Yanukovych and his entourage organized a deliberate provocation, a trap for protesters
All so-called peace negotiations were a well-planned trap. They were aimed at wasting time and preparing a military operation. Yanukovych was not going to make any concessions from the very beginning, not for a single second. All the dances around the political process, the behind-the-scenes negotiations on amendments to the Constitution were only intended to lure the protesters into a trap.
Today was clearly planned and directed at least a week in advance. At the moment, the Kiev metro is disabled, and all entrances to Kiev are tightly blocked. In Kiev, at least in several places (for example, the KPI hostel), the Internet is disconnected. A state of emergency was effectively declared in the capital in a few hours, and don't tell me that it was all done without intelligence, plan and preparation. Anyone understands that such an operation, which captures an entire city of 4 million, is being prepared for at least several days, more likely 2-3 weeks.
Large reserves of militia and internal troops were accumulated in the center of Kiev. The hired bandits brought in acted in one formation with the golden eagle, throwing stones at the protesters. Tactically, the entire operation was planned in such a way as to let the protesters into the government quarter and cut them into isolated groups with concentrated strikes. If the task was not to let the protesters go to the Verkhovna Rada, a barrier would have been set up in the old place - on Hrushevsky.
The actions of the police and the hired bandits supporting the police were extremely brutal. At the moment, at least 4 protesters have been killed, including a woman. Several more died from the received gunshot wounds - the golden eagle and explosives fired with live buckshot, obviously, several protesters were hit from rifled weapons. The golden eagle fired from the rooftops and threw grenades at the crowd - also from the rooftops. Several dozen people were injured very seriously, many eyes were knocked out from shots to the head.
This massacre was carefully planned in advance and is intended to finally destroy any hint of democracy in Ukraine. Its scriptwriters want to repeat the events of 1993 in Moscow now in Kiev and forever plant fear in the hearts of Ukrainians, completely discourage any thought, ever even think about defending their rights.
Ukrainian
Yanukovych і th іth іt іs іtotіnіyu organizes tіles-straightened provocation, pasta for protesting
All so called peace talks were a neatly planned pasta. The stench of bullets was straightened for a delayed hour and preparation of the power operation. Yanukovych didn’t try to do anything from the ear itself, not for one second. All the dances are about the political process, back-to-back talks about the changes before the Constitution - Mali, on the other hand, lure the protestors into the pasta.
The current day of the book of clear planning and production was taken for the day. At the present moment, the Kiev metro is connected, and all in the "go to Kiev are tightly blocked. In Kiev, there is a minimum of in some places (for example, KPI gurtozhitok), there are no Internet connections. It was crushed without development, to a plan and preparation. Whether it’s a good idea, such an operation, if I’ll start for 4 million, then it’s getting ready for the minimum number of days, soon 2-3 days.
In the center of Kiev, the boules have accumulated great reserves of young people and internal vіysk. Pidvezeni hired bandits, the stinks of a dyyali with a single structure with a golden eagle, throwing stones in protesting and reinforcing fittings. Tactically, the whole operation of the bull is planned so that the protestors are allowed to pass into the uryadovy quarter and with the help of the blows of the rosters on the isolated groups. Yakby zavdannya stood not to miss the protestors to the Verkhovna For the sake of the building of the zagorodzhuvalny cordon in the old city - on Hrushevsky.
The children of the youth and the children of the recruiting of the gangsters, the bully are extremely harsh. At the moment, there are 4 protestors driven in, in the middle of them a woman. Even the decal, when they died, were wounded in the fire - the golden eagle and the explosives were shooting with battle grapeshot, obviously, a bit of protest against the enemy for the sake of the evil. Golden eagle shoots from dakhiv and thickly showered NATO with grenades - also from dakhiv. Decilka of dozens of people were wounded even more seriously, richly vibrating eyes were built into the head.
