Another coup d'etat is taking place in the country (the Great October Socialist Revolution - this is how this event will be called in Soviet historiography). The Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies adopted the program appeal "To Workers, Soldiers and Peasants!", Which, in particular, said: "... The Soviet government will offer an immediate democratic peace to all peoples and an immediate truce on all fronts. It will provide free transfer of landlord, appanage and monastic lands to the disposal of peasant committees, will defend the rights of a soldier, by fully democratizing the army, establish workers' control over production, ensure the timely convening of the Constituent Assembly, take care of the delivery of bread to cities and basic necessities in the countryside, provide all nations inhabiting Russia, the true right to self-determination. The congress decides: all power in the center and in the localities shall pass to the Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies, which must ensure a true revolutionary order ... "
The Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets declares the removal of the Provisional Government from power and the creation of new governing bodies of the country - the Council of People's Commissars (SNK) and the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK).
The functions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs were now supposed to be performed by the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs - one of the 13 people's commissariats of the first government of the Russian Republic (the name of the RSFSR will appear later).
When it was created (in contrast to the "democratic" Provisional Government), the experience of the pre-revolutionary Ministry of Internal Affairs was actively used, which implied vesting this department with a wide range of powers to manage domestic life.
As a result, the NKVD developed as a body endowed with extensive competence. Its structure provided for the presence of the following departments as basic units:
- local government and local economy;
- financial,
- foreign,
- refugees,
- veterinary,
- management of the medical unit;
- press bureau
- control and audit commission.
Note by Yu.G. Veremeev Those. The NKVD was originally supposed to take over the functions of managing the entire internal daily life of the country.
But the most important function of the NKVD (in contrast to the tsarist Ministry of Internal Affairs) was the protection of public order and the fight against crime.
Initially, the protection of public order was entrusted to the workers 'militia, which was not a state body until the adoption of the NKVD resolution "On the workers' militia" of October 28, 1917 (which is why law enforcement officers annually on November 10, based on the style of chronology adopted in the country in February 1918, they celebrate their professional holiday - Police Day).
In practice, the resolution of the NKVD "On workers' militia" of October 28, 1917 was simply a declaration of the need to form a body dealing with the protection of law and order. The resolution does not in any way regulate the staff structure, powers and other fundamental issues of the activities of any state institution. The calculation was made on the initiative "from below", that is, the execution of the resolution was allowed to take its course. (People's Commissars of the first Soviet government for the most part did not have not only the experience of leading the state, but also elementary work experience. But at first there were a lot of "couch thinkers").
Fortunately, quite energetic and proactive people began to create a new militia, soberly assessing the situation in the country. All this predetermined the initial organizational diversity of the militia units, which were everywhere formed by the local Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies (Sovdeps).
These, in addition to the workers' militia, should include:
- the Red Guard (the most active in Petrograd, Moscow, Siberia, in the Far East and consisted mainly of workers; in parallel, there were rural Red Guard detachments (Moscow, Kursk provinces, Siberia and the Far East);
- special guard units (Vologda province);
- security squads (Smolensk province);
- squads (Perm province).
Among the main features of these militia units is their versatility: the ability to perform, in addition to law enforcement, many other functions, primarily defensive; and the lack of a well-defined professional staff.
The first steps of the new militia were to establish order in the streets. (Remember the Soviet films about the 1917 revolution. Almost every film contains scenes of patrols of revolutionary soldiers and sailors on the streets and crossroads of Petrograd).
At the same time, ordinary citizens were also involved in the maintenance of order within the framework of the voluntary militia detachments created under the city and district executive committees of the Soviets. The members of the detachments were mainly involved in patrolling in public places, and no monetary remuneration was paid for the work performed.
But unlike the militia of the Provisional Government, these units acted harshly and decisively, which allowed the Bolsheviks to stay in power.
This position remained until mid-1918. It was only in Kronstadt and partly in Kazan that it was possible to replace the army and police as professional organizations with the “general arming of the people” capable of ensuring the country's defense and law and order on the basis of “revolutionary conscription”. In the rest of the territory, these tasks were actually carried out by units of the newly created Red Army. The unfolding civil war had a serious impact on the development of the internal troops.
Chronology of the origin and development of the Internal Troops.
1917 year.
October 26, 1917. The Council of People's Commissars (SNK) of the RSFSR was formed under the chairmanship of V. I. Lenin.
Among other People's Commissariats, the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs was created. Bolshevik A.I. Rykov was appointed People's Commissar.
November 16. The Council of People's Commissars issued a resolution on the appointment of G.I. Petrovsky as People's Commissar of Internal Affairs and the formation of a collegium of the People's Commissariat.
Almost immediately, the need arose to create an organization that would forcedfulfill the orders of the new government.
December 7. The Council of People's Commissars decided to create an All-Russian Extraordinary Commission (VChK) under the Council of People's Commissars to combat counter-revolution and sabotage. F.E.Dzerzhinsky was appointed chairman of the commission.
Note by Yu.G. Veremeev It is curious that the Bolshevik government in 1917 did not even raise the issue of protecting the young Soviet state from outside aggression. But it is concerned about protection from the internal enemy literally on the second day of taking power. Once again, the thesis that any (ANY!) Regime is ultimately supported by bayonets is confirmed. Including the most non-democratic, which also needs to suppress dissidents (dissidents).
1918 year.
Let me remind you that a new Soviet power was being established in the country. As an inheritance from the Provisional Government, it received a rampant crime in the country, the collapse of industry and supplies. Under these conditions, the Soviet government was forced (besides creating an army to protect itself from numerous external enemies) to create an internal army to protect itself from internal enemies (no less numerous). If you take an impartial look at the situation in the country during this period, you can agree that many steps in strengthening Soviet power were vital.
So, for the power support of the Cheka (which in many respects performed the functions of the tsarist gendarmerie), the troops of the Cheka were created, first in the form of scattered detachments at each local Cheka, and then united into a single whole.
March 18, 1918 The Collegium of the Cheka makes a decision to unite the units of the local Cheka into the Combat Detachment of the Cheka.
The task of supplying food to the urban population was to be solved with the help of the People's Commissariat for Food. But for the military support of the NKP commissars, it was necessary to create armed detachments, which were then reduced to the Food Army.
May 9, 1918 By the decree of the Council of People's Commissars "On the emergency powers of the People's Commissar for Food" (approved by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on May 13, 1918), the People's Commissariat of Education was granted the right to have armed force.
The decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of May 27 (in the final version of May 30) determined the form of organization of this armed force, the principle of manning and tasks.
The decrees marked the beginning of the formation of the Food and Requisition Army (Prodarmia).
In addition, many departments to ensure their work began to create their own armed units.
April 20, 1918 By order of the People's Commissariat for Military Affairs, the convoy guard of the Republic was reorganized.
To manage it, the Main Inspectorate of the Convoy Guard was established at the RSFSR People's Commissariat of Justice.
On July 10, 1918, the Main Sugar Committee decided to form an armed guard to guard the sugar production. (At the beginning of 1919, the number was established at 5,500 people and consisted of two regiments, two separate companies and 90 separate platoons).
On July 23, 1918, the Moscow provincial conference of textile workers made a decision to protect the property of factories, which marked the beginning of the organization of the military guard of Tsentrotekstil.
July 25. 1918 Council of People's Commissars adopted a decree on the reorganization of the river protection of the Main Department of Water Resources. Naturally, all these departmental troops, performing similar tasks to protect the vital facilities of the Republic, in the next year, 1919, were united into a single whole, which made it possible to centralize their training and supply.
However, by the beginning of 1919, it becomes clear that all these disparate military formations must be united within a single large structure of a military nature, capable of organizing both personnel training and supply, training, development and implementation of tactics.
1919 year.
May 28, 1919. The Workers 'and Peasants' Defense Council adopted a resolution "On auxiliary troops." The internal security forces of the Republic, subordinate to the NKVD of the RSFSR, were created. The Internal Security Troops (VOKhR) included all auxiliary troops at the disposal of the People's Commissariat for Food, Glavod, Glavsakhara, Glavneft, Tsentrotekstil, etc.
September 27. The Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic decided to increase the VOKhR troops by 45 thousand people. and bring the total number to 165 thousand people.
1920 year.
January 23. The Council of Workers 'and Peasants' Defense entrusted the VOKhR troops with the protection and defense of railways and railway structures throughout the territory of the Republic, except for the front line.
The 21st of April. The Labor and Defense Council of the Republic adopted a decree on the internal security forces of the Republic, which sets out the tasks and procedure for using these formations. It is determined that they are entrusted with the protection of transport, industry of the country and they are the reserve of the Red Army, operating on external fronts.
September 1. The Council of Labor and Defense of the Republic adopted a resolution on the creation of troops of the internal service of the Republic (VNUS). They included the troops of the VOKHR, sentries, railway defense, railway militia, water police, etc.
On September 17, the Council of Labor and Defense of the Republic by its Resolution equated all employees of the Cheka to the servicemen of the Red Army.
Subsequently, the troops of the VOKHR-VNUS-VChK-OGPU-NKVD were repeatedly reorganized, but their tasks remained the same - to protect the population from any threat, including external.
Further chronology of events.
1924 g.
July. The convoy guard was removed from the control of the OGPU and transferred to the jurisdiction of the NKVD of the union republics.
August The Labor and Defense Council adopted the Resolution "On the formation of the USSR convoy guard and on the organization of the Central Administration of the Convoy Guard in Moscow." This meant that the convoy guard, starting in 1924, became an independent type of troops.
1925 g.
On October 30, the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR adopted the Resolution "On the Convoy Guard of the USSR", on the basis of which the Central Administration of the USSR Convoy Guard was created, subordinate directly to the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. The recruitment of the convoy guard, as well as the supply of all types of allowances, was entrusted to the organs of the People's Commissariat for Military and Naval Affairs. An organizational reorganization of the escort teams was carried out according to the principle of the Red Army (platoon, company, battalion, regiment). All troops were divided into two divisions and six separate brigades with a total strength of 14 802 people.
1930 g.
On September 2, the USSR convoy guard was renamed the USSR convoy troops. All of them were consolidated into two divisions and six separate brigades.
1934 g.
august. The elimination of the kulaks and the intensification of repression significantly increased the scope of tasks associated with the escorting of significant masses of people around the country. In this regard, the number of escort troops was increased to 20 thousand people.
During this period, convoy divisions were stationed in Moscow, Kharkov, Samara, Novosibirsk. In addition, separate brigades of convoy troops were stationed in Rostov, Leningrad and Tashkent.
1935 g.
On October 16, the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR adopted the Regulation on the passage of service by the command and command personnel of the border and internal security of the NKVD of the USSR. According to this Regulation, all servicemen of the border and internal security were divided into command and command personnel, for whom military ranks were established.
Note by Yu.G. Veremeev It is worth noting that the scale of ranks and insignia of these ranks in parts of the border 
and the internal security of the NKVD differed significantly from the ranks and insignia of the Red Army. Moreover, even within the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs, ranks and insignia were different for the police, fire brigade, OSOAVIAKHIM, border units, NKVD internal security units, guards of places of detention, and state security agencies.
Here, for example, on the right, is a photo of the captain of the NKVD internal security with the insignia that existed in 1937.
And here on the left is a photo of the captain of state security of 36-37 years (reconstruction).
I would like to note that quite a few footage and photographs, claiming to be documentary and vividly describing the Stalinist repressions, showing employees of the "organs", in fact, are usually malicious fakes, since their creators have no idea what the uniform and insignia of "NKVDeshnikov" looked like.
1937 g.
The Main Directorate of the Border and Internal Security (GUPVO NKVD) was renamed into the Main Directorate of the Border and Internal Troops of the NKVD of the USSR.
1938 g.
On April 20, the number of NKVD troops, including the military units of the convoy troops, was set at 28,800.
1939 g.
On February 2, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR adopted a Resolution "On the reorganization of the management of border and internal troops", in accordance with which the Main Directorate of the Border and Internal Troops of the NKVD of the USSR was divided into six main directorates:
- Main Directorate of Border Troops of the NKVD of the USSR;
- Main Directorate of the NKVD Troops of the USSR for the Protection of Railway Structures;
- Main Directorate of Troops of the NKVD of the USSR for the protection of especially important industrial enterprises
- Main Directorate of Convoy Troops of the NKVD of the USSR;
- Main Directorate of Military Supply of the NKVD of the USSR;
- The Main Military Construction Directorate of the NKVD of the USSR.
November 20 By order of the NKVD of the USSR, the "Regulations on the escort troops of the NKVD of the USSR" were introduced.
They carried out the tasks of escorting persons in custody, carried out external security in individual prisons. This Regulation provided for tasks in wartime related to the escort and protection of prisoners of war.
In the pre-war years, 135 objects were guarded by troops. In addition, they served 156 judicial institutions, served on 176 railway routes.
On January 1, 1940, the authorized number of convoy troops was 34,295 people (one division, nine brigades, two separate regiments and two schools for junior command personnel).
During the war with Finland (December 1939-March 1940), the NKVD escort troops received the task of protecting prisoners of war, which they did not have to carry out, because there were practically no Finns captured.
But with the annexation of the Baltic republics, Western Belarus, Western Ukraine, Bessarabia and Bukovina to the USSR, the NKVD escort troops did their best.
On September 17, 1940, due to the fact that Poland ceased to exist as a sovereign state (on the night of September 17, the Polish government fled the country), the Soviet Union brought its troops into the territory of Western Ukraine and Western Belarus.
In these areas, the troops of the Red Army captured more than 230 thousand soldiers and officers of the Polish army. Some of them, namely 42.4 thousand natives of the western regions of Ukraine and Belarus, were released.
Other prisoners of war, by decision of the authorities, were escorted to 138 reception centers and special camps, which were under the jurisdiction of the NKVD Administration for Prisoners of War, established on September 19, 1939.
Note by Yu.G. Veremeev Russian liberal-democratic historians, coupled with the Western information war machine against Russia, are trying hard to prove that by bringing its troops into the territory of Western Ukraine and Western Belarus, the Soviet Union became an accomplice in Hitler's aggression against a very democratic, extremely peace-loving Poland.
But for some reason they are modestly silent that this country at the end of the thirties was strenuously crammed into Hitler's allies, offering the participation of Polish divisions in the campaign against Bolshevik Russia, and taking part in Hitler's devastation of Czechoslovakia in October 1938, seizing the Teshin region of this country.
Poland became a victim of Hitler only because it failed to impose itself on his allies like Romania, Hungary and Finland. Hitler simply did not forgive the Poles for their immoderate appetites when, favored by the Entente, which put pressure on the defeated Germany, under the Treaty of Versailles of 1919, they received from Germany vast territories that had never belonged to Poland.
In addition, they are silent about when and how Poland acquired the territories of Western Ukraine and Western Belarus. And it acquired as a result of our loss of the Soviet-Polish war of 1920. Moreover, it was Poland that attacked the young Soviet republic, and not vice versa.
What, in this context, are unworthy of the actions of the Soviet Union in September 1939, which we supposedly should be ashamed of, endlessly apologize and justify?
By powerlessness he lost the lands, by force he returned them to himself. Widespread world practice, applied at the beginning of the XXI century.
And why did Stalin have to worry about the integrity of the country, which from 1918 to 1939 was extremely hostile to the USSR and did everything possible to destroy the USSR?
In peacetime, the Internal Troops were entrusted with the tasks of ensuring state and public security, protecting socialist property, and public order.
In case of war, they were added the task of protecting the front line, communications and rear areas. At the same time, it was not ruled out that during the war period, the internal troops could be involved in the fight against banditry and desertion, as well as the enemy's agents and his sabotage and reconnaissance groups.
The operational units were to be assigned tasks: the destruction of gangs in the forest, mountains, individual houses, the defense of buildings and crossings, ambush and screening actions. And if necessary, the conduct of a combined arms battle.
In terms of their armament and technical equipment, the Internal Troops were not intended to conduct long-term combat operations with large enemy forces and to independently defend individual areas and combat lines. The setting of this task did not correspond to the mission of the troops, the degree of their armament and technical equipment. This required the creation of three NKVD rifle divisions, which in terms of their staffing, armament, equipment and training hardly differed from the divisions of the Red Army.
