Protozoa

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Variety of animals. Protozoa include animals consisting of one or several cells - colonies. Representatives of protozoa. Historical reference. Classification of the type Protozoa. Class Sarcodae (Rhizopods). Eating -? Tolerate unfavorable conditions - ? Class Sporozoans. Number of species Lifestyle Structure Habitat Example Meaning. Class Flagellates. Class Ciliates. - Protozoa.ppt

Type protozoa

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Lesson on the simplest

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Theme of the educational project Protozoa are among the first on Earth. Study topic question: What are the biological features of protozoa? Academic subjects: Biology, ecology, geography, computer science. What can be found in droplets of aquarium and pond water? What is the life of a slipper ciliate? How do protozoa react to environmental influences? Can nature exist without protozoa? Topics of independent research: Results of research presentation: - Lesson Protozoa.ppt

Protozoa biology

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Kingdom of Protozoa. General signs of the Kingdom of Protozoa. They reproduce by cell division. May form cysts. Amoeba Proteus. Diversity of Protozoa. Arcella vulgaris. Acantaria. Plasmodium vivax. Eimeria. Scorched frog. Ciliate slipper. Questions on the topic Protozoa. Name the four classes of the Kingdom of Protozoa. Give examples of protozoa that pose a danger to people. - Protozoa biology.ppt

Protozoa animals

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Protozoa. Worms. Shellfish. Lesson topic. What is the role of different animals in ecosystems? Breathe, create organic matter, grow, multiply, bloom. Plants can. Animals can breathe, swallow prey, move, grow, reproduce, and feel. Animals and plants can breathe, grow, and reproduce. General. Differences Animals can move, swallow prey, and feel. Shell amoeba. Solnechnik. Flagellates. Foraminifera shells. Ciliate - shoe. Purify the water. Increases soil fertility. Serve as food for small animals. Cause disease. - The simplest animals.ppt

Simple organisms

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Biology 7th grade protozoa

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Single organisms

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Lesson topic: Single-celled organisms. The manifestation of coloniality. Lesson assignment: Establish the fundamental principles of functioning of single-celled organisms. “Tell me and I will forget. Show me and I’ll remember. Give me the opportunity to do it myself, and I’ll get started.” Chinese wisdom. Unicellular prokaryotes. Kingdom of Drob'yanka Viddil Bacteria Viddil Cyanobacteria. Unicellular eukaryotes. Kingdom of Roslini. Unicellular organisms that create colonies. Work in groups. Laboratory “Single cell eukaryotes”. I. Laboratory “Single cell prokaryotes”. Presentation to the project “Ways of living of prokaryotes”. Prevention of any bacterial diseases means following the rules of hygiene. - One-clinical organisms.ppt

Unicellular animals

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Diversity of protozoa

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Diversity of Protozoa. Get to know the types of Protozoa. Get to know the meaning of Protozoa. Types of Protozoa. Subphylum Sarcodidae Foraminefera. Subphylum Sarcodidae Radiolaria. Subphylum Flagellates. Phylum Sporozoans. Complex life cycle. Meaning of Protozoa. Diversity of protozoa. There are 70 thousand species of Protozoa. The role of Protozoa in the life of nature and humans is significant. What is the name of the disease that is caused by Plasmodium falciparum? What is the name of the protozoan that causes the disease Amoebiasis? What type of lamblia is it? When did Protozoa appear on Earth? What types of Protozoa do you know? - Variety of protozoa.pptx

Types of protozoa

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Pimenov A.V. Topic: “The Sub-Kingdom of Protozoa.” Among unicellular animals there are organisms with a mixed (mixotrophic) type of nutrition. Reproduction is sexual and asexual. About 1.5 million species of animals are known. Animal Kingdom. General characteristics of the subkingdom Protozoa. Unicellular animals and colonial organisms. Structure. One or more cores. The outer membrane, together with compacted ectoplasm, can form a pellicle. Some have a shell. Digestion is intracellular using the digestive vacuole. There are mixotrophic organisms. Selection. Breath. The vast majority of protozoa are aerobic organisms. - Types of protozoa.ppt