It’s all over the place that it’s going to be planned out in advance, and it’s possible that there’s a chance for democracy in Ukraine. Yogo scriptwriters want to repeat at once in Kiev podії 1993 rock in Moscow and in order to put fear in the heart of Ukrainians, take a clean thought, if you’ll think about it, and stand up for your rights.
Tse will not give in!
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English
Yanukovych and his allies have organized a deliberate provocation and a trap for protesters
All the so-called peaceful negotiations have turned out to be a well-planned trap. These deliberate delays allowed them to concentrate enormous power in Kyiv to start the violent scenario. Yanukovych has never intended to make any concessions from the very beginning. All muddling around the political process, behind the scenes negotiations on amendments to the Constitution - everything intended only to lure protesters into the trap.
Today’s events have all been well planned for at least a week. Currently Kyiv subway is closed, all city entrances are blocked. Some places in Kyiv (e.g. dormitory of the Kyiv Polytechnic Institute) are cut off from the internet. Over these few hours a state of emergency has been effectively introduced in Kyiv. And do not tell me that this is all possible without proper intelligence, preparations and planning. Anyone understands that the capture of the city of 4 mln people requires several days of preparation, most likely 2-3 weeks.
Large numbers of riot police and interior force troops are accumulated in the city. Government hired thugs ('titishky') acted in accordance with the Berkut forces and have been throwing stones and Molotov cocktails at the protesters. The whole operation has been planned in such a way to allow the protesters to come into the government quarters and cut them into several isolated groups. If the goal were not to allow the protesters into the government quarters - Hrushevskogo would have been blocked in the same way as before.
The actions of the police and the government-hired thugs (‘titushky’) have been extremely violent. At the moment at least four protesters were killed, a woman among them. A few are currently dying from the gunshot wounds - Berkut and Interior troops have been shooting with the real ammunition. Berkut forces have been shooting from the rooftops and throwing grenades into the crowd. Dozens of people are severely injured, lots of eye injuries and headshots.
This massacre has been carefully planned in advance and is intended to eventually destroy any hint of democracy in Ukraine. The authors of this scenario would like to repeat the 1993 Moscow events in Kyiv in and forever settle the fear into the hearts of Ukrainians, completely pulling out any thought of defending their rights.
This will not succeed!
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Polska
Janukowicz i jego otoczenie zorganizowali prowokację, pułapkę na protestujących.
Wszystkie tak zwane pokojowe negocjacje stanowiły dokładnie zaplanowaną pułapkę. Były one prowadzone w celu przeciągania czasu i przygotowywanie siłowej operacji. Janukowicz od samego początku nie zamierzał iść na żadne ustępstwa, ni na sekundę. Wszystkie tańce wokół politycznego procesu, zakulisowe negocjacje w sprawie zmian w konstytucji miały na celu tylko zwabić protestujących do pułapki.
Dzisiejszy dzień był dokładnie zaplanowany i wyreżyserowany przynajmniej od tygodnia. Obecnie kijowskie metro zostało zatrzymane, a wszystkie wjazdy do Kijowa na głucho zablokowane. W Kijowie przynajmniej w kilku miejscach (na przykład w akademiku Narodowego Technicznego Uniwersytetu Ukrainy - "Politechnika Kijowska") został odłączony internet. W stolicy w ciągu kilku godzin wprowadzono stan nadzwyczajny i nie mówcie mi, że wszystko to było zrobione bez wcześniejszego rozpoznania, planu i przygotowania. Każdy rozumie, że taka operacja, która ogarnia 4-milonowe miasto jest przygotowywana przynajmniej przez kilka dni, prędzej 2-3 tygodnie.
W centrum Kijowa były zgromadzone wielkie rezerwy milicji i wojsk wewnętrznych. Dowiezieni najemni bandyci - oni działali w jednym szeregu z Berkutem, rzucając kamieniami w protestujących. Taktycznie cała operacja była zaplanowana tak, by przepuścić protestujących do kwartału rządowego i skoncentrowanymi uderzeniami rozsiekać ich na małe grupy. Gdyby działania te miały na celu nie przepuścić protestujących do Werchownej Rady (ukraińskiego parlamentu), zorganizowanoby kordon na starym mieście - na Hruszewskiego.