On the eve of the war, the number of NKVD operational regiments in the border military districts was increased to 12.
1941 g.
The NKVD Convoy Troops Directorate was disbanded and merged with the NKVD Internal Troops Directorate. Main tasks: participation in hostilities, protection of reception centers for prisoners of war, echelons, escorting prisoners.
Note by Yu.G. Veremeev Maybe a little off-topic, but please note that since the beginning of the USSR invasion of the territory of former Poland, or rather, from September 17, 1939, the NKO was responsible for the prisoners of war only from the moment of capture and until they were transferred to the convoy of the NKVD troops, which escorted them to assembly points and prisoner of war camps. In the future, all matters related to prisoners of war were dealt with by the Main Directorate for Prisoners of War and Internees (GUPVI) of the NKVD of the USSR. Naturally, the protection of the prisoner of war camps was carried out by the NKVD convoy troops.
And the GUPVI should not be confused with the GULAG. The latter has never dealt with prisoners of war and internees.
Unlike the USSR, in Germany, prisoners of war were in the power of the Wehrmacht for the entire time of captivity, specifically, in the jurisdiction of OKW.
Gestapo, SS and SD had nothing to do with prisoners of war. So all the blame for the mass death of Soviet prisoners lies entirely with the Wehrmacht, with all German soldiers and officers.
1944 g.
On January 19, 1944, the NKVD of the USSR approved the "Instruction for the escort of a special contingent resettled on special instructions from the NKVD."
On July 17, 1944, the Moscow escort regiment escorted 57 thousand German prisoners of war through the streets of Moscow.
As the Nazi troops were expelled from the territory of the Soviet Union, an important task for the internal troops was the protection of government and especially important facilities and the fulfillment of operational tasks of state security agencies. For this, the Department of Internal Troops in Germany was formed on the territory of occupied Germany (it existed until 1957).
Subsequently, the units at his disposal were either returned to the USSR or disbanded.
The functions of troops connected with the protection of prisoners of war abroad and their escort to the territory of the USSR have significantly increased. It was necessary to increase the number of escort troops at the expense of units transferred from the Red Army (KA).
In addition to escorting and guarding prisoners of war, convoy units guarded special camps with war criminals and prisons, as well as escorted detainees to judicial institutions, by rail, sea, river routes.
As the prisoners of war were released, the units of the convoy troops were disbanded.
1946 g.
1947 g.
1949 g.
On July 10, 1949, the escort units were entrusted with escorting prisoners to judicial institutions, to exchange offices of planned railway routes in republican, regional and regional centers.
1951 g.
On May 6, 1951, by the Resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers, the escort was entrusted with the transfer of prisoners and persons under investigation by planned (special) convoys along the railway and waterways, as well as their transfer from prisons to camps and colonies; also, at the request of the Prosecutor's Office and the Chekist authorities, they were assigned to be escorted to court sessions of the Supreme, regional, regional courts, military tribunals, line courts - by rail and water transport; convoy to wagons at exchange offices.
1955 g.
The "Instruction on the service of the echelon escort of convicts" was published.
1960 g.
On January 13, 1960, the USSR Council of Ministers abolished the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs, transferring its functions to the ministries of internal affairs of the union republics. Accordingly, the Internal Troops are distributed among the union republics and become subordinate to the republican Ministry of Internal Affairs.
1962 g.
On August 30, 1962, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR transformed the Ministry of Internal Affairs into the Ministry of Public Order Protection (MOOP) of the RSFSR. Similar decrees were adopted in all union and autonomous republics of the USSR. The Internal Troops are now subordinate to the Republican MOOP.
A small memorable date. On July 7, 1962, the Collegium of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the RSFSR adopted a decision on the introduction of a rubber stick, handcuffs and explosive packs with tear gas into the armament of the police.
Note by Yu.G. Veremeev Many will not believe that at all times of Soviet power, until the summer of 1962, the law enforcement agencies did not have handcuffs, rubber sticks, tear gas canisters, water cannons, or armor shields. But it was so. It was all about equipping the police of the capitalist countries, but not the socialist militia. Something like this, our militia did without these means of coercion. And citizens saw water cannons on the streets of Moscow only after the fall of Soviet power. And people very quickly and aptly dubbed the rubber sticks "democratizers".
1966 g.
On July 26, 1966, by the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, centralized management was restored on a national scale by the creation of the Ministry of Public Order Protection of the USSR (MOOP USSR). The Internal Troops are again subordinated to the MOOP of the USSR.
1968 year
On November 25, 1968, the MOOP of the USSR was renamed again and became the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD). The Internal Troops, respectively, remain subordinate to the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs.
Note by Yu.G. Veremeev In December 1991, the USSR ceased to exist. The authorities of democratic Russia have embarked on the next reforms, proceeding from the new ideology of democracy, but not from considerations of the expediency and effectiveness of the functioning of the public security protection organs.
The basic principles of building law enforcement agencies at this time are borrowed from the United States and Europe, or even simply mechanically transferred Russian soil without taking into account the Russian mentality, the historically established system of government, the real political and criminal situation, without taking into account the peculiarities and sizes of the country. A whole series of transformations simply paralyzed the activities of law enforcement agencies. One gets the impression that many transformations were made in the interests of the criminal world and were aimed at destroying, or at least ineffective work of the prosecutor's office, police, courts, and the Internal Troops. This may be my subjective feeling, but today even democratic journalists recall the years of Yeltsin's rule with a shudder, calling them "the dashing nineties."
1992 year
On December 15, 1992, the tasks of escorting the accused to military tribunals were transferred from the Internal Troops to the internal affairs bodies.
1995 year
On January 16, from the Internal Troops, the tasks of escorting the defendants to court sessions of the Supreme, regional, regional, city (Moscow, Leningrad) courts were transferred from the Internal Troops to the internal affairs bodies.
On July 8, the functions of escorting convicts and persons taken into custody from pre-trial detention centers and back were transferred from the Internal Troops to the territorial bodies of the penal system of Russia - transferred to institutions executing criminal sentences in the form of imprisonment. ,
1998 year
On September 16, Presidential Decree No. 1116 determined: by January 1, 1999, transfer from the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia to the Criminal Correctional System of the Ministry of Justice of Russia - the functions of escorting convicts and persons taken into custody by rail, water and air routes.
On December 11, by order of the Minister of Justice of the Russian Federation No. 182dsp, the staffs of special units for escorting the territorial bodies of the penal system of the Ministry of Justice of Russia were approved. Directorates (departments) for escorting were created.
1999 year
On January 1, the criminal-executive system of the Ministry of Justice of Russia fully adopted the functions of escorting along rail, water and air routes. Thus, on January 1, 1999, the history of the convoy units of the Internal Troops ended.
Note by Yu.G. Veremeev I get the impression that in the nineties and two thousandths, most of the functions (security, escort service) that they performed during the Soviet era were removed from the functions of the Internal Troops. And at the same time, their numbers are growing rapidly. The provision of weapons and military equipment begins to approach the army units, and then surpasses them. And if we add to this special equipment (light and noise grenades, water cannons, crowd disperse means, etc.), then there is a feeling that the Internal Troops are more and more adapted to suppress mass public unrest, to suppress armed riots. This was largely facilitated by the two Chechen wars, where the Internal Troops played the first violin.
Obviously, democracy needs support on bayonets much more than socialism. And there are much more people dissatisfied with the democratic regime than those dissatisfied with the Soviet regime.
Internal Troops at the beginning of the XXI century
The Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation (Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia) are special military formations designed to ensure the internal security of the state, public security, and protect human and civil rights and freedoms from criminal and other illegal encroachments.
Today the internal troops of Russia are a powerful military formation. The structure of the internal troops is built in such a way that it is not inferior in quality or quantity to the armed forces of an average state.
Modern internal troops are fully motorized, operational and motorized rifle units have armored vehicles.
The Internal Troops have their own aviation, tank, artillery, engineering and naval units.
The special forces of the internal troops are one of the best military special forces in the country.
The internal troops number about 300 thousand people (29 divisions and 15 brigades and 5 higher educational institutions). Moreover, of the 29 divisions of the Internal Troops, 19 divisions are former divisions of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, transferred to the subordination of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
60% of the number of troops are operational units carrying out tasks in Chechnya and the North Caucasus region.
Note by Yu.G. Veremeev In this regard, one recalls the pathetic words of the first president of democratic Russia BN Yeltsin, shouted by him in the early nineties about the tragic events in Baku, Vilnius, Tbilisi in the last years of the USSR: "From now on, the Army will never be used against its own people."
It turns out that it is enough to change the subordination of the division, as it no longer belongs to the Army and it can already quite legally be thrown into the suppression of riots. How simple and touching everything is.
Internal Troops consist of:
- operational units.
- parts for the protection of important state objects.
- special motorized police units.
In accordance with the reform plan, the number of troops will be reduced several times, instead of districts, five regional commands and two regional administrations of internal troops will be created.
In addition, special forces will be formed in the structure of the internal troops. In the future, special forces detachments of the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation will become the main component of the immediate response forces of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia.
Now the special forces of the Internal Troops consists of 16 mobile detachments, which are already 90 percent equipped with modern weapons and military equipment, including special purposes.
Combat training of explosives includes three main areas:
- preparation of operational units;
- special motorized military units;
- parts for the protection of important government facilities and special cargo.
Internal troops are recruited to perform service and combat missions, usually as part of a company or battalion. Therefore, the main efforts in training are focused on individual training and coordination of small units.
The Internal Troops refused to hold such global events as divisional and even regimental tactical exercises - they are now not relevant in the Internal Troops. The combined arms training of the commander of an army motorized rifle platoon and the commander of a platoon of the Internal Troops is practically the same.
In military training, perhaps the only difference is that, in addition to combined-arms tactics, cadets study the tactics of the Internal Troops, that is, the methods of action of the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs to maintain public order, organize service and combat activities to protect important state facilities and in emergency situations.
The largest associations of the Internal Troops today are the districts of the Internal Troops:
* Moscow district.
* Northwestern District.
* North Caucasian District.
* Volga District.
* Ural District.
* Siberian District.
* Eastern District.
Note by Yu.G. Veremeev It’s even strange. For the defense of the country from the external enemy in the 2000s, there were first six military districts, then they were brought together into four, and then completely transformed into the Command of Directions. But to protect the internal districts from the enemy, there are seven explosives.
From the author. The dislocations, names of military units and formations in the districts are given below very roughly and are of a purely approximate nature, since numerous transformations have taken place in the past years. The modern explosives structure that meets the needs and capabilities has not yet finally taken shape and has not been established.
Moscow District VV.
Four divisions (56,222 people, 175 armored combat vehicles). Among them:
* Separate Special Forces Division (ODON). This is the former Dzerzhinsky Separate Motorized Rifle Division. The main forces of the division are stationed in the town of Balashikha, Moscow Region.
*? -th division - Sarov.
* 2nd division - Tula. (parts of the division are located in 8 regions of Central Russia.
*? -I - division (training) Molino.
* 55th division - Moscow (maintenance of order in Moscow).
* 21st operational brigade - Sofrino.
* 3rd Operational Brigade (motorized).
North Caucasian District VV.
It has 26.5 thousand people, 700 armored personnel carriers and infantry fighting vehicles,
* 2nd DON (Special Forces Division). Krasnodar. 1923 people, 34 infantry fighting vehicles
* 54th DON (Special Purpose Division).
* 99th DON (Special Forces Division). Rostov, Persianovka. 1983 people, 33 BMP, 4 BMD-1.
* 100th Don (Special Forces Division). Novocherkassk, Kadamovsky (TC), Cossack Camps
* 8th operational brigade. Nalchik.
* 22nd operational brigade. Kalach.
* 6th operational brigade. Vladikavkaz
* 46th operational brigade. Chechnya.
* 102nd operational brigade. Dagestan.
*? th operational brigade. Vladikavkaz.
*? -th Special Purpose Regiment.
* 7th special forces detachment of the explosives.
* 15th special forces detachment of the explosives.
*? -th helicopter regiment. Rostov.
Volga District VV.
*? 1st Special Forces Division. Kirov. Some of its parts are located in the Ural District of VV.
* 54th division. Gaiva, Perm.
* 35th brigade. Samara
* 34th brigade. Shumilovo, Bogorodsk. Nizhny Novgorod.
* Operational brigade. Kazan.
*? -th brigade. Chuvashia.
Ural District VV.
*? - I'm a division. Ozersk ..
* 12th special forces detachment of the explosives. Nizhny Tagil.
* 23rd special forces detachment of the explosives. Chelyabinsk.
Siberian District VV.
* 98th division. Kemerovo.
* 89th division. Novosibirsk ..
*? -I - division.
*? -th brigade. Irkutsk.
* 19th special forces detachment of the explosives.
* 20th special forces detachment of the explosives.
East District VV
*? -th division. Tynda.
*? 1st detached regiment (battalion - Vladivostok, battalion - Ussuriysk).
*? -I separate helicopter squadron. Khabarovsk.
In addition, there are subordinates to the Directorate of Special Forces of Internal Troops, who are engaged in the protection of especially important state facilities:
* Sarov industrial division of the explosives.
* Seversk industrial division of the explosives.
* Ozersk industrial division of the BB.
* Yekaterinburg industrial division of the BB.
* Moscow industrial compound BB,
* Novosibirsk industrial division of the explosives.
The Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia continue to develop and improve, absorbing experienced personnel from the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and special services (FSB, GRU and SVR).
This made it possible to create its own Intelligence Directorate of the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia on the type of army intelligence.
Their own intelligence units of the explosives began to be created back in the 90th year.
The explosive units are better equipped than the army. Armament mounted on tanks, BMP (BMD). BTR, is kept in constant readiness for use in the shortest possible time.
It's not a secret for anyone that in recent years the number of explosives has been growing, while the number of the Army has been declining. They are equipped with the most modern weapons.
The official point of view is that the number of explosives is maintained at the level necessary to ensure sufficient stability in the country. What necessity are we talking about? The Commander-in-Chief of the Internal Troops, General of the Army Nikolai Rogozhkin, once said that everything depends on the volume of tasks to be performed by the internal troops.
Did you notice the difference?
The formulation of the number, depending on the volume of tasks, is very flexible: after all, it is possible to increase it if the “volume of tasks” suddenly changes.
The commander-in-chief admitted that the accelerated saturation of the internal troops with powerful and modern weapons continues. A couple of years ago, they declared that heavy weapons - tanks, artillery, other military and special equipment - are considered redundant and will be withdrawn and returned to the Ministry of Defense. The obsolete armored vehicles may have been partially removed, but the firepower of the Internal Troops has grown since then, and quite significantly. There is an accelerated saturation of them with new types of weapons, including armored vehicles, analog communications are being replaced by digital ones.
Back in 1999, the Ministry of Internal Affairs approved the concept of communication development and developed a general direction for its improvement. It is designed to ensure the creation of timely, reliable and, most importantly, confidential communication.
So, at present, an intradepartmental communication network of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia is being created, in no way dependent on either military communications or nationwide.
The upcoming replacement of analog switching equipment with digital will allow uniting all divisions into one single information space. This will form the departmental closed telephone network, provide access to remote local networks, digital transmission of voice and video information. The functions of administrative and economic and operational dispatch communication will be combined. As a result, it will be possible to quickly, in real time, receive and transmit important operational and management information, as much as possible to protect the telephone and documentary communications of the Ministry of Internal Affairs from outside access.
In terms of mobility and technical equipment, the formations of the internal troops are very noticeably superior to the army ones.
Already about 80% of the equipment and weapons of the explosives refers to new models - the Army has never dreamed of such a leap!
There was no refusal of artillery either. Moreover, the department for the combat employment of artillery and air defense systems was transformed into an artillery headquarters. And the fire capabilities of the regular artillery (divisional, brigade, regimental, and battalion), according to the official website of the Interior Ministry's Internal Troops, have increased more than 14 times since 1999.
Its own aviation has also survived, as well as naval units - boats armed with heavy machine guns, which are to operate in the coastal zone and on inland waterways.