Flagellate protozoa

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Type of Ciliates

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Type of ciliates. The macronucleus has a polyploid set of chromosomes and regulates metabolic processes. The micronucleus contains a diploid set of chromosomes and is involved in the sexual process. Reproduction is repeated 1 - 2 times a day. After several generations in the life cycle of ciliates, the sexual process occurs. Suvoyka. When the body contracts, the stalk also contracts and twists spirally. The entoplasm contains a ribbon-shaped macronucleus with an adjacent spherical micronucleus. They reproduce by division. Cysts are spherical. They are found all over the world, found in fresh and sea waters. - Type of Ciliates.ppt

Protozoa test

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Biological auction “Protozoa”. Characteristic features of protozoa. Microscopic dimensions Unicellular. They move with the help of pseudopods, flagella or cilia. They have a variety of shapes and symmetry. Subkingdom Protozoa. Class Sarcodae. Class Flagellates. Class Ciliates. Common amoeba. The structure of the amoeba. Pseudopaedes. Cytoplasmic membrane. Contractile vacuole. Core. Digestive vacuole. Cytoplasm. Breathing and excretion. Breathes throughout the entire surface of the body. Excretion is provided by the contractile vacuole. Amoeba nutrition. Reproduction. Cyst formation. 2nd lotClass Flagellates. - Test Protozoa.ppt

Unicellular organisms

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In the world of single-celled organisms. Unicellular plants. Chlorella. Euglena green. Unicellular animals. Ciliates. Nutrition of ciliates. Volvox. Mold fungi. Penicillium. Missing words. Unicellular algae. Cellular structure. Cells of all organisms. Single-celled fungus. Cell structure. Icebergs. - Unicellular organisms.ppt

Type Ciliary

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Type of ciliates or ciliated. Goals. Lesson type: learning new knowledge. Lesson stages. "Challenge" stage. At the “Challenge” stage - updating knowledge. Stage "Comprehension". Primary consolidation of the material. Physical education minute. Stage "Reflection". The ability to name and show organelles of ciliates. At the “Reflection” stage, new information was analyzed. Brief self-analysis of the lesson. -

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Protozoa are diverse (70 thousand species) single-celled animals that live in water bodies and moist soil. Many of the simplest animals are as small and simply constructed as some of the cells of large animals. But they differ from them in that they are able to live independently. Single-celled animals are a well-coordinated organism that carries out nutrition, respiration, excretion, reproduction, growth, development and metabolism. Protozoa are very important consumers of bacteria and unicellular algae, as well as unicellular animals. The structure of protozoa (Fig. 1): 1- membrane, 2- cytoplasm, 3- contractile vacuole, 4- nucleus. Protozoa can be divided into 4 systematic groups. These are rhizopods, radiolarians, sunflowers and sporozoans. Flagellates and ciliates are also distinguished separately. 1 2 3 4 Fig. 1

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Sunflowers are one of the smallest groups of protozoa. There are only a few dozen species living in fresh waters. The body of most sunfish resembles a “sun”, but lacks a mineral skeleton. Many sunfish are free-swimming, but there are also attached individuals. They feed on animal organisms. Solnechniki

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Radiolaria are unicellular, less often colonial, free-living protozoa with a mineral skeleton in the form of amazingly beautiful formations. Bizarre outgrowths significantly increase the surface area of ​​the body, which facilitates their movement in the water column. Radiolarians are distributed mainly in warm seas. Radiolarians

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Amoeba lives in the mud at the bottom of small freshwater bodies of water. This small unicellular animal (0.2-0.5 mm), seemingly a gelatinous lump, successfully competes with other protozoan organisms. The body is covered with a plasma membrane. All actions of the amoeba are controlled by the nucleus. The cytoplasm is in constant motion. If its microflows rush to one point on the surface of the amoeba, a protrusion appears there. It increases in size and becomes an outgrowth of the body. This is a pseudopod that attaches to silt particles. All the contents of the amoeba gradually flow into it. This is how the amoeba moves from place to place.