Działania milicji i wspieranych przez nią opłaconych bandytów były nadzwyczaj okrutne. Obecnie przynajmniej 4 protestujących nie żyje, wśród nich kobieta. Kilka osób umiera od ran powstałych wskutek poparzenia - Berkut i wojska wojska wewnętrzne strzelali ze śrutu (kartacz), co oczywiste, kliku protestujących zostało postrzelonych z. Berkut strzelał z dachów i gęsto zarzucał tłum granatami - również z dachów. Kilkadziesiąt osób zostało poranionych bardzo ciężko, wielu wybito oczy przez strzały w głowę.
To pobojowisko było zawczasu rzetelnie zaplanowane i ma na celu ostatecznie zniszczyć jakiekolwiek nadzieje na demokrację na Ukrainie. Jego scenarzyści chcą powtórzyć teraz w Kijowie wydarzenia moskiewskie 1993 roku i na zawsze zasiać strach w sercach Ukraińców, całkowicie odeprzeć jakąkolwiek myśl, komukolwiek pomyzlewoli orawić bronich p.
To się nie uda!
PS Pomóżcie jak najprędzej z tłumaczeniem na inne języki. Dziękuję.
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Nimetska
Yanukowytch und seine Anhänger haben eine gezielte Provokation, eine Falle für die Protestierenden organisiert.
Alle sogenannte „friedliche Verhandlungen" stellen eine strickt geplante Falle dar. Sie wurden auf den Zeitgewinn und auf die Vorbereitung einer Gewaltaktion ausgerichtet. Yanukowytch Verhandlungen. Yanukowytch ver. Kulissen über die Verfassungsänderung dienten lediglich dem Ziel, die Protestierenden in die Falle zu locken.
Der heutige Tag wurde mindestens vor einer Woche gezielt geplant und konstruiert. Momentan ist die Kyewer U-Bahn abgeschaltet und alle Wege nach Kyiw sind blockiert. Mindestens an einigen Orten Kyiws (z.B. das Wohnheim des Polytechnischen Instituts) ist das Internet abgeschaltet worden. Innerhalb von wenigen Stunden wurde in der Hauptstadt sehr effektiv der Notstand eingeführt. Und erzählen Sie mir bitte nicht, dass es ohne Ausspionieren, Planaktionen und Vorbereitung gemacht werden konnte. Jeder Mensch versteht, dass so eine Operation, mit der eine 4-Millionen-Stadt erobert wird, mindestens einige Tage wenn nicht 2-3 Wochen Vorbereitung braucht.
Im Zentrum Kyiws wurden große Truppen von Milizen und interner Streitkräfte stationiert. Die angeheuerten Banditen ("Titushky") haben "Berkut" -Milizen unterstützt, indem sie Protestierende mit Steinen bewarfen. Die ganze Operation wurde taktisch so geplant, dass die Protestierenden ins Regierungsviertel reingelassen wurden, damit sie dann mit gezielten Angriffen in isolierte Gruppen auseinander gebracht werden konnten. Wäre die Aufgabe so gestanden, die Protestierenden zum Parlament erst gar nicht heran zu lassen, wäre eine Grenze am früheren Ort, nämlich auf dem Gruschewsky-Platz errichtet worden.
Sowohl die Milizen als auch angeheuerte Banditen gingen äußerst brutal vor. Momentan gibt es mindestens 4 tote Protestierende, dabei ist auch eine Frau. Einige befinden sich in Lebensgefahr durch Schussverletzungen. "Berkut" und interne Streitkräfte haben mit dem Kampfschrott geschossen. Einige Protestierende wurden offensichtlich durch Gewehrschüsse getroffen. "Berkut" -Milizen haben die Protestierenden vom Dach aus beswhossen und Granaten mitten mitten Einige Dutzende sind sehr schwer verletzt worden, viele Menschen haben durch die Schüsse ihre Augen verloren.