Moreover, in the military units there are already at least 500 combat swimmers-saboteurs. And in the future, it is planned to create in the internal troops "transport naval units, equip them with the necessary equipment to fulfill the tasks of transferring personnel and military cargo over long distances."
In fact, we are talking about the creation of the Marine Corps, amphibious assault forces of the explosives.
The Internal Troops are rapidly building up their power against the backdrop of declarations on the reduction of the Armed Forces and their transfer to a brigade format, more suitable for operations within the country. At the same time, there is no question of any deep structural reform of the Internal Troops.
It is difficult to find fundamental differences between the created seven regional commands of the Internal Troops from the previous seven districts.
And the transfer to the brigade-battalion base is accompanied by leaks of information about the planned return to the previous divisional-regimental system. In any case, a complete rejection of divisions in the Internal Troops did not happen.
And while they are proving to us that the network of educational institutions of the Armed Forces desperately needs to be reduced (from the current 65 to 10), no one stutters about the reform of the training system of the Interior Ministry. No one encroaches on the higher educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (there are 90 of them, including five for the internal troops), even virtually.
Meanwhile, in parallel with the build-up of the capabilities of the Internal Troops, there is a qualitative weakening of the firepower of the militia structures. A plausible pretext: Kalashnikov assault rifles (as well as machine guns and grenade launchers) are withdrawn from the police, transferring it to "more effective" submachine guns, the bullets of which have "less ricocheting ability", which is "convenient for urban conditions." Perhaps it is, of course, convenient, only in terms of combat capabilities all these PPs are much inferior to the AK-74.
In addition, after this “rearmament”, militia units will actually be deprived of the opportunity to operate outside the city limits. At the same time, no one is going to improve the training of employees of regional structures of the Ministry of Internal Affairs - in contrast to a sharp improvement in the combat training of the Internal Troops. Apparently, the fact is that the Internal Troops are directly subordinate to the president, while the local organs of the Ministry of Internal Affairs are under the wing of the regional authorities, whose power capabilities in the center are slowly but steadily trying to weaken.
It seems that the Kremlin understands that the control over the regions from the center is falling, separatist sentiments in a number of them are not at all suppressed, and even the economic crisis, which aggravates and accelerates centrifugal tendencies. During a crisis, the socio-economic situation may aggravate so that it comes to popular unrest and the regional authorities willy-nilly will have to blame Moscow on the responsibility. Therefore, preventive measures are being taken without much publicity.
The time has come for the Internal Troops to prepare again for what they, in fact, were created for - for internal wars.
Note by Yu.G. Veremeev The attention of the entire Russian press and political analysts in the nineties and two thousand years was riveted to national separatism. But nobody paid absolutely no attention to separatism territorially and economically. And it is present, and much more dangerous for the integrity of the country than nationalism. It is possible to fight for the independence of Chechnya, for example, but if it will not last a year without funding from outside, then there can be no talk of any "independent Ichkeria". One way or another, it will be completely dependent either on Moscow, or on Tbilisi, or on Baku.
But if the industrially developed Siberia and the Urals, the oil Tataria and Bashkiria, or the agrarian Kuban try to secede ...
Moreover, the regional oligarchs really do not like the fact that all banking capital is concentrated in Moscow and St. Petersburg, which in their domestic politics are guided only by the interests of these two capitals, and not by the interests of the entire country as a whole. And in an attempt to snatch finances from the hands of the Moscow elite, local oligarchs can tear the country apart.
And there were such precedents. Today, few people remember the attempt of the Sverdlovsk governor E. Rossel in the early nineties to create the Ural-Siberian republic. Even their own money was prepared (Ural francs). Then Moscow managed to suppress this performance. At that time, the economy was still too centralized, local big business had not yet developed, and Rossel lacked political experience.
Today no one notices how the Kaliningrad region is imperceptibly, slowly but stubbornly drifting towards the European Union. Most of its enterprises are already owned by German concerns, and Kaliningrad businessmen prefer to invest their capital in European and Baltic countries.
Yakutia is clearly and significantly dissatisfied with the fact that all the profits from diamond mining go to Moscow, and the center allocates mere crumbs for the development and life of people in this harsh land. Moreover, both local businessmen and ordinary residents (of all nationalities) are equally dissatisfied.
This list can be continued for a long time, but this is not the topic of the article.
Organization of management
The system of internal affairs bodies (militia) is scattered across the constituent entities of the federation, and is not at all, as it might seem, a structure controlled from the Center.
Regional structures and forces of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (republican Ministry of Internal Affairs, regional and regional GUVD, all kinds of riot police, SOBR, etc.) are actually in double dependence - on the central ministry and on the local authorities.
But the Internal Troops are the Kremlin's shock mechanism, which is in no way subordinate to the regional authorities. Financing, armament, logistic support, personnel issues - all this is the competence of the High Command, and even the central apparatus of the Ministry of Internal Affairs has very little relation to these issues.
It was exactly the same in Soviet times, when the Internal Troops of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs existed - and there were no troops of the Union republics there. In fact, the BB played the role of a hoop, pulling together a huge multinational country, potentially ready for disintegration. At the end of the USSR, it was with the help of the internal troops of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs that Moscow tried to stop the collapse, while the local internal affairs bodies, as a rule, either rapidly collapsed or became the mainstay of separatism.
And it is not surprising that the Kremlin has always blocked any attempts to both subordinate the Internal Troops to local bodies and transfer them to the subordination of the Army.
In the system of the Ministry of Defense, any directive goes through too many filters and instances: the minister himself, the chief of the General Staff, the command of the branches and arms of the troops, and the districts.
And here the order can be given directly, bypassing even the Minister of Internal Affairs, and not even asking for the formal consent of all the Federation Councils and State Dumas there ...
It is noteworthy that army generals have been at the head of the Internal Troops for many years. Generals of the internal service who graduated from the educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and made a career in the internal troops, and, even more so, militia generals, are not allowed to enter the main posts in the central apparatus of the High Command. These are, in fact, administrative officials. They do not have the ability to direct the military operations of large masses of troops using heavy weapons. And not because they are stupid. It's just that they were never taught this.
The Commander-in-Chief of the Internal Troops himself, General of the Army Nikolai Rogozhkin, was seconded to the Internal Troops in 2000 from the post of Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the Ground Forces. Of his nine deputies, five are assigned to the Internal Troops from the Ministry of Defense, all of them occupy key positions: head of the headquarters, combat training department, aviation ...
The previous commander-in-chief, General Vyacheslav Tikhomirov, is also a soldier.
The picture turns out to be very curious: the ministry to which the VV belongs is of the internal affairs, but the minister himself is a security officer, like a number of his deputies.
The Internal Troops are the national guard - by purpose, structure, etc.
In the 1990s, the question of creating a national (federal or presidential) guard on the basis of the military personnel was repeatedly raised - a separate structure subordinate only to the president and not part of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. It is said that in 1998, President Yeltsin even signed a decree on the transformation of the BB into the Presidential Guard, but then the decree went down the drain. The allocation of powerful explosives as an independent structure acquiring a new quality was at odds with the interests of other law enforcement agencies. However, meeting the traditional security forces halfway, the Kremlin put a stop to attempts to absorb the Internal Troops by "adjacent offices". The Internal Troops are a powerful force instrument of domestic policy. The authorities never forget about this, but pays special attention to the explosives and the situations in them in troubled, crisis times.
Armament
"Artillery of law and order" - this is the name of one of the sections of the site of the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. From the interview posted on it by Major General A. Kireev, Chief of Artillery of the Internal Troops, we learn that his artillerymen will soon receive new Ural vehicles with a special platform equipped for a stationary installation of the ZU-23 anti-aircraft system. "Zushki" is a means of fighting helicopters and low-flying aircraft: who are the anti-aircraft gunners of the internal troops going to shoot down? So far, not a single attack helicopter or attack aircraft are among the participants in the "marches of dissent", as well as those protesting against the increase in duties on foreign cars.
Nevertheless, since 1999, the fire capabilities of the internal artillery have increased more than 14 times (information from the same site).
The internal troops also have aviation: 13 air regiments and separate squadrons. As the Deputy Commander-in-Chief for Aviation - Head of the Aviation Directorate of the Interior Ministry's Internal Troops, Lieutenant General Yu. Pylnev, reported, "we operate 6 types of aircraft and 3 types of helicopters."
To complete the picture, we add that the internal troops have, in fact, their own fleet - naval units, armed with boats (over 120 units, including armored ones), armed with machine guns and automatic grenade launchers.
The Internal Troops are receiving weapons that are not inferior to the best foreign counterparts.
Pistols: PM, PMM, APS, PSM, PSS, PB (silent pistol) and PYa (6535 or Yarygin Pistol "Grach" is the newest model).
Special weapons: APS, SSP-1M (underwater pistol).
Machine guns: RPKS74, RPK74M, RPK74N, PK, PKS, PKMS, Pecheneg machine gun (newest).
Rifles: SVD, SVDS, SVU, VSS "Vintorez", MTs116M, SV-98, VSK-94, ASVK (the last four samples are the latest models).
Submachine guns: PP-90, PP-93, AEK-919K "Kashtan", "Klin", "Kedr", "Cypress", PP-19-0y "Vityaz" (all relatively new, "Vityaz" and AEK are the latest samples).
Automatic machines: AKM, AK74, AS "Val", automatic machine 9A-91, OTs-14 "Groza" (the last three are new or newest models).
Automotive equipment: GAZ - 2999, GAZ-29752 "Tiger", URAL - 4320 - 01 - armored vehicles. URAL - 4320 - 10, UAZ - HUNTER, UAZ - PATRIOT, KAMAZ - 4310, UAZ - 3962, ATZ - 7.5 - 4320, GAZ - 3102, UAZ - 31514.
Armored vehicles: armored personnel carrier - 80, BMP - 2, armored personnel carrier - 70, BRDM - 2A, armored personnel carrier - 70m.
Since no one can predict when and how the crisis will end, the security forces are preparing not only for demonstrations, but for "more pessimistic scenarios."
The Interior Ministry begins rearmament from PM pistols (8 rounds) to Yarygin pistols (17 rounds) and from Kalashnikovs to more compact PP-2000 or PP-19-01 Vityaz submachine guns. A distinctive feature of this weapon is the used bullet with less ricocheting ability, which is convenient for use in urban environments. In addition, this weapon has a powerful stopping effect.
There is no hope that such a well-coordinated and well-trained structure will disintegrate (even in a nuclear war). They do not obey the Ministry of Defense, and therefore, at the time of a probable strike, they will be deep in the rear, protecting secret facilities. If any of the "warriors" have a chance to survive, it is BB. They have excellent equipment, they are good at their art, trained to operate in small units.
At present, our future "small but professional army" is supposedly intensively preparing for anti-terrorist operations. It is very interesting to watch on TV how an army regiment or battalion, after artillery preparation, with the support of aviation, attacks the positions of terrorists. What kind of stupid terrorists in large numbers will confront the army in an open field? Several wars in Chechnya have passed, but there has never been such a confrontation. And it won't. Terrorists are not an army; they use very different tactics.
And the question arises: if the Army is reorienting itself to the fight against terrorists, then who will defend the state from a military threat from outside?
And why are the Internal Troops developing so rapidly then?
And it's not the army's business to conduct special operations against terrorists. You can shoot sparrows from cannons, but it's just stupid. The army must provide protection against external enemies. But the fight against terrorists should be provided by the Internal Troops, they are intended for this.
A short afterword by Veremeev Yu.G. The army is crumbling, almost destroyed. The Internal Troops are not intended to defend the country from outside attack, and neither the nature of the training, nor the set of weapons are suitable for this. And to strengthen and combat support of the special agencies that catch terrorists, the power of the explosives is excessive. Obviously, the Kremlin is holding back something and is hiding something from the whole country. One gets the impression that the government is preparing for an armed struggle against an outraged population or regional oligarchs.
Or maybe it is worth moderating the appetites of the Moscow and St. Petersburg elites and adopting the experience of big business in Western countries? It has long been understood and understood there that it is possible to reliably extinguish the discontent of the population and avoid revolutionary actions of the mob in only one way - to provide people with good earnings, to give people the opportunity to live with dignity. So that those on the lower rungs of material well-being would feel not hatred for the rich, but white envy. And they would believe that with diligence and hard work, they will be able to rise to the top.
And the Kremlin should remember that the personnel of both the Army and the Internal Troops, including officers, are by no means the children and grandchildren of oligarchs, high officials, famous actors, but representatives of the workers, peasants and other poor people so despised by them. And ask the question - will they protect, if something happens, the palaces on Rublevka?
Sources and Literature.
1.G.S. Beloborodov. History of the Internal Troops Chronicle of events (1811-1991). GUVV Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, Moscow 1995
2. Great Patriotic War. Army in the field 1941-1945. Animi Fortitudo Kuchkovo field. Moscow 2005
3.O.V. Kharitonov. Illustrated description of uniforms and insignia of the Red and Soviet Army (1918-1945). Artillery Historical Museum of GAU MO USSR. 1960
4. Site "Bodies and troops of the NKVD and NKGB of the USSR" (rkka.ru/uniform/files/i_nkvd.htm).
5.D. Glantz. Soviet military miracle 1941-1943. Revival of the Red Army. Yauza, EKSMO. Moscow. 2008
Introduction
Any state should have an Armed Forces in its power structure to ensure stability and public security. World history has shown that, regardless of the change in the state system and socio-economic formation, each country has always badly needed protection and protection, which was carried out by a man with a gun - an armed guard. Today, the internal troops are one of the most important parts of the security system of the Russian state. By their selfless work, they ensure the security of our Fatherland, stand guard over law and order, protecting the rights and freedom of citizens. They are entrusted with a responsible mission to prevent and suppress criminal manifestations, political extremism and terrorism, ensure the safety of the population, maintain public order and effectively solve service and combat tasks.
Internal troops - belligerent troops. There are no breaks or pauses in this war. There is an intense struggle to ensure public safety. We wish the servicemen and veterans of the internal troops success in their hard work, peace, prosperity and health.
The purpose of writing work on "Internal troops of law and order"is a comprehensive study of the Institute of Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation.
To achieve the above goal, you need to solve the following tasks, in which you should consider in detail:
1. Study the history of the internal troops;
2. Internal troops in daily activities;
3. Internal troops in the fight against terrorism.
History of internal troops
A separate corps of internal guards was created by the information, in 1816 on February 7, of internal guards units created in 1811, by decrees of Alexander the First of January 16 and March 27 (the European territory of the Russian Empire was divided into internal guard districts. Existed at different times from 8 to 12 -th districts (50 battalions)). On February 1, 1817, the regulation "On the establishment of gendarmes of the internal guard" was approved, developed by the favorite of Alexander I, cavalry general A.A. Arakcheev, who headed the State Council and the Committee of Ministers. The gendarme guard includes metropolitan divisions (with a staff of 334 people) and gendarme teams (31 people) in 56 cities. The capital gendarme divisions are subordinate to the chief police chiefs of the capitals, and the provincial and port gendarme teams are subordinate to the commanders of the local garrison battalions. The duties of the gendarmes coincided with the duties of the internal guards, with the exception of collecting taxes and guarding the presence of places and forts. The whole country was divided into several (first five, then eight) gendarme districts. After the revolution, in 1918, the convoy guard was reorganized on new principles, and a year later the Council of Workers 'and Peasants' Defense adopted a resolution on the unification of all auxiliary troops that existed under some departments and the creation of internal security forces of the Republic. Subsequently, the troops of the VOKHR-VNUS-VChK-OGPU-NKVD were repeatedly reorganized, but their tasks remained the same - to protect the population from any threat, including external. This was the case during the civil war, during the incidents on Lake Khasan and the Khalkhin-Gol River, and in the Soviet-Finnish war.
