1. Double and written in the roots of the words reins, yeast, burning, buzzing, juniper and cognates with them. Wed: to kindle (cart + burn) - you will kindle (cart + burn), also kindled.
Note 1. In the presence of sound alternation zg-zzh, s-zz not written double and, A zzh, for example: squeal (squeal), arrive (arrival). Compare: to squeal, to grumble, to rattle, cerebellum, etc.
Note 2. In the words mesentery, mesentery, only one thing is written and.
2. Double With at the root it is written in the words quarrel, loan and those of the same root.
3. Double consonants are written in compound words if one part ends and the other begins with the same consonant, for example: chief physician, public sector, council, maternity hospital.
Note. In the first part of compound words, which is a stem that ends with a double consonant, only one consonant is written, for example: gramophone record, grouporg, cavalryman.
4. In words formed from stems ending in two identical consonants, double consonants before the suffix are preserved, for example: score - five-point, Gaul - Gallic, Hun - Hunnic, compromise - compromise, group - group, diagram - diagram, program - program , telegram - telegram. The same - in proper names, for example: the University of Canberra, the Cannes Film Festival, the Lausanne Conference, the Bonn government, Tallinn ancient monuments, etc.
Exceptions. In some words, in the case under consideration, one consonant is written, for example: crystal - crystal, Finn - Finnish, column - column, ton - five-ton, Finn - Finn (usually double n is contracted into one n before the suffix -k-a), operetta - operetta; in names of persons with a suffix -To, for example: Alla - Alka, Anna - Anka, Kirill - Kirilka, Rimma - Rimka, Savva - Savka, Philip - Filipka, Emma - Emka.
5. Double consonants are written at the junction of the prefix and the root, if the prefix ends and the root begins with the same consonant, for example: selfless - heartlessness, appeal - rebellion, fake, provoke - story, cheresedelnik; the same applies to prefixes of foreign language origin, for example: dissimilation, counter-revolutionary, trans-Siberian.
Note. It is necessary to distinguish between the spelling of words like submit (prefix By-) and give in (prefix under-). Wed: The door gave way under the blows (no longer remained in its original position). - The door succumbed to the blows of the crowbar (could not hold back the pressure).
6. The spelling of double consonants in words of foreign language origin is determined by a spelling dictionary, for example: abbreviation, abscissa, acclimatization, accommodation, letter of credit, accessory, allergy, alliteration, ammonia, ammonite, appeal, appendicitis, applique, appreture, approximation, assessor, assembler, atoll, attentate, attic, attraction, babbitt, ballast, balloon, run, barrel, fiction, bisector, boss, buffon, vendetta, gibbon, hippopotamus, gum arabic, gutta percha, depressant, jobber, dilemma, distill, differential, idyll, illumination, indifferent, irrational, irrigation, calligraphy, cassation, terminal, collegiate, colossus, coral, corrosion, corruption, coefficient, crystal, mantissa, monsoon, opposition, parallelepiped, parallelogram, trade wind, apron, pessimism, spring, summit, setter, settlement, syllabic, symmetry, spaghetti, rack, streptococcus, tennis, terrace, waste heap, territory, trolleybus, hippie, chlorophyll, hobby, cellulose, cirrhosis, cheddar, chassis, chinchilla, kurtosis, ellipse, essence.
Note 1. The following words are written with one consonant: unit, aluminum, attribute, bachelor, balustrade, barcarolle, broker, vernissage, volleyball, gallery, landing, dessert, decibel, dealer, amateur, impresario, caricature, Qatar, corridor, midget, level, office, pilgrim, polites, privilege, producer, pudding, resource, wolverine, Russianism, sidewalk, unison, etc.
Note 2. In the suffix -ess-a spelled two With(poetess, flight attendant, clown), in the suffix -is-a one thing is written With(abbess, actress, headmistress).
In the suffix -etta spelled two T, for example: arietta, operetta, symphonietta.
The word generalissimo contains two With.
§ 107. The spelling of double consonants in the roots of borrowed (foreign) words is determined in dictionary order, for example: abbreviation, acclimatization, accompaniment, accreditation, neat, alley, antenna, appeal, apparatus, association, attraction, bacillus, gross, Buddhism, bath, watt, gram, grammar, flu, group, illusion, illustration, immigration, irrigation, cash desk, cassette, killer, class, collection, column, comment, commune, compromise, correspondent, bullfight, corrosion, corruption, mass, metal, mission, novella, opposition, pizza, press, press, program, professor, rabbi, spinning, rack, Saturday, terrace, terror, ton, thriller, troupe, chlorophyll, hockey, excess, essence .
Wed. foreign words with single consonants: aluminum, gallery, dessert, dealer, amateur, impresario, corridor, office, official, offshore, report, race, soffit, bullfighter, sidewalk, plug, emigration and many others.
Double consonants are also written in some proper names, for example: Haggai, Apollo, Vissarion, Gennady, Hippolytus, Cyril, Philip, Alla, Anna, Apollinaria, Bella, Henrietta, Inna, Rimma; Akkerman, Bessarabia, Bonn, Holland, Essentuki, Odessa .