Diese Schlacht wurde vorzeitig und sehr sorgfältig geplant und hat zum Ziel, jegliche Andeutung auf die Demokratie in der Ukraine zu zerstören. Die Regisseure dieser Schlacht wollen in Kyiw die Ereignisse 1993 in Moskau wiederholen und Ukrainern für immer Angst einjagen. Gar der Gedanke an die Verteidigung eigener Rechte soll ein für alle Mal ausgelöscht werden.
Aber das gelingt ihnen nicht!
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Італійська
Yanukovych e la sua squadra hanno organizzato una provocazione, trappolo per i comizianti.
Tutte le cosidette trattative pacifiche non sono che un trappolo dettagliatamente progettato che avevano per obbietivo solo trattenere ill tempo per poter preparare l "uso delle forze. Yanukovych non aveva nessuna intenzione di cedere fin dall" in unizio e neanti. Tutte le premure attorno un processo politico, le trattative dei cambiamenti della Costituzione avevano per l "obbiettivo solo di portare i comizianti nel trappolo.
La giornata di oggi sia stata progettata minimo da una settimana. Attualmente la metropolitana è chiusa, tutti gli ingressi a Kiev sono chiusi. A Kiev in alcuni posti manca l "internet. Nella capitale in poche ore è stato introdotto lo stato di emergenza e nessuno può dire che tutto ciò è stato fatto senza nessun piano, sondaggio ecc. Ognuno capisce che l" operazionea che deve cità coprire un di 4 mln abitanti va preparata minimo in alcuni giorni, però ancora meglio in 2-3 settimane.
Al centro di Kiev sono stati accumulati le riserve di milizia e delle forze interne. Hanno procurato I mercenari che agiscono nelle schiere insieme a Bercut, lanciando contro I comizianti le pietre e I molotov, muniti con le mazze e con le spranghe di ferro. Hanno voluto di far entrare I comizianti nel quartiere del governo, con il colpi precisi dividerli in gruppi isolate. Se fosse datto il compito di non far entrare I comizianti nel quartiere del governo allora avrebbero posto il cordone come prima in Grushevski.
Le azioni di milizia e dei mercenari che li danno il sostengo sono crudelissimi. Attualmente sono uccisi 4 comizianti fra cui una donna. Alcune pesone stanno per morire di ferite: I bercut hanno sparato con mitraglia, alcuni sono feriti dagli armi rigati. I Bercut hanno sparato dai tetti e ne hanno lanciato numerose granate nel cuore di schiere di comizianti: come seguito decine di persone ferite gravemente, molti hanno perso gli occhi per I tiri in testa.
Il massacro è stato progettato dettagliamente in anticipo ha per l “obbiettiovo eliminare qualsiasi cenno di democrazia in Ucraina. una volta I suoi diritti.
In post-perestroika Russia, there are still no clear rules of treatment, while in many other countries etiquette is more strict. By learning to use the right forms of address, you will not only show yourself to be polite, but also show respect for your interlocutor and their culture.
Belgium:
there are two kinds of Belgians - Walloons and Flemings.
It is customary to address the Walloons (they are also Francophone Belgians) in the same way as in France: monsieur, madame and mademoiselle.
The Flemings (they are Dutch-speaking Belgians) are addressed as in Holland: the lord is meneer / minheer, the lady, the girl is mevrouw.
UK, USA, Ireland, Canada, Australia, New
Zealand:
to a man - mister (mister / MR.),
to a married woman - Mrs (missis / MRS.),
to an unmarried girl - miss (miss / Mss.).
Great Britain:
to high-ranking officials:
to men - Sir (Ser),
to married ladies - Lady (Lady).
Germany, Austria:
Herr (Herr ..., but more correctly still Herr, and with a capital letter),
Frau,
Fraulein / Fraulein.
Greece:
to a man - kyrios (κύριος),
to a married woman - kiriya (κυρία),
to an unmarried girl - Despinis (Δεσποίνη).