The chronology of the reform: 1918-1920 - the internal security troops (VOKHR), 1920-1921 - the internal service troops (VNUS), 1922-1923 - the GPU troops, 1923-1934 - the OGPU troops (also included border troops), 1934-1938 - border and internal troops, 1938-1939 - border and internal troops, 1939 - division into 6 parts, 1941-1951 - internal troops, 1951-1956 - troops internal security, 1956-1957 - border and internal troops, 1957-1960 - internal and escort troops, since 1960 - internal troops.
look at abstracts similar to "History of the development of internal troops"
INTERNAL GUARD
(1811-1880) *
* Data taken from documents of the Russian State Military Historical Archive (RGVIA), royal decrees, circulars, orders of the Minister of War, the General Staff, the Chief of the Main Prison Administration, stored in the Russian State Library (RSL), the language and style of the documents are preserved.
1811 year
January 16. By the decree of Emperor Alexander I, it was ordered to bring the security forces into proper conformity. Local provincial teams, subordinate to the civilian authorities, and carrying out duties for the maintenance of internal order, were transferred to the War Department.
March 27. By the decree of the emperor, the state provincial companies and teams were redeployed to the provincial capitals. From the transferred teams, military battalions were formed, which were consolidated into internal guard brigades.
3 July. The Emperor "Alexander I approved the" Regulation for the Internal Guard ", which, in addition to general military duties, was entrusted with guard, escort service.
“I) to assist in the execution of laws and court sentences;
2) for the capture, pursuit and extermination of robbers and the dispersal of crowds prohibited by law;
3) to pacify disobedience and violence;
4) to catch fugitives, deserted criminals and deserters;
5) for the pursuit of prohibited and secretly transported goods;
6) to help, the free movement of domestic food;
7) to facilitate the collection of taxes and arrears;
8) to maintain order and tranquility of church rites of all confessions, tolerated by law;
9) to maintain order at fairs, auctions, folk and church festivals, etc .;
10) for receiving and seeing off recruits, criminals, prisoners and prisoners;
11) to send servicemen who have overdue vacations to their teams;
12) on fires, to help with, flooding rivers and the like;
13) to detach the necessary sentries to public places, prisons and prison and
fourteen). for escorting the treasury, and moreover, for use in recesses when opening an inn and for "guarding the guilty until they are sent to court."
"In addition, the internal guards undertook:" I) to take into custody and represent to the provincial authorities people caught up "at the scene of a crime, rampage, or violence against a person or property and found with a bloody weapon or dress, and 2) seize gatherings of thieves and robbers" ...
During a year. When the internal guard was established, 8 districts were formed, each commanded by a major general. Several brigades, consisting of 2-3 battalions, were subordinate to the district.
The battalions were stationed in the provincial cities and bore their name
(Astrakhan, Minsk, etc.).
Each county town housed a disabled team.
Such an internal guard structure was created throughout Russia with the exception of Siberia.
September 13. By the decree, the military orphanage departments of the military department are entrusted with training clerks for the battalions of the internal guard.
1812 year
April-August. Provincial battalions and district teams stationed in the western part of Russia took an active part in defensive battles against Napoleonic troops.
September-December. In addition to collecting and escorting recruits, individual battalions of the internal guard are tasked with recruiting horses for the army in the field. In the Volyn and Podolsk provinces, 13 thousand horses were collected.
1813 year
September. By the manifesto on the general recruitment of August 21, 1813, 22 provinces were given the right to supply horses instead of people.
The implementation of this task is entrusted to the internal guards, which by the end of the year sent up to 40 thousand horses to the cavalry reserve.
1816 year
February 7. The Internal Guard Units have been consolidated into a Separate Internal Guard Corps *. The European territory of the Russian Empire was divided into internal guard districts. Existed at different times from
8 to 12 districts (50 battalions).
1817 year
February 8. The military department has introduced a staged system for escorting prisoners; As part of the battalions of the internal guard, stage teams have been formed to escort prisoners along the approved stage routes.
1818 year
22nd of June. The military department has established a procedure (general, private) for recruiting the Separate Corps of Internal Guard.
General - once a year from the regiments all those who were found unfit for field service after inspectors were sent home to the disposal of internal battalions. Private-monthly after hospital discharge. In turn, the Separate Corps of Internal Guard once a year transferred recruits to civilian departments for service as postmen, policemen, firefighters, rangers and in the security of bank notes.
5th of August. In the salt fields, salt disabled teams have been established for guard duty.
12th of August. The salt crews are included in the inner guard.
On December 31, the General Headquarters is prohibited from sending persons who have not acquired the proper skills in their service in the field units to the internal guard battalions.
1822 year
The Senate adopted a decree on punishing prisoners with gauntlets for escapes.
28 January. Committee Regulation 22 Ministers, Supremely approved in
On the 28th day of January 1822, relief was found, and it was decided to keep prisoners under guard:
1. Use chains or shackles only for males.
2. Do not use leg chains on women, but use hand chains on them only during the journey.
3. To release minors of both sexes from wearing fetters while they are really in their infancy.
4. The weight of men's shackles should be determined from 5 to 5 "/ 2 pounds." 5. Hoops, imposed on the legs, sheathed with leather ... "
July 22. The Charter on the stages for the transfer of exiles to the Siberian provinces was approved by the highest. § 50 of the Rite stipulated that convicts are separated from the settlers and follow in chains.
1824 year
November December. The internal guard units maintained order and assisted in the elimination of the consequences of the large flood in the city.
Petersburg. "
1825 year
August 19. In order to combat escapes, the military and prison departments have established a procedure for shackling the transported. prisoners with a metal bar.
.
1829 year
July 23. A separate internal guard corps consisted of 9 districts. In District
2-3 brigades, 5-8 battalions.
July 25. The Regulation on line battalions and mobile companies, intended for the protection of mining plants, mints and other institutions subordinate to the Mining Administration, was approved. 5 line battalions and 3 mobile companies were formed. In the battalion there are 4 companies - 728 people, in a mobile company - 177 people. Organizationally, they entered into a combination of internal guards.
2 October. To distinguish the servicemen of the Separate Corps of Internal Guard from other troops, the Minister of War introduced maroon edging for their uniforms.
1830 year
May 21st. The commander of the Separate Corps of Internal Guard presented the project
- a new staging system in which it was proposed to have. 399 stages of 4 digits and 296 half stages as well. in places of overnight stay - construction of stage houses.
1832 year
March 1. The shackling of the transported prisoners with a metal bar has been replaced by chaining them with the help of special handcuffs to a common metal chain.
1835 year
/ November. The military department has entrusted the district generals of the internal guard with the responsibility of overseeing the organization of military training in the correctional departments of military prisoners.
November. The reorganization of the (experimental) stage case from Moscow to
Nizhny Novgorod. For these purposes, 69709 rubles were allocated. 47 1/2 kopecks and the purchase of 155 horses for transporting prisoners on carts is allowed.
1837 year
March 24. At the suggestion of the commander of the Separate, the internal guard corps, the transfer of prisoners in the European part of Russia and along the stage route to Tobolsk on carts was established.
April 6: By order of the General Staff, stage teams were established on the highways.
1840 year
Under the battalions of the internal guard, Correctional departments have been established to hold convicts of the lower ranks of the internal guard. Abolished by order of the military department of May 18, 1861.
July 8. To improve the maintenance of the lower ranks of the Separate Internal Guard Corps, the Regulation on the reserve capital of the Separate Internal Guard Corps was approved, which consisted of the savings of the internal garrison battalions.
1842 year
July 15. The Holy Synod, at the request of the commander of the Separate Corps of the Internal Guard, allowed the priests to do edification to criminals sent to Siberia.
1846 year
11th August. The State Council has replaced the prisoners' stigma "thief" with "kat". A decision was made to brand fugitives, criminals on the right hand and shoulder blade
(SB-exiled-fugitive, SK-exiled-convict). Each escape was branded. Persons who did not remember their kinship were branded with the letter "B" (vagrant).
1854 year
February 21. In the Perm province, a two-hundredth detachment of internal guards was created to capture the fugitives.
1857 year
October 21. By order of the commander of the Separate Corps of Internal Guard, it was ordered to select officers for appointment as heads of local district teams "with extreme discernment", with a rank not lower than "second lieutenant".
1858 year
March, 3rd. Abolished 15 stage teams between St. Petersburg and Moscow, instead of them formed a Special escort department for escorting prisoners by rail (beginning, railroad transportation of prisoners).
March 27. The Regulation on the transportation of prisoners along the Nikolaev railway was approved, on the basis of which special prison cars were arranged, attached at the end of the Freight trains. The prisoners were kept chained in "iron fortifications" along the entire route.
1859 year
April 3rd. To deliver the prisoners to their destination and to avoid changing their surname, an open sheet with their signs was introduced.
1862 year
In connection with the increase in guard posts, the opening of new stage paths and prisons, the stage teams were renamed into teams of internal guards of 16 categories. There were 471 teams in total. The number of each is 265 people.
1864 year
August 6. The separate inner guard building has been abolished. Local troops have been formed, which included provincial battalions and district teams, performing (among other duties) the outer guards of prisons, as well as teams intended exclusively for escorting exiled and transit prisoners.
December 6. Established horse transportation of prisoners from Nizhny Novgorod to,
Tyumen.
1865 year
December. As part of the General Staff, a stage-transfer unit is established. Through her efforts, a harmonious system of service for escort teams was created, interaction with the prison administration, the command of local troops.
1867 year
January 27. The position of the Chief Inspector for the Transfer of Prisoners has been approved
* at the General Staff of the military department with the rights of the chief of local troops of the district in relation to the escort teams. -
* See the personalities of the Chief Inspectors for the Transfer of Prisoners
1877 year
March 24. The Minister of War approved the Regulation on the transportation of prisoners by rail, which determined:
- the procedure for guarding, loading, following the prisoners;
- arrangement of prison cars;
- the chief of the convoy is given the right to "impose" chains on those who do not obey, to deprive them of some food, and in special cases to use weapons;
- the chiefs of the escort teams are charged with the responsibility of monitoring the strict observance of the transportation of prisoners through the railway networks and managing this matter.
1879 year
Pedestrian movement of exiled convicts to about. Sakhalin was replaced by their transportation by steamers through Odessa. The main headquarters issued an order on the escape of prisoners, both military and civilian, the chief of the escort team, in whose charge they were, is obliged to submit a detailed report on
Highest name.
1880 year
July 13. The Order of the Main Prison Administration approved the Instruction on the procedure for keeping under guard and transferring persons accused of state crimes or accused of political unreliability.
CONVOY GUARD
(1886-1917)
1886 year
January 20th. The State Council decided during 1886 to form a convoy guard in the amount of 567 escort teams. Tasks:
- escorting prisoners of all departments and categories;
- escorting prisoners within settlements to administrative and judicial institutions in cases provided by law;
- rendering assistance to the administration of prisons in the event of open disorders among the prison population and in the production of mass searches of prisons; ,
- escorting those arrested for forced labor:
- outside security of prisons and other places of detention. The convoy guard was divided into escort teams, led by officers, there were 65 of them, and others, led by non-commissioned officers, 466 teams *. Convoy teams were part of the local troops and were named according to the place of deployment (Moscow,
Kievskaya, etc.).
The end of the year. There were 875 places of detention in Russia, they held 686,760 prisoners. 397 people ran in a year, 196 people were caught.
* In fact, 532 escort teams were formed.
1887 year
December 17. The main headquarters issued a circular on the direction of the most capable lower ranks of the escort guard to study for non-commissioned officers for a period of 2 months.
December 18. It has been decided to recruit convoy teams with recruits on a common basis with other troops.
1890 year
The institute of extra-conscripts was introduced in the escort teams (sergeant major, non-commissioned officer, senior clerk, medical assistant, etc.).
A separate brochure issued a memo to the guard "Keep your ears open!" It was sold in special stores for the ranks of the escort guard.
REMINDER FOR CONVOY
1. The guard is the same sentry, and therefore must understand himself and observe himself in this way.
2. While accompanying the prisoner, remember that he is thinking about how to escape or deceive you, and you must think about how not to let him go.
3. Do not enter into any conversations and jokes with the prisoners and do not accept any food from them, treat them kindly, without rudeness, but if you have to deal with hardened criminals, die yourself, and do not let the prisoner out of your hands.
4. If you will be appointed as a senior in the convoy, then when accepting the prisoners, do the following: check the prisoners according to the documents, make sure that their signs are similar to the person, question whether each of them follows where it is written in the document, check in detail if the state clothes are intact and in good working order, if something does not appear, make a note about it in the clothing note; in winter time, see that the prisoners are warmly dressed, that is, have sheepskin coats with varigas and cloth onuchi.
5. When searching prisoners, pay the main attention to the fact that they do not have knives, razors, scissors, needles with them; playing cards, smoking and snuff, soap, bacon and other things harmful to the prisoner, which are right there in the prison, hand over to the head of the prison for proceeding with them according to the law.
6. If valuable things (gold or silver) or money are found at the prisoner, then, taking them away, also hand them over to the head of the prison and, having received a receipt from him, hand it over to the prisoner.
7. Before setting out on the road, announce to everyone the prisoner loudly and clearly as follows:
"If any of you dares to run or run wild, force of arms will be used against such."
8. Observe also the actions of the escorts given to help you, so that they sacredly fulfill the duties assigned to them in relation to the prisoners and any violation of the established rules by any of them - stop immediately, and upon returning from a business trip, report this to your closest superiors , never cover up an unreliable comrade-escort, remembering that by doing this you are doing harm to him and "to yourself and to the service, in violation of your oath.
9. Look vigilantly behind the prisoners entrusted to you, so that no one approaches them; so that they do not ask for alms themselves, not forbidding, however, to accept such, but at the same time strictly observe that nothing is invested in the alms. -
10. Observe that the prisoners do not loosen or damage the fetters, that is, leg shackles and handcuffs, do not spoil the official clothes and do not exchange them among themselves.
* 11. Warn and stop any disputes, quarrels, fights between the prisoners, but do it decently, without guarantees, on the grounds that too rough and cruel treatment of the escorts drops and humiliates their importance in the eyes of the prisoners.
12. Do not offend the prisoner unnecessarily: the guard is not a robber.
13. Use force and weapons only in extreme cases, "and then, only with the permission of the convoy commander or the" senior "in the convoy, on which the order of how to act depends: force or weapon. You yourself, at your discretion, never dare to resort to any measures of severity.
"Senior" - execute immediately.
14. On halts, rests, and in general at any stops, do not let go of the gun, but always have it ready.
15. Do not stop for a halt near a forest, bush, swamp, river, cemetery, and generally near such places, behind which it is easy for a prisoner to hide in case of escape.
16. Before letting the prisoners into the escort house, carefully inspect the room and make sure that the window bars are strong and that there are no such faults that could facilitate the escape.
17. At night, during the nights, as often as possible, observe what is happening in the prisoners' cell.
18. In case of illness of a prisoner on the way, demand from the village authorities a cart for him, but under no pretext do not leave him in the village, but be sure to take him to the city.
19. In the event of the death of a prisoner, leave his body in the first village along with travel documents and clothes, which you hand over to the volost or village authorities, and upon accepting the deceased, documents and things, take a receipt, which you present upon arrival in the city to the district military commander and report to him about this incident.
20. In the event of illness or death of the "senior" in the convoy, one of the remaining escorts takes his place and takes over the leadership of the prisoners' party. ...
21. During the hike, keep yourself clean, clothes and shoes in order. Take care of your gun and your feet more than your eyes: wrap your footcloths well and saturate them with lard - your leg will be softer, and in severe frosts, with the permission of your superiors, put on your boots.
22. The escort must be healthy, honest, incorruptible.
23. Remember that a military prison or a disciplinary battalion awaits you for any violation of the rules of the escort service, and praise from your superiors for accurate execution.
The author is staff captain Drozdovsky.
1900 year
Convoy teams are armed with 3-line rifles.
1901 year
January 2. The circular of the General Staff entrusted the escort teams within the cities to escort prisoners from places of detention to police departments and other public places (courts, etc.).
1902 year
October 10. The main headquarters instructed to send in the escort teams of strong physique, with good eyesight. It was forbidden to call Jews. In addition, it was ordered that the defective recruit be transferred to the escort command of the county from which he was called up.
1903 year
A brochure "A detailed set of questions and answers for the escort service" was published, in which the tasks facing the escort teams, the procedure for organizing and carrying out service, etc. were explained in a concise and accessible form for the lower ranks of the escort guard. shops.
