not exceed 25 m, sometimes 30 m; tank capacity - from several tens of cubic meters to several thousand. Supporting structures are made mainly of steel, reinforced concrete, sometimes brick, tanks are mainly made of reinforced concrete and steel.
Water tank, unlike a water tower, does not have a supporting structure (trunk), but is installed on elevated areas of the terrain. Sometimes water tanks serve to maintain fire and emergency water supplies. Nowadays the most common tanks are made of reinforced concrete.
The capacity of the tanks should ensure uninterrupted water supply during peak hours, as well as a supply of water in case of an emergency. The walls and bottom of underground tanks must be waterproof (reinforced concrete, brick). The bottom of the tank must be above the groundwater level. If necessary, it is lowered using drainage.
Centralized water supply systems in populated areas are divided into three categories based on the degree of reliability of water supply, depending on the population size:
I - more than 50 thousand people,
II -50-0.5 thousand people,
III - less than 0.5 thousand people.
All existing water supply systems can be divided into two types: centralized and autonomous water supply.
Autonomous types of water supply provide water to a small number of consumers and are intended only for private use. Autonomous (individual) water supply includes water supply using a membrane tank, which is called a hydraulic accumulator, and water supply using a storage tank.
Video review - pumping equipment for autonomous water supply
The centralized water supply system is used to provide water to a wide range of consumers. In this case, all users of the water supply are connected to single source of water supply. The centralized type is often used in urban settlements and other densely populated areas. However central system There may be water pipes in some villages, hamlets and cottage communities, but this phenomenon is quite rare. If there is no connection to this type of water supply, you have to independently arrange an autonomous water supply system for your country house. The principle of their operation is as follows:
- Autonomous (individual) water supply
- Autonomous types of water supply are quite widely used in the construction of dachas, cottages and country houses.
- A pre-made well or dug well is equipped with a submersible pump, to which the pipeline system is subsequently connected.
- The pipeline is laid and led into the living space.
- Next, the pipeline system is connected to the water purification filter, automatic relay and hydraulic accumulator.
All this equipment is called a water supply system. From this system, the pipeline further distributes purified water to consumer (disposable) points.
Thanks to insert into the hydraulic accumulator the system ensures constant water pressure at the required level even when the power supply is turned off.
Water supply with installation of a storage tank
In places with constant voltage drops in the electrical network, it is customary to use types of water supply using a storage tank. The operating principle of such a water supply system is as follows:
- At a high level in a private house (often in the attic) they install storage tank which is equipped with a float valve.
- The pipeline is connected to a submersible pump, which is installed in a well or well and is then brought into the home.
- In the house, the pipeline is brought and connected to the bottom of the tank.
- Using a pump, water is pumped into the storage tank and when the maximum filling is reached, the pump automatically stops working.
- When the water reaches the minimum level, the valve is activated and the pump is turned on again.
- Centralized water supply
A central water supply system is a system in which water enters the general distribution network from several sources (less often from one). In this case, a group of consumers is provided with water from a single water supply network. Treatment, water intake and water-lifting structures supply water to consumers who are in their area of operation. Their work occurs according to a pre-agreed schedule.
Central water supply systems have several types, which differ depending on the type of object:
- industrial;
- urban;
- village
Centralized systems can be divided into the following types of water supply: industrial, fire-fighting and domestic and drinking. Centralized water supply can be separate, combined and incompletely separate.
Water supply goals
Water is used by various consumers for a wide variety of needs. However, the vast majority of these costs can be boiled down to three main categories:
- expenses for household and drinking needs (drinking, cooking, washing, washing, keeping homes clean, etc.),
- consumption for production needs (consumption by enterprises of industry, transport, energy, agriculture, etc.),
- fire extinguishing consumption.
When supplying water, its quality is taken into account, for example, drinking water is subject to the requirements of SanPiN 2.1.4.1074-01 “Drinking water. Hygienic requirements for water quality of centralized drinking water supply systems. Quality control". To bring water quality to the required standards, water treatment is used.
Water supply sources
Shipot - underground source of water supply
The choice of source is one of the most important tasks when installing a water supply system, since it determines to a large extent the nature of the system itself, the presence of certain structures in its composition, and, consequently, the cost of both construction and operation. The water supply source must satisfy the following basic requirements:
- ensure that the necessary quantities of water are obtained from it, taking into account the increase in water consumption for the future development of the facility;
- ensure uninterrupted water supply to consumers;
- provide water of a quality that best meets the needs of consumers or allows the required quality to be achieved through simple and cheap purification;
- ensure the ability to supply water to the facility at the lowest cost;
- have such power that the extraction of water from it does not disturb the existing ecological system.