India:
a respectful form for a man who is older than you in age - Baba (literally translated from Hindi as "grandfather"). The respectful form of addressing an older woman is Didi (from Hindi - "older sister").
The impersonal form of addressing a man or woman is Ji (translated from Hindi "respected, dear").
to a man - señor,
to a married woman - señora,
to an unmarried girl - señorita.
Spain and South America (except Brazil):
to high-status or elderly persons:
to a man - Don / Don (don / Don),
to a married woman - Doña / doña,
there is no such form of treatment for unmarried girls.
Italy:
to a man - signore,
to a married woman - signora,
to an unmarried girl - signorina.
Italy, Portugal and Brazil:
to high-ranking officials:
to a man - Don / Don (don / Don),
to married ladies - Donna / donna (Donna / donna).
China:
mister / mister - Xiansheng,
mrs / Mrs - Taitai,
unmarried girl - Xiaojie.
Appeals are placed after the name. For example: Mr. Li is Li Xiansheng, Ms. Li is Li Taitai.
Korea: in Korea there is no division into master and mistress. Usually the prefix -ssi is added to the name. But, basically, people are treated there based on gender. Lithuania:
to a grown man - ponas,
to a young man - ponaitis, ponaiti,
to a married woman - ponia,
to an unmarried girl - panele.
Netherlands:
to a man -lord - meneer / minheer,
to a married woman -madam,
to an unmarried girl - mefrau (mevrouw).
Poland, Czech Republic, Serbia, Slovakia, Ukraine, Belarus:
to a man -pan (pan),
to a married woman -pani (pani),
to an unmarried girl -panna (panna).
Portugal, Brazil:
to a man - senor (Senhor),
to a married woman - Senhora,
to an unmarried girl - Senhorita.
Russia:
to men - lord,
to women (married and unmarried) - Mrs.
Finland:
to a man -
Herra,
to a married woman -
Ruova,
girl - Neiti,
young man - Nuori mies.
France:
to a man -monsieur,
to a married woman -madame,
to an unmarried girl -mademoiselle (mademoiselle).
Switzerland.
Since Switzerland is a 4-language country, the appeal also depends on the regions.
So, in the German-speaking part of Switzerland, German addresses were adopted by Herr, Frau and Fraulein,
in French - Monsieur, Madame and Mademoiselle,
in the Romanesque - senora, senor, senorita,
in English - Mr., Mrs. and Miss, respectively.
Sweden:
to a man -
herr / herr,to a married woman -
fr (fru),to an unmarried girl -
fröken.
Japan:
in Japan, when referring to a man, add "san", to a woman the same way. (Analogue of the Russian "mister / mistress"). Often used to communicate with strangers.
There is also "-kun" girls and women are not told, only men. Analogue of the appeal "comrade".
Taken from here http://iara-m.blogspot.com/20 ... It was my child and I who were now trying to remember how to address some citizen in different ways. So, I decided to see how in different countries, maybe you will be interested.)
Answers Olga VladimirovnaBaikov,
doctor of Philology
In ancient society, the pronoun tu ("you" - lat.) Was equally suitable when referring to both the emperor and the slave. The situation was similar in other ancient cultures.
Russia: where did "you" come from
Ivan Bogdanov (1855-1932). Behind the calculation. 1890 year
So, in the Old Russian language, a free appeal to persons of any social status is recorded: "you, the tsar-father ...". A respectful form of address appeared around the 18th century in connection with the complication of society, as well as the strong influence of the French language and culture, especially in the circles of the aristocracy. Even at the beginning of the 20th century, children addressed their parents as “mother”, “father”, “you”. Now we use both pronouns, in contrast to the English-speaking peoples.
England: on "you" to the dog
Pixanews.com
In English, there used to be the word thou - the pronoun “you” (now it is used only in biblical texts), which was later replaced by the pronoun you - “you”. To this day, English uses you to refer to both "you" and "you", which was the reason for the joke that an Englishman refers to "you" even to his dog. The displacement of the familiar thou by the polite-aloof you is most likely caused by the introduction of the bourgeois idea of \u200b\u200bthe equality of all estates before the law into the broad masses.