1904 *
April 30. By the order of the military department, for especially outstanding feats displayed by the lower ranks of the escort guards, at the request of their immediate superiors, it was established to award them with a silver medal
"For diligence" on the Stanislavova ribbon for wearing on the chest, as well as money at the expense of the prison department.
21st of June. The Minister of War, by a circular, authorized the transfer of lower ranks from the escort teams to the reserve and field troops.
1905 year
March 22. The Main Prison Administration has established a procedure for admitting officials to check the escort service to all premises, on the railways, along waterways and pedestrian routes.
December 14., By decrees of the emperor, the Main Committee for the Protection of Railways under the Ministry of Railways was created.
1906 year
April 29. The military department established that the lower ranks assigned to the railway, water and postal routes to escort prisoners should be given money in excess of provisions for the purchase of food. The prison cars of a new type were introduced, which in 1910-1911. have been improved.
The State Council gave the civil authorities the right to call escort teams to suppress unrest in places of detention.
1907 year
April 7. In order to prevent escapes, the chiefs of the convoy have been granted the right to handcuff prisoners by the circular of the General Prison Administration.
June 10th. The decree approved the draft Charter of the escort service (it consisted of 13 chapters, 484 articles).
FROM THE CHARTER OF THE CONVOY SERVICE
Establishment of an escort guard
1. Convoy service with prisoners of all departments shall be assigned to the escort guard, with the exception of those localities in which this duty lies with other units of the troops or police officers.
The escort guard consists of separate escort teams of the following categories:
1) having special chiefs from headquarters and chief officers who enjoy the rights of the commander of a separate battalion, and
2) who do not have special chiefs from among officers, and therefore subordinate: a) in areas where there are district military commanders - by the latter; and b) in areas where there are no district military commanders - to the chiefs of local teams located at the same point with the convoy teams.
Note. In the area of \u200b\u200bthe Nerchinsk penal servitude, convoy teams were formed, on the basis of the general decisions on escort guard, with the exceptions specified in the annex to Art. 25 Const. Exiled. (on prod. 1902).
2. Convoy teams, in combat and economic relations, are under the jurisdiction of the chiefs of local brigades and are subordinate, on a common basis for the troops, to the chiefs of garrisons and commandants.
3. Management of the prison transfer unit is assigned to the Chief
The Main Prison Administration. All the ranks of the convoy guard and the persons participating in its management are subordinate to him on the basis of inspection rights, in terms of service with the prisoners of the civil department, as well as monitoring the execution of the duties of the escort guard in this service.
4. All escort teams, according to the duties of the escort service, obey
The Chief Inspector for the Transfer of Prisoners.
5. The duties of the Chief Inspector for the transfer of prisoners include: supervision over the dispatch of escort service by convoy teams for prisoners, personal inspection and audit of the records of these teams, in terms of their official use.
6. Under the Chief Inspector for the Transfer of Prisoners, senior and junior staff officers and a Chief Officer are assigned for assignments, whose duties are entrusted to: a) execution of the instructions of the Chief Inspector for the supervision of the correct and unimpeded movement of prisoners in all localities
Empire and b) the production, on behalf of the Chief Inspector, of inspections of escort teams in terms of their special service and verification of the service of convoys accompanying the prisoners' party.
7. The closest supervision over the escort of prisoners' parties and the service of escort teams in the Irkutsk and Amur general governorships is entrusted to the inspector for the transfer of prisoners of Eastern Siberia.
8. The jurisdiction of the Chief Inspector for the Transfer of Prisoners includes: a) orders for the transfer of prisoners along all milestone routes; b) the appointment of officers to the escort teams; c) the transfer of officers and lower ranks from one team to another; d) awards for officers and lower ranks for convoy service and special merits in the prison department; e) the secondment or transfer of lower ranks from one escort team to another, according to the actual size of their service with prisoners and for equalizing the teams in their qualitative relation; f) the surrender of junior officers to the military court for crimes related to the violation of the convoy service, and g) all questions in general concerning the convoy service proper.
9. The chiefs, in whose immediate jurisdiction the escort teams are, in all cases specified in the previous (8) article, enter with a presentation directly to the Chief Inspector for the transfer of prisoners, and in other cases - on command.
Note. The chiefs of the escort teams, preliminary dismissals of the junior officers of these teams "each time ask for permission
Chief Inspector for the transfer of prisoners.
10. All convoy teams in relation to the escort of prisoners are in mutual communication. Therefore: a) the chief of the convoy of junior officers and lower ranks, as well as all other ranks of the convoy, upon arrival at the locations of the convoy teams, during the entire stay in these places, are subordinate to the commanders of the aforementioned commands, or to the district military commanders, or to the chiefs of local teams, by belonging, which give them all the necessary instructions on the convoy service, and b) the head of the escort team, who arrived at the same points as the chief of the convoy, accompanying the prisoners, all issues arising in connection with the transfer of these prisoners are resolved by agreement with the above local chiefs, whom he is obliged to promptly notify of his arrival at these points, as well as of departure from the latter.
11. When the lower ranks of the escort team are in the places of detention of the civil department, all orders and instructions of the authorities of these places are executed by the indicated ranks only by order of the chief of the convoy.
12. The lower ranks assigned to the convoy to the prisoners, while in prison, as well as in all their relations with the civilian class officials of prison institutions, observe the rules of respect and politeness, for which in the presence of the designated persons, when they are in the assigned they do not have the right to sit or smoke, etc., unless they receive permission from the latter, and when verbal explanations are given to them, they put their right hand to the headdress.
13. The rules of respect and politeness specified in the preceding (12) article are observed by lower escort ranks when they are in judicial and other government institutions in relation to all civilian class officers serving in these institutions, when they are in the uniform assigned to them.
14. The officer ranks of the escort guard are obliged to have constant supervision over the execution of the lower ranks of the lower ranks specified in the previous (12 and 13) articles of the rules. In official, personal and written communications with officials of the civilian department, the procedure established in military laws is observed.
Chapter II General Conditions for Escort Service
A) Responsibilities of escort teams.
15. Convoy military ranks during the performance of the duties of the escort service, guarding the prisoners in all are equated to the ranks of the military guard The convoy dressed for the above purpose is considered to be in the performance of its duties from the time it leaves the barracks and until the head of the convoy appears to the subject head with a report at the end of the trip (Article 241).
16. The duties of the service of the escort teams include: a) escorting prisoners of all departments by railways, waterways and foot routes; b) escorting persons sent in stage-by-stage consignments (Article 31); c) escorting prisoners on their way from places of detention of the civil department to railway stations, steamship piers and back; d) escorting prisoners to the area of \u200b\u200bcities from places of detention of the civil department: (Article 2, clauses 4, 5, 6, 7 of the Us sod, under the page of the 1890 edition) to judicial institutions, to judicial and military investigators, to officials to persons investigating criminal cases and to other public places, to a hospital and a bathhouse outside the prison fence and a photograph (when the card must be removed by order of the authorities), as well as back to places of detention; e) escorting separately from other prisoners of persons listed in Art.
27 of this statute; f) escorting prisoners of the civil department when they are expelled to work outside the prison fence; g) assistance to the prison authorities in conducting searches in places of detention of the civil department; h) assistance to the prison authorities in stopping riots among prisoners in places of detention of the civilian department; i) external protection of places of detention of the civil department: a) in the form of a permanent measure - subject to a corresponding increase in the staff of the convoy teams subject to (Imperial command on November 4, 1886, Art. 16 p.
3989) and b) in exceptional cases, as a temporary measure, with the permission of the commanders of troops in the districts.
17. The duties of the escort teams are assigned to escort to the Police
Directorates and other places of office are only those prisoners who are expelled from places of detention to the aforementioned institutions and are subject to return to places of detention or even to be left under guard.
The escorting of persons who have served their sentences, as well as those who are not under guard, does not apply to the duties of the escort teams.
18. When escorting stage consignments of such composition, for which the staffing number of ranks of escort teams would be insufficient, in the cases indicated in paragraphs a, b, c and d of the previous article (16), an additional convoy is assigned from the nearest units of the field, reserve or local troops, by order of the head of the garrison, and, if the ranks of these troops are on a mission for more than three days, their food and travel allowances are attributed to the Ministry
Justice.
19. Escort to the area of \u200b\u200bthe cities of the prisoners of the military and naval departments held in places of detention (Art. 16 p. D) of these departments, lies with the duties of the military units of the aforementioned departments, according to their affiliation.
20. In those points where no permanent escort teams have been established, the duties of the escort service are assigned, by order of the military district command, to the units of the garrison located in these points.
21. It is prohibited to assign any assignments to the ranks of the escort guard that do not relate to the duties (Article 6) of the escort service.
22. Units of the field, reserve and local troops, when performing convoy service in appropriate cases, are guided by the rules prescribed by this charter.
Assistance to the escort guard in the cessation of riots and searches in places of detention of the civilian department
473. At the request of civilian authorities, convoy guards are sent to the places of detention of the civilian department in order to stop by force disturbances or riots that have arisen among the prisoners, if it is impossible to restore
"Enforcement of order by the prison guard.
474. For the purpose indicated in the previous (473) article, the teams of the convoy guard dress up: a) in the absence of units of field, reserve and fortress troops in the places of their quarters, and b) when in the indicated places, although there are named troops, but the teams of the convoy guard, in depending on local conditions, they may arrive before the riots. In this case, the convoy guard team assists the prison authorities until the arrival of the units indicated in item a of the troops. The demand in the case specified in item b is presented to the escort team simultaneously with the demand of the troops.
475. Commands of the convoy guard are dispatched upon receipt of an order from the head of the garrison.
476. In cases of urgent need, when the prisoners have already encroached on violent actions, damage or destruction of state or private property, escort teams are sent at the request of the governor-general, governor, mayor or prison authorities, presented directly to the district military commander or local commander teams.
477. The order of the head of the garrison or the demand of the persons indicated in the preceding (476) article must be written; in extreme cases, however, such can be transmitted in person, by phone or verbally through a sent confidant. In the latter case, the person transmitting the demand is left with the command of the escort guard and follows with it to the place of disorder.
478. Commands of the convoy guards, when summoned to suppress riots among the prisoners, always go out under the command of their chief, and where separate chiefs from the officers in the state are not supposed to be the district military commander or their intercessors, moreover, in the full complement of the convoy team, if such less than 50 people - the strength of the expelled team is determined by its chief, depending on the available information about the size of the riots, the number of prisoners, etc., but in any case, the team dressed up for the specified purpose, if possible, should be at least 50 people.
479. Convoy guards, called upon to quell prison riots or riots, are guided in their actions by the rules on the procedure for calling up troops to assist civilian authorities.
480. The prison authorities, in cases where it is necessary to assist the escort during searches of the prisoners, apply for the dispatch of a command directly to the district military commander or the commander of the convoy or local command, as appropriate.
481. The amount of the need to be expelled for the purpose specified in the previous article (480) is determined by the superiors indicated in the same article (480), who are consulted in this case with the information provided by the prison authorities about the number of prisoners to be searched and other relevant circumstances.
482. The head of the dispatched team complies with the instructions of the prison authorities in assisting the search.
483. Lower escort officials do not take part in the search of detainees and their premises.
484. When assisting the prison authorities in the unimpeded conduct of a search among prisoners, if necessary, the summoned command of the escort guards is charged with: (a) encouraging by force the defiant prisoners to comply with the demands of the prison authorities; b) removing from among the prisoners those of them who will be indicated by the prison authorities; c) providing protection to the persons conducting the search, and d) taking measures to establish order, in the event of disturbances among the prisoners, before the arrival of the team called for this.
1908 year
March, 3rd. The chief inspector for the transfer of prisoners issued a circular, which determined the procedure for checking the service of escort teams.
November 5. A procedure has been introduced for “attaching” photographs to open sheets of prisoners sentenced to hard labor, exile and settlement, and vagrants. IN
Petersburg and Moscow, the transportation of prisoners began to be carried out on special vehicles.
1911 year
March 27. In commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the founding of the convoy guards and local troops, the highest favor was announced to all officers and class ranks, and tsarist thanks to the lower ranks.
The sign "100 years of convoy guard" was approved: for officers, oxidized silver, for the lower ranks - made of white metal.
March. The chief inspector of the transfer of prisoners, Major General Lukyanov N.I., donated 3000 rubles to the escort guard. Concerning. The Chief of the General Staff approved the Regulations on the Capital of Major General Lukyanov for the issuance of one-time allowances to the lower ranks and their families who were injured during the execution of the convoy. By 1912, the capital was set at 5059 rubles, by January 1, 1916, it was 7802 rubles.
1912 year
11th of November. The Minister of Internal Affairs approved the Armed Guard for the Guards on the Railways (1 guard for 10 civilians).
1913 year
The prisons in Russia were served by 1,389 senior warders, 16635 warders, 737 warders, 153 full-time prison priests, chaplains, psalmists, more than 140 churches, schools, libraries.
1914 year
25th of April. On the railways, the police guard is replaced by the rail guard. Armed guards have been established on the South-Eastern Railways.
August 23. With the outbreak of World War I, the Main Committee for the Protection of Railways decided to strengthen the protection of bridges, to establish internal supervision on trains and an access system on bridges.
The end of the year. There were 531 escort teams in Russia. They convoyed prisoners - 1573562, including by rail - 680019, by waterways - 20208, on foot - 134770 to stations - 372664, within cities - 36584.
1915 year
During a year. The escort teams of the western provinces of Russia are entrusted with escorting prisoners of war and escorting military cargo to the front. They transported 176,060 transit soldiers, foreign nationals sent into the interior of the country and for transfer to the authorities of their states - 134,000 people, prisoners of war - 142,000 people, military cargo - 5,090,325 poods.
|
1916 year
September 24. The tunnels on the Trans-Baikal road were taken under protection. A sentry and mobile armed guards have been created.
1917 year
Formation of the Provisional Committee of the State Duma.
The revolutionary sentiments that gripped the army also penetrate the escort guards.
March 1. The military units of Petrograd, which supported the revolution, occupy the Winter Palace.
March, 3rd. The program of the new government was announced. It provided for amnesty "in all political and religious affairs", granting everyone, including servicemen, political freedoms, abolishing class, religious and national restrictions, replacing the police with people's militia, democratic elections of local self-government bodies, preparation for the convocation of a constituent assembly to establish a form of government and drafting the country's constitution, etc.
March 17. The Provisional Government abolished the imposition of all types of shackles, such as: shackles, handcuffs. The prisoners are allowed to have soap, lard, fats with them. The fodder salary of prisoners was set at 50 kopecks. per day.
April. The Petrograd escort team is entrusted with escorting artillery cargoes to the army. For this purpose, personnel from other escort teams were seconded.
October 25 (November 7). The Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies adopted a program appeal to the workers, soldiers and peasants! ", Which, in particular, said:" ... The Soviet government will offer an immediate democratic peace to all peoples and an immediate truce on all fronts. It will ensure the free transfer of landlord, appanage and monastery lands at the disposal of peasant committees, defend the rights of the soldier, complete democratization of the army, establish workers' control over production, and ensure the timely convocation
The Constituent Assembly, will take care of the delivery of bread to cities and basic necessities in the countryside, will provide all nations inhabiting Russia with a true right to self-determination. The congress decides: all power in the center and in the localities shall pass to the Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies, which must ensure a genuine revolutionary order ... "
1917 year
February 27. February revolution in Russia. Overthrow of the autocracy.
Formation of the Petrograd Soviet of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies.
Formation of the Provisional Committee of the State Duma.
The revolutionary sentiments that gripped the army also penetrate the escort guards.
The soldiers of the Petrograd and Moscow escort teams supported the revolution.
/ March. The military units of Petrograd, which supported the revolution, occupy the Winter Palace.
2nd of March. Abdication of Tsar Nicholas II from the throne. Temporary education
Government (Prince G. Ye. Lvov became the Chairman of the Council of Ministers and the Minister of Internal Affairs).
March, 3rd. The program of the new government was announced. It provided for amnesty "in all political and religious matters", granting everyone, including servicemen, political freedoms, abolishing class, religious and national restrictions, replacing the police with people's militia, democratic elections of local self-government bodies, preparation for the convocation of a constituent assembly to establish the form government and the development of the country's constitution, etc.