The correct solution to the issue of choosing a source of water supply for each given facility requires a thorough study and analysis of the water resources of the area in which the facility is located. Almost all natural water sources used for water supply purposes can be classified into two main groups:
- surface sources - seas or their individual parts (bays, straits), watercourses (rivers, streams, canals), reservoirs (lakes, ponds, reservoirs, flooded quarries), swamps, natural outlets of groundwater (geysers, springs), glaciers, snowfields ;
- underground sources - groundwater basins, aquifers.
Mezentsev Alexander Nikolaevich, a native of the Adler region, born in 1992, candidate master of sports in judo-sambo, is a Professor at SSTU named after Yu.A. Gagarin in the field of Water Supply and Sanitation
Water supply system
The water supply system is a complex of structures for providing a certain (given) group of consumers (given object) with water in the required quantities and required quality. In addition, the water supply system must have a certain degree of reliability, that is, ensure the supply of water to consumers without an unacceptable reduction in the established performance indicators in relation to the quantity or quality of the supplied water (interruptions or reduction in water supply or deterioration in its quality within unacceptable limits).
Main elements of a water supply system
The water supply system (of a populated area or an industrial enterprise) must ensure that water is obtained from natural sources, purified if required by consumer requirements, and supplied to places of consumption. To perform these tasks, the following structures that are usually part of the water supply system are used:
- water intake structures, through which water is received from natural sources,
- water-lifting structures, that is, pumping stations that supply water to places of its purification, storage or consumption,
- water purification facilities,
- water pipelines and water supply networks used to transport and supply water to places of consumption,
- towers and reservoirs that play the role of control and reserve tanks in the water supply system.
Depending on local natural conditions and the nature of water consumption, as well as depending on economic considerations, the water supply scheme and its constituent elements can vary greatly. The design of the water supply system is greatly influenced by the adopted one: its nature, power, the quality of the water in it, the distance from it to the object supplied with water, etc. Sometimes several natural sources are used for one object.
Classification of water supply systems
Water supply systems can be classified according to a number of basic characteristics. By purpose:
- water supply systems for populated areas (cities, towns),
- industrial water supply systems,
- agricultural water supply systems,
- fire water supply systems,
- combined water supply systems (household-industrial, utility-fire-fighting, etc.).
According to the method of water supply:
- gravity (gravity),
- with mechanized water supply (using pumps),
- zone (in some areas by gravity, in others by pumps).
By the nature of the natural sources used :
- receiving water from surface sources (river, lake, etc.),
- receiving water from underground sources (spring, artesian, etc.),
- mixed type.
By way of using water:
- direct-flow water supply systems (with single use of water),
- recycling water supply systems,
- water reuse systems.
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Synonyms:See what “Water supply” is in other dictionaries:
Water supply… Spelling dictionary-reference book
WATER SUPPLY- WATER SUPPLY. I. Water supply to populated areas. Purpose and purpose of water supply. B. organized and regular delivery of water to mass consumers established. quality and in a certain quantity, providing with varying completeness... ... Great Medical Encyclopedia
water supply- A set of measures to provide water to its various consumers in the required quantities and appropriate quality [Terminological dictionary for construction in 12 languages (VNIIIS Gosstroy USSR)] water supply Water supply to consumers... ... Technical Translator's Guide
Water supply- Water supply. Initially, the population of St. Petersburg used water from wells (over 1.3 thousand in the 1840s), rivers, and canals. To some buildings (A. D. Menshikov’s palace on Vasilievsky Island, the Marble Palace, etc.) water was supplied from the Neva along ... Encyclopedic reference book "St. Petersburg"
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Water supply- – a set of measures to provide water to various consumers (population, industrial enterprises, transport, agriculture) in the required quantities and required quality. [SNiP I 2] Term heading: Water supply, water... ... Encyclopedia of terms, definitions and explanations of building materials
A set of measures to provide water to various consumers of the population, industrial enterprises, etc. A set of engineering structures and devices that provide water supply (including obtaining water from natural sources, its purification,... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
In mining (a. water supply; n. Wasserversorgung; f. alimentation en eau; i. suministro de agua) providing water to the forge. enterprises. Necessary for the implementation of hydraulic technology. processes of extraction and transportation of solid items. (cm.… … Geological encyclopedia
WATER SUPPLY, water supply, many. no, cf. (specialist.). Supply of water to the population or technical water consumption points. Water supply and sewerage are the most important sectors of the urban economy. Ushakov's explanatory dictionary. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
When building a house, there are many important points that must be taken into account at the initial stage of construction. This includes the house itself, its placement on the site, the landscape of the site and, of course, water supply and sewerage.
For water supply, the main parameter is the water source. What types of water supply can there be for a country house?
Central water supply
This is the easiest way. If the village has a main water supply, then it is enough to find out the owner of the central water supply, draw up an agreement, get an estimate for the work and pay. The organization will do the rest itself.
