The first government after the victory of the October Revolution was formed in accordance with the "Decree on the Establishment of the Council of People's Commissars" adopted by the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies on October 27 (old style), 1917.

Initially, the Bolsheviks expected to agree on the participation in it of representatives of other socialist parties, in particular the Left Socialist Revolutionaries, but such an agreement could not be reached. As a result, the first revolutionary government turned out to be purely Bolshevik.

The authorship of the term "People's Commissar" was attributed to themselves by several revolutionary leaders, in particular Leon Trotsky... The Bolsheviks wanted in this way to emphasize the fundamental difference between their power and the tsarist and Provisional governments.

The term "Council of People's Commissars" as the definition of the Soviet government will last until 1946, until it is replaced by the now more familiar "Council of Ministers".

The first composition of the Council of People's Commissars will last only a few days. A number of its members will resign from their posts due to political contradictions, connected mainly with the same issue of participation in the government of members of other socialist parties.

The first composition of the Council of People's Commissars included:

• chairman of the Council of People's Commissars Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin);
• people's Commissar for Internal Affairs;
• people's Commissar of Agriculture;
• people's Commissar of Labor;
• people's Commissariat for Military and Naval Affairs - a committee composed of: Vladimir Ovseenko (Antonov), Nikolay Krylenko and Pavel Dybenko;
• people's Commissar for Trade and Industry;
• people's Commissar of Public Education;
• people's Commissar of Finance;
• people's Commissar for Foreign Affairs;
• people's Commissar of Justice;
• people's Commissar for Food;
• people's Commissar of Posts and Telegraphs;
• commissar for Nationalities Joseph Dzhugashvili (Stalin);
• the post of People's Commissar for Railway Affairs remained temporarily not replaced.

The biographies of the head of the first Soviet government, Vladimir Lenin, and the first people's commissar for nationalities are known to the general public quite well, so let's talk about the other people's commissars.

The first People's Commissar of Internal Affairs stayed in office for only nine days, but managed to sign a historic document on the creation of the police. After leaving the post of People's Commissar, Rykov went to work in the Moscow Soviet.

Alexey Rykov. Photo: Commons.wikimedia.org

Later, Alexei Rykov held high government posts, and since February 1924 he officially headed the Soviet government - the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR.

Rykov's career went downhill in 1930 when he was removed from his post as head of government. Rykov, who supported Nikolai Bukharin, was declared a "right deviator", and could not get rid of this stigma, despite numerous speeches of repentance.

At the plenum of the party in February 1937, he was expelled from the CPSU (b) and on February 27, 1937, was arrested. During interrogations, he pleaded guilty. As one of the main accused, he was involved in an open trial in the case of the "Pravotrotskyist anti-Soviet bloc". On March 13, 1938, he was sentenced to death and shot on March 15. Rykov was fully rehabilitated by the USSR Chief Military Prosecutor's Office in 1988.

Nine days after the creation of the first Soviet government, Milyutin advocated the creation of a coalition government and, in protest against the decision of the Central Committee, submitted an application to withdraw from the Central Committee and the Council of People's Commissars, then admitted the erroneousness of his statements and withdrew his application to withdraw from the Central Committee.

Vladimir Milyutin. Photo: Public Domain

Subsequently, he held high positions in the government, from 1928 to 1934 he was Deputy Chairman of the USSR State Planning Committee.

Arrested on July 26, 1937. On October 29, 1937, he was sentenced to death for belonging to the counter-revolutionary organization of the "rightists". He was shot on October 30, 1937. Rehabilitated in 1956.

Shlyapnikov also advocated the inclusion of members of other political parties in the government, however, unlike his colleagues, he did not leave his post, continuing to work in the government. Three weeks later, in addition to the duties of the people's commissar of labor, he was also given the duties of the people's commissar of trade and industry.

Alexander Shlyapnikov. Photo: Commons.wikimedia.org

In the Bolshevik Party, Shlyapnikov was the leader of the so-called "workers' opposition", which manifested itself especially clearly in the party discussion about the role of trade unions. He believed that the task of the trade unions is to organize the management of the national economy, and they should take this function away from the party.

Shlyapnikov's position was sharply criticized by Lenin, which affected the further fate of one of the first Soviet people's commissars.

Later he held secondary positions, for example, he worked as the chairman of the board of the joint-stock company Metalloimport.