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Amoeba nutrition Amoeba is an omnivore. Its food consists of bacteria, single-celled plants and animals, as well as decaying organic particles. Moving, the amoeba encounters food and surrounds it from all sides, and it ends up in the cytoplasm (Fig. 2). A digestive vacuole is formed around the food, where digestive secretions enter to digest the food. The vacuole with undigested food remains moves to the surface of the amoeba’s body and its contents are thrown out. This method of capturing food is called cellular ingestion. Amoeba can also feed on liquid food using another method - cellular nutrition. Rice. 2

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Asexual reproduction of amoebas Reproduction of amoebas is asexual and is carried out by dividing in two (Fig. 3). The nucleus divides first by mitosis, then constriction and elongation of the cytoplasm begins. In this case, the daughter chromosomes diverge to opposite poles and two identical daughter amoebas are separated from each other. Fig.3

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Cyst Feeding and reproduction of the amoeba occurs in the summer. In autumn, when cold weather sets in, the amoeba stops feeding, its body becomes rounded, and a dense protective shell is formed on its surface - a cyst is formed. The same thing happens when the reservoir dries out. In the state of a cyst, the amoeba tolerates living conditions unfavorable for it. When favorable conditions occur, the amoeba leaves the cyst shell (Fig. 4). She releases pseudopods, begins to feed and reproduce. Cysts carried by the wind contribute to the spread of amoebas. Fig.4

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1. A source of food for other animals. (They form the first link in the food chain). 2. They act as orderlies, cleaning water bodies from bacteria and rotting substances. 3. Serve as indicators of water purity. 4. Promote geological exploration and serve as guidelines for oil and gas exploration. 5.Participate in the formation of limestone deposits. 6.Participate in the cycle of substances. 7. They influence soil-forming processes. 8. Pathogens of diseases in domestic animals and humans.

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Not all simple animals are microscopic! Shells of extinct foraminifera with a diameter of 18 cm were found!!! Everyone knows honey bees, and beekeepers can tell you that bees get diarrhea, which ends in their death. Single-celled animals are to blame for this. Not many people know that fish often die due to a disease in which their muscles become liquefied. This disease is caused by single-celled animals called kudos.

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About the author This presentation was made by a 7th grade student of the Education Center of Gatchina Secondary School No. 8 - Margarita Sukhova. I am interested in computer graphics, music, modern dance and love to travel.

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Presentation on the topic: Protozoa

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Protozoa Protozoa are diverse (70 thousand species) single-celled animals that live in water bodies and moist soil. Many of the simplest animals are as small and simply constructed as some of the cells of large animals. But they differ from them in that they are able to live independently. Unicellular animals are a well-coordinated organism that carries out nutrition, respiration, excretion, reproduction, growth, development and metabolism. Protozoa are very important consumers of bacteria and unicellular algae, as well as unicellular animals. The structure of protozoa (Fig. 1): 1 - membrane, 2 - cytoplasm, 3 - contractile vacuole, 4 - nucleus. Protozoa can be divided into 4 systematic groups. These are rhizopods, radiolarians, sunflowers and sporozoans. Flagellates and ciliates are also distinguished separately.

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Sunflowers Sunflowers are one of the smallest groups of protozoa. There are only a few dozen species living in fresh waters. The body of most sunfish resembles a “sun”, but lacks a mineral skeleton. Many sunfish are free-swimming, but there are also attached individuals. They feed on animal organisms.

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Radiolaria Radiolaria are unicellular, less often colonial, free-living protozoa with a mineral skeleton in the form of amazingly beautiful formations. Bizarre outgrowths significantly increase the surface area of ​​the body, which facilitates their movement in the water column. Radiolarians are distributed mainly in warm seas.

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Amoeba Amoeba lives in the mud at the bottom of small freshwater bodies of water. This small unicellular animal (0.2-0.5 mm), seemingly a gelatinous lump, successfully competes with other protozoan organisms. The body is covered with a plasma membrane. All actions of the amoeba are controlled by the nucleus. The cytoplasm is in constant motion. If its microflows rush to one point on the surface of the amoeba, a protrusion appears there. It increases in size and becomes an outgrowth of the body. This is a pseudopod that attaches to silt particles. All the contents of the amoeba gradually flow into it. This is how the amoeba moves from place to place.

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Amoeba nutrition Amoeba is an omnivore. Its food consists of bacteria, single-celled plants and animals, as well as decaying organic particles. Moving, the amoeba encounters food and surrounds it from all sides, and it ends up in the cytoplasm (Fig. 2). A digestive vacuole is formed around the food, where digestive secretions enter to digest the food. The vacuole with undigested food remains moves to the surface of the amoeba’s body and its contents are thrown out. This method of capturing food is called cellular ingestion. Amoeba can also feed on liquid food using another method - cellular nutrition.

