What is an adverb in Russian, what questions does it answer? How is an adverb emphasized in a sentence? How do adverbs differ from other parts of speech and adjectives? Morphological analysis of the adverb, its features Adverb permanent and non-permanent prize.

§one. general characteristics adverbs

An adverb is an independent part of speech.

Adverbs are a heterogeneous class of words. It includes indeclinable, non-conjugated and inconsistent words. Adverbs are attached to other words. Most adverbs are significant words, for example: yesterday, on the left, in the morning, into the distance, very, but there are also pronouns, for example: where, where, everywhere (there- pointing, where, where- interrogative and relative, everywhere- definitive). Pronominal adverbs have the form of adverbs, and the role of pronouns. Pronominal adverbs are among the most ancient.

The class of adverbs is replenished at the expense of words different parts speech: nouns, adjectives, verbs, numerals. Becoming an adverb, the word loses the characteristics inherent in other parts of speech, becomes unchanged, is used as a stamp.

1. Grammatical meaning- a sign of a sign, a sign of action, less often - a sign of an object.

Very beautiful - a sign of a sign,
Fun laughing is a sign of action,
Coffee Turkish- attribute of the object.

Adverbs answer different questions. It is more rational to bring them below, when the categories of adverbs by meaning will be considered.

2. Morphological features:

• permanent - immutability
• variable - degrees of comparison (only for adverbs formed from quality adjectives: good - better, beautiful - more beautiful).

3. Syntactic role in the sentence- circumstance or predicate in two-part sentences.

We got the job done quickly.

She is married.

Note:

Important information about words -0- in impersonal sentences is given in this chapter at.

§2. Ranks by value

1. Circumstantial:

1) places (where? where? from where?): left, far, above, there, there, below ,

2) time (when? how long?): spring, yesterday, then, when, long,

3) reasons (why?): rashly, foolishly, stupidly, because

4) goals (why? for what? for what purpose?): why, then, out of spite.

2. Determinants:

1) qualitative, or mode of action (how? in what way?): fun, slowly, so, three of us,

2) quantitative, or measures and degrees (to what extent? how much?): very, not at all, three times.

The category of qualitative adverbs is the most numerous.

§3. Qualitative adverbs in -o//-e. Degrees of comparison

Qualitative adverbs are formed from qualitative adjectives with the help of suffixes -о or -е.
Like adjectives, such adverbs have degrees of comparison, which show how the attribute is manifested: to a greater (less) or to the greatest (least) degree.
Examples:

• positive degree: the son sings loudly.
• comparative degree: the son sings louder, than usual. Son sings louder than his friend.
• Superlative: Son sings loudest.

Like adjectives, adverbs have simple and compound degrees of comparison.
A simple comparative degree is formed using suffixes: -ee-, -hey-, -e-, -she-, for example:

fun - more fun (more fun)
easy - easier
thin - thinner.

The compound form of the comparative degree of adverbs is formed by a combination of words more or less and adverb forms in the positive degree, for example:

more thin, less easy, more clearly, less bright.

Superlatives also have simple and compound forms, but in modern language the compound form is more common. It is formed with the words: most or least: most Seriously, least bright as well as words all and Total, for example, more seriously all, tastier Total.

Note:

After the words most and least the adverb is used in a positive degree, and before words all and Total adverb - in a comparative degree.

The simple superlative degree of adverbs occurs only in some stable combinations: most humbly, most humblely, most deeply, most reverently I beg.

For some adverbs, the degree of comparison is a constant feature.

You more don't write to me. You it is better don't write to me.

Here are the words more is better are not a degree of comparison.

Usually adverbs in the comparative or superlative degrees of comparison express the same meaning as the adverb in the positive degree: The son sang louder(even more loudly, value component loudly relatively preserved).

In the examples above: You more do not write ( more does not mean: lot). You to me it is better do not write ( it is better does not mean: Okay)

§4. What to count? Adverbs and words of the state category

As always, this section deals with various interpretations, opinions, points of view.

What is the problem? What is being discussed?