But there are, of course, disadvantages here. Most of these water mains were done a long time ago. This means that the pipes are old, metal, and susceptible to corrosion. As a result, there are frequent gusts and water outages. In addition, water in a centralized system usually has a high content of iron and rust, which means that a filter to purify the water is mandatory. If you are willing to put up with these shortcomings, then your home's water supply is ready.
Autonomous water supply
If you don’t need these problems, then your choice is an autonomous water supply. In this case, supplying your home with clean water will depend only on you. It is divided into separate types of water supply depending on the source:
- well;
- well.
Water supply from a well- This is the most accessible and cheapest way to provide water. The depth of the well is determined by the water level and is usually 10-15 m.
In addition to the already listed advantages of the well, you need to take into account the ease of its construction and maintenance. There are also disadvantages:
- Water may contain various impurities and bacteria. Before using the well, it is necessary to conduct a bacteriological and chemical analysis of the water and install the necessary filters.
- The amount of water obtained from a well is limited, usually about 200 l/h.
- Since you will use the well in winter, to prevent the pumping system from freezing, it is necessary to build an insulated house over the well.
Well- This is a method of obtaining water, which is the most expensive, as it requires drilling the ground. It, in turn, is divided into types of water supply, depending on the type of well.
Sand well
It has a relatively shallow depth (about 50 m) and is determined by the depth of the aquifer. Such a well can supply about 1.5 cubic meters of water per hour. This amount is enough to supply water to a small country house. Of course, in this case, the water quality is much better, but an analysis is still necessary, since surface water can enter the aquifer.
It is necessary to install a mesh filter in the well to purify the water from sand and all kinds of solid impurities. The filter must be cleaned periodically.
Artesian well
When considering the types of water supply, it is necessary to mention the best, but at the same time the most expensive way to supply water to a country house. In this case, water is drawn from the limestone layer. Its depth can reach several hundred meters. An artesian well can produce more than 10 cubic meters of water every hour. This amount is enough to supply water to several cottages.
In addition, this water usually does not require pre-treatment. An artesian well has a fairly long service life - 15-30 years. During operation, as a rule, there are no problems with it.
However, the water located in the limestone aquifers is the property of the state, so before drilling a well, it is necessary to obtain the appropriate permit.
Water supply system- a complex of interconnected devices and structures that provide consumers with water in the required quantity and specified quality. The water supply system includes devices and structures for collecting water from a water supply source and transporting it; processing, storage, regulation of supply and distribution between consumers.
Water supply scheme- sequential arrangement of these structures from source to consumer, their relative location relative to each other.
Water supply systems must be designed in accordance with the requirements for the design of external networks and water supply structures, as well as other regulatory and technical recommendations and requirements for water by consumers. In this case, it is necessary to take into account local conditions, the diversity of which leads to the fact that the water supply system of any facility is unique and inimitable in its own way.
The whole variety of water supply systems encountered in practice is classified according to the following main characteristics:
- by purpose: household and drinking; fire protection; production; agricultural. The listed types of systems can be either independent or combined. Systems are combined if the requirements for water quality are the same or it is economically beneficial;
- by the nature of the natural sources used: systems receiving water from surface sources (rivers, lakes, reservoirs, seas, oceans); systems that take water from underground sources (artesian, groundwater); mixed supply systems (using different types of water sources);
- on a territorial basis(coverage): local (one object) or local; group or district, serving a group of objects; off-site; on-site;
- by water supply methods: gravity (gravity); pressure (with mechanical water supply using pumps); combined;
- according to the frequency of use of consumed water(for enterprises): direct-flow (single use); with consistent use of water (two or three times); circulating (repeated use of water, carried out in a closed, semi-closed circuit or with the discharge of part of the water - blowing); combined;
- by types of objects served: urban; village; industrial; agricultural; railway, etc.;
- according to the method of delivery and distribution of water: centralized; decentralized; combined.
Water supply systems in populated areas are usually centralized. Moreover, depending on local conditions and economic feasibility, they can be separate - with their own sources of water supply for each zone (residential or industrial) - or combined - with a common source of water supply for both zones (Fig. 9.1).
Figure 9.1 – Water supply systems: A - centralized separate; b - centralized united; V - combined: 1 - water intake structure; 2 - pumping station NS-1; 3 - treatment facilities; 4 - clean water tanks; 5 - NS-N; 6 - water tower; 7 - water conduits; 8 - distribution water supply network; 9 - populated area; 10 - production zone.
Decentralized (local) water supply systems are built for individual remote local consumers or groups of buildings, as well as settlements planned for resettlement.
Based on reliability or the degree of security of water supply, centralized water supply systems are divided into three categories (Table 9.1).