Note. In options diamond - diamond and derivative words ( brilliant - brilliant, brilliant - brilliant, brilliantine - brilliant) the second members of these pairs are written with the same letter l before b . The same applies to options like million - million, millionth - million, billion - billion(the second members of such pairs, limited in use, are found more often in poetry).
§ 108. Double With −ess (A), e.g.: poetess(from poet), patroness, baroness, viscountess, princess, stewardess, clown, critic. Double T written with a borrowed suffix −ett (A), −net(in musical terms): symphonietta(from symphony), operetta, arietta, canzonetta, allegretto, larghetto, gruppetto; but in words cigarette, floppy disk– one T .
§ 109. In words formed from stems ending in two identical consonants, double consonants before suffixes are preserved, for example: group - group, group, group; program - program, software, program; point – five-point, Gauls – Gallic, metal – metallic, metallurgist; class - class, cool, classmate; compromise - compromise, kilowatt - kilowatt, libretto - librettist, Normans - Norman, antenna - antenna man, bath - bathtub, Dardanelles - Dar Danelles, Calcutta - Calcutta, Cannes(And Cannes) – Cannes, Ravenna – Equals .
However, instead of a double consonant, a single consonant is written in the following cases:
1) in diminutive and familiar forms of personal names with a suffix −k (A), e.g.: Alla - Alka, Stella - Stelka, Emma - Emka, Zhanna - Zhanka, Inna - Inka, Rimma - Rimka, Vassa - Vaska, Mirra - Mirka, Marietta - Marietka, Savva - Savka, Kirill - Kirilka, Philip - Filipka(Also: Filipok, genus. P. Filipka And Filipchik);
2) single letter n – in any words with a suffix −k (A), e.g.: Finnish(cf. Finn), five-ton, three-ton (ton), column (Column), antenna (antenna);
3) in the following words: crystal (crystal), Finnish (Finn), operetta (operetta).
Note. In endearing forms of names -point, -ear (Zhannochka, Allochka, Philippushka, Kirillushka etc.) double consonants are preserved.
§ 110. When abbreviating words containing a double consonant, only one consonant is retained in compound abbreviated words, for example: record (gramophone recording), office (correspondent office), terrorist attack (terrorist attack), groupcom, grouporg, special correspondent .
Note 1. In the first part of complex words written with a hyphen, double consonants are preserved, for example: mass indicator, mass culture, mold, press center, express analysis, watt-second; same in word wattmeter .
Note 2: At the end of words Donbass, Kuzbass (−bass from pool) is written double With .
Note 3. It is necessary to distinguish between the spelling of complex abbreviated words and graphic abbreviations: the latter retain double consonants at the end before the period, for example: special correspondent, special correspondent, But: specialist. corr., personal corr.(see § 209).
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Letter – Letter name
Aa - a Bb - be Vv - ve Gg - ge Dd - de Ee, Eyo - e, e Zh - same Zz - ze Ii - and Yi - and short Kk - ka
The basic principle of using letters
The general rules for the use of letters determine the transmission of paired hard and soft consonants, as well as the sound (“yot”) in writing. Between sounds and letters alpha
The basic principle of conveying significant parts of words in writing
The rules of Russian orthography are based on the principle of not indicating in writing the exchange of sounds under the influence of position in a word. The sounds within a word are in unequal conditions. IN
Features of the spelling of certain categories of words
In words of foreign origin (especially in proper names), as well as in abbreviations, there are spellings that deviate from the general rules for the use of letters. For example, in some
Letters a – i, y – yu
§ 1 . The letters a, y are used: To convey the vowels a, y at the beginning of a word and after vowels, for example: hell, aly
Letters e – e
§ 6. The letter e is written at the beginning of the root to convey the vowel e (without a preceding j): 1.