March 17. The Provisional Government abolished the imposition of all types of shackles, such as: shackles, handcuffs. The prisoners are allowed to have soap, lard, fats with them. The fodder salary of prisoners was set at 50 kopecks. per day.
April. The Petrograd escort team is entrusted with escorting artillery cargo to the active army. For this purpose, personnel from other escort teams were assigned to it.
October. In the escort teams, the re-election of the members of the command committee took place.
"on October (November 7). The Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies adopted a program appeal" To Workers, Soldiers and Peasants! ", Which, in particular, said:" ... The Soviet government will propose an immediate
INTERNAL FORCES (1917-1922)
1917 year
October 26 (November 8). The Council of People's Commissars (SNK) of the RSFSR was formed under the chairmanship of V.I.Lenin, Among other People's Commissars,
People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs. AI Rykov was appointed People's Commissar.
October 28 (November 10). The People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs adopted a resolution "On the workers' militia".
November 16 (29). The Council of People's Commissars issued a resolution on the appointment
GI Petrovsky People's Commissar of Internal Affairs and the formation of the collegium of the People's Commissariat.
State Archives of the Russian Federation (GARF), f. 130, op. 1, d.2, l. 3.
December 7 (20). The Council of People's Commissars decided to create
All-Russian Extraordinary Commission (VChK) under the Council of People's Commissars for the fight against counter-revolution and sabotage. F.E.
Dzerzhinsky.
1918 year
January 15 (28). SNK adopted the Decree on the organization of the Workers 'and Peasants'
Red Army (RKKA).
Decrees of the Soviet government. T. 1.-M .; Politizdat, 1957.-
S. 356-357.
24 February. The Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee adopted a decree on the formation of 1 armored detachment at the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, which later became part of the troops
VNUS and VChK. Yu. V. Konopko was appointed the first commander.
Internal Troops of the Soviet Republic. -S. 648.
March 9th at the earliest. From the 1st scooter battalion of the Petrograd Military District, 72 scooters were sent to the Cheka
(excluded from the battalion's list on March 27, 1918).
Russian State Military Historical Archive (RGVIA), f.
16073, op. 1, d.4, l. 89.
March 18. The collegium of the Cheka made a decision to unite the units of the local Cheka in
Combat detachment of the Cheka.
From the history of the Cheka troops and the border guard. Documents and materials.
(1917-1921) .- M .: Voenizdat, 1958 .- S. five.
March 23rd. The Council of People's Commissars adopted a Decree on centralizing management, protecting roads and increasing their transport capacity.
Decrees of the Soviet government. T. 2.-M .: Politizdat, 1959. 20.
20 April. By order of the People's Commissariat for Military Affairs, the convoy guard of the Republic was reorganized. To manage it, the Main Inspectorate of the Convoy Guard was established at the People's Commissariat of Justice of the RSFSR.
Internal Troops of the Soviet Republic. - pp. 35-36.
May 9. By the decree of the Council of People's Commissars "On the emergency powers of the People's Commissar for Food" (approved by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on May 13, 1918)
The People's Commissariat has been given the right to have armed force. The decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of May 27 (in the final version of May 30) determined the form of organization of this armed force, the principle of manning and tasks. The decrees laid the foundation for the formation of the Food and Requisition Army (Prodarmia).
Decrees of the Soviet government. T. 2.-M .: Politizdat, 1959. 264-266, 307-312.
May 29. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee adopted a decree on the transition to compulsory military service for workers.
Collection of legalizations and orders of the Workers 'and Peasants' Government of the RSFSR
(hereinafter SU), 1918, No. 41, art. 518.
June 13. The Collegium of the Cheka decided to unite all the detachments that are under the emergency commissions in the center and in the field into the Corps of Troops of the Cheka. (V.V. Kamenshchikov was appointed the first chief of staff of the Cheka Corps, and from October 1918 - K.M. Valobuev).
From the history of the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission. 1917-1921 - S. 137-138.
July 6-7. The Left SR mutiny took place in Moscow. As a fighting force, the rebels used D. Popov's Cheka regiment. A detachment of the Cheka under the command of A. Polyakov took part in eliminating the rebellion.
Internal Troops of the Soviet Republic. -S. fifteen.
July 10. The V All-Russian Congress of Soviets adopted a resolution on the organization of a regular Red Army.
Decrees of the Soviet government. T. 2.-S. 541-544
July 10. The Main Sugar Committee decided to form an armed guard to guard the sugar production. (At the beginning of 1919, the number was set at 5,500 people and consisted of two regiments, two separate companies and 90 separate platoons),
Russian State Archives of Economics (RGAE), f. 6967, op. 1, d.56a, ll. 91-93.
July 23. The Moscow provincial conference of textile workers made a decision to protect the property of factories, which marked the beginning of the organization of military protection
Centrotextile. Centrotextile Bulletin. - 1918, No. 27, July 27.
July 25. The Council of People's Commissars adopted a resolution on the reorganization of the river protection of the Main Directorate of Water Resources (Glavoda).
Decrees of the Soviet government. T. 3.-M .: 1964. 86.
August 19. By a decree of the Council of People's Commissars, all armed forces
The republics formed by both the People's Commissariat for Military Affairs and other departments were transferred to the jurisdiction of the People's Commissariat for Military Affairs for recruiting, training, supply, combat training and use as a military force. Acquisition-on a common basis with the Red Army.
Decrees of the Soviet government. T. 3. - S. 224-226.
September 2. By a decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the Soviet Republic was declared a single military camp. The Revolutionary Military Council (Revolutionary Military Council) was created
Republic, the post of Commander-in-Chief of all armed forces (Commander-in-Chief) of the Republic was established. The Supreme Military Council, which has functioned since
April 1, 1918, abolished. Decrees of the Soviet government. T. 3.-S. 268.
16 of September. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee established the Order of the Red Banner of the RSFSR. During the civil war, more than 150 servicemen of the internal troops were awarded this order. SU, 1918, No. 69, p. 742.
No later than September 19th. A detachment of the Simbirsk Sponge Chek, consisting of 100 infantrymen and
20 cavalrymen after a 16-hour battle with 500 enemy forces. freed the mountains. Kurmysh. Internal Troops of the Soviet Republic. -S. 51.
October 11. By order of the troops of the Eastern Front, distinguished in battles
September 14-15 with the enemy Combat detachment of the Cheka, which operated as part of
Inza (later 15 Sivash) rifle division.
Internal Troops of the Soviet Republic.-S .. 52-53.
October 12. By order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic, the order of manning, supply and combat training, which operated in the Red Army, was extended to auxiliary troops.
Russian State Military Archives (RGVA), f. 4, op. 3, d. 1560, l. 68, 68 vol.
October 26. The strength of the Cheka Corps was 12,841 people. (24 battalions).
RGVA, f. 42, op. 1, d. 1970, l. 180.
28 of October. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee approved the Regulations on the All-Russian and local extraordinary commissions for combating counter-revolution, speculation and ex officio crimes. Clause 7 of the Regulation read: “The All-Russian Extraordinary Commission and all local extraordinary commissions have the right to organize special armed units with them ...
All detachments of the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission and local extraordinary commissions are under the control and registered with the Revolutionary Council
Republic ".
Decrees of the Soviet government. T. 3.-S. 457-459.
November 14. The Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic established the procedure for manning the Cheka Corps on a common basis with the Red Army.
RGVA collection.
November 28. By order of the VChK Corps, schools for the illiterate and semi-literate were organized.
From the history of the Cheka troops and the border guard. - S. 47-49.
29th of November. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee reviewed and approved the Charter of the Internal Service and the Charter of the Garrison Service. Later, on January 30, 1919, the Disciplinary Regulations of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army were approved. General military regulations approved
All-Russian Central Executive Committee, acquired the force of the Law. They regulated the order of service, the life and life of units and subunits, determined the relationship, duties of servicemen. The troops of the Cheka were also guided by these charters.
November 30th. By a resolution of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars, the Council of Workers and Peasants
Defense. In April 1920 it was reorganized into the Council of Labor and Defense (STO).
Decrees of the Soviet government. T. 4-M .: 1969.- S. 92-94.
1919 year
January 16. The headquarters of the Cheka Corps was renamed the Headquarters of the Cheka Troops.
RGVA, f. 11, op. 5, d. 559.
February 13. The order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic established the procedure for supplying units of the troops of the Cheka on the same grounds as the Red Army.
RGVA, f. 4, op. 3, d.51, l. 198.
February 18. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee issued a decree on the organization of the railway police and railway security. At the same time, the Regulation "On Railway Security" was approved.
Decrees of the Soviet government. T. 4.-M .: 1968-S. 407-408,
409-410.
March 12. The Presidium of the VChK approved the "Regulations on the troops of the VChK".
Internal Troops of the Soviet Republic. -S. 84-85.
March 14th. By order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic and the People's Commissariat for Food, the management of the food army was reorganized. RGVA, f. 4, op. 3, d. 1586, l. 3.
April 16. The Collegium of the NKVD decided to transfer the shipping guard to the NKVD and establish the Main Directorate of the Shipping Guard.
Internal Troops of the Soviet Republic. -S. 88.
May 28. The Workers 'and Peasants' Defense Council adopted a resolution “On auxiliary troops”. The internal security forces of the Republic, subordinate to the NKVD of the RSFSR, were created. The internal security forces (VOKHR) included all auxiliary troops at the disposal of the People's Commissariat for Food,
Glavoda, Glavsakhara, Glavneft, Tsentrotekstil, etc. The headquarters of the Cheka troops was renamed the Headquarters of the VOKhR troops.
Decrees of the Soviet Power, T. 5.-S. 508-510.
June 18. The headquarters of the internal security forces of the Republic was renamed into the Main Directorate of the VOKhR Troops.
Internal troops of the Soviet Republic. - S. 113.
July 8-30. By orders to the troops of the VOKHR of the Republic, in order to better control the units, the VOKHR sectors were created: Moscow (July 8); Kursk, Petrogradsky
(July 11) ;. Eastern (July 14); Kievsky (July 30).
Internal Troops of the Soviet Republic. -S. 122.128.
September 27. The Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic decided to increase the VOKhR troops by 45 thousand people. and bring the total number to 165 thousand people.
Internal Troops of the Soviet Republic. -S. 129.
October 10. The Council of Workers 'and Peasants' Defense made a decision to involve the VOKhR troops and units of the Red Army to assist customs institutions in protecting the economic interests of the RSFSR.
Decrees of the Soviet government. T. 6.-S. 461-462.
October 21. A military council of the VOKhR troops was formed (approved by the Revolutionary Military Council
Republic on December 31, 1919). Internal Troops of the Soviet Republic. -S.
130.
November 5. The Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic determined the procedure for attracting VOKhR troops for military operations on external fronts.
RGVA, f. 4, op. 3, d.33, l. 389.
November 24. By order of the military council of the VOKhR troops, the Main Directorate of the Internal Security Troops was renamed the Headquarters of the Internal Security Troops of the RSFSR.
From the history of the troops of the Cheka and the border guard. -S. 93-94.
December 7. The Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic awarded the 249th Infantry Regiment (the former 6th Combined Regiment of the Cheka Troops) with the Honorary Revolutionary Red Banner for distinctions in battles on the strike front in February-July 1919.
Military exploits of the Red Army units (1918-1922). Collection of documents.-M .:
1957.- S. 27-28.
1920 year
January 11. By order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic, the Revolutionary Military Tribunal of the Internal Security Forces was established under the military council of the VOKhR troops.
Internal Troops of the Soviet Republic. -S. 144-145.
January 23. The Workers 'and Peasants' Defense Council entrusted the VOKhR troops with the protection and defense of railways and railway structures throughout the territory
Republic, except for the front line.
Decrees of the Soviet government. T. 7.-M .: 1975.- S. 129-131.
January 31st. The VOKhR troops are entrusted with the protection of forced labor camps.
RGVA, f. 42, op. 1, d.1348, l. 44
28th of February. The Military Council of the VOKhR troops issued an order on the introduction of one-man command in the troops.
Internal troops of the Soviet Republic. - S. 334.
20th of March. By the decision of the military council of the VOKHR troops, a main inspection of the VOKHR troops was created.
GARF, f. 393, op. 1, d.121, ll. 1-3.
The 21st of April. The STO adopted a decree on the troops of the internal 1Hrana of the Republic, which sets out the tasks and procedure for using these formations.
It is determined that they are entrusted with the protection of transport, production facilities of the country, and they are the reserve of the Red Army, operating on external fronts.
SU, 1920, No. 11, Art. 70, June 19.
April 30. The "Regulation on political and educational work in the VOKHR troops" was approved.
Internal Troops of the Soviet Republic. - S. 343-346.
May 27. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee adopted a resolution "On the troops of the VOKHR of the Autonomous Republics", explaining that they are the reserve of the Red Army, are in full subordination in all respects to the head of the VOKHR troops. SU, 1920. No. 50, fol.
220.
2 June. By order of the VOKHR troops, in order to raise military education and the general development of junior command personnel, schools were organized for each brigade
(training teams) 1 to train junior command personnel. The term of training is 4 months.
RGVA, f. 42, op. 1, d. 1396, l. 436.
July 23. At the meeting of the STO, the issue of reorganizing the VOKHR troops was considered.
RTSKHIDNI, f. 19, op. 3, d.138, l. five.
13 August. STO adopted a decree on the transfer of parts of the VOKHR Troops to
North Caucasus and Kuban as workforce for the task
People's Commissariat for Food.
Internal Troops of the Soviet Republic. -S. 205.
September 1. STO adopted a decree on the creation of internal service troops
Republic (VNUS). They included the troops of the VOKHR, sentries, railway defense, railway militia, water police, etc.
Internal Troops of the Soviet Republic, pp. 207-209.
September 15th. The STO adopted a resolution on the provision of the People's Commissariat of Food with armed force from the internal service troops.
SOURCE
History of the Internal Troops
Chronicle of events (1811-1991)
Moscow 1995
Colonel G.S. Beloborodov ed. GUVV Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia
Printing house of the internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia
Help about the author of the article
Major of the Internal Troops Vlasenko Valery Timofeevich. Was born in 1949. For 22 years he served in the Internal Troops of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs, then served in the police. General service 35 years. Was on business trips in Nagorno-Karabakh, Chechnya.
Foreword by Yu.G. Veremeev
The events on Moscow's Manezhnaya Square, which took place on December 11, 2010, unequivocally show that the Russian state today needs the existence of the Internal Troops as an effective means of suppressing riots.
Without going into the root causes of these disorders and without trying to analyze them, without affirming or denying the right of the population to such a manifestation of their anger, I will say that any person, be it a citizen of a country or a foreigner, has the right to life, security, protection of his personal dignity. and a calm existence. And the state, first of all, exists in order to ensure these fundamental human rights, including by force. This is what the Internal Troops are for this, if the scale of what is happening with the tasks of the militia is no longer able to cope.
It is another matter that the current democratic regime in Russia was unable to fulfill its basic functions, and gave reasons for citizens to come to the conclusion that they should defend their rights and dignity themselves. And not today, but from the very first days of the existence of the Russian Federation.
And if citizens stop trusting the government, then there are always leaders (formal and informal) who begin to use popular discontent for their own, usually selfish purposes. There are many examples of this. The most formidable is the two wars in the Caucasus in the nineties and two thousand years.
Explaining the riot of the crowd on Manezhnaya Square by the murder of a Spartak fan by a Caucasian is about the same as if a doctor explained to a patient with syphilis his poor health with pimples in a certain place. Like, now we will anoint brilliant green and everything will pass. I am afraid that our authorities are also trying to treat the most serious internal disease of the Russian state with green paint (that is, with the Internal Troops). And the more acute the disease, the more we will produce brilliant green, i.e. increase the number of explosives.
So what?
The reasons for the riots by the dispersal of this crowd have not been eliminated. Riots will take place in one city, then in another. And they will happen more often and become larger and larger. For the time being, the explosive forces will be enough to suppress. And then?