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Asexual reproduction of amoebas Reproduction of amoebas is asexual and is carried out by dividing in two (Fig. 3). The nucleus divides first by mitosis, then constriction and elongation of the cytoplasm begins. In this case, the daughter chromosomes diverge to opposite poles and two identical daughter amoebas are separated from each other.

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Cyst Feeding and reproduction of the amoeba occurs in the summer. In autumn, when cold weather sets in, the amoeba stops feeding, its body becomes rounded, and a dense protective shell is formed on its surface - a cyst is formed. The same thing happens when the reservoir dries out. In the cyst state, the amoeba tolerates unfavorable living conditions for it. When favorable conditions occur, the amoeba leaves the cyst shell (Fig. 4). She releases pseudopods, begins to feed and reproduce. Cysts carried by the wind contribute to the spread of amoebas.

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This is interesting. Not all the simplest animals are microscopic! Shells of extinct foraminifera with a diameter of 18 cm were found!!! Not many people know that fish often die due to a disease in which their muscles become liquefied. This disease is caused by single-celled animals called kudos. Everyone knows honey bees, and beekeepers can tell you that bees get diarrhea, which ends in their death. Single-celled animals are to blame for this.

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conclusion While working on this presentation, I learned a lot about protozoa, something that is not written in a biology textbook. It was interesting to create this presentation, since there is not a lot of information about protozoa and I had to look through a large amount of information and select the most important thing and place it in this work. It turned out that protozoa are not at all so simple and their world is amazing and diverse! I hope you enjoy my presentation will help you get to know these little animals better!

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This presentation lesson was developed by the author using computer technology; the main theoretical material is reflected in the presentation. Conducting a lesson in such a non-standard form helps to increase students' motivation when studying the topic "Sub-Kingdom Unicellular". The main goal of the presentation lesson is to become familiar with the structural features and vital functions of Unicellular organisms as integral single-celled organisms leading an independent lifestyle.

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Lesson-presentation. Subkingdom unicellular

Know everything: sky, earth, water,
Syllable after syllable - to the very depths of nature.

Goethe

Presentation lesson topic(slide 1 of the Presentation): structural features and vital functions of Protozoa as integral single-celled organisms leading an independent lifestyle.

Lesson Objectives (slide 2 of the Presentation):

• become familiar with the structural features and vital functions of unicellular organisms, or protozoa, as integral single-celled organisms leading an independent lifestyle;
• expand your understanding of the diversity of unicellular organisms, become familiar with the main types (sarcoflagellates, sporozoans, ciliates);
• have an idea of ​​the habitat, the features of adaptability of the main representatives of each type to life in it;
• reveal the role of single-celled organisms in natural communities and human life;
• continue to develop the skills to conduct observations, work with a microscope, compare single-celled organisms with each other, justify belonging to one or another type or class.

Equipment:

• computer,
• screen,
• presentation for the lesson,
• handouts (paper version of the presentation),
• textbook,
• microscope,
• recording of a musical work by Koen Bais.

General characteristics of Protozoa:

Unicellular or protozoa include animals whose body consists of one cell, but this cell is an integral organism that leads an independent existence and which is characterized by all manifestations of life: metabolism, irritability, growth, reproduction, etc.

Representatives of the sub-kingdom are able to live only in an aquatic environment, therefore, having populated the World Ocean, fresh waters and soil, they were unable to “conquer” the land surface and air.

The vast majority of protozoa are microscopically small - usually 50-150 microns, although “dwarfs” (2-4 microns) - piroplasma, and “giants” (up to 1 cm) - porospora gigantea are also known.

The structure of protozoan cells is typical of eukaryotes. They consist of one or more nuclei with chromosomes, separated by a nuclear membrane from the cytoplasm, which is limited from the environment by the cytoplasmic membrane. In many, the cytoplasm is differentiated into two layers - a dense outer layer ( ectoplasm ) and internal movable ( endoplasm ). The cytoplasm contains: mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, centrioles, cellular skeleton structures, storage substances (glycogen, fatty inclusions), vacuoles. The bulk of protozoa are heterotrophs, some are capable of photosynthesis. Nutrition is carried out according to the type of intracellular digestion due to phago- and pinocytosis. There is no digestive system; its functions are performed by digestive vacuoles. Although there is no nervous system, protozoa have irritability - they react to external influences with positive or negative taxis (movements). Respiration occurs over the entire surface of the cell; the movement of the cytoplasm ensures the movement of substances in the cell. The secretion function is performed by contractile vacuoles. Protozoa can reproduce asexually and sexually. Asexual reproduction occurs mainly through simple and multiple (schizogony) division. For many groups of protozoa, the sexual process is characteristic - copulation and conjugation . During conjugation, the nuclei of different cells merge, and during copulation, whole cells merge.