Letters and - s
§ eleven . The letter is written: 1. To convey a vowel both at the beginning of a word and after vowels, for example: name, long ago,
Letters a, y
§ 13 . After zh, sh, ch, shch, c the letters a, y are written (and not written i, y), for example
Letters i, s
§ 14 . After zh, sh, ch, shch the letter i is written (and s is not written), for example: zhi
Letters o, e, e in place of stressed vowels
§ 17. After zh, ch, sh, shch, the letter e is written to convey the stressed vowel e, for example:
Letters o, e in place of unstressed vowels
§ 20 . In an unstressed position, the letter e is written after zh, ch, sh, sch - in accordance with the stress
Letters o and e after c
§ 22. After c, to convey the stressed vowel o, the letter o is written, to convey the stressed vowel
The letter e after sibilants and c
§ 25. The letter e is written after the letters zh, ch, sh, c only in the following special cases. 1. In the abbreviation
Letter th
§ 26. The letter th is written to convey sound (“yot”) after vowels at the end of a word or before consonants, for example: ma
The letter ь as a sign of softness of a consonant
§ 29. The letter ь is written to indicate the softness of a paired consonant at the end of words, for example: dove, leave, notebook, dirt, sorry, seven,
Not after the hissing ones
§ 31. The letter ь is written (regardless of pronunciation) in the following grammatical forms: a) in complex numerals before
After the sizzling
§ 32. After zh, sh, ch, shch, the letter b is written according to tradition in the following grammatical forms: a) on k
Spelling unstressed vowels
§ 33. General rule. The writing of letters in place of unstressed vowels is established by checking other words and forms, where in the same significant part of the word (in the same
Unstressed vowels in roots
§ 34. In accordance with the general rule (see § 33), the writing of letters in place of unstressed vowels in roots is established by checking words and forms with the same root
Features of writing individual roots
§ 35. There are roots in which the writing of letters in place of unstressed vowels does not correspond to the general rule, but is subject to tradition. These include the following roots with
Unstressed vowels in prefixes
§ 38. In accordance with the general rule (see § 33), writing letters in place of unstressed vowels in prefixes (except for the prefix raz‑/roz‑, see § 40)
Unstressed vowels in suffixes
§ 42. In accordance with the general rule (see § 33), the writing of letters in place of unstressed vowels in suffixes is established by checking words and forms with the same su
Features of writing individual suffixes
§ 45. -enn‑, -yan‑. In adjectives formed from nouns, one should distinguish between the suffixes -enn- and -
Unstressed fluent vowels in roots and suffixes of nouns and adjectives
Introductory remarks. The correct spelling of a letter in place of an unstressed vowel is in some cases determined by the fluency of this vowel. The fluent vowel appears
Unstressed connecting vowels
§ 65. When combining the stems of two or more words into one compound word, as well as when forming compound words with components of an international nature, uses
Unstressed vowels in case endings
§ 67. In accordance with the general rule (see § 33), the writing of letters in place of unstressed vowels in endings is established by checking the forms of words with the same ending
Case forms of nouns in -i, -i, -i
1. Nouns with a non-monosyllabic stem (male). and environments, kind of -y and -y in the sentence. n. and women kind of na −iya in dat. and sentence p.un. h. have in unstressed position
Vowels in verb endings
§ 74. The writing of unstressed vowels in verb endings follows the general rule (see § 33): unstressed endings are checked by the corresponding stressed ones. Application
Unimpacted particles neither and nor
§ 77. There are two particles different in meaning and use - not and neither. Wed. cases when they will perform
Voiceless and voiced consonants
§ 79. General rule. Paired voiceless consonant sounds p, f, t, s (and corresponding soft ones), k, sh at the end of a word and before voiceless consonants
Unpronounceable consonants
§ 83. In groups of consonants, one of the consonants may not be pronounced: in combinations stn, stl, zdn, rdts, rdch, stts, zdts, ntsk, ndsk, ndts, ntv, stsk
Groups of consonants at the junction of significant parts of a word
§ 84. Adjectives with the suffix −sk‑, formed from words with a vowel base + sk, end in −
Double consonants at the junction of significant parts of a word
§ 93. Double consonants are written at the junction of a prefix and a root, if the prefix ends and the root begins with the same consonant letter, for example: lawless, be
Double n and single n in suffixes of adjectives and nouns
§ 97. The suffixes -enn (y), -stvenn (y), -enn (y) are written with double n
Full forms
§ 98. Suffixes of full forms of passive past participles are written with nn: -nn- and -yonn-
Short forms
§ 100. Short forms of passive past participles are written with one n, for example: chitan, chitana, chitano, chitany; read
Double n and single n in words formed from adjectives and participles
§ 105. Adverbs ending in -o, nouns with the suffixes -ost, -ik, -itz (a), formed from adjectives and passive
Double consonants in Russian roots
§ 106. Double consonants are written in the roots of Russian (not borrowed) words in the following cases. Double is written in words
Slash
§ 114. Scope of application of the sign / (slash) – scientific and business speech. It is used in the following functions. 1. In a function close to unions and
Apostrophe
§ 115. The apostrophe sign - superscript comma - has limited use in Russian writing. It is used when transferring foreign surnames with initial letters D
Accent mark
§ 116. The accent mark is the sign ́, which is placed above the vowel letter corresponding to the stressed sound. This sign can be used sequentially and selectively.
General rules
§ 117. The following categories of words are written together. 1. Words with prefixes, for example: a) with Russian prefixes: accident-free, beskass
Common nouns
§ 119. The following categories of nouns are written together. 1. Nouns, the continuous spelling of which is determined by general rules: word
Names, pseudonyms, nicknames, nicknames
§ 123. The following are written separately: 1. Combinations of a Russian name with a patronymic and surname or only with a surname, for example: Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin,
Geographical names
§ 125. Written together: 1. Names with second parts -city, -grad, -dar, -burg, for example: Zvenigorod, B
Adjectives
§ 128. The following categories of adjectives are written together. 1. Adjectives, the continuous spelling of which is determined by general rules: words
Numerals
§ 132. Written together: a) cardinal numbers with the second part −twenty, −eleven, −ten, −one hundred, −
Pronominal words
Pronoun words (as opposed to nominative words) act as nouns (e.g., who, what), adjectives (e.g., which, such), adverbs (e.g.