No doubt, BB is needed. Until they have found ways to satisfy the majority of the population and have not corrected the previously made grievous domestic political mistakes, there is no way to do without explosives. And I respect the soldiers who courageously carry out their difficult and unpleasant duties. But it would be better if the need for them was reduced, and their functions would again be reduced to police patrols, protecting important state facilities from individual mentally ill lone terrorists. The healthier the state, and the more the population is satisfied with its government, the less reason for the people to rebel. This means there is no need for a huge number of explosives.
Of course, the Army would like to have a smaller one. But reducing external threats depends little on the government, while internal threats are quite capable of reducing. For this, it is worth worrying not so much about the prosperity of "small and medium-sized businesses" as about the well-being of the bulk of the population. And he is a business only when he knows how to flourish in any conditions. Creating greenhouse conditions for him only means weakening his vitality.
End of the preface.
One of the main tasks of any state, along with the protection of its citizens from external enemies, is the protection of public order, i.e. protection of citizens from criminal encroachments of persons who do not want to live according to generally accepted norms of behavior.
Any state has structures that fulfill this task. In the life of the Russian state at the present stage, this task is performed by one of the oldest law enforcement agencies of the Russian state - the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
Even in ancient times, long before the period when this department was created in the Russian Empire, one can find historical data that the Russian princes cared about ensuring that their subjects lived in safe conditions. During the times of Kievan Rus, the princes, through their vigilantes and servants, were engaged in the fight against crime on the territory of the principality. Free people - community members were also involved in this work.
During the period of further development of the Russian feudal state, the development of structures responsible for ensuring the protection of public order and the fight against crime can be traced. On the princely lands in the district, these functions (which would later receive the name of police) were carried out by the governor, in the rest of the territory, in the volosts - by volostels. Each of them had its own staff of employees: tiuns (carried out the trial), closers (called the participants in the trial to court) and rulers (bailiffs).
At the initial stage of the formation of the Russian state, the police apparatus as such did not exist at all, the same governing bodies regulated relations in all spheres of life. In many ways, law and order in the territories were maintained by the residents themselves.
The first third of the 16th century was marked by the creation of the so-called "Lip huts"... Their appearance is associated with the need to create permanently existing bodies that would be called upon to catch robbers, conduct an investigation, and carry out sentences.
The opening of each labial hut took place on the basis of royal letters addressed to the population of a specific territory.
Initially, the positions of chiefs and kissing chiefs were introduced as regular posts in labial huts. The Tselovalnikov were elected at popular gatherings, and the entry into office was preceded by the taking of the oath with the kissing of the cross.
In the future, the staffs of labial huts are replenished with clerks, sotsky, fifty.
In the next century, lip huts became widespread. Then they come under the jurisdiction of the governor.
The competence of the huts was continuously improved and included the fight against "slave" robbers and tats, the investigation of "murderous" and all other cases (rape, pandering, arson, insults to parents by children), bringing to justice people who avert the people from the Orthodox faith, preventing and suppressing any "Dashing", compilation of bonded books, supervision of trades and fishing, land management, control over population movements, etc.
The wide range of duties performed required further expansion of the staff of lip officials: watchmen, birichi and executioners appeared. In the fight against crime, the headman of the labret hut attracted not only his assistants, but also the local population (as a duty on a gratuitous basis). The activities of the labial huts were supervised by the Rogue Order (1555).
Another notable milestone in the history of law enforcement agencies of that time is the establishment by Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich in the middle of the 17th century Secret Affairs Orderin charge of monitoring the activities of other orders.
Ivan the Terrible in 1565. was introduced oprichninato combat the self-will of the boyar aristocracy, 
believed that in their lands they have the right to mend the court and punishment at their own discretion. This kind of "secret police" was called upon to establish and exterminate the traitors.
Note by Yu.G. Veremeev Oprichnina can be considered a kind of forerunner of the Soviet apparatus of the Cheka-GPU-NKVD-NKGB-MGB-KGB. The oprichnina, obviously, was just as necessary as the state security organs in Soviet times.
And not being afraid to provoke the wrath of liberals and democrats, I will say that it is the Russian intelligentsia, more than any other social group of the population, that has always needed and still needs strict supervision from the state, to suppress any dissent (more precisely, to loiter thoughts), to remove from them environment of all sorts of dissidents.
It seems that if the state security organs in the Russian Empire were effective to the proper extent, and the laws were cruel in relation to the "destroyers of the foundations of autocracy," the country would never have been plunged into the revolution of 1917, would not have experienced the horrors of the Civil War and the notorious 37 of the year.
Indeed, Bolshevism, so fiercely abused by today's intellectuals, was precisely generated and developed by the "progressive thinking part of Russian society."
What they gave birth to, they got it.
After all, the ideas of communism were brought into the country and actively promoted by the intellectuals, and not by peasants, workers or landowners with manufacturers. Forgot about it? So who is to blame for the repressions of 1937 and other years if not the intelligentsia?
In the same period, Ivan the Terrible introduced the so-called "tenants", which were the prototype of the internal troops.
According to the orders of the governor, noblemen from different cities, who made up an army of up to 3 thousand people, gathered every three months for "living in the capital".
For some time the function of maintaining public order was performed by the guardsmen. Of these, in 1565, the king created a special "oprichnina army".
In the future, to protect the southern borders of Russia in the cities were placed "living shelves".
Under Peter I, "residential regiments" began to be called garrisons. The report card dated February 19, 1711 provided for the organization of the 43rd infantry garrison regiments, to which the dragoon garrison regiments were later added. Already in post-Petrine times, in 1764, the garrison regiments were reorganized into border and internal battalions.
Note by Yu.G. Veremeeev Obviously, the garrison regiments can be considered the direct forerunner of the Internal Troops. And obviously, their first and main task was the operational suppression of various kinds of riots and insurgencies, which are so abundant in the history of Russia in the 18th century.
Actually, the reign of Peter I is a turning point in the history of the Russian state. You can argue a lot about Peter I. There were many good and bad things in his reign, as in the history of any ruler. One thing is certain - Russia after Peter I is strikingly different from the pre-Petrine Old Testament boyar Rus. But this turn in the history of the state was not at all smooth and smooth. Suffice it to recall the numerous rifle riots. Any ruler at any time can lose power and even life.
Peter I in the reconstruction of the Russian state met with the most active resistance and sabotage of the boyars. Therefore, the king surrounded himself with reliable people, created a new nobility - people without family, without a tribe, who were promoted by their talents in the field of serving the king and the Fatherland.
It should be noted that Peter used the army extensively to solve various state tasks. It began with the confrontation between Peter and Princess Sophia in the struggle for power. Then the only support of Peter was the Semyonovsky and Preobrazhensky regiments.
In the Petrine era, the Semyonovites and Transfigurations, in addition to ordinary military service, were sent to different parts of the country and abroad to organize the execution of royal decrees, sometimes endowed with rather broad powers.
It also happened that a Preobrazhensky or Semyonovsky sergeant or officer who arrived on a tsarist mission could even remove the local voivode from his post and send him to Siberia.
Suffice it to recall that Sergeant Yaguzhinsky from the Preobrazhensky regiment was once sent as the Russian ambassador to France.
And in the future, sergeants and officers of the Semyonovsky and Preobrazhensky regiments carried out various orders of the tsar, including those of a police nature.
The army remained the most reliable support of power. At the same time, in the middle of the 18th century, specialized police bodies were still absent in Russia, and the rural police did not yet exist at all. Therefore, the practice of involving officers and soldiers of the city garrisons in the police service continues.
After the suppression of the rebellion led by Yemelyan Pugachev, the tsarist government realized the need to create on the ground a solid system of state bodies capable of effectively resolving emerging conflicts and problems, overseeing the observance of order and the implementation of laws.
In 1775, a reform of local government bodies was carried out in Russia: the country was divided into provinces and counties, in relation to which a network of police institutions was being built.
Almost at the same time, in order to "preserve peace and quiet in the state," local military teams, which are in fact a power pillar and support for local authorities. Until the beginning of the 19th century, in the Russian state, these functions, along with the police, were performed by Cossack regiments and provincial commands. All this motley army was directly subordinate to the local commanders.
By the decrees of Alexander I of January 16 and March 27, 1811, local military teams responsible for "maintaining peace and quiet in the state" were removed from the subordination of civil authorities and transferred to the military department.
The generally recognized date of birth of the Internal Troops should be considered March 27, 1811, when, by decree of Emperor Alexander I, regular provincial companies and teams began to be deployed in provincial cities and military battalions were formed from them Inner Guard, which has become one of the most important parts of the state's protective system.
Retreat. It should be noted that under the tsar-father the functions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Empire significantly differed from the modern Ministry of Internal Affairs.
Peter I, in the image and likeness of the European state authorities, created the Collegia (prototypes of ministries).
On September 20, 1802, Emperor Alexander I created eight ministries to replace the collegia:
- military land forces,
- naval forces,
- foreign affairs,
- internal affairs,
- justice,
- finance,
- commerce,
- public education.
A Committee of Ministers was also established. The government of the country was divided into two large areas: internal and external.
External activities were mainly carried out by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and during the wars - also by the military and naval departments.
Internal tasks were solved by other ministries, of which the most significant amount of work fell on the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
The duties of the Ministry of Internal Affairs included concern for the general well-being of the people, civil order and the improvement of the empire; he was in charge of all branches of the state industry, except mining, the construction and maintenance of all public buildings in the state, "aversion of the lack of life supplies and the necessary necessities of a community" - that is, providing the population with food and consumer goods.
The Ministry of Internal Affairs was engaged in:
- trade (fairs),
- crafts;
- allotment of state lands;
- measures to strengthen serfdom, and since 1861. to free the peasants from serfdom;
- resettlement (including by foreign immigrants);
- maintenance and arrangement of roads,
- shipping;
- medicine and veterinary medicine throughout the country;
- statistics;
- by mail;
- by censorship;
- arrangement and management of the annexed territories;
- by orders of public charity;
- implementation of city, zemstvo, recruiting duties;
- collection of taxes and arrears.
The affairs of the Jews and Gypsies, the management of the spiritual affairs of other faiths (Protestantism, Islam, Judaism) were especially distinguished.
And only then were purely police tasks set: establishing and maintaining calm, fighting fugitives and deserters, taking into custody, etc. Thus, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of that time, in terms of tasks, their nature and scope, significantly differed from the modern one.
The history of the Separate Corps of Gendarmes is a vivid example of the development of Peter I's idea of \u200b\u200busing the army to strengthen state power.
A separate corps of gendarmes.
Through the efforts of the Soviet propaganda machine, already at the dawn of Soviet power, a sharply negative understanding was firmly embedded in the mind of an ordinary person in relation to this institution. The very word "gendarme" has become a household name, synonymous with the destroyer of freedoms, the cruel murderer of innocent victims, etc.
But let's figure out what the Separate Corps of Gendarmes of the Russian Empire was, what it was doing, and why the Bolsheviks so carefully formed a persistent hatred towards it.
The words "gendarmerie" and "gendarme" have been used in Russia for the first time since 1772. Then, as part of the Gatchina troops of Tsarevich Pavel Petrovich, cavalry was established, called the "gendarme" regiment (sometimes - the cuirassier regiment).
When the Tsarevich became Emperor Paul I, this cavalry became part of the Life Guards Cavalry Regiment. After that, the word "gendarme" was not mentioned in Russia until 1815, when on August 27 the Borisoglebsk dragoon regiment was renamed gendarmerie with the assignment of military-police duties.
Former dragoons, and now gendarmes, were assigned to other regiments of the army to monitor order. Those. initially, the gendarmerie in Russia was a military police that monitored the order and mood in the army.
The army is the basis and support of power, and the army police (gendarmerie) is the most loyal and reliable part of the army in relation to power. Therefore, the gendarmerie later received the broadest powers in the control of state power, while remaining part of the army.
After the revolt of the Decembrists in 1825, the gendarmerie was reorganized, as a result of which it became not only a military police, but also the main instrument of the Russian Empire to control the organs of state power, and then in the fight against the revolutionary movement.
At the same time, the gendarmerie did not obey the local authorities, therefore it was an independent controlling organization.
On July 3, 1826, Nicholas I established under the command of Count Alexander Benckendorff Third Section of His Majesty's Own Chancery, which significantly increased the status of the department being created.
The jurisdiction of the III department included:
- all orders and notifications of the police;
- information about the number of different sects and schisms existing in the state;
- news about the discovered counterfeit banknotes, coins, stamps and other things;
- details of all people under police supervision;
- expulsion and placement of people, "suspicious and harmful";
- supervising the supervisory and economic life of all places of detention;
- all decisions and orders about foreigners arriving to and from the state
leaving;
- statistical information related to the police.
Digression from the topic. The origin of the word "Arkharovets".
Nikolai Petrovich Arkharov (May 7, 1740 - January 1814) Chief of Police of Moscow. He is famous for the fact that the term "Arkharovets" originated from his surname, in its original meaning - the ironic designation of a police officer. Arkharov's activities as the Moscow chief of police have long lived in the memory of Muscovites. The Chief of Police knew down to the smallest detail everything that was done in Moscow, all kinds of disappearances were found with amazing speed. Arkharov used rather harsh and often controversial measures to restore order on the streets of Moscow (he often determined the guilt of a suspect just by looking at him), but his activities were quite effective. The techniques that Arkharov used to solve the most complex crimes were often distinguished by originality and gave rise to numerous anecdotes about him. According to one of the versions, it was his employees who began to be called "Arkharovtsy" - later this word became winged, although it somewhat changed its meaning.
The executive and armed force of the III department, necessary for carrying out his actions during arrests, carrying out the duties of "observation police", was gendarme corps.
A separate corps of gendarmes (OKZH) was created on April 28, 1827 by decree of Emperor Nicholas I. He had a purely military organization? and in administrative, combat and economic terms, it was originally subordinate to the Ministry of War.
Its commander possessed the rights of an army commander.
The number of the gendarme corps of the empire was 4278 people, that is, one gendarme for every 10.5 thousand inhabitants of Russia.
The number of officials of the III branch ranged from 16 to 40 officials in the entire history of its existence. So the reality of the "tsarist repressive regime" is sheer trifles compared to what the internal affairs bodies were turned into under the Soviet regime.
Initially, the gendarme units, subordinate to the III department, included 4,278 ranks. Among them - 3 generals, - 41 staff officers, - 160 chief officers, - 3617 privates, - 457 non-combatant ranks.
In subsequent years, the number of generals increased 4 times, officers and lower ranks - 1.5 times.
In 1880, a separate corps of gendarmes became part of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, but remained on the budget of the War Ministry.
The gendarmerie was subdivided according to the nature of its duties:
- gendarmerie of metropolitan and provincial administrations,
- railway gendarmerie (each railway had its own gendarmerie),
- border guard (carried out the border guard service and monitored the entry into the empire and exit from it),
- the field gendarmerie, which performed the functions of the military police, the serf gendarmerie performed similar functions in the fortresses;
- surveillance police and their own agents, which were actively used for counterintelligence activities.
The number of the gendarmerie was small - at the beginning of the twentieth century it was a little over 6 thousand people.
Photograph from 1890: a group of officers of the railway gendarmerie in various forms. It is worth noting that the lower ranks wear a red aiguillette at the right shoulder. The lower ranks of the aiguillettes did not have any other kind of weapon. And all the lower ranks, with the exception of the officer standing behind, have a long-service chevron on the left sleeve. An interesting officer in a frock coat and with a silver aiguillette, sitting on a special railway bicycle, capable of moving on rails, which ensured fast movement within the railway.
Functionally, the OKW belonged to the security police and was an integral part of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. But he was completely independent from the provincial administration. The special status of the gendarmes was established by the Regulations on the Corps of September 9, 1867.
The functions performed by the gendarmerie are completely natural for any state. So, for example, many of the same functions during the Soviet era were performed by the unforgettable KGB.
The gendarmerie fought against subversive elements, searched for revolutionary subversive organizations, escorted especially dangerous criminals and prisoners, led the capture of fugitive recruits and criminals, reported to the 3rd department, and subsequently to the Police Department on the mood in various segments of the population.