The language has a group of words that have some features.
These words denote the state of nature or man:

Outside cold. to me cold.

Formally, this group combines words with the suffix -o, formed from qualitative adjectives and having degrees of comparison.

It got cold outside . Outside colder than at home. The coldest thing was on the first floor.

It can be seen from the examples that in a sentence these words are part of the predicate in impersonal sentences.

Traditionally, this group of words was considered as a group of special adverbs and was not singled out as a separate part of speech. A number of authors in their textbooks highlight a special part of speech. They call it differently. Most often, following Academician V.V. Vinogradov - status category. Other names for this group of words are also known: predicative adverbs, state words and even state name.

• Her cold(state cat.).
• She answered cold(adverb).
• Her face was cold , there was not even a shadow of a smile on him (short adjective).

The words: can, can not, ashamed, it's time, sorry and other similar homonyms among other parts of speech do not have. They are used only as part of the predicate of an impersonal sentence and belong to the category of state.

An alternative point of view defines these words as a special subgroup of adverbs. In this case, in order to maintain consistency, it is necessary to understand that adverbs in a sentence can be an adverb, some adverbs can be an adverb and a predicate in an impersonal sentence, and some adverbs can only be a predicate in an impersonal sentence.

To the right was a forest.
She answered coldly.
She became cold.
I was ashamed.

test of strength

Check your understanding of this chapter.

Final test

1. Is it correct to believe that adverbs include indeclinable, non-conjugated and inconsistent words?

2. What is the syntactic relationship of adverbs with other words?

   • Coordination
   • Control
   • adjoining

3. Are all adverbs significant words?

4. Which adverbs have a non-permanent (changeable) sign of the degree of comparison?

   • Everyone has
   • For adverbs formed from qualitative adjectives

5. What suffixes are used to form adverbs from quality adjectives?

   • Suffixes -o- or -e-
   • Suffixes -mu- (-him-)
   • Suffix -th- (-their-)

6. To what degree of qualitative adverbs does the feature manifest itself to a greater or lesser extent?

   • In a positive way
   • To a comparative extent
   • In superlatives

7. To what degree of qualitative adverbs does the attribute manifest itself to the greatest or least degree?

   • In a positive way
   • To a comparative extent
   • In superlatives

8. To what category do adverbs belong? rashly, foolishly, out of avarice, out of stupidity, out of ignorance?

   • time
   • Causes

9. What category do adverbs belong to? fun, slow, fast, threesome?

   • quality
   • quantitative

Adverb- this is an independent part of speech, which denotes a sign of an action, a sign of another sign, or (less often) a sign of an object. Question adverbs depends on the value it expresses.

make out the snow by sounds

Adverb can refer to a verb, adjective, adverb, noun and other parts of speech, for example: talking rudely, working silently, very sad, too strong, quite late, absolutely correct, riding a horse, just a baby, etc.

broad morphological analysis

Some adverbs do not name the sign, but only point to it. These are pronominal adverbs here, there, so, then, because, because, therefore, etc. For example: The shutter was half open, and therefore every little thing could be seen in the room (A. Kuprin).

strange part of speech

The main feature of adverbs is their immutability. Adverbs do not decline or conjugate, do not form forms of gender and number.

what part of speech is

Adverbs on -o, -e, formed from qualitative adjectives, can form forms of degrees of comparison - comparative and excellent: sad - sadder, sadder than all; good - better, best of all; hot - hotter, hotter than anything.

what part of speech

In a sentence adverbs most often act as circumstances different types and the nominal part of the compound predicate. For instance:

analysis of the word windless

Determinants adverbs can refer not only to the verb, but also to the adverb, noun, word of the state category, characterizing them from different angles. Among the defining adverbs stand out: 1) qualitative adverbs indicating a qualitative feature; 2) adverbs of measure and degree; 3) adverbs image or mode of action.

word kangaroo what kind

Adverbs in -o, -e, formed from qualitative adjectives, have the form comparative degree. which matches the shape comparative degree related adjectives: become dumber, read worse, be bolder.