Where "you" and "you" say:
in French - tu / vous;
turkish - sen / siz;
serbo-Croatian, Ukrainian, Belarusian - ti / vi;
bulgarian - ti / wie;
romanian - tu / voi;
greek - esy / sy;
dutch - jij / u;
german - du / sie (noteworthy, but in Germany they often poke "duzen" than they turn to "you": "siezen").
Italy: "you" without age
Legion-media.ru
After meeting, Italians in most situations switch to "tu" (tu), regardless of age. This rule applies to ordinary everyday conversations, but, of course, not when communicating between a student and a professor or a patient with a doctor, when a respectful lei is used.
Spain: "you" for peers
Tinghirbahlas.appspot.com
In Spanish, as in Russian, there is a reference to "you" - tu and "you" - usted. The first is used in communication with family, friends and acquaintances, as well as those who are close to you in age and status, even if you are new to each other. The appeal to "you" is used to refer to strangers and to those who are older in age or higher in social status. If you have just met someone, then it is better to use usted until you are offered to go to "you".
Portugal: you are in the minority
istockphoto.com
In Portuguese, tu is used as a free form and você as a respectful one. The latter comes from vossa mercê ("your grace"). In everyday life, tu prevails - when talking with close friends, parents, children, você is used in more formal cases.
"Behave like a Roman in Rome" is the key to understanding between the guests of this or that country and their locals. Addressing the Italian "maestro", you will emphasize your respect for his status, but by calling the Vietnamese that way, you will touch his sense of modesty. The familiar to us address "uncle" to the Frenchman will seem at least a manifestation of impoliteness. And by addressing a Spanish police officer with "you", you will ensure mutual respect for yourself. Lost in translation: how to be a Roman in Rome and a true Guatemalan in Guatemala?
If one day you find yourself at a business meeting in Guatemala, shake hands with everyone without exception. If someone's handshake seems too strong to you, do not be surprised: those Guatemalans who have returned to their homeland from the United States are used to a strong handshake. A weak handshake will tell you that the Guatemalan, most likely, has not left the country. It is customary to address each other in this country by surname or title. You met, for example, a teacher - tell him "professor", and a doctor - "doctor". By name, appeal is permissible, but only to family members, children and close friends. Until the Guatemalan is notified of your titles, he will call you “senora”, “senor” or “senorita”.
Don't ask the locals what they are doing: the Guatemalans will tell you about it themselves when they see fit. And having made friends with a local resident, do not be surprised that she will pat you on the shoulder as a sign of her location. They hug and kiss on the cheek of a Guatemalan only with close friends. In another part of the world, modest Vietnamese are rarely the first to be introduced to strangers, and from the habit of foreigners to call their name and title when they meet, they feel awkward. According to the people of Vietnam, it is better to count on a silent recognition of their merits.
Vietnamese attach great importance to names - often local residents have secret names, known only to them and their parents. They believe that the spoken name gives power to evil spirits over its owner. Therefore, do not be surprised when you hear an address in a public place, for example, Chi-hai (second daughter). You, of course, should refer to Chi-hai as "mistress". Until she herself asks you to call her by name. However, even in this case, it is better to address her by name alone: \u200b\u200bin the presence of third parties Chi-hai is for you only "mistress".
In France, if you please, address the locals using "you": the form of address "you" is possible here between close friends and when addressing children. Wait for the interlocutor to suggest that you switch to "you". The lightness and cheerfulness of Italians cannot be compared with the stiffness of the French. A special ritual for Italians is the greeting. "Chao" - an informal form of greeting and goodbye - is accompanied by handshakes and kisses. Moreover, even barely familiar people exchange kisses, and the sincere joy of the meeting can be read on the faces even when people parted quite recently. In Italy, without waiting, people call you caro (dear) or cara (dear), they call you bello (cute) or bella (cute).