Shlyapnikov's memoirs "The Seventeenth Year" drew sharp criticism in the party. In 1933 he was expelled from the CPSU (b), in 1934 he was administratively exiled to Karelia, in 1935 he was sentenced to 5 years for belonging to the "workers' opposition" - a punishment replaced by exile to Astrakhan.

In 1936 Shlyapnikov was arrested again. He was accused of being the head of the counter-revolutionary organization "Workers' Opposition", in the fall of 1927 he gave a directive to the Kharkov center of this organization on the transition to individual terror as a method of struggle against the CPSU (b) and the Soviet government, and in 1935-1936 he gave directives on the preparation of a terrorist act against Stalin. Shlyapnikov pleaded not guilty, but on September 2, 1937, he was shot by the Military Collegium of the USSR Supreme Court. On January 31, 1963, the Military Collegium of the USSR Supreme Court rehabilitated Alexander Shlyapnikov for the absence of corpus delicti in his actions.

The fate of the members of the triumvirate that led the defense department was quite similar - they all held high government posts for many years, and they all became victims of the "great terror".

Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko, Nikolay Krylenko, Pavel Dybenko. Photo: Commons.wikimedia.org

Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko, who arrested the Provisional Government during the armed uprising in Petrograd, was one of the founders of the Red Army, spent many years in diplomatic work, during the Spanish Civil War he was the Consul General of the USSR in Barcelona, \u200b\u200brendering great assistance to the republican troops as a military adviser ...

Upon his return from Spain he was arrested, on February 8, 1938, he was sentenced to death "for belonging to a Trotskyist terrorist and spy organization." Shot on February 10, 1938. Rehabilitated posthumously on February 25, 1956.

Nikolai Krylenko was one of the founders of Soviet law, held the posts of People's Commissar of Justice of the RSFSR and the USSR, Prosecutor of the RSFSR and Chairman of the Supreme Court of the USSR.

Krylenko is considered one of the “architects of the Great Terror” of 1937-1938. Ironically, Krylenko himself became his victim.

In 1938, at the first session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, Krylenko was criticized. Soon after, he was removed from all posts, expelled from the CPSU (b) and arrested. On the verdict of the Military Collegiums of the Supreme Court of the USSR, he was shot on July 29, 1938. In 1956 he was rehabilitated for lack of corpus delicti.

Pavel Dybenko made a military career, bore the rank of commander of the 2nd rank, commanded troops in various military districts. In 1937 he took an active part in the repression in the ranks of the army. Dybenko was a member of the Special Judicial Presence, which condemned a group of top Soviet military leaders in the "Tukhachevsky Case" in June 1937.

In February 1938, Dybenko himself was arrested. He pleaded guilty to participation in the anti-Soviet Trotskyist military-fascist conspiracy. On July 29, 1938, he was sentenced to death and shot on the same day. Rehabilitated in 1956.

Speaking for the creation of a "homogeneous socialist government", Nogin was among those who left the Council of People's Commissars a few days later. However, after three weeks Nogin "admitted mistakes" and continued to work in senior positions, but at a lower level. He served as the Commissar of Labor of the Moscow Region, and then Deputy Commissar of Labor of the RSFSR.

Victor Nogin. Photo: Commons.wikimedia.org

He died on May 2, 1924, and was buried in Red Square. The name of one of the first Soviet people's commissars has been immortalized to this day in the name of the city of Noginsk near Moscow.

The People's Commissar of Education was one of the most stable figures in the Soviet government, holding his post permanently for 12 years.

Anatoly Lunacharsky. Photo: Commons.wikimedia.org

Thanks to Lunacharsky, many historical monuments have been preserved, and the activities of cultural institutions have been established. There were, however, very ambiguous decisions - in particular, already at the end of his career as People's Commissar, Lunacharsky was preparing a translation of the Russian language into the Latin alphabet.

In 1929 he was removed from the post of People's Commissar of Education and appointed chairman of the Academic Committee at the Central Executive Committee of the USSR.

In 1933, Lunacharsky was sent by the plenipotentiary of the USSR to Spain. He was deputy head of the Soviet delegation during the disarmament conference at the League of Nations. Lunacharsky died in December 1933 on his way to Spain in the French resort of Menton. The urn with the ashes of Anatoly Lunacharsky is buried in the Kremlin wall.