place morpheme parsing

Some adverbs they also have a superlative form in -epshe, -ayshe, which is not commonly used in modern language (submissively - most submissively, strictly - most strictly), for example:

nice part of speech

In modern language, the compound form is more common superlatives. which is a combination of two words - comparative degree of adverb and pronouns of all (of everything): run faster than anyone, fly higher than everyone, understand best.

ice cream disassemble the word by composition

Morphological analysis of the adverb includes the selection of two constant features (rank by value and the presence of forms of degrees of comparison). The adverb has no inconstant signs, since it is an invariable word. The adverb is an extremely productive and difficult class of words to analyze.

then morphological parsing of the word

As a constant feature of adverbs indicate the category by value. For adverbs in -o, -e, formed from qualitative adjectives, the forms of degrees of comparison are indicated: comparative (looked more cheerfully, spoke more clearly - more clearly) and excellent (runs faster than anyone, sang louder than everyone).

silently morphemic parsing of a word

The adverb "above" in the sentence performs the function of the adverb of the mode of action (+ the meaning of the place).

All three complexes in the scheme of parsing an adverb do not provide for the division of features into permanent and non-permanent ones and describe morphological features in terms of parsing as follows: 1. An invariable word. 2, Degree of comparison (if any). Such a scheme can confuse the student, so we suggest modifying it as follows:

1. Adverb. Initial form.

2. Morphological features:

a) permanent:

Rank by value: definitive (mode of action, measure and degree) / adverbial (place, time, song, reason),

-o/-e, for which this feature is constant),

Immutable (for those without degrees of comparison);

b) unstable:

Degree of comparison (for qualitative -o/-e with non-constant sign of degrees of comparison).

3. Syntactic role in the sentence.

When parsing qualitative adverbs into -o/-e, formed from qualitative adjectives, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that the sign of degrees of comparison for some of them may be constant. Usually these adverbs are formed from qualitative adjectives with a constant sign of degrees of comparison. So, for example, the adverb especially has a constant sign of a positive degree of comparison. When analyzing adverbs, one should pay attention to the fact that some adverbs that look like a form of a comparative degree are not, for example: Don't you come again or You better read a book. These proposals cannot be replaced by * You do not come much or * Read a book well without losing meaning. The initial form of these adverbs will be more and it is better.

Despite the allocation of complexes 1 and 2 to the category of state, a separate analysis scheme for it is not given. Parsing words of the category of state is carried out according to the same scheme as adverbs.

Sample parsing the adverb.

Looking at himself in the mirror, Nikolai Ivanovich howled desperately and wildly, but it was already too late. A few seconds later he, saddled, flew somewhere to hell from Moscow, sobbing with grief(M. A. Bulgakov).

desperately- adverb, initial form desperately;

wildly- adverb, initial form wildly;

constant signs: significant, definitive, mode of action;

inconstant signs: in a positive degree of comparison;

syntactic role: circumstance.

Late- adverb, initial form late;

constant signs: significant, definitive, mode of action;

inconstant signs: in a positive degree of comparison;

syntactic role: part of the predicate.

(Parse option:

constant features: expresses appreciation, immutable;

non-permanent signs: no;

syntactic role: part of the predicate.)

somewhere- adverb, initial form somewhere;

permanent features: pronominal, adverbial, place, unchangeable;

non-permanent signs: no;

syntactic role: circumstance.

When you study the adverb as a part of speech, everything is easy and understandable. Morphological features are one or two, the role in the sentence is almost always the same, there are few spelling rules. But it only seems that way at first.

The first difficulties begin when adverbs need to be found in a sentence or text. They are similar to all parts of speech already familiar to us: both independent and auxiliary.

To nouns (in the morning, side by side), adjectives (reliably, unnecessarily), pronouns (in their own way, then), numerals (twice, three times), participles (brilliantly, defiantly), prepositions (around, towards), conjunctions (barely , bye), particles (as, only). It is difficult to distinguish adverbs from the category of state (fun, dark).

So, first you need to understand how the adverb is formed, what it is connected with, what it means. As soon as we deal with these questions, we will move on to the morphological analysis of adverbs.