Adverbs
Introductory remarks. Adverbs formed with the help of prefixes from words of different parts of speech are written in accordance with the general rules of continuous and separate spelling
Functional words and interjections
§ 140. The following function words and interjections are written together. 1. Prepositions formed from prepositional-case combinations: in view of,
Combinations with particles
§ 143. Combinations with the following particles are written through a hyphen. 1. With particles -de, -ka, -those, -to, -s,
Continuous writing is not
§ 145. Regardless of the grammatical affiliation of the word, negation is not written together in the following cases. 1. If after
Corrective Rules
(coordination rules) Introductory remarks. The purpose of these rules is to prevent the appearance of such spellings that follow from the basic laws
Proper names of people, animals, mythological creatures and words derived from them
§ 159. Personal names, patronymics, surnames, pseudonyms, nicknames are written in capital letters, for example: Olga, Alyosha, Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, A
Geographical and administrative-territorial names and words derived from them
§ 169. In geographical and administrative-territorial names - names of continents, seas, lakes, rivers, hills, mountains, countries, territories, regions, nas
Astronomical names
§ 178. In the names of celestial bodies, constellations and galaxies, all words are written with a capital letter, except generic names (star, comet, constellation, planet, astero
Names of historical eras and events, calendar periods and holidays, public events
§ 179. In the names of historical eras and events, calendar periods and holidays, the first word (which may be the only one) is written with a capital letter, for example:
Names associated with religion
The writing of names associated with religion is subject to general rules, but the traditional ways of representing individual groups of names that have developed in the church are taken into account
Names of authorities, institutions, organizations, societies, parties
§ 189. In the official compound names of government bodies, institutions, organizations, scientific, educational and entertainment institutions, societies, political parties and associations
Names of documents, monuments, objects and works of art
§ 194. In the compound names of the most important documents and collections of documents, state laws, as well as architectural and other monuments, objects and products
Names of positions, ranks, titles
§ 196. The names of positions, ranks, titles are written with a lowercase letter, for example: president, chancellor, chairman, minister, prime minister, deputy minister
Names of orders, medals, awards, insignia
§ 197. The names of orders, medals, awards, insignia that are not syntactically combined with the generic name are enclosed in quotation marks and written in them with a capital b
Names of trademarks, product brands and varieties
§ 198. The names of types and varieties of agricultural crops, vegetables, flowers, etc. - terms of agronomy and horticulture - are highlighted in quotation marks and written with a lowercase b
Capital letters in special stylistic use
§ 201. Some names are written with a capital letter in the texts of official documents, messages, agreements, for example: High Contracting Parties, Extraordinary
Abbreviations and words derived from them
Introductory remarks. Abbreviations are nouns consisting of truncated words included in the original phrase, or from truncated parts of the original compound with
Graphic abbreviations
Graphic abbreviations, unlike abbreviations, are not independent words. When reading, they are replaced by words of which they are abbreviated; exception: i. O. (from
Transfer rules
Introductory remarks. When arranging text on a page (printed, typewritten, handwritten), there are often cases where the end of a line does not coincide with the space character, due to
About the purpose and principles of punctuation
Serving the needs of written communication, punctuation has a clear purpose - to help break down the written text to facilitate its understanding. Dismemberment may have
Punctuation at the end of a sentence
§ 1. Depending on the purpose of the message, the presence or absence of emotional coloring of the statement, a period is placed at the end of the sentence (narration,
Unromantic person
They say that youth is the happiest time in life. This is said by those who were young a long time ago and forgot what it is (Current). The period is placed after the first sentence
Punctuation at the beginning of a sentence
§ 4. At the beginning of a sentence, to indicate a logical or meaningful break in the text, a sharp transition from one thought to another (at the beginning of a paragraph), it is placed
§ 5. When semantically emphasizing individual members of an interrogative or exclamatory sentence, punctuation marks are placed after each of the members that are formalized
Division of a sentence using a period
§ 9. When parcelling (that is, when dividing a narrative sentence into independent parts), a period is put: After ten years, I got a job as a postman
§ 10. Between the subject and the nominal predicate, a dash is placed in place of the missing connective if the subject and predicate are expressed by nouns in the form
Dash in an incomplete sentence
§ 16. In incomplete sentences, a dash is placed in place of the missing members of the sentence or their parts. 1. In parts of a complex sentence with pairs
Dash in join function
§ 19. A dash is placed between two (or more) words that, when combined with each other, mean limits (meaning “from... to”) - spatial, temporal
Dash in highlight function
§ 21. A dash is placed before the members of a sentence to emphasize them, to emphasize them (for stylistic purposes). Such members of a sentence are called connecting members.