At the time of his appointment as People's Commissar, Skvortsov served as a member of the Moscow Military Revolutionary Committee. Upon learning of his appointment, Skvortsov announced that he was a theorist, not a practitioner, and refused the post. Later he was engaged in journalism, since 1925 he was the executive editor of the newspaper Izvestia of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR and the Central Executive Committee, since 1927 - deputy. executive secretary of the newspaper "Pravda", at the same time since 1926 director of the Lenin Institute under the Central Committee of the CPSU (b).

Ivan Skvortsov (Stepanov). Photo: Commons.wikimedia.org

In the party press, Skvortsov acted as an active supporter of Stalin, but did not reach the highest government posts - on October 8, 1928, he died of a serious illness. The ashes are buried in the Kremlin wall.

One of the main leaders of the Bolsheviks, the second person in the party after Lenin, in the 1920s lost outright in the internal party struggle, and in 1929 he was forced to leave the USSR as a political emigrant.

Lev Bronstein (Trotsky). Photo: Commons.wikimedia.org

In absentia confrontation with the Stalinist course, Trotsky continued until 1940, until it was interrupted in August 1940 by an ice ax blow from an NKVD agent Ramon Mercader.

For Georgy Oppokov, his tenure as People's Commissar for several days was the pinnacle of his political career. Later, he continued his activities in secondary positions, such as chairman of the Oil Syndicate, chairman of the board of Donugol, deputy chairman of the USSR State Planning Committee, member of the bureau of the Soviet Control Commission under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR.

Georgy Oppokov (Lomov). Photo: Commons.wikimedia.org

In June 1937, within the framework of the Great Terror, Oppokov was arrested, and on the verdict of the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR was shot on December 30, 1938. He was posthumously rehabilitated in 1956.

Like other supporters of the creation of a government from among members of various socialist parties, Teodorovich announced his resignation from the government, but he fulfilled his duties until December 1917.

Ivan Teodorovich. Photo: Public Domain

Later he was a member of the collegium of the People's Commissariat of Agriculture, and since 1922, Deputy People's Commissar of Agriculture. In 1928-1930, General Secretary of the Peasant International.

Arrested on June 11, 1937. Sentenced by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR on September 20, 1937 on charges of participation in an anti-Soviet terrorist organization to death and shot on the same day. Rehabilitated in 1956.

Avilov held his post until the decision to create a coalition government with the Left SRs, after which he changed the post of People's Commissar to the post of Assistant Director of the State Bank. Later he held various posts of the second rank, was the People's Commissar of Labor of Ukraine. From 1923 to 1926 Avilov was the leader of the Leningrad trade unions and became one of the leaders of the so-called "Leningrad opposition", which ten years later became a fatal circumstance for him.

Nikolay Avilov (Glebov). Photo: Commons.wikimedia.org

Since 1928 Avilov was in charge of "Selmashstroy", and since 1929 he became the first director of the Rostov plant of agricultural machines "Rostselmash".

On September 19, 1936 Nikolay Avilov was arrested on charges of terrorist activities. On March 12, 1937, by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR, he was sentenced to death on charges of participation in a counter-revolutionary terrorist organization. The verdict was carried out on March 13, 1937. Rehabilitated in 1956.

1. To organize the Solovetsky special-purpose forced labor camp and two transfer and distribution points in Arkhangelsk and Kem.
2. Organization and management specified in art. I the camp and the transfer and distribution points to assign to the OGPU.
3. All land, buildings, living and dead inventory that previously belonged to the former Solovetsky Monastery, as well as the Pertomin camp and the Arkhangelsk transit and distribution point, shall be transferred to the OGPU free of charge.
4. Simultaneously transfer to the use of the OGPU the radio station located on the Solovetsky Islands.
5. To oblige the OGPU to immediately begin organizing the labor of prisoners for the use of agricultural, fishing, forestry and other industries and enterprises, exempting them from paying state and local taxes and fees.

Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR Rykov
Chief Executive Officer of the SNK Gorbunov
Secretary Fotieva

Right:
Secretary of the Special Department at the OGPU I. Filippov

Copy from copy is correct:
Secretary of the Department of Sollagers ON OGPU Vaskov

List of names of members of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR who adopted the Resolution "On the organization of the Solovetsky forced labor camp"

Bogdanov Petr | Bryukhanov Nikolay | Dzerzhinsky Felix | Dovgalevsky Valerian | Kamenev Lev (Rosenfeld) | Krasin Leonid | Krestinsky Nikolay | Dmitry Kurskiy | Lenin Vladimir | Lunacharsky Anatoly | Orakhelashvili Mamiya | Rykov Alexey | Semashko Nikolay | Sokolnikov Grigory (Brilliant Hirsch) | Stalin (Dzhugashvili) Joseph | Trotsky (Bronstein) Lev | Tsyurupa Alexander | Chicherin Georgy | Chubar Vlas | Yakovenko Vasily

Not being "people's" commissars, two more comrades had a hand in the preparation of documents and decisions:

And finally, the loyalty of the document to the Resolution (or the correctness of the Resolution in the document?) Was confirmed by comrades from the "authorities":

Fillipov I. | Rodion Vaskov

"People's" commissars at the time of the creation of the ELEPHANT:
half of them will die from the bullet of the "comrades-in-arms"

"Do not be afraid of enemies - at worst they can kill you. Do not be afraid of friends - at worst they can betray you. Be afraid of the indifferent - they do not kill or betray, but only with their tacit consent there are treachery and murder on earth." ( Yasensky Bruno)

Beloborodov Alexander Georgievich (1891 -1938) - Regicide, signed a decision on the execution of the royal family. Replaced Dzerzhinsky as People's Commissar of VnuDel of the RSFSR (08/30/1923) Under him, the Office of the Northern Camps was located on Solovki. Shot.

Bogdanov Petr (1882-1939) - Soviet statesman, engineer. Member of the RSDLP since 1905. In 1917 before. Gomel Revolutionary Committee. Member of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) in 1927-30. Member of the Central Executive Committee, Central Executive Committee of the USSR. Arrested in 1937. Shot.

Bruchanov Nikolay (1878 - 1938) - Soviet statesman. People's Commissar of Food of the USSR (1923-1924), Deputy People's Commissar of Finance of the USSR (1924-1926), People's Commissar of Finance of the USSR (1926-1930). 02/03/1938 arrested. Shot.

Dzerzhinsky Felix (1877 - 1926) - Soviet statesman. Polish nobleman. The head of a number of people's commissariats, the founder of the Cheka, one of the organizers of the "red terror", who believed that "the Cheka must defend the revolution, even if its sword accidentally falls on the heads of innocent people."

Dovgalevsky Valerian (1885 - 1934) - Soviet statesman, diplomat. Member of the Communist Party since 1908, electrical engineer. Since 1921 the People's Commissar of Posts and Telegraphs of the RSFSR, in 1923 the Deputy People's Commissar of Posts and Telegraphs of the USSR. He was a member of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR. Died. Buried at the Kremlin wall.

Kamenev (Rosenfeld) Lev (1883 - 1936) From an educated Russian-Jewish family, the son of a machinist. September 14, 1922 appointed deputy. Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (V. Lenin) of the RSFSR. In 1922 it was he who proposed to appoint Joseph Stalin General Secretary of the Central Committee of the RCP (b). In 1936 he was convicted. Shot.

Krasin Leonid (1870 - 1926) He is Nikitich, Horse, Johansson, Winter, Kurgan. Soviet statesman. Born into the family of a petty official. In 1923 he became the first People's Commissar for Foreign Trade of the USSR. Died in London. Buried at the Kremlin wall.

Krestinsky (?) Nikolay (1883-1938), party member since 1903. Of the nobility, the son of a gymnasium teacher. Since 1918 the People's Commissar of Finance of the RSFSR. In May 1937 he was arrested. The only one refused to admit his guilt: "I also did not commit any of those crimes that are personally imputed to me." He was sentenced and shot in 1938.

Dmitry Kurskiy (1874 - 1932), People's Commissar of Justice of the RSFSR, the first prosecutor of the RSFSR. Born into the family of a railway engineer. In 1918, a member of the commission for the organization of intelligence agencies in Soviet Russia (together with Dzerzhinsky and Stalin). Member of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (1921) and the Central Executive Committee of the USSR (1923). Committed suicide (1932).