The first group of adverbs is formed from pronominal roots (what: why, why, why, why, why), has similar digits: interrogative and relative (why, why), demonstrative (because, therefore), definitive-generalizing (always, in every possible way ), indefinite (for some reason, for some reason), negative (no need). They have circumstantial meanings of the mode of action (in every possible way), place (everywhere), time (always), cause (because), purpose (for some reason). All these adverbs can be called pronouns.

The second group of adverbs is formed from significant parts of speech: qualitative, relative and possessive adjectives (creatively, in German, wolf-like), nouns in R., D., V., T., P. cases (partly, nearby, sideways , for nothing, away), quantitative, ordinal and collective numerals (once, thirdly, together), participles and participles (provocatively, jokingly). Some adverbs were formed from combinations of several nouns (from side to side), a pronoun and a noun (immediately, today), an adverb and a particle (not at all, a lot).

Adverbs often attach to a verb, denoting a sign of action (to run fast), to an adjective, participle or other adverb, denoting a sign of a sign (too fast, flying fast, very fast). Sometimes they have the meaning of a sign of an object if they are attached to a noun (step forward, pike perch in Polish).

So, the general grammatical meaning of adverbs is a sign of action, a sign of a sign, a sign of an object. The adverb answers the questions how? in what degree? where? where? where? when? why? why?

Try to find adverbs in this short text.

It is cold and hungry in January for both birds and animals. Closer to the houses flocks of titmouse huddle, more often gloomy frost-covered elks come out to the haystacks, and only the bear and the badger sweetly snuffle in their warm winter bedrooms. Everything froze, quieted down - it seems that there is no longer any life in the forest ... But what is it? At the very top, unhurried, dressed-up birds ate. Of course, these crossbills are calmly peeling fir cones. A little to the side, under a hazel bush, a gray squirrel is looking for a fallen nut for breakfast. And below, under the birch, where the squirrel had just been, an even chain of fox footprints lay on the snow. No, life in the forest did not stop, did not fall asleep.

Let's test ourselves!

A little explanation. The word "slightly" refers to adverbs if it has the meaning of measure and degree: a little aside (how much?) - a little aside.

In the first sentence, the words "cold" and "hungry" are words of the category of state and are used as a compound nominal predicate. They represent a state of nature or environment and they cannot have a subject with them.

In addition, adverbs are very similar to the short form of the adjective in the neuter form. Compare three sentences:

I sat comfortably in the chair. The chair is very comfortable. The office is bright and comfortable.

Questions should be asked: settled down (how?) Comfortably - this is an adverb; armchair (what?) comfortable is a short adjective; in the office (how? what?) conveniently - a category of state. It is possible to determine the syntactic role: in the first - the circumstance of the mode of action, in the second and third - a compound nominal predicate. Moreover, in the latter case there is not and cannot be any subject.

We now turn to morphological analysis. Remember that adverbs do not and cannot have an initial form, since this is an invariable part of speech. The adverb also has no inconstant features. Instead of characterizing non-permanent signs, you can indicate: “an immutable word”.

Carrying out the morphological analysis of an adverb, it is necessary to determine two constant morphological features.

1) Rank by value: adverbs of the mode of action (good, fun, wonderful), measures and degrees (too, very, slightly), place (down, left), time (recently, today), reason (rashly, involuntarily) , goals (specially, for future use).

2) For adverbs in -o, -e, formed from qualitative adjectives, the forms of degrees of comparison are indicated: comparative simple (looked more fun, wrote more) and comparative compound (more loudly, less quickly); excellent compound (runs the fastest, sings the loudest).

The main syntactic role of adverbs in a sentence is designation various kinds circumstances (The speaker was speaking too broadly). In addition to circumstances, the adverb can be an inconsistent definition (I can make Turkish coffee, a hard-boiled egg.) And a compound nominal predicate (She has been married for five years.).

