Polite address to citizens of different countries:
· UK, USA, Ireland, Canada, Australia, New Zealand: to a man - mister (mister / MR.), to a married woman - mrs (missis / MRS.), to an unmarried girl - miss (miss / Mss.).
· Spain and South America (except Brazil): to a man - a señor, to a married woman - a señora, to an unmarried girl - a señorita.
· Italy: to a man - signore, to a married woman - signora, to an unmarried girl - signorina.
· Portugal, Brazil: to a man - a senor (Senhor), to a married woman - a senora (Senhora), to an unmarried girl - a senorita (Senhorita).
· Germany, Austria: Herr (Herr ..., but more correctly still Herr, and with a capital letter), Frau, Fraulein / Fraulein.
· France: monsieur / monsieur (monsieur), madame (madame), mademoiselle (mademoiselle).
· Netherlands: master - maneer / minheer (meneer / minheer), mistress, girl - mefrau (mevrouw).
· Belgium: there are two kinds of Belgians - Walloons and Flemings. It is customary to address the Walloons (they are also Francophone Belgians) in the same way as in France: monsieur, madame and mademoiselle. The Flemings (they are Dutch-speaking Belgians) are addressed as in Holland: the lord is meneer / minheer, the lady, the girl is mevrouw.
· Poland, Czech Republic, Serbia, Slovakia, Ukraine, Belarus: pan (pan), pani (pani), panna (panna).
· Polite (respectful) form in Spain and South America (except Brazil) to high-status or elderly persons: to a man - Don / Don (don / Don), to a married woman - Doña / doña, there is no such form of treatment for unmarried girls.
· The same polite uniform in Italy, Portugal and Brazil: to a man - Don / don (don / Don), Donna / donna (Donna / donna).
· Polite treatment in the UK to dignitaries: to men - Sir (Ser), to married ladies - Lady (Lady).
· Russia: for men - master, for women (married and unmarried) - mistress.
· Sweden: herr / herr (herr), fru (fru), fröken (fröken).
· Switzerland... Since Switzerland is a 4-language country, the appeal also depends on the regions. So, in the German-speaking part of Switzerland, the German addresses of Herr, Frau and Fraulein are accepted, in the French-speaking - Monsieur, Madame and Mademoiselle, in the Romanesque - senora, senor, senorita, and in the English-speaking - Mr., Mrs. and Miss, respectively.
· Lithuania: to an adult man - ponas, to a young man - ponaitis, ponaiti, to a married woman - ponia, to an unmarried girl - panele.
· Greece: to a man - kyrios (κύριος), to a married woman - kiria (κυρία), to an unmarried girl - Despinis (Δεσποίνη).
· Finland: master - Herra, mistress - Ruova, girl - Neiti, young man - Nuori mies.
· Japan: San is added to the male name at the end. For example: Lee-san, Kim-san. The polite address -ssi is added to the female name at the end. For example: Chinyoung-ssi, Songhan-ssi.
· China: Mister / Mister - Xiansheng, Ms. / Mrs. - Taitai, Miss (single girl) - Xiaojie. Appeals are placed after the name. For example: Mr. Li is Li Xiansheng, Ms. Li is Li Taitai. You can read more about polite forms of treatment in China.
· Korea: In Korea, there is no division into master and mistress. Usually the prefix -ssi is added to the name. But, basically, they turn to there.
· India: a respectful form for a man who is older than you in age - Baba (literally translated from Hindi as "grandfather"). The respectful form of addressing an older woman is Didi (from Hindi - "older sister"). The impersonal form of addressing a man or woman is Ji (translated from Hindi "respected, dear").
Among Jews, it is customary to address a stranger in Hebrew with the word "adoni" (lord, my lord). If the name or surname is known, then "mar" (Mar Fishman) is pronounced in front of them.
Addressing a stranger they say "giveret" (guerty).
It is permissible to apply "haver" (comrade) or ironically "ahi" (my brother), "ahoty" (my sister).
The boy is called "eled", girl "yalda".
But the addresses to the girl can be somewhat different. Most often "bakhura"... Virgin in Hebrew "betulya"... In official papers, it is customary to call a girl a derivative of the word "noar" (youth) - "neara"... Jewish girls are not averse to hearing if they turn to her with a word ephithia "which means "beautiful"
Etiquette
There is no address to "you", everyone is addressing everyone on "you".