Lenin Vladimir (1870 - 1924), Soviet political and statesman, revolutionary, founder of the Bolshevik party, one of the organizers and leaders of the October 1917 uprising, chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (government) of the RSFSR and the USSR. The main organizer of the ELEPHANT.

Lunacharsky Anatoly (1875 - 1933) - Soviet writer, politician, translator, publicist, critic, art critic. Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1930), People's Commissar of Education (1917-1929). Died in France. Buried at the Kremlin wall.

Orakhelashvili Mamiya (Ivan) (1881 - 1937) - Soviet party leader. Born into a nobleman's family. He studied at the medical faculty of Kharkov University. From July 6, 1923 to May 21, 1925 - Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. In April 1937 he was exiled to Astrakhan. In 1937 he was arrested and shot.

Rykov Alexey (1875 - 1938), Party member since 1898. Born in Saratov. Since 1921, deputy. Prev. SNK and STO RSFSR, in 1923-1924. - USSR and RSFSR. Signed a decree on the creation of an ELEPHANT. Expelled from the party (1937) and arrested. Shot on March 15, 1938.

Semashko Nikolay (1874 - 1949) - Soviet party and statesman. The nephew of the revolutionary G. Plekhanov. In Switzerland he met Lenin (1906). Since 1918 People's Commissar of Health of the RSFSR. Professor, academician of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (1944) and the RSFSR Academy of Pedagogical Sciences (1945). He died a natural death.

Sokolnikov Grigory (Diamond Hirsch) (1888 - 1939) - Soviet state. activist. Member and can. member of the Politburo (1917, 1924-1925). People's Commissar of Finance of the RSFSR (1922) and the USSR (1923-1926). Arrested and sentenced to 10 years in prison (1937). According to the official version, he was killed by prisoners in the Verkhneuralsk political isolator (1939) .. Shot on 07/29/1937, the corpse was burned. The ashes were thrown into a pit at the cemetery of the Donskoy Monastery in Moscow.

All these comrades are commissars of the Council of People's Commissars, members of the government - the very Leninist government that launched the state mechanism of terror with the first stop at Solovki, in SLON. All these "comrades" are directly involved in the adoption of the Resolution. Active position or criminal connivance. Question for the Court: what did each of them do on November 2, 1923?

He was first elected at the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets on November 8 (October 26, old style) 1917 under the chairmanship of Vladimir Lenin as a temporary workers 'and peasants' government (until the convocation of the Constituent Assembly). The management of certain branches of state life was carried out by commissions. Government power belonged to the collegium of the chairmen of these commissions, that is, the Council of People's Commissars. Control over the activities of the people's commissars and the right to remove them belonged to the All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers', Peasants' and Soldiers' Deputies and its Central Executive Committee (CEC).

After the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly, the Third All-Russian Congress of Soviets on January 31 (January 18, old style), 1918, decided to abolish the word "provisional" in the name of the Soviet government, calling it "Workers 'and Peasants' Government of the Russian Soviet Republic."

According to the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918, adopted by the Fifth All-Russian Congress of Soviets on July 10, 1918, the government was called the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR.

In connection with the formation of the USSR in December 1922, a union government was created - the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, chaired by Vladimir Lenin (first approved at the second session of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR in July 1923).

In accordance with the USSR Constitution of 1924, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was the executive and administrative body of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, formed by a decree of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR for the term of office of the Central Executive Committee, the Council of People's Commissars of the union and autonomous republics - the Central Executive Committee of the corresponding republics. The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was supposed to regularly report on the work done at the congresses of Soviets of the USSR and sessions of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR.

The competence of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was attributed to the organization of direct management of the national economy and all other branches of state life. This leadership was carried out through the central sectoral bodies - the non-united (union) and united (union-republican) People's Commissariats of the USSR. The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR directed the activities of the People's Commissariats, considered their reports, and settled disagreements between the individual departments. He approved concession agreements, resolved disputes between the Council of People's Commissars of the Union republics, considered protests and complaints against decisions of the Council of Labor and Defense of the USSR and other institutions under it, against orders of the People's Commissars, approved the staffs of all-Union institutions, and appointed their leaders.

The jurisdiction of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR included the adoption of measures to implement the national economic plan and the state budget and to strengthen the monetary system, to ensure public order, the implementation of general leadership in the field of foreign relations with foreign states, etc.