Punctuation marks for nominative topics
§ 23. The nominative case (nominative of topic or presentation) as a syntactic structure standing before the sentence whose topic it represents is separated
Punctuation marks for homogeneous sentence members with and without conjunctions
§ 25. Homogeneous members of a sentence (main and secondary), not connected by conjunctions, are separated by commas: There were brown velvets in the office
Punctuation marks for homogeneous members of a sentence with generalizing words
§ 33. If a generalizing word precedes a series of homogeneous terms, then a colon is placed after the generalizing word: An ice fisherman happens
Punctuation marks for homogeneous definitions
§ 37. Homogeneous definitions, expressed by adjectives and participles and standing before the word being defined, are separated from each other by a comma, not
Punctuation marks for repeating sentence parts
§ 44. Between the repeated parts of the sentence, a busy word is placed. For example, repetition emphasizes the duration of an action: I'm going, I'm going
Punctuation marks for separate agreed definitions
§ 46. Determinative phrases are isolated (highlighted or separated) by commas, i.e. definitions expressed by participles or adjectives with behind
Punctuation marks for isolated inconsistent definitions
§ 53. Inconsistent definitions expressed by nouns in the form of indirect cases with prepositions and relating to common nouns,
Punctuation marks in isolated circumstances
§ 68. Circumstances expressed by participial phrases are separated by commas, regardless of their location in relation to
Punctuation marks for restrictive-exclusive phrases
§ 78. Phrases with the meaning of inclusion, exclusion and substitution, naming objects included in a series of homogeneous members or, conversely, excluded and
Punctuation marks for clarifying, explanatory and connecting members of a sentence
§ 79. Clarifying members of a sentence are separated by commas. Referring to a particular word in a sentence, they narrow the concept they denote or to
Punctuation marks in meaningful combinations with subordinating conjunctions or allied words
§ 87. In indecomposable combinations that include expressions that are integral in meaning, a comma is not placed. 1. In irreducible combinations
Punctuation marks for comparative phrases
§ 88. Comparative phrases that begin with comparative conjunctions (as if, as if, exactly, with what, rather than, as if, like, that, as well as etc.) are distinguished
Punctuation marks for introductory words, word combinations and sentences
§ 91. Introductory words and combinations of words are highlighted or separated by commas: Misha Alpatov, of course, could hire horses (Pr
Punctuation marks for insertions
§ 97. Plug-in constructions (words, combinations of words, sentences) are highlighted with brackets or dashes. They contain additional information
Punctuation marks for addresses
§ 101. Addresses, i.e. words and combinations of words naming the addressee of speech, are highlighted (or separated) by commas. When you become more emotional, put
Punctuation marks for interjections and interjection sentences
§ 107. Interjections are highlighted (or separated) by commas: – Oh, there’s a fire somewhere! (Boon.); - But, but
Punctuation marks for affirmative, negative and interrogative-exclamation words
§ 110. The words yes and no, expressing affirmation and negation, are separated or highlighted by a comma as part of a sentence: – Yes
Punctuation marks in a complex sentence
§ 112. A comma is placed between parts of a compound sentence. At the same time, connecting relationships are established between them (unions
Punctuation marks in a complex sentence
§ 115. In the subordinate parts of a complex sentence, conjunctions and allied words are used as if, where, for nothing that, if (if... then), for, why,
Punctuation marks in a non-union complex sentence
§ 127. When listing, a comma is placed between the parts of a non-union complex sentence: The ocean roared behind the wall with black mountains, the blizzard
Punctuation marks in complex syntactic structures
§ 131. In complex syntactic constructions, i.e. in complex sentences with different types of syntactic connections (with composition and subordination; with composition and non-union
Punctuation marks for direct speech
§ 133. Direct speech, that is, the speech of another person included in the author’s text and reproduced verbatim, is formalized in two ways. If it's direct speech
Punctuation marks for quotations
§ 140. Quotations are enclosed in quotation marks and punctuated in the same way as direct speech (see § 133–136): a) Marcus Aurelius said: “
Marking quotes and “alien” words with quotation marks
§ 148. Quotes (other people’s speech) included in the author’s text, including direct speech (see § 140–145) are highlighted with quotation marks. Without quotation marks
Putting quotation marks around unusually used words
§ 150. Quotes highlight words that are alien to the writer’s vocabulary: words used in an unusual (special, professional) meaning, words belonging to a special
The combination of punctuation marks and the sequence of their arrangement
§ 154. When combining question and exclamation marks, the main sign is placed first, indicating the purpose of the statement - a question mark
Interaction of punctuation marks in complex constructions
§ 161. In different parts of complex syntactic constructions, depending on the conditions of the context, there may be two colons, a colon and a dash.