Turning from lower to higher "Lord", to the immediate superiors "my lord".
To persons of higher ranks: "O Great Vizier", "O Great Emir".
Address to the Sultan: "O Great Sultan", or "Lord".
In etiquette situations, in front of a superior, you can kneel on one knee (for the military).
When they are allowed to leave, do not immediately turn their backs, retreat for a while, backing away (for everyone).
To a courtier, scientist, merchant, that is, to respected people, civilians, and not the military, you can address "respectable", "Honorable + name".
Among equals and well-known people, you can address by name.
Salute with a bow (just tilt your head).
Among the common people (simple warriors, artisans, farmers, servants), conversion is permissible "brother" (use with caution so that there are no associations with the lads) or by name.
Head bows.
From top to bottom, you can refer simply by name.
If the superior does not know the name, simply by "you" or by the name of the profession: "warrior", "merchant".
[Often the heroes of Arab fairy tales call the stranger by "respected", "Worthy"]
Addressing a group of people: "Faithful", "Brothers" (among equals),
to the army: "warriors".
A noble woman is addressed by "mistress" or "mistress" plus her name.
To a woman from the common people - "woman". One woman may call another “sister”.
Khanum (khatun) - a respectful appeal to a married woman, an indicator that the woman is married or was married. For example, Fatima-khanum, Gauher-khatun.
Side (lord) / Haji (who performed the Hajj) - an appeal to a clergyman
Appeal Kafir / Kafir - to the wrong
Following the Sunnah, Muslims are obliged to greet each other when they meet with the words: "Salyamun Aleikum"and then shake hands. It is said that when co-believers shake hands, sins are "showered" from them.
The first to greet:
senior - junior, standing - sitting, master - servant, father - son, mother - her daughter,
a city dweller - a villager, a rider - a pedestrian ...
Muslims cannot be the first to be welcomed:
To men of unknown girls, young women.
- Those who read a prayer ( namaz), sermon ( khutbah) or the Koran.
- Commemorating Allah ( dhikr) or preaching.
- Muezzin calling for prayer ( adhan or ikamat).
- A person who takes food or sends a natural need.
- A person who commits a sin.
It is not forbidden to greet unauthorized elderly women.
In necessary cases, it is allowed with them and a handshake,
with the only condition that this action does not excite your passion.
It is also permissible for a student to greet his teacher.
Assalyamu alaikum (peace be upon you, peace be upon you) is an Arabic greeting rooted in Islam.
Equivalent to the word "hello".
Short form "Salam" is modern and used in countries with a mixed population (i.e., inappropriate in the historical game).
In response to this greeting, they traditionally answer hello ("Peace be with you"), shortening is applicable wa-aleikum("and you"). (BUT - SEE BELOW!)
There are more respectful forms:
As-salamu alaykum wa-rahmatu-Llah - "Peace to you and the mercy of Allah."
As-salamu alaykum wa-rahmatu-llahi wa-barakyatuh - "Peace be upon you, the mercy of Allah and His blessings."
Wa-aleikum as-salam wa-rahmatu-Llahi va-barakyatuh - a form of response to a greeting, which means: "Peace be with you, the mercy of Allah and His blessings."
According to the Qur'an, Muslims are required to answer the greeting using no fewer words than the one who greeted first:
“When you are greeted, respond with an even better greeting or the same. Indeed, Allah counts every thing. " (Quran, 4:86)
Muslims should pray before greeting people in the mosque tahiyatu l-masjid (greeting from the mosque).
If a greeting is received in a written form, you must immediately answer “ Wa aleikum salam».
It is necessary.
And it is desirable to send such a greeting back in writing.
If someone agreed to convey a greeting from someone else, then fulfilling his promise becomes for him fardom
(compulsory).
It is not at all necessary to answer the greeting of the beggars.
Answer a greeting when you eat, drink and relieve,
and children drunk and facets
(to the wicked), - not necessary.
Greetings with those who commit open sin are permitted only if you intend to prevent them from continuing the sin by greeting them.
Generally, sinners worthy of your welcome if they repent.