Legislative work was also entrusted to the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR: it preliminarily considered draft decrees and resolutions, which were then submitted for approval by the Central Executive Committee of the USSR and its presidium; from the beginning of the 1930s, all bills had to be submitted to the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, although this was not provided for by the constitution ...

The 1936 Constitution made an addition to the definition of the place of government in the state machinery. The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was defined as "the highest executive and administrative body of state power." The 1924 Constitution did not contain the word "superior".
According to the USSR Constitution of 1936, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, the Council of People's Commissars of the union and autonomous republics were formed, respectively, by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Supreme Soviets of the union and autonomous republics.

The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was formally responsible to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (VS) and was accountable to it, and in the period between sessions of the Supreme Council, it was responsible to the Presidium of the USSR Armed Forces, to which it was accountable. The Council of People's Commissars could issue decisions and orders binding on the entire territory of the USSR on the basis of and in pursuance of existing laws and verify their implementation.

Orders, like state acts, began to be issued by the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR in 1941.

For the successful implementation of the functions assigned to it, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR could create committees, administrations, commissions and other institutions.

Subsequently, a large network of special departments for various branches of government arose that operated under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR.

The chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR were Vladimir Lenin (1923-1924), Alexey Rykov (1924-1930), Vyacheslav Molotov (1930-1941), Joseph Stalin (1941-1946).

In the post-war period, with the aim of introducing names generally accepted in international state practice, by the law of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of March 15, 1946, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was transformed into the Council of Ministers of the USSR, the people's commissariats into ministries.

The material was prepared on the basis of information from RIA Novosti and open sources

All rulers of Russia Vostryshev Mikhail Ivanovich

CHAIRMAN OF THE COUNCIL OF PEOPLE'S COMMISSARS VLADIMIR ILYICH LENIN (1870-1924)

CHAIRMAN

BOARD OF PEOPLE'S COMMISSORS

VLADIMIR ILYICH LENIN

Volodya Ulyanov was born on April 10/22, 1870 in Simbirsk (now Ulyanovsk) in the family of an inspector of public schools.

Volodya's paternal grandfather Nikolai Vasilyevich Ulyanov, the son of a serf (there is no information about his nationality, presumably Russian or Chuvash), married late to the daughter of a baptized Kalmyk, Anna Alekseevna Smirnova. Son Ilya was born when his mother was 43 years old, and his father was over 60 years old. Soon Nikolai Vasilyevich died, Ilya was raised and educated by his elder brother Vasily, a clerk of the Astrakhan firm "Brothers Sapozhnikov".

Lenin's maternal grandfather Alexander Dmitrievich - Srul (Israel) Moyshevich - Blank - a baptized Jew, a doctor, whose considerable fortune increased significantly after his marriage to a German woman Anna Grigorievna Grosskopf (the Grosskopf family also had Swedish roots). Lenin's early orphaned mother, Maria Alexandrovna, like her four sisters, was raised by her maternal aunt, who taught her nieces music and foreign languages.

In the Ulyanov family, through the efforts of Maria Alexandrovna, a special reverence for German order and accuracy was maintained. The children were fluent in foreign languages \u200b\u200b(Lenin was fluent in German, he read and spoke French, he knew English worse).

Volodya was a lively, lively and cheerful boy, he loved noisy games. He was not so much playing with toys as breaking them. For about five years he learned to read, then he was prepared by the parish teacher of Simbirsk for the gymnasium, where he entered the first grade in 1879.

“When he was still a child, he was taken to one of the best Russian ophthalmologists, who then thundered all over the Volga region, Kazan professor Adamyuk (senior),” recalled doctor M.I. Averbach. - Not having, obviously, the opportunity to accurately examine the boy and seeing objectively at the bottom of his left eye some changes, mainly of a congenital nature (congenital fissure of the optic nerve and posterior cone), Professor Adamyuk mistook this eye for having poor vision from birth (the so-called congenital amblyopia). Indeed, this eye saw very poorly into the distance. The child's mother was told that the left eye was worthless from birth and that such grief could not be helped. Thus, Vladimir Ilyich lived his entire life with the thought that he sees nothing with his left eye and exists only with his right eye. "

Volodya Ulyanov was the first student at the gymnasium, which he entered in 1879. The director of the gymnasium F.M. Kerensky, father of the head of the Provisional Government of 1917, Alexander Fedorovich Kerensky, highly appreciated the abilities of Vladimir Ulyanov. The gymnasium gave Lenin a solid foundation of knowledge. The exact sciences were not of interest to him, but history, and later philosophy, Marxism, political economy, statistics, became the disciplines in which he read mountains of books and wrote dozens of volumes of essays.