The Italians consider its freedom to be one of the virtues of the Italian language: they have many endings of nouns and adjectives, with the help of which, for example, scarpa (shoe) turns into a crystal scarpina slipper or into a more weighty scarpone ski boot. Amore turns so beautifully into an amoroso (lover), into a little amorino (cupid), or a dangerous amante (mistress). Italian men ardently discuss how bella donna (beauty) is belissima (beautiful), bellina (pretty) or just belloccia (pleasant in every way). And they clarify whether the donnina is impressive in size and whether it is not readily available donnaccia.
With all this freedom and careless addition of endings, the transformation of words into intricate and not very constructions, an Italian will not allow you to address you as "citizen" or "comrade", and an Italian child will not call you "uncle" or "aunty". For an Italian, you are signor or signora, and even if a woman is actually signorina (referring to an unmarried woman), she is exclusively referred to as signora. "Doctor" here is not necessarily a doctor: this is how Italians emphasize their respect for a person with higher education. Professors here are all teachers, and a maestro can be a person of any specialty. Perhaps most often in Italy you hear words of gratitude. These people are generous with grazie (thanks) and prego (please). To our "big thanks" the Italians are ready to offer six variations: mille grazie, grazie mille, tante grazie, grazie tante, monte grazie and, finally, grazie infitite.
In Russia, there are much more options for people to address each other. This is due to social and cultural changes in society that have been taking place over many decades. For example, the word "woman" appeared in the 16th century and was originally a designation for a representative of the lower class. The rethinking of the meaning of the word took place in the second half of the 19th century. The writer NV Shchelgunov wrote: "In the Russian folk lexicon there is no word" woman ", but there is a woman or a girl ... All of Russia, from top to bottom, did not know any other woman except a woman." During the 19th century, words such as vulgar, sassy and stupid were associated with this word. And today, on the contrary, we associate these words with the word "baba".
The Table of Ranks, published in 1717-1721, prescribed the forms of circulation in accordance with the ranks and estates. The estates of the nobility, clergy, merchants, burghers, peasants were distinguished. Corresponding to them were the appeals: "master" and "mistress" - to people of privileged groups; "sir" and "madam" - for the middle class; "master" and "lady" for both. There was no uniform appeal to the representatives of the lower class.
After the October Revolution, by a special decree, all ranks and titles were abolished, and "lord", "madam", "sir" and "madam" were recognized as "bourgeois" and degrading human dignity. The masters were replaced by "comrades" and "citizens". So it turns out that today in our country, where a motley audience lives, variations are possible: the main thing is that "aunty" and "uncle" are pronounced with respect.
The Chinese, by contrast, are less liberal. They address using the terms of kinship or by designating the profession, occupation of the interlocutor. It is not customary to address by name here. Besides, in China the concepts of "brother" and "sister" are rather abstract. Here they prefer specifics: if a brother, then, for example, a younger cousin. Chinese children sometimes do not know the names of their many relatives, because mothers rarely refer to their mothers or relatives by name. And since there are countless relatives here, each is assigned a serial number: the fifth aunt, the second older brother. In the past, there was a ban in China to say in vain the names of respected people and relatives.
I wonder how the Chinese address strangers. In the north, for example, a young woman is addressed as "xiao-tsze" (literally - the younger sister). However, in the south, "xiao-jie" is a corrupt woman, and one should beware of such appeals there. "Born of the same parents" or tong-bao, the Chinese call the Chinese from Hong Kong, Taiwan, who came to the mainland to do business. And tong-bao on the mainland is looked down upon.
In Thailand, the applications are less formalized. Here they call by name and take care of their heads. At least in Bangkok: what is allowed there should be careful not to do in a province where national traditions are strong. Instead of shaking hands, Thais bring their palms together in front of them - this is a "wai" greeting. However, experts do not recommend using the first "wai": limit yourself to a friendly response to it. The head for a Thai is the main part of the body, therefore, even close friends should not touch it. Young Thais in public places try to keep their heads below the heads of their elders, so that the latter do not feel that the younger ones look down on their elders.