And here's a small addition to welcome:
1. If a Muslim is greeted by the wrong one with the words “ assalyamu alaikum" or " Salam alaykum"It is customary to answer simply" Waaleikum", Because " salam» (« salam") - a greeting that is applicable between Muslims and has a sacred meaning, and it is considered unacceptable to distribute" salam "to the wrong people.
The answer is short " Waaleikum"To a full greeting" assalyamu alaikum"Received from a Muslim is a sign of disrespect and a sin.
2. The difference between " Salaam Alaikum"And" Asslamu alaykum"Is that" salaam Alaikum"Is an appeal to one person, and" assalyamu alaikum»- an appeal to several persons (plural," to you ").
A devout Muslim who obeys the Qur'an will never give a sacred greeting " salam"To another faithful Muslim" on you "because a faithful Muslim is never alone: \u200b\u200bhis guardians and angels are always with him, recording his deeds.
Therefore, among true believers of Muslims, the greeting is INAPPROPRIATE " salaam Alaikum", But only" assalyamu alaikum»
And the most basic everyday expressions:
The above Salam alaykum - Waaleikum as salam
\u003d "Peace to you - And peace to you".
(The most common greeting in the East.)
Massalyam
- "Goodbye, goodbye, bye!"
La ilaha illa Llahu wa Muhammadun Rasulu Llahi - “There is no god but Allah and Muhammad is his prophet” (the symbol of faith of Islam).
Muhammad - "Praising"
(when mentioning the name of the Prophet, it is customary to add the goodwill “ Allahi Salam"\u003d" May Allah bless him "," May Allah bless him and greet him "," May peace be with him ").
Allah Akbar - "Allah is great" (a statement for all occasions).
Bismillah
- "In the name of Allah"
(analogue of the Christian "for God's sake", can be added after the request)
Bismi Llahi r-rahmani r-rahim
- "In the name of Allah, the merciful, the merciful"
(almost every surah of the Koran begins with these words, these words are written at the beginning of the texts, pronounced at the beginning of the prayer, as well as starting any business, these words are also given a magical meaning, they are written on talismans and on architectural structures)
Inshallah
- "if it is the will of Allah", "everything is in the will of Allah"
(you can add after any statement, both your own and the interlocutor).
A very common saying.
[and as we already know,]
The fact is that the fear of the "evil eye" was widespread in Arab countries.
Therefore, they expressed themselves very evasively on any topic and surrounded them with a mass of conventions so as not to jinx them (or so that evil spirits would not overhear).
A few more common expressions:
Finally, oh flooded.
This is such a hooting like "a-li-li-li-liiii!"
It can be heard in songs, in some films about Arabs, etc.
We mean that flooded - this is an EXCLUSIVELY WOMEN'S prerogative.
Men flooded with a voice - a shame - you will not wash off. It's like putting on a woman's clothes, putting on makeup and going out into the street like that ("Like, I'm not a man, but a woman").
- UK, USA, Ireland, Canada, Australia, New Zealand: to a man - mister (mister / MR.), to a married woman - mrs (missis / MRS.), to an unmarried girl - miss (miss / Mss.).
- Spain and South America (except Brazil): to a man - a señor, to a married woman - a señora, to an unmarried girl - a señorita.
- Italy: to a man - signore, to a married woman - signora, to an unmarried girl - signorina.
- Portugal, Brazil: to a man - a senor (Senhor), to a married woman - a senora (Senhora), to an unmarried girl - a senorita (Senhorita).
- Germany, Austria: Herr (Herr ..., but more correctly still Herr, and with a capital letter), Frau, Fraulein / Fraulein.
- France: monsieur / monsieur (monsieur), madame (madame), mademoiselle (mademoiselle).
- Netherlands: master - maneer / minheer (meneer / minheer), mistress, girl - mefrau (mevrouw).
- Belgium: there are two kinds of Belgians - Walloons and Flemings. It is customary to address the Walloons (they are also Francophone Belgians) in the same way as in France: monsieur, madame and mademoiselle. The Flemings (they are Dutch-speaking Belgians) are addressed as in Holland: the lord is meneer / minheer, the lady, the girl is mevrouw.
- Poland, Czech Republic, Serbia, Slovakia, Ukraine, Belarus: pan (pan), pani (pani), panna (panna).