His older brother A.I. Ulyanov was executed in 1887 for participating in the assassination attempt on Tsar Alexander III. In 1887 Vladimir Ulyanov entered the law faculty of Kazan University; in December he was expelled from the university and expelled from the city for his participation in the student movement. He was exiled to the estate of his mother Kokushkino, where he read a lot, especially political literature.

In 1891 he passed external exams for the law faculty of St. Petersburg University, after which he served as an assistant attorney at law in Samara. But as a lawyer, Vladimir Ilyich did not show himself and already in 1893, leaving jurisprudence, moved to St. Petersburg, where he joined the Marxist student circle of the Technological Institute.

In 1894, one of Lenin's first works appeared - "What are the" friends of the people "and how they fight against the social democrats", in which it was argued that the road to socialism lay through the workers' movement led by the proletariat. In April - May 1895, Lenin held his first meetings abroad with members of the Emancipation of Labor group, including G.V. Plekhanov.

In 1895, Vladimir Ilyich took part in the creation of the St. Petersburg Union of the Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class, then he was arrested. In 1897 he was deported for three years to the village of Shushenskoye in the Yenisei province.

The terms of exile in Shushenskoye were quite acceptable. A favorable climate, hunting, fishing, simple food - all this strengthened Lenin's health. In July 1898, he married N.K. Krupskaya, also exiled to Siberia. She was the daughter of an officer, a student of the Bestuzhev courses, who at one time corresponded with L.N. Tolstoy. Krupskaya became Lenin's assistant and like-minded person for life.

In 1900, Lenin went abroad, where he stayed until 1917, with a break in 1905-1907. Together with Georgy Valentinovich Plekhanov and others, he began publishing the newspaper Iskra. At the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP in 1903, Lenin led the Bolshevik Party. From 1905 in St. Petersburg, from December 1907 - again in exile.

At the end of August 1914, Lenin moved from Austria-Hungary to neutral Switzerland, where he put forward the slogan of the defeat of the Russian government and the transformation of the imperialist war into a civil war. Lenin's position led him to isolation even in the social democratic environment. The leader of the Bolsheviks, apparently, did not consider the possible occupation of Russia by Germany as evil in this case.

In April 1917, having arrived in Petrograd, Lenin put forward a course for the victory of the socialist revolution. After the July 1917 crisis, he was in an illegal position. He headed the leadership of the October uprising in Petrograd.

At the 2nd All-Russian Congress of Soviets, Vladimir Ilyich was elected chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (SNK), the Council of Workers 'and Peasants' Defense (since 1919 - STO). Member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK) and the Central Executive Committee (CEC) of the USSR. From March 1918 he lived in Moscow. He played a decisive role in the conclusion of the Brest Peace. On August 30, 1918, during an attempt on his life, he was seriously wounded.

In 1918, Lenin approved the creation of the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution and Sabotage, which widely and uncontrollably used methods of violence and repression. He also introduced war communism in the country - on November 21, 1918, he signed a decree of the Council of People's Commissars "On organizing the supply of the population with all products and articles of personal consumption and household." Trade was prohibited, commodity-money relations were replaced by natural exchange, food appropriation was introduced. The cities began to die out. Nevertheless, Lenin's next step was the nationalization of industry. As a result of this grandiose experiment, industrial production in Russia actually ceased.

In 1921, an unprecedented famine broke out in the Volga region. It was decided to partially resolve this problem by robbing Orthodox churches, which, of course, parishioners resisted. Lenin took advantage of this to strike a decisive blow against the Russian Orthodox Church. On March 19, he wrote a secret letter to the members of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) about the use of resistance on the part of believers to the violent confiscation of church valuables as a pretext for mass executions of clergy, which was done.

The economic situation in the country was rapidly deteriorating. At the 10th Party Congress in March 1921, Lenin put forward a program of the "New Economic Policy." He understood that the introduction of NEP would revive the "right" elements in the party, and at the same X Congress he liquidated the residual elements of democracy in the RCP (b), banning the creation of factions.