The Maori people living in New Zealand have their own interesting "wai". Call this greeting "hongi" or rubbing your noses: this custom originated a long time ago and symbolizes the "breath of life" ascending to the gods. To stop being a "manuhiri" (an alien) for the owner of the house, you have to rub your noses with him and go into the status of "tangata venua" (a man of the earth, equal).
- UK, USA, Ireland, Canada, Australia, New Zealand: to a man - mister (mister / MR.), to a married woman - mrs (missis / MRS.), to an unmarried girl - miss (miss / Mss.).
- Spain and South America (except Brazil): to a man - a señor, to a married woman - a señora, to an unmarried girl - a señorita.
- Italy: to a man - signore, to a married woman - signora, to an unmarried girl - signorina.
- Portugal, Brazil: to a man - a senor (Senhor), to a married woman - a senora (Senhora), to an unmarried girl - a senorita (Senhorita).
- Germany, Austria: Herr (Herr ..., but more correctly still Herr, and with a capital letter), Frau, Fraulein / Fraulein.
- France: monsieur / monsieur (monsieur), madame (madame), mademoiselle (mademoiselle).
- Netherlands: lord - maneer / minheer (meneer / minheer), mistress, girl - mefrau (mevrouw).
- Belgium: there are two kinds of Belgians - Walloons and Flemings. It is customary to address the Walloons (they are also Francophone Belgians) in the same way as in France: monsieur, madame and mademoiselle. The Flemings (they are Dutch-speaking Belgians) are addressed as in Holland: the lord is meneer / minheer, the lady, the girl is mevrouw.
- Poland, Czech Republic, Serbia, Slovakia, Ukraine, Belarus: pan (pan), pani (pani), panna (panna).
- Polite (respectful) form in Spain and South America (except Brazil) to high-status or elderly persons: to a man - Don / Don (don / Don), to a married woman - Doña / doña, there is no such form of treatment for unmarried girls.
- The same polite uniform in Italy, Portugal and Brazil: to a man - Don / don (don / Don), Donna / donna (Donna / donna).
- Polite treatment in the UK to dignitaries: to men - Sir (Ser), to married ladies - Lady (Lady).
- Russia: for men - master, for women (married and unmarried) - mistress.
- Sweden: herr / herr (herr), fru (fru), fröken (fröken).
- Switzerland... Since Switzerland is a 4-language country, the appeal also depends on the regions. So, in the German-speaking part of Switzerland, German addresses are adopted by Herr, Frau and Fraulein, in the French-speaking - Monsieur, Madame and Mademoiselle, in the Romanesque - senora, senor, senorita, and in the English-speaking - Mr., Mrs. and Miss, respectively.
- Lithuania: to an adult man - ponas, to a young man - ponaitis, ponaiti, to a married woman - ponia, to an unmarried girl - panele.
- Greece: to a man - kyrios (κύριος), to a married woman - kiria (κυρία), to an unmarried girl - Despinis (Δεσποίνη).
- Finland: master - Herra, mistress - Ruova, girl - Neiti, young man - Nuori mies.
- Japan: San is added to the male name at the end. For example: Lee-san, Kim-san. The polite address -ssi is added to the female name at the end. For example: Chinyoung-ssi, Songhan-ssi.
- China: Mister / Mister - Xiansheng, Ms. / Mrs. - Taitai, Miss (single girl) - Xiaojie. Appeals are placed after the name. For example: Mr. Li is Li Xiansheng, Ms. Li is Li Taitai. You can read more about polite forms of treatment in China.
- Korea: In Korea, there is no division into master and mistress. Usually the prefix -ssi is appended to the name. But, basically, they are treated there based on gender.
- India: a respectful form for a man who is older than you in age - Baba (literally translated from Hindi as "grandfather"). The respectful form of addressing an older woman is Didi (from Hindi - "older sister"). The impersonal form of addressing a man or woman is Ji (translated from Hindi "respected, dear").