An important biological feature of many protozoa is encystation - the ability to form a cyst when exposed to unfavorable conditions, which not only ensures survival of unfavorable conditions, but also contributes to widespread dispersal.

A brief summary of the general characteristics of protozoa is reflectedon slide 3 Presentations.

In modern taxonomy, based on the relationship of various representatives, the characteristics of their internal organization and lifestyle, protozoa are divided into independent types - sarcoflagellates, sporozoans, ciliates(demonstration of slide 4 of the Presentation).

Sarcoflagellates

The type of sarcoflagellates is represented by two classes of protozoa - sarcodaceae (from the Greek “sarcos” - meat) and flagellates(demonstration of slide 5 of the Presentation). Let's take a closer look at each of the classes.

CLASS SARCODA(demonstration of slide 6 of the Presentation).

1) Roots - these are single-celled organisms that move with the help of pseudopods (pseudopodia) - protrusions of the cytoplasm that resemble plant roots. Their body is enclosed in a single-chamber shell, equipped with an opening - the mouth, through which pseudopodia emerge into the environment. The shells consist of a chitin-like substance and can have different shapes: dome-shaped, bag-shaped, saucer-shaped, etc.

2) There are rhizomes, the body of which is covered with a calcareous shell. This foraminifera , living in the waters of the World Ocean at all latitudes and at all depths. Based on well-preserved shells, scientists have already identified more than 30 thousand fossil species, as well as about 4 thousand species living in the oceans now. Their shells are involved in the formation of marine silt, marine sediments and rocks. Limestone deposits were formed from them.

Student message: Egyptian pyramids, palaces and temples of Vladimir-Suzdal Rus', palaces in white-stone Moscow and Sevastopol, old buildings in Paris, Rome, Vienna and other cities were built from limestones formed from protozoan shells.

1 cubic meter of water from the Pacific Ocean contains up to 800 thousand calcareous protozoa, in the Atlantic Ocean - up to 3 billion. In certain areas of the North Atlantic, the number of protozoa reaches 115 billion per 1 cubic meter.

3) Radiolarians - unicellular, less often colonial, free-living protozoa, having a mineral skeleton in the form of amazingly beautiful formations and consisting of silica or strontium sulfate. Bizarre outgrowths on the shells of radiolarians significantly increase the surface of the body, which facilitates their movement in the water column. Accumulations of shells of extinct radiolarians form large deposits. They are used for grinding and polishing metals and for making sandpaper. Radiolarians are distributed mainly in warm seas.

Student message: In the Gulf of Naples in the Mediterranean Sea, Professor V.T. Shevyakov conducted observations of the distribution of radiolarians for several years. As a result of the research, it was discovered that radiolarians from the order Acantharia are distributed mainly in the surface layers of the sea. However, after heavy rains they descend to a depth of 100-200 m; 1-2 days after the rains stop they rise again to the surface layers. In the winter months, acantharia descend to a depth of 50-200 m. This happens because after heavy rains, acantharia “escape” from desalination by descending to greater depths. In the winter months, the water temperature at a depth of 50-200 m is higher than on the surface.

Solnechniki - one of the smallest groups of protozoa. It contains several dozen species living in fresh waters. The body resembles a “sun”, but lacks a mineral skeleton. They feed on animal organisms.

A typical representative of the sarcode class is Amoeba proteus.(show slide 7 Presentation). Why is it named like that?

Student message: Widespread in polluted freshwater bodies, amoeba proteus is named after the hero of Greek mythology, the sea god Proteus, who had the ability to change his appearance, taking on the images of all kinds of creatures and objects. Amoeba Proteus does not have a constant body shape; it continuously forms outgrowths (pseudopodia) into which its cytoplasm flows.

Amoeba is one of the most simply structured animals; it lives in the mud at the bottom of fresh water bodies (ditches, ponds).

Structure and characteristics of amoeba - see.slide 7 Presentations.