Parsing plan

I. Part of speech. Question. General grammatical meaning.

II. Morphological features.

1. Rank by value.

2. Degree of comparison (if any).

3. Complete morphological immutability.

III. syntactic role.

Parsing Samples

Closer flocks of titmouse huddle up to the houses, more often gloomy frost-covered elks come out to the haystacks, and only the bear and the badger snore sweetly in their warm winter bedrooms.

I. Closer is an adverb.
They huddle (how?) closer; sign of action.

II. Morph. signs:

3. An unchangeable word.

III. They huddle (how?) closer (the circumstance of the mode of action).

especially strong white meadowsweet inflorescences smell.

I. Especially - adverb.

Strongly (how? to what extent?) especially; sign of sign.

II. Morph. signs:

1. Discharge according to the value of the measure and degree.

2. Does not have a form of comparison.

3. An unchangeable word.

III. Strongly (how? to what extent?) especially (degree circumstance).

I. Strongly - adverb.

They smell (how?) strongly; sign of action.

II. Morph. signs:

1. Discharge by value - mode of action

2. In a positive form of comparison.

3. An unchangeable word.

III. Smell (how?) strongly (the circumstance of the mode of action).

A at the bottom, under the birch, where just there was a squirrel, an even chain of fox footprints lay on the snow.

I. Below is an adverb.

She lay down (where?) below; sign of action.

II. Morph. signs:

1. Rank by value - places.

3. An unchangeable word.

III. She lay down (where?) below (the circumstance of the place).

I. Just now - adverb.

Was (when?) just now; sign of action.

II. Morph. signs:

1. Discharge by value - time.

2. Has no degree of comparison.

3. An unchangeable word.

III. Was (when?) Just now (time circumstance).

Frozen, quieted down everything - it seems not more no life in the forest...

I. More is an adverb.

No (how? to what extent?) anymore; sign of sign.

II. Morph. signs:

2. In the form of a simple comparative degree.

3. An unchangeable word.

III. No (how? to what extent?) more (degree circumstance).

He tells the most interesting US.

I. The most interesting of all is the adverb.

Tells (how?) the most interesting of all; sign of action.

II. Morph. signs:

1. Discharge by the value of the mode of action

2. In the form of a compound superlative degree.

3. An unchangeable word.

III. they tell (how?) the most interesting of all (the circumstance of the mode of action).

How deal with anxiety?

I. How is an adverb.

Cope (how?) how; sign of action.

II. Morph. signs:

1. Discharge by value - manner of action.

2. Pronominal interrogative.

III. To cope (how?) as (the circumstance of the course of action).

For some reason huntsmen can not find the dwelling of these nimble animals.

I. For some reason - an adverb.

Can't find (why?) for some reason; sign of action.

II. Morph. signs:

1. Rank by value - causes.

2. Pronominal indefinite.

3. Has no degree of comparison. The unchangeable word.

III. They cannot find (why?) for some reason (the circumstance of the reason).

Need to fix a little.

I. A little bit - adverb.

Tweak (how much? to what extent?) a little; sign of action.

II. Morph. signs:

1. Rank by value - measures and degrees.

2. Has no degree of comparison.

3. An unchangeable word.

III. Correct (how much? To what extent) a little bit (circumstance of measure and degree).

Meaning of the adverb, its morphological features and syntactic function

Adverb - this is an independent part of speech, which denotes a sign of an action, a sign of another sign, or (less often) a sign of an object. Question adverbs depends on the value it expresses.

Adverb can refer to verb, adjective, adverb, noun and other parts of speech, for example: talk rudely, work silently, very sad, too strong, quite late, absolutely correct, horseback riding, just a baby etc.

Some adverbs do not name the sign, but only point to it. These are pronominal adverbs here, there, so, then, therefore, therefore, therefore etc. For example: The shutter was half open, and therefore every little thing could be seen in the room (A. Kuprin).

The main feature of adverbs is their immutability. Adverbs do not decline or conjugate, do not form forms of gender and number.

Adverbs on-oh, -e, formed from qualitative adjectives, can form forms of degrees of comparison - comparative and superlative: sadly- sadder, sadder than all; good - better, best of all; hot - hotter, hotter than anything.