- Polite (respectful) form in Spain and South America (except Brazil) to high-status or elderly persons: to a man - Don / Don (don / Don), to a married woman - Doña / doña, there is no such form of treatment for unmarried girls.
- The same polite uniform in Italy, Portugal and Brazil: to a man - Don / don (don / Don), Donna / donna (Donna / donna).
- Polite treatment in the UK to dignitaries: to men - Sir (Ser), to married ladies - Lady (Lady).
- Russia: for men - master, for women (married and unmarried) - mistress.
- Sweden: herr / herr (herr), fru (fru), fröken (fröken).
- Switzerland... Since Switzerland is a 4-language country, the appeal also depends on the regions. So, in the German-speaking part of Switzerland, the German addresses of Herr, Frau and Fraulein are accepted, in the French-speaking - Monsieur, Madame and Mademoiselle, in the Romanesque - senora, senor, senorita, and in the English-speaking - Mr., Mrs. and Miss, respectively.
- Lithuania: to an adult man - ponas, to a young man - ponaitis, ponaiti, to a married woman - ponia, to an unmarried girl - panele.
- Greece: to a man - kyrios (κύριος), to a married woman - kiria (κυρία), to an unmarried girl - Despinis (Δεσποίνη).
- Finland: master - Herra, mistress - Ruova, girl - Neiti, young man - Nuori mies.
- Japan: San is added to the male name at the end. For example: Lee-san, Kim-san. The polite address -ssi is added to the female name at the end. For example: Chinyoung-ssi, Songhan-ssi.
- China: Mister / Mister - Xiansheng, Ms. / Mrs. - Taitai, Miss (single girl) - Xiaojie. Appeals are placed after the name. For example: Mr. Li is Li Xiansheng, Ms. Li is Li Taitai. You can read more about polite forms of treatment in China.
- Korea: In Korea, there is no division into master and mistress. Usually the prefix -ssi is added to the name. But, basically, they are treated there based on gender.
- India: a respectful form for a man who is older than you in age - Baba (literally translated from Hindi as "grandfather"). The respectful form of addressing an older woman is Didi (from Hindi - "older sister"). The impersonal form of addressing a man or woman is Ji (translated from Hindi "respected, dear").
Instructions
In France, refer to unmarried girls as "mademoiselle", to married women as "madame." If you are not familiar with the marital status of the interlocutor, focus on her age. The address "Mademoiselle", spoken in an interrogative tone, will be a polite way to know if you are using the correct form. At a business meeting, the address "madam" will be most appropriate. It is customary to address everyone, regardless of his status, "monsieur". Addressing by name is considered a fairly personal form that should be resorted to only if the interlocutor himself introduced himself. In the future, you should use this particular form of the name, even if colleagues or acquaintances address the person differently. Use the form "madam" or "monsieur" in greetings, goodbyes, or apologies.
Before addressing a German, find out his title, which must be added after the polite "Herr". If this is your first time meeting a person, use the Herr Doctor option. The word "doctor" has many meanings in German and is widely used in various contexts. Adults in Germany are usually called "Frau" - "Fraulen". Separately, these words are used only when talking with service personnel: maids and saleswomen. When talking to a married lady, the title of her husband should be added to the address "Frau", for example, "Frau Doctor". The alternative is "Gnadige", equivalent in etiquette to "gracious" or "highly esteemed." "Gnadige" should be added when referring to an unmarried woman.
In England, the terms “Mister”, “Miss” and “Mrs.” should be used to refer to men, unmarried women and married women, respectively. The surnames of the interlocutors are added to them, if they are known. English also provides for more official forms of address: "Sir" and "Madame". The word "Sir" is used in two ways: as a respectful form (to an adult, subordinate to a superior, a service worker to a client) and as a title of nobility. In the second case, a combination with the full name is required. The etiquette forms "ladies" and "gentlemen" are used mainly when addressing the audience.
The rules of etiquette in the United States provide for similar forms of treatment as in England, but they are more democratic. It is quite appropriate to call a young man "young man" or "young woman". The address "darling" - "" or "dear" is considered familiar in both the Old and New Worlds.