Punctuation marks when preparing lists and rules for categorization
§ 164. Business, as well as scientific, special texts often include various lists and components that require symbols. Well, such lists
End of sentence
period at the end of a declarative sentence § 1 question mark at the end of a sentence concluding a question § 1 at the end of a rhetorical question §
Sentence ending marks within a sentence
question and exclamation marks when semantically emphasizing individual members of an interrogative or exclamation sentence § 5 when included in
Dash between subject and predicate
between subject and predicate, expressed nouns § 10 before the predicate with the words here, this is § 11 when expressing the subject and predicate (
Homogeneous members of the sentence busy
between homogeneous members not connected by unions § 25 with repeated unions (such as and... and, neither... nor). § 26 with double repetition of the union and § 26
In the presence of generalizing words
a colon after a generalizing word before listing. § 33 in the absence of a generalizing word in the business and scientific text § 33, note. dash before o
With homogeneous definitions
comma for definitions denoting characteristics of different objects § 37 for definitions expressing similar characteristics of one object § 37
With agreed definitions
commas for participial phrases or adjectives with dependent words standing after the word being defined § 46 for attributive phrases standing before the definition
In case of inconsistent definitions
commas for definitions in the form of oblique cases with prepositions relating to common nouns, if this name already has a definition § 53
Under the circumstances
commas for participial phrases § 68 for participial phrases after coordinating conjunctions (except a), subordinating and allied words §
At limiting speeds
commas when used with prepositions except, along with, besides, excluding, with the exception of, including, over, etc. at the absolute beginning of the sentence § 78 between next
With connecting members of the proposal
commas with members of sentences with words even, especially, especially, mainly, including, in particular, for example, and moreover, and therefore; yes and, yes and only, yes and in
In meaningful expressions
the comma is not placed in indecomposable combinations with subordinating conjunctions and allied words as if nothing had happened, to do as it should, at all costs, whoever
At comparative speeds
commas when used with conjunctions as if, as if, exactly, than, rather than, as if, as, etc. § 88 when used with conjunctions like: if they denote likening
Introductory structures
commas for introductory words and combinations of words: – indicating the degree of reliability – indicating the degree of commonness § 91, note. 1, item b)
Plug-in structures
dash when inserted inside a sentence § 97, note. 1 when inserted inside another insert enclosed in brackets § 99, note. dash or parentheses
Appeals
commas when addressing at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of a sentence § 101 when dividing the address § 101 exclamation mark when addressing
Interjections and interjection expressions
commas for interjections and interjection expressions at the beginning and in the middle of a sentence § 107.109 exclamation point for interjections with heightened emotionality
Affirmative, negative and interrogative words
comma in the words yes, no, yeah, well, well, well, so § ON; § 110, note 3 exclamation point for affirmative and negative words,
In a compound sentence
comma between parts of a complex sentence (with connective, adversative, disjunctive, adjunct and explanatory conjunctions) § 112
In a complex sentence
a comma between the main and subordinate parts of the sentence § 115 before the words especially, in particular, namely, and also, and (but) only and others, if they appear
Using quotation marks
with direct speech located in a line (in selection) § 133, paragraph 1; 134–137 when highlighting quotes § 140–148 when highlighting other people’s words in the author’s text... § 14
Sequence of characters
question mark, exclamation mark(?!) § 154 question mark or exclamation mark with ellipsis (?..) (!..) (?!.) § 154 comma, t
Making lists and categorization rules
Roman numerals and capital letters in the list § 164, paragraphs. V); G); g) Roman numerals and capital letters outside the text (as headings) § 164, p. e) lowercase letters and Arabic letters
Conditional abbreviations
Av. – L. Avilova Ait. – Ch. Aitmatov Akun. – B. Akunin Am. – N. Amosov A. Inter. – A. Mezhirov Ard. – V. Ardamatsky As. – N. Aseev
§ 058-069. DOUBLE CONSONANTS
Double consonants are written when combining a prefix and a root, if the prefix ends and the root begins with the same consonant, for example: support, vestibule, introduce, wipe off, pour out, restore, lawless, counter-revolution.
Double consonants are written when combining the constituent parts of complex abbreviated words, if one part ends and the other begins with the same consonant, for example: Mossovet, chief physician.
Double n and double s are written when combining a root and a suffix, if the root ends and the suffix begins with a consonant n or s:
With the suffix -n-, for example: long (length), ancient (antiquity), stone (stone), domain (domain), legal (law), temporary (basis of tenses-); with the suffix -sk-, for example: Kotlas (Kotlas), Arzamas (Arzamas), Russian (Rus), but: Tartu (Tartu), Hankou (Hankow); with the suffix -stv-: art (cf. skillful). Double s is also written in past tense verbs when combining stems -s with the reflexive particle -sya, for example: saved, rushed. Note. Double n is written in the numeral eleven. § 61.
Double n is written in the suffixes -enn-, -onn- of adjectives formed from nouns, for example: straw, painful, cranberry, artificial, internal, bucket, peculiar, dining, revolutionary, positional.
Note. In the word windy and in its derivatives one n is written, but in prefix formations it is written -nn- (windless, leeward). (Code 2000: Write the adjective windy with two n, respectively: windless, windward, leeward (but: chicken pox, chicken pox - with a different suffix), windiness, windy, anemone, windy (predicative: it’s windy outside today).) Adjectives with a suffix -yan- (-an-), formed from nouns, are written with one n, for example: hair, wood, clay, leather. The adjectives wooden, tin, glass are written with double n. With one n the suffix -in- is written in adjectives, for example: nightingale, chicken, living room, as well as in the noun hotel. § 62.
Double n is written in passive past participles, for example: reports read at a ceremonial meeting; a soldier wounded by an enemy bullet; collective farm, organized in 1930; a detachment reinforced by two companies; deputies elected to the Supreme Council.
Double n is written in all adjectives formed from passive past participles (or according to their type), if these adjectives have prefixes or end in -ovanny, -evanny (except chewed and forged), for example: the patient was prescribed enhanced nutrition, a volume of selected ones was published works of Pushkin, sublime style, inscribed triangle, aged wine, trusted person, temperate climate, refined manners, abstract question, absent-minded student, worn dress, used books, tear-stained face, rusty key, risky step, spoiled child, uprooted plot.