In a sentence adverbs most often they act as circumstances of different types and the nominal part of the compound predicate. For instance:

And for some reason the lights lit up;

I was looking for you near, I caught away.

(Vyach. Ivanov)

Adverb ranks by meaning

In my own way the meaning of the adverb there are defining and circumstantial.

Determinants adverbs can refer not only to the verb, but also to the adverb, noun, word of the state category, characterizing them from different angles. Among the defining adverbs stand out: 1) qualitative adverbs indicating a qualitative feature; 2) adverbs of measure and degree; 3) adverbs image or mode of action.

	Groups of attributive adverbs and expressed meanings	Examples
	Qualitative adverbs express a characteristic or evaluation of an action or feature.	Sad, strange, monstrous, scary, fast, right.
	Quantitative adverbs determine the measure or degree of manifestation of an action or attribute.	A lot, a little, a little bit, doubly, triple, thrice, six of them, very, very, completely, absolutely.
	Adverbs of manner and mode of action indicate the manner in which an action is performed.	Running, galloping, walking, swimming, mixing, idling, supine, for sure.

circumstantial adverbs most often refer to the verb and characterize the time, place, purpose, reason for the action. As part of the circumstantial adverbs includes: 1) adverbs of place, 2) adverbs of time, 3) adverbs of reason, 4) adverbs of purpose.

	Adverbial adverb groups and expressed meanings	Examples
	Adverbs of place indicate the place where an action takes place.	Far, near, back, afar, towards, sideways.
	Adverbs of time indicate the time of an action.	Yesterday, today, tomorrow, afternoon, night, morning, spring, sometimes, now.
	Adverbs of cause indicate the reason for an action.	Hastily, foolishly, drunkenly, blindly, involuntarily, not without reason.
	Purpose adverbs indicate the purpose of an action.	On purpose, on purpose, in spite of, in spite of, in jest, intentionally.

Quantitatively, the language is dominated by attributive adverbs. Then go adverbs place and time. The composition adverbs causes and especially goals are very few.

Pronominal adverbs

A special group among adverbs are pronominal adverbs, which, like pronouns, do not name signs, but only indicate them, but, unlike pronouns, are unchangeable words.

Pronominal adverbs are divided into the following groups:

	Groups of pronominal adverbs	Examples
	pointing	There, there, from there, here, here, so, then, therefore, therefore, then
	Determinants	Always, sometimes, everywhere, everywhere, everywhere
	Interrogative-relative	How, where, where, from where, when, why, why, why
	Indefinite (formed from interrogative-relative)	Somehow, somehow, somehow, somewhere, somewhere, somewhere, somewhere, sometime, sometime, ever, somehow and etc.
	Negative (formed from interrogative-relative)	No, nowhere, nowhere, nowhere, nowhere, nowhere, nowhere, never, never, no need and etc.

Degrees of comparison of adverbs

Adverbs on-oh, -e, formed from qualitative adjectives have the form comparative degree, which matches the shape comparative degree relevant adjectives: become dumber, read worse, be bolder.

Some adverbs also have a superlative form in - epshe, - aishe, which is not commonly used in modern language. (dutifully- humbly, strictly- strictest), For example:

I would strictly forbid these gentlemen

Drive up to the capitals for a shot.

(A. Griboyedov)

In modern language, the compound form is more common superlatives, which is a combination of two words - comparative degree of adverb and pronouns of all (total): run fastest, fly highest, understand best.

Morphological analysis of the adverb includes the selection of two constant features (rank by value and the presence of forms of degrees of comparison). The adverb has no inconstant signs, since it is an invariable word. The adverb is an extremely productive and difficult class of words to analyze.

As a constant feature of adverbs indicate the category by value. For adverbs in -o, -e, formed from qualitative adjectives, the forms of degrees of comparison are indicated: comparative (looked more cheerfully, spoke more clearly- more clear) and excellent (runs the fastest, sang the loudest).

Instead of characterizing non-permanent signs, one should indicate: “an immutable word”.

Scheme of morphological analysis of the adverb. I. Part of speech.