In Japan, use the third face shape, not the second, when addressing the person you are talking to. It is imperative to add a polite particle to the surname, emphasizing respect. The most common word is "san", less often "dono" or "sama". In a friendly conversation, the particle "kun", which follows the surname, is acceptable. The status of the interlocutor should also be taken into account. At work, contact your supervisor, pronouncing his position.
note
Find out in advance about the forms of treatment adopted in the country you wish to visit. A European can quickly forgive a foreigner for an oversight, and in Arab countries, a mistake can significantly damage relations.
Helpful advice
Consider non-verbal communication rules. When addressing a German, you should not keep your hands in your pockets, but when talking about yourself to a Japanese, you should point your hand not to your chest, but to your nose.
Sources:
- how to deal with people
In English-speaking countries, referring to a woman, it is customary to add "miss" or "Mrs" to her name. But it is important to know in what cases this or that word is used, so as not to get into an awkward situation.
In, as in many other European languages, there are special forms of address adopted in relation to. Moreover, until recently there was a very clear distinction as to how one should address a young or even not too young, but also a married lady.
Message "miss"
The appeal "miss" is usually used in relation to girls who have not yet married. Linguistic researchers believe that this appeared in the 17th century. Interestingly, it is customary to refer to female school teachers as “miss”, regardless of their marital status. This tradition has survived since the days when only unmarried girls had the right to get a job.
Calling "mrs"
Not so long ago, it was customary to refer to a married woman as "mistress", adding her husband's first and last name, for example, "Mistress Thomas Brand." Then the word "mistress" was changed to the address "Mrs." Brand ".
Having become a widow, a woman continues to be called her husband and it is customary to use the word "Mrs." If a lady is divorced, then in her own way she can be presented as "Mrs. Brand" (by her husband) or be called "miss" and call her maiden name.
New form of address "miz"
But society is changing, and language is changing along with it. Recently, in English-speaking countries, the appeal "miz" is gaining more and more popularity. This form of address is neutral, corresponds to the Russian "mistress" and is used in relation to both married and unmarried women. The initiators of the introduction of such an appeal were feminists of the 50s. They believed that this would allow a woman to equalize with a man in her social status. Since the 70s of the last century, the appeal has been accepted in society as official. In business circles, it is already firmly established in use. Yes, and in everyday life, more and more often a woman is addressed as “mis” until she herself wants to emphasize her matrimonial status by asking her to address her as “miss” or “miss”.
By the way, in the French language, the well-known appeal to unmarried girls "mademoiselle" has already been officially withdrawn from use. Now a French woman of any age and marital status is usually called only "Madame". Who knows, maybe soon the English words "miss" and "mrs" will be outdated and go out of common use?
Related Videos
Answers Olga VladimirovnaBaikov,
doctor of Philology
In ancient society, the pronoun tu ("you" - lat.) Was equally suitable when referring to both the emperor and the slave. The situation was similar in other ancient cultures.
Russia: where did "you" come from
Ivan Bogdanov (1855-1932). Behind the calculation. 1890 year
So, in the Old Russian language, a free appeal to persons of any social status is recorded: "you, the tsar-father ...". A respectful form of address appeared around the 18th century in connection with the complication of society, as well as the strong influence of the French language and culture, especially in the circles of the aristocracy. Even at the beginning of the 20th century, children addressed their parents as “mother”, “father”, “you”. Now we use both pronouns, in contrast to the English-speaking peoples.
England: on "you" to the dog
Pixanews.com
In English, there used to be the word thou - the pronoun “you” (now it is used only in biblical texts), which was later replaced by the pronoun you - “you”. To this day, English uses you to refer to both "you" and "you", which was the reason for the joke that an Englishman refers to "you" even to his dog. The displacement of the familiar thou by the polite-aloof you is most likely caused by the introduction of the bourgeois idea of \u200b\u200bthe equality of all estates before the law into the broad masses.
Where "you" and "you" say:
in French - tu / vous;
turkish - sen / siz;
serbo-Croatian, Ukrainian, Belarusian - ti / vi;
bulgarian - ti / wie;
romanian - tu / voi;
greek - esy / sy;
dutch - jij / u;
german - du / sie (noteworthy, but in Germany they often poke "duzen" than they turn to "you": "siezen").
Italy: "you" without age
Legion-media.ru
After meeting, Italians in most situations switch to "tu" (tu), regardless of age. This rule applies to ordinary everyday conversations, but, of course, not when communicating between a student and a professor or a patient with a doctor, when a respectful lei is used.