But with one n you should write adjectives formed from passive participles of the past tense (including complex ones, see § 80, paragraph 2), if these adjectives do not have a prefix and are not formed from verbs in -ova, -evat, for example : scientific works, wounded border guards, torn clothes, smoked sausage, boiled milk, dried fish, slaked lime, pickled cucumbers, soaked apples, steamed potatoes, plain-dyed fabric. The words desired, sacred, unexpected, unprecedented, unheard, unexpected and some others, defined in dictionary order, are written with two n. (Code 2000: Refusal of the orthographic distinction between participles and adjectives (not on -ovanny, -evanny), formed from imperfective verbs; for both, spellings with one n are accepted: fried potatoes and fried potatoes, short-cropped hair and bobbed hair, carts loaded with firewood and loaded carts. For formations from perfective verbs, uniform spellings with two nn are preserved (abandoned, finished, deprived, decided, etc.). The verb aspect is determined by the presence/absence of a prefix: all formations from imperfective verbs are prefixless , while prefixless verbs of the perfect form represent a very small group.The new rule naturally includes the formations done (made indifference), counted (counted minutes) and home-grown, hitherto written with nn, as well as konenny (finished person), written with one n.) § 64.
Double n is written in adverbs starting with -o and in nouns with the suffixes -ik, -its-, -ost, formed from adjectives if the latter are written with two n, for example: accidentally, unheard of, excitedly, excitement (excited); confidently, confidence (confident); education, pupil, pupil (educated); protégé (installed); captive (captive); birthday boy (birthday); sennik (hay); korennik (indigenous); in-law (inherent).
If the adjective has one n, then the adverbs and nouns formed from it are written with one n, for example: confused, confused, confused (confused); learned, learned (scientist); hemp (hemp); silversmith (silversmith). Also, with one n the words silver (in the meaning of a coin) and bessrebrenik (unselfish person) are written. § 65.
Double n is written as multiply. h. and in feminine and neuter gender units. including short adjectives formed from passive past participles, the full form of which is double n, for example: the groups are disciplined and organized; the girl is well-mannered and smart; they are very absent-minded.
Short passive participles are written with one n, for example: broken, broken, broken, broken; the young man was raised as a Komsomol member; the girl is pampered by her upbringing; we are limited by time; The students are organized into a group. § 66.
The double w is written in the words reins, yeast, juniper, zhuzhat and in derivatives from them, as well as in some formations from the verb to burn, for example: zhzhёsh, zhzhet, zhzheny, zhzheny, zhzhenka.
If there is an alternation zg - zzh, zd - zzh, you should write not double zh, but zzh, for example: grumble (grump), cerebellum (brain), arrive (arrival), later (old. late, modern. late), clutter up (clutter up ), as well as to squeal (cf. old brezg - “dawn”). § 67.
More than two identical consonants in a row are not written, even if this is required by the composition of the word, for example: quarrel (ras + quarrel), Odessky (Odessa + sky), Prussian (Prussian + sky), five-tonny (five-ton + ny).
The spelling of double consonants in foreign words is determined in dictionary order, for example: irrigation, corrosion, cassation, excess, essence, but: poster, letter, official, etching, report.
In words formed from stems ending in two identical consonants, double consonants before suffixes are preserved, for example: group - group, group; program - program, software; kilowatt - kilowatt; Calcutta - Calcutta; class - cool; Hun - Hunnic; point (unit of assessment measure) - five points; Gall - Gallic; libretto - librettist.
Double consonants at the root or after a prefix are a simple topic. But some words in oral speech include a voiced sound, which displays not one, but two letters in writing. Examples in which doubled consonants occur are presented in the article.
To justify those who do not have one hundred percent literacy (and they are the majority), it is worth saying that the speech that Pushkin used is one of the most difficult in the world. Therefore, spelling rules need to be repeated from time to time. Let's look at the most common spelling mistakes
Double "w"
There are many words in the Russian language whose spelling does not correspond to any rule. So, double “w” is written in the following words:
- burning;
- yeast;
- rein;
- buzz;
- juniper.
But in the case of alternating sounds “zh” and “z” it is written differently. For example, the verb "squeal" comes from the noun "squeal." Therefore, despite the fact that double consonants are heard in oral speech, it is still written “zzh”.
Difficult words
Units of language called compound abbreviations often give rise to doubts when written. If the first part of a word ends with the letter with which the second begins, double consonants occur.
- maternity hospital;
- head physician
These cases should not be confused with words formed from two parts, one of which includes double consonants:
- gramophone record (gramophone record);
- konarmiya (cavalry army).
But if the adjective is formed from a stem in which there are doubled consonants, the above rule is observed. It must be followed when writing other parts of speech. The main condition is that the double consonant precedes the suffix. Below are examples of sentences that contain words with double consonants.
- Gauls- these are tribes that existed in the so-called Gallic period.
- His work was rated five points By five-point system.
- Hunnic bow is a weapon created by nomads who are known in history as Huns.
- After nine participants left the project, it was no longer group, but small group.
- The postman used to use diminutive forms in his speech: letter, telegram, parcel.
Exceptions
But there are lexical units formed from words with double consonants, but which do not fall under the rules given above. These exceptions need to be remembered.
- crystal, but crystalline;
- Finnish, but Finnish;
- column, but column;
- a ton, but five ton.
Exceptions include derivatives from proper names.