In addition to the common amoeba, several other types of amoebas are known. Dysenteric amoeba is similar in appearance to ordinary amoeba, but differs from it in having very short pseudopods. When drinking dirty water, dysentery amoebas enter the human intestines. They multiply quickly, penetrate the intestinal walls and form ulcers there. These amoebas feed on destroyed parts of the intestine and blood, causing a serious disease - amoebic dysentery.

CLASS Flagellates(demonstration of slide 8 of the Presentation).

The flagellate class unites animals whose organelles of movement are flagella (one or more). In most representatives, the outer layer of cytoplasm becomes denser, resulting in the formation of a dense elastic membrane on the surface of the body, which determines the shape of the animal. This class includes both autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms.

Ancient colonial forms of protozoa are considered as an intermediate link between unicellular and multicellular organisms.

Representatives:

Among the flagellates there are also colonial forms - volvox. In ponds and lakes you can find green balls with a diameter of 1 mm floating in the water. Each ball consists of many cells (more than a thousand), similar in structure to green euglena.

Euglena green is the most common representative of the flagellate class. Structure and characteristics - according tolaida 9 Presentations.

Student message: There has long been a dispute between botanists and zoologists regarding whether Euglena green is a plant or an animal. Botanists are based on the fact that green euglena has chlorophyll and is capable of independent synthesis of organic substances in the light. Zoologists are guided by the fact that green euglena feeds heterotrophically in the dark, does not have a cellulose membrane, actively moves and is similar in structure to other flagellates. Different feeding methods indicate the unity of the plant and animal world and at the same time provide an example of a unique specialization that arose during the evolution of protozoa.

Sporozoans

Representatives of the type Sporozoans are blood sporozoa, gregarines, coccidia(demonstration of slide 10 of the Presentation). Consideration in more detail of each group of representatives - according to slide 10 of the Presentation.

The causative agent is the protozoan of the genus Plasmodium. Their reproduction and development occur in the body of mosquitoes and humans. The source of the disease is a person with malaria, the carrier is a female malaria mosquito. A female mosquito becomes infected with plasmodia when sucking a malaria patient and after 7-45 days (depending on air temperature) becomes capable of transmitting plasmodia. A healthy person becomes infected through a mosquito bite. With the bloodstream, plasmodia enter the liver, where the first (tissue) development cycle occurs, then pass into the blood and penetrate into red blood cells; this is the second (erythrocyte) development cycle, ending with the disintegration of red blood cells and the release of pathogens into the blood, which is accompanied by the body’s reaction in the form of an attack fever.

For 1-6 weeks (sometimes up to a year), the pathogen can remain in the human body without causing manifestations of the disease (incubation period). The disease begins suddenly: severe chills appear, the temperature rises (up to 41 degrees), the liver and spleen enlarge, the liver, kidneys, and central nervous system can be affected. There are effective treatments available. Malaria as a mass disease has been eliminated. Prevention is aimed at early detection and treatment of patients, as well as the fight against mosquitoes that transmit malaria.

Ciliates

Ciliates are the most highly organized protozoa. For the first time, ciliates were discovered in water infused with various herbs (“infusum” means “tuning”).

Structure and characteristics - according toslide 11 Presentations.

A typical representative of the type of ciliates (ciliates) is the Ciliate slipper(show slide 12 of the Presentation). Characteristics and structure - according toslide 12 Presentations.

Thus, we have examined the structural features and vital functions of Protozoa as integral single-celled organisms leading an independent lifestyle. In conclusion, it is necessary to note the importance of Protozoa in nature and human life (demonstrationslide 13 of the presentation).

Speaking about diseases caused by Protozoa, let's repeat preventive measures:

• maintaining personal hygiene rules,
• boiling water,
• conscientious cooking,
• quality requirements for raw products,
• use of repellents,
• timely completion of medical examinations.

Lesson assignment:

And now I would like to see how you remember the features of the Protozoa and whether you can distribute the Protozoa presented to you in the drawing into systematic groups(see Appendix 2).

The task is completed within 5 minutes to the music of Kohen Bais.

Homework (with explanations):

Using reference diagrams (the paper version of the Presentation is distributed to students) and the text of §§3-4 of the textbook (Biology. Animals. Grade 7. Textbook for general education institutions. Edited by V.V. Latyushin, V.A. Shapkin. - M. : Bustard, 2002.) fill out the table “Comparative characteristics of the main groups of Protozoa”(see Appendix 3).

Summing up the lesson. Lesson grades.