Spain: "you" for peers
Tinghirbahlas.appspot.com
In Spanish, as in Russian, there is a reference to "you" - tu and "you" - usted. The first is used in communication with family, friends and acquaintances, as well as those who are close to you in age and status, even if you are new to each other. The appeal to "you" is used to refer to strangers and to those who are older in age or higher in social status. If you have just met someone, then it is better to use usted until you are offered to go to "you".
Portugal: you are in the minority
istockphoto.com
In Portuguese, tu is used as a free form and você as a respectful one. The latter comes from vossa mercê ("your grace"). In everyday life, tu prevails - when talking with close friends, parents, children, você is used in more formal cases.
Nothing is accidental ... The social position of a woman, her role in society, has its own historical characteristics in different cultures. Let's talk about the image of a woman in the cultures of the world: attitude towards her and treatment.
The social position of a woman, her role in society, has its own historical characteristics in various cultures. It is common practice to have some superiority in the rights of men over women, especially pronounced in some Islamic countries. An example of a society with a superiority of women is the mythical people of the Amazons, which consisted exclusively of women who did not tolerate husbands with them.
Often, inequality in rights proceeded from religious norms and was characteristic of most religions, especially Abrahamic ones. In many ways, the formation of these norms is due to the fact that for most women, in connection with the birth and upbringing of children, the main life goals were exclusively within the family. In most cultural traditions, particular importance was attached to preparing a girl for marriage and, in particular, maintaining her virginity before marriage. At the same time, as a rule, less importance was attached to the preparation of young men for marriage.
Attitude towards women in Western culture
For a long time in Western culture, there was an inequality in the rights of men and women, partly due to the peculiarities of religious customs (for example, in Christianity a woman still cannot enter the clergy), partly because of stereotypes about the inability of women to make responsible decisions.
Currently, in many Western countries (mainly in Europe, as well as in the United States), there is a tendency to equalize the rights of women and men. The changes that have taken place in the attitude towards women in the 20th century in the West are most clearly characterized by such processes as the sexual revolution and the activation of feminism as an extreme manifestation of the desire for equality between men and women.
Attitude towards women in Islamic countries
Despite the fact that, from the point of view of devout Muslims, a woman should occupy one of the most exalted and honorable positions in Muslim society, in fact, a woman has fewer rights than a man. This, in particular, concerns family relations, where men have the right to polygamy, marriage with a woman of another faith, etc. Women do not have similar rights.
Also, in some Islamic countries there are restrictions on the rights of women of a legal nature, such as a ban on driving a car, appearing in public unaccompanied by a male relative, a ban on participation "in everything related to music and costume performances" (these restrictions apply in Saudi Arabia ). Currently, there are no serious changes in the issue of equality of women in Islamic countries, isolated cases of protest do not affect the current situation.
Addressing a woman
Different countries of the world have adopted various options for addressing a woman, most often they reflect her status to one degree or another (married, unmarried, princess, duchess, mistress, etc.). Currently in the European Union
there is a struggle for the abolition of this kind of appeals, one of the reasons for the cancellation is an indication of a woman's married or unmarried status, which can be offensive to her.
In English speaking countries the most common addresses are: to an unmarried woman - miss (English Miss, abbr. from mistress); married - Mrs (English Missis, abbr. Mrs); a common reference to married and unmarried is Madam (abbr. Ma'am).
In Germany: to an unmarried woman - Fraulein (obsolete); to a married woman - Frau.
In Russia it is generally not accepted to use appeals, in this case, instead of them, an address by name and patronymic is used, or: gender: citizen, woman, girl, rude mother, outdated. madam, comrade, young lady, mistress; in the business press, with a written request: madam (the last name follows); child to mother: mother, etc.
In Spain : to an unmarried woman - senorita (Spanish senorita); to a married woman - senora (Spanish abbr. Sr.); Señora Doña (abbr. Sr. D.)
In the Czech Republic the address “woman” is offensive, since the word “ženština” means “woman of easy virtue”. Instead, it is customary to address "pani"; a young girl may also be called "slečna".
In Ukraine , as we all know well, it is customary to address "pani" (orig. "pani"), a young girl may also be addressed as "pani".