- In those distant times she was not yet Alloy Petrovna is a formidable and powerful woman, but stupid and naive Alcoy.
- One of the characters in Furmanov's work was a girl named Anna, better known as " Anka-machine gunner."
- His name was Philip. And of all the works of classical literature, he most disliked Tolstoy’s story “ Filipok».
At the junction of prefix and root
In such cases, words with double consonants are written. But this rule also has exceptions. In words such as appeal or fake, the prefix ends with the letter with which the root begins.
You should not confuse the spelling of the verbs “give in” and “give in.” In the first case we are talking about an action that can be expressed as follows: “to be influenced, to agree”, in the second - “to go”.
Words of foreign origin
The spelling of borrowings must be checked using a spelling dictionary. Or study foreign languages. After all, words such as abbreviation, accommodation and application are of Latin origin. No need to study. Derivations from many Latin words are found in modern English, German and French.
Those who do not want to spend time on the grammar and phonetics of a foreign language need to memorize the spelling of foreign words. Below are sentences that contain borrowings with double consonants.
- Aggression often becomes a consequence of alcohol poisoning.
- Symptoms acclimatization manifest themselves differently in each person.
- In this store you can buy not only clothes, but also various accessories.
- Ammonia has a high level of toxicity.
- Finishing is a complex and time-consuming process.
- A method that involves replacing some objects with others is called approximation.
- Collegiateassessor, who lived next door, was a mysterious, secretive person.
- The witch brewed fragrant potions and prepared strange essences.
- There were many in the city waste heaps, to which visitors often mistook for real mountains.
- Representatives of the Russian intelligentsia in search of salvation they were forced to leave their homes.
Borrowings with one consonant
There are also a number of words of foreign origin that do not have double consonants, but for some reason it is in their spelling that mistakes are often made:
- attribute;
- balustrade;
- dealer;
- amateur;
- impresario;
- wolverine.
And finally, a well-known word that contains double consonants in the root: quarrel. Of course, in the verb derived from it there is no need to write three letters “s” (to quarrel). Words formed according to this scheme can contain only two consonants.
Russian language is a basic subject at school. But over the years, the skills acquired in childhood and adolescence are lost. In writing texts, seemingly educated people often make serious mistakes. Not everyone can answer the question of in what cases it is necessary to write double consonants. And only a select few are gifted with the so-called innate sense of language. Therefore, the rules of the Russian language must be repeated throughout your life.
Rule
Doubling in Russian words
Double consonants are written when combining a prefix and a root, if the prefix ends and the root begins with the same consonant, for example: support, threshold, introduce, scrub, pour, restore, lawless, counter-revolution.
Double consonants written when combined components of compound words, if one part ends and the other begins with the same consonant, for example: Moscow City Council, chief physician.
The double w is written in the words reins, yeast, juniper, zhuzhat and in derivatives from them, as well as in some formations from the verb to burn, for example: zhzhёsh, zhzhet, zhzheny, zhzheny, zhzhenka.
Doubling in loanwords
Words of foreign origin are written in their own languages according to the same principle; doubling of consonants is most often preserved even when the word is transferred to the Russian language, but we cannot explain the doubled consonant without knowing the morphemes of the language from which the word came. The spelling of such words remains to be learned, which is what the 1956 grammar recommends to us:
"§ 68. The spelling of double consonants in foreign words is determined in dictionary order, for example: irrigation, corrosion, cassation, excess, essence, but: poster, letter, official, etching, report."
In order to learn foreign words with double consonants, you need to at least make a list of them. There are now more than 300 such words in the collection of our website.List of words with double consonants and exercises that will help you quickly learn these words are contained in the course.
Examples
A ll igator
those pp asa - word of Greek origin: te rr a - earth.
A tt raktion
O kk upant
be ss O nn itza - doubling at the junctions of prefix, root dream and suffix.
ra ss fall
ss ora
What to pay attention to
- More than two identical consonants in a row are not written, even if this is required by the composition of the word, for example: quarrel (ras + quarrel), Odessky (Odessa + sky), Prussian (Prussian + sky), five-tonny (five-ton + ny).
- In words formed from stems ending in two identical consonants, double consonants before suffixes are preserved, for example: group - group, group; program - program, software; kilowatt - kilowatt; Calcutta - Calcutta; class - cool; Hun - Hunnic; point (unit of measure, evaluation) - five-point, Gall - Gallic; libretto - librettist. But it is written: crystal (although crystal), finka, Finnish (although Finn), column (although column), five-tonka (although ton), operetta (although operetta).
- Read a separate article about the choice of N and NN. N and NN in all parts of speech.
- Sometimes foreign words, having become Russified, lose their second consonant. So the word office, which entered the Russian language along with business in the 90s of the 20th century, was first written with a double FF (as in the English word), but quite quickly people began to use it with one FF. The word traffic is now written with either one or two f.
There are no double consonants in the words:
grimace, dealer, gallery, corridor, aluminum, play, drama, dramatic, galley, furor, race, freemasons, operetta, literate, headmistress, tremble, number, caricature, crystal, column, cavalry, cymbals, emigration, wolverine, problem, producer, actress, rope, ammunition, stagecoach, sonata, stele, climbing wall, comic, rigging.