NEP in the field of economics immediately yielded positive results, the process of rapid restoration of the national economy began.

In 1922, Lenin fell seriously ill (brain syphilis) and since December of this year did not participate in political activities.

Portrait of V.I. Lenin. Artist Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin. 1934

On January 27, from 10 am, troops and delegations of workers and peasants marched through Red Square in Moscow past the coffin with Lenin's body installed on a special pedestal. One of the banners read: "Lenin's Tomb is the cradle of freedom for all mankind." At 4 pm the troops took up arms "on guard", Stalin, Zinoviev, Kamenev, Molotov, Bukharin, Rudzutak, Tomsky and Dzerzhinsky raised the coffin and carried it to the mausoleum ...

Muscovite Nikita Okunev writes in his diary: “By the time of sinking into the grave, an order was given to the whole of Russia at 4 o'clock in the afternoon to stop all movement (railway, horse, steamer), and in factories and factories to blow whistles or beeps for five minutes (at the motion was also terminated for the same period). After, in a series of different anecdotes composed about this unprecedented funeral, it was like this: when Lenin lived, he was applauded, and when he died, all of Russia whistled without interruption for 5 minutes ... In the future, monuments to Lenin will probably be erected not only in cities, but also in every village. "

Vladimir Ilyich Lenin in Smolny. Artist Isaac Brodsky. 1930

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The Soviet state did not have a formal head almost throughout its existence. The collective head of state was the Supreme Soviet, and the key positions of the state apparatus were the positions of chairmen of the Council of Ministers and the Presidium of the Supreme Council.

It should be remembered that the actual power in the USSR belonged not to the state, but to the party bodies. In fact, the highest body, which was not controlled by any other authority, was the Party Central Committee and its highest body, which from 1917 to 1952 and from 1960 to 1991 was called the Politburo, and from 1952 to 1960 - the Presidium. However, with the exception of short periods of inter-rule, the actual control of this most important body was in the hands of one person. The rest of the members of the highest party and state bodies were only important functionaries. Although different opinions could be expressed at the sessions of the Central Committee, the final decision depended precisely on the head of the Central Committee. With rare exceptions, the decisions of the Central Committee, the Supreme Council and the Council of Ministers were unanimous.

		Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR
Stalin (Dzhugashvili) Joseph Vissarionovich 1922-1953 Secretary General	(Ulyanov Vladimir Ilyich) 1923-1924 Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR	Kalinin Mikhail Ivanovich 1922-1936 Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR 1936-1946 Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR
	Rykov Alexey Ivanovich 1924-1930
	Molotov Vyacheslav Mikhailovich 1930-1941
	I. V. Stalin 1941-1946 Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR 1946-1953 Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR	Shvernik Nikolay Mikhailovich 1946-1953
Khrushchev Nikita Sergeevich 1953-1964 First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee	Malenkov Georgy Maximilianovich	Voroshilov Kliment Efremovich
Leaders of the RCP (b) - VKP (b) - KPSS	Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars (SNK) and the Council of Ministers (CM) of the USSR	Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR and the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR
	Bulganin Nikolay Alexandrovich 1955-1958
	Khrushchev N.S. 1958-1964	Brezhnev Leonid Ilyich 1960-1964
Brezhnev L.I. 1964-1966 First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, 1966-1982 General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee	Alexey Kosygin 1964-1980	Mikoyan Anastas Ivanovich 1964-1965
Podgorny Nikolay Viktorovich 1965-1977
	Tikhonov Nikolay Alexandrovich 1980-1985	Brezhnev L.I. 1977-1982
Andropov Yu.V. 1982-1984		Andropov Yu.V. 1983-1984
Chernenko Konstantin Ustinovich 1984-1985		Chernenko K.U. 1984-1985
Leaders of the RCP (b) - VKP (b) - KPSS	Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars (SNK) and the Council of Ministers (CM) of the USSR	Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR and the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR
Gorbachev Mikhail Sergeevich (1985-1991)	Ryzhkov Nikolay Ivanovich (1985-1991)	Gromyko A. A, 1985-1988
		Gorbachev M, S. 1988-1990
	Pavlov Valentin Sergeevich 1991 prime Minister of the USSR	Lukyanov A.I. 1991 Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR
The CPSU was banned in November 1991.	The collapse of the USSR took place in December 1991.