A separate corps of gendarmes was a military unit and was supported by the Ministry of War, subordinate only to its leadership. It should be emphasized that the fulfillment of the functions of control by the gendarmes and the independent position of the gendarmes in relation to the governors and the police did not like the local authorities very much. The provincial administrations constantly tried to either subdue the gendarmes, or get out of the burdensome "tutelage". However, projects of such reorganizations have always been rejected in the upper echelons of power. (Probably, it is here that one should look for the origins of the hatred for "blue uniforms", which we know from the works of prominent Russian writers).
The gendarme divisions and city horse teams were staffed with lower ranks on a common basis (i.e., as an army), all the rest of the gendarme corps were super-conscripted non-commissioned officers.
In the corps of gendarmes, only officers who had the rights of the 1st category for serving military service or who graduated from the cadet school in the 1st category were accepted, who had served at least three years in the ranks and withstood a special test.
Quite high initial requirements were imposed on the candidates, some of which may seem excessive or, as they say, "undemocratic" in our dissolute age. Officers who had disciplinary sanctions in court and investigation, who had public or private debts, persons of Polish origin, persons of the Catholic faith or married to Catholics, as well as Jews, including baptized ones, were not allowed to serve in the corps.
Note by Yu.G. Veremeev It should be noted here that in the Russian Empire, national restrictions or advantages were not determined by laws. The restrictions were established depending on the religion (i.e. the religion to which the person adhered), as well as depending on the area where he permanently resides or was born. Usually, in literature and journalism, for brevity, the concepts "Jew", "Pole" are used today. In those days, the terms "natives of the Kingdom of Poland", "persons of the Jewish faith" were used. Hence - a baptized Jew is no longer a Jew. But obviously
getting baptized was not enough to enter the gendarmes.
In the picture on the right: gendarmes in uniforms from 1884. From left to right - a gendarme non-commissioned officer in full dress, a headquarters officer in full dress and a chief officer in everyday winter uniform.
But, even having passed the preliminary exams at the headquarters of the corps in St. Petersburg, the officer did not go to the gendarme courses. He had to return to his military unit and await the call. Sometimes up to two years. Meanwhile, the local gendarmerie was collecting the most detailed information about the candidate. Political trustworthiness and financial condition were subjected to the greatest test. The corps did not include officers who were financially dependent on anyone.
Even then, there was an unshakable rule that if the transfer to the corpus was refused, the reason for the refusal was not explained. At the same time, it should be emphasized that, in contrast to the sometimes "vague" uncertainty of the cadre bodies of modern special services, the gendarme corps gave a definite answer - positive or negative.
The training of gendarme officers at the beginning of the twentieth century was quite serious at that time. They were trained at special courses in St. Petersburg, where officers of the army and navy arrived, who had undergone careful selection and passed preliminary tests. The lecturers read to future gendarmes criminal law, a course on the production of inquiries and the investigation of political crimes, a railway charter. Later, lectures on the programs of political parties and their history were added to them. Future gendarmes were introduced to photography, fingerprinting, and other skills that might be useful to a tracing officer. Attention was paid to practical courses on the use of weapons, self-defense techniques.
After the final exam, those who graduated from the courses were transferred by imperial decree to serve in the corps and were assigned to various gendarme offices and army units.
The last document that regulated the order of transfer to the corps was the General Staff circular from 1914 No. 19. According to his requirements, officers of all branches of the armed forces could be transferred to the corps, both in active service and in reserve or retirement, who had served in officer ranks in the ranks for at least three years and who were between 24 and 33 years old. There was also a limitation in rank - not higher than the captain or captain of the army.
The motives for the transfer of officers to serve in the gendarmes were very different. Among them there were ideological people, but the majority applied for a vacancy in the corps because it was much more profitable to serve in it than in the army, and the production of rank was faster.
The salary of the gendarme was much higher than that of the army. The understanding that for good money one would have to carry out a difficult moral and psychological service usually came later. But the choice was made, and the officers had to bear the heavy burden of gendarme work: to carry out searches, arrests, and inquiries.
The gendarme divisions and city teams carried out the duties of the executive police, yet the other parts of the gendarme corps were charged with detecting and investigating state crimes, supervising state criminals held in prisons, maintaining order and deanery in the railroad area, and examining passports at the border.
I am in no way idealizing the activities of the UWC. As always in our country, there were both positive and negative aspects in the activities of the OKW (as in the activities of the modern police). Therefore, the attitude towards him can be very different. But an impartial examination of the tasks performed by the Separate Corps of Gendarmes leads to the conclusion that such an organization was undoubtedly vital for the Russian Empire. Moreover, many gendarmes fulfilled their duty (according to their own understanding) to the end, including in the struggle against the new Soviet regime.
The gendarme corps of Russia has sunk into oblivion, having fulfilled its duty to the fatherland to the end. Literally a few of the former gendarmes served with the Bolsheviks. During the civil war, gendarme officers continued to fight in the intelligence and counterintelligence agencies of the armed formations of the White Movement.
Actually, the war for them never stopped even in the so-called "peace" time. Very often the life and health of not only the gendarme officers, but also their family members were in great danger. Many fell at their combat posts ...
Note by Yu.G. Veremeev In general, the cleanliness of the Russian democratic intelligentsia is amazing. "A decent person will never shake hands with a gendarme ...", "I will never stoop to talking with gendarmes ...", "It is simply indecent to have a gendarme among my friends ..." - such lines are full of books by Russian classics. And at the same time, the "genius of Russian literature" Count Lev Tolstoy did not hesitate to ask to send a gendarme command to the estate to protect his property, Kuprin was indignant at the "inaction of the gendarmes during the Jewish pogroms", Koltsov demanded that the gendarmes who did not protect the life of the banker Grinberg be brought to justice. It turns out like this: "We despise you and we won't shake hands with you, but you still protect us."
Inner Guard
Internal guard - a branch of the army that existed in Russia from 1811 to 1886 to carry out guard and convoy service.
March 27, 1811. by decree of Emperor Alexander I, the state provincial companies and teams were redeployed to the provincial capitals. From the transferred teams, military battalions were formed, which were consolidated into internal guard brigades.
July 3, 1811. Emperor Alexander I approved the "Regulations for the Internal Guard", which (in addition to general military duties) were entrusted with guard and convoy service.
The Inner Guard was charged with:
1) assistance in the execution of laws and court sentences;
2) the capture, pursuit and extermination of robbers and the dispersal of congregations prohibited by law;
3) suppression of insubordination and riots;
4) capture of fugitive, gone criminals and deserters;
5) pursuit of prohibited and secretly transported goods;
6) assistance in the free movement of domestic food;
7) assistance in the collection of taxes and arrears;
8) maintaining order and tranquility of church rites of all confessions, tolerated by law;
9) maintaining order at fairs, auctions, folk and church festivals, etc .;
10) acceptance and escort of recruits, criminals, prisoners and prisoners;
11) sending servicemen who have overdue vacations to their teams;
12) assistance in fires, in case of flooding of rivers and the like;
13) detachment of the necessary sentries to public places, prisons and prison;
14) escorting the treasury, and moreover, for use in recesses when opening an inn and to guard the guilty until they are sent to court.
In addition, the Inner Guard pledged to:
1) to take into custody and represent to the provincial authorities people caught up at the scene of a crime, riot, or violence against a person or property and found with a bloody weapon or dress;
2) capture gatherings of thieves and robbers.
Thus, the Internal Guard was a police body, but with a military organization.
During 1811, 8 districts of the Inner Guard were formed, each commanded by a major general.
Several brigades, consisting of 2-3 battalions, were subordinate to the district.
The battalions were stationed in the provincial cities and bore their names (Astrakhan, Minsk, etc.).
Each county town housed a disabled team or a mobile company of the Inner Guard.
Disabled - servicemen who turned out to be incapable of further military service in the ranks as a result of wounds, mutilations, diseases or decrepitude. However, in the 19th century, veterans of military service were also called disabled. Usually it was already hard for them to carry out combat service, but the military department did not want to lose experienced soldiers and officers.
In 1809, under the guards regiments, invalid companies began to form from the lower ranks of the guard who were incapable of service. Disabled companies and teams received a definite organization in 1811.
All disabled people were divided into 3 categories:
1. Mobile (hospital staff and others);
2. Employees;
3. Non-employees, or incapable of service.
Disabled persons of each category formed special teams subordinate to the commanders of the battalions of the Inner Guard. Teams of employees and non-employees with disabilities were in all county towns. Teams of invalids of the first category, or mobile invalid companies, intended for service at hospitals, subsequently began to be established in other departments: provision, commissar, mining, as well as in fortresses and in the districts of military settlements.
From the author. Imagine: a person has served in the army as a soldier for 20 years or more, participated in wars, was wounded or mutilated, became unfit for service due to illness or old age. He has no specialty, there is no land allotment in the village, i.e. there are no sources of livelihood, usually no family. Ever since the time of Peter I, soldiers who were retired from service received a pension, housing and care.
But a person, in addition to a pension, still needs to feel needed in this life. An old soldier, he swore allegiance to power, he is accustomed to discipline, diligence and "official duty" is not empty words for him. What should he do "in civilian life"? But the "evil oppressor - tsarism" took care of this. Even those unfit for further army service found a use for themselves according to their strength. Retired soldiers gathered in invalid companies and teams. Thus, everyone who previously served the state in the army remained in the "sovereign service" according to their strength and capabilities.
And in modern democratic Russia, the army is being cut down without a twinge of conscience, throwing thousands of officers and other servicemen onto the street. The state does not need "sovereign people". Oh, gentlemen, you will add to the officers.
Note by Yu.G. Veremeev Modern Russian rulers do not want to know, let alone fulfill one of the key precepts of Emperor Peter the Great:
"Should he who has donated the best of years to my service have to endure poverty in old age?" And who will zealously serve me in my best yearswhen he will know that in his old age he will be neglected and set aside from the very one in whose service he depleted his strength. "
This structure of the Inner Guard was created throughout Russia (with the exception of Siberia).
By the way, several memorable dates.
On October 2, 1829, the Minister of War introduced maroon edging for their uniforms to distinguish the servicemen of the Separate Internal Guard Corps from other troops.
On March 3, 1858, a Special Convoy Department was formed to escort prisoners by rail between St. Petersburg and Moscow (the beginning of railway transportation of prisoners).
Convoy guard
(1886-1917)
A small retrospective on the chronology of the convoy guard. On January 20, 1886, the State Council decided during 1886 to form a convoy guard in the amount of 567 escort teams.
Tasks:
- escorting prisoners of all departments and categories;
- escorting prisoners within settlements to administrative and judicial institutions in
cases provided by law;
- assisting the administration of prisons in the event of open riots among the prison
{!LANG-eb133706aa6ace82eaa6ba272e1473df!}
{!LANG-25b71fb3540a7aa0f3e6babca8056a62!}
{!LANG-32d99c68fc15164ee3324f76ad1c39d8!}
{!LANG-e8d7c3b7a678ff0c1c73b42a6f733d6a!}
{!LANG-84dd03520ec79781ac92b957ec9abe58!}
{!LANG-055cd4dcea3a1d89cb602cc82366b0f6!}
{!LANG-60faf13876db69700bcc8d8420eeecf3!}
{!LANG-c01821ae03b523dcc743620e58958363!}
{!LANG-fdbd20e95b74fcce9ac39e2a25da0d9a!}
{!LANG-92e4191e0942aa100e9f3234caf45565!}
{!LANG-46ea37b959cef1b2403055cb333e7a81!}
{!LANG-54c1baeb0f3bc1ca0efa898860f9acb7!},
{!LANG-ff9116968a649fc19a3e343bf19ea5e3!}
{!LANG-816feca725849b0a9085fea3d774e8b1!}
{!LANG-b66a73a56a05d43bfb47be5aad1ff2be!}
Digression from the topic.{!LANG-39ecfae39e26f9a3448a538eb219f57c!}
Note by Yu.G. Veremeev{!LANG-d7683b6c0b110bbd7d45960303e28fa2!}
{!LANG-a43c010b51449649901aa11ff242249e!}
{!LANG-a6b1df043e58b74d5f8365b4f36ab8a3!}
{!LANG-a10500984f88f60957a530bf61e5a714!}
{!LANG-7c3d878ec51feec6f537939edd6a36e8!}
{!LANG-c77e43ebeffb8a50ef28807c87e08f1a!}
{!LANG-ab68716f168b39d239b6da69508c3d56!}
{!LANG-fba25d3d6e6f3618baefba84435cd0d8!}
{!LANG-647c4c824795cebb759dec262c325ad8!}
{!LANG-4954b7b9480a19db1d089fd7fd669dce!}
{!LANG-246a9c4d7b0d99f4ef878e885cc0bf6f!}
From the author.{!LANG-37df2c057a63975a3eecf3342723ec79!}
Note by Yu.G. Veremeev{!LANG-afc1c0f671ae3ded06a68f6030f25315!}
{!LANG-bebccebcfbc3438d11d03027902b0616!}
{!LANG-26900099eabb01a6e380dcb8a1581bbf!}
{!LANG-d36a53ba2fe47343d174e0565a356e90!}
Note by Yu.G. Veremeev{!LANG-6f1cbda48b92614bd0be02d6cee50ddb!}
{!LANG-406cdbdc29cfa2e01f8659b6ac5ff394!} 
{!LANG-eb56277d67be05ef57e1e707e24f1007!}
{!LANG-0dc5bf6e9d66353ffddab392fda20c96!}
{!LANG-2bf0a41d991f40f765eb730c03d09ac4!}
{!LANG-9e439a4fcfbc225a18bdf9937d1fe2d5!}
{!LANG-787642e0a5c4f0456260e2de0a296184!}
{!LANG-89a7319f30620a16e70bb0cecbd39988!}
{!LANG-098ae30fc1f4d358215cd8d65a7a5d50!}
{!LANG-de724c1e714a550b0da37d910e8af242!}
{!LANG-d24bb191a7270c0b986c260edaaf879a!}
{!LANG-d9d8fb60222d6620dcc5b7c4d0604f41!}
{!LANG-7422d81461352242598e907b01a5e6c9!}
{!LANG-aa773c0c60dbc06d892ea66933ba088c!}
{!LANG-0618c36648fc23946418936ab8d4a0eb!}
{!LANG-7e578268bf5c963845beb168119be437!}
{!LANG-9f4c7c1b65016e578b63851c542f457a!}
{!LANG-0e04aad50c7799bb365ed7c3d7a60ecc!}
{!LANG-5598dbaa0e45cec91a04ef9dedd00507!}
{!LANG-164c8be4b1fc46abf46f7b778ec439f0!}
Note by Yu.G. Veremeev{!LANG-eb33c26d6681776563910f2c1738d5e4!}
{!LANG-dd15f52fef80bc724cc0b4beb7bdde8a!}
{!LANG-fe34e3ce4378cc912aef085336ed1db0!}
{!LANG-6b99411b794d2114dd2463e0b6afd207!}
{!LANG-b4d3b0e9d9b1711a4221d0dafa55b1c7!}
{!LANG-81de83bb72b47c439e120a8f42bb4cc1!}
{!LANG-06882d472f0fee1ba55976f81e1ce406!}
{!LANG-0b36e0a9dbc7f4f9a2de1eaa22a72c72!}
{!LANG-3dc2a57a7e1fb0e46f9261bf61191af7!}
{!LANG-cff94c6bdb41cb62cecb2f54097761cb!}
Sources and Literature.
1.G.S. Beloborodov. History of the Internal Troops Chronicle of events (1811-1991). GUVV Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, Moscow 1995
{!LANG-6a8e48d15bfd8da1301a2d5a8a14dea7!}
{!LANG-a4f84f69a73f27efdb185648a57d61ef!}
{!LANG-ea59a1e9f3dfe7d8a3dbb37a67fb2a89!}
{!LANG-a24132823a8d1902d7ebdf437f3ff24c!}
{!LANG-16889fa408af9823e6a80fd52f26c962!}
{!LANG-e43f7c371d8eebadcb11a6384ee73457!}
Introduction
{!LANG-0047a19bc2d1dbc4b0b65e43f2fbd021!}
{!LANG-c7d86db4c77e0ed633759937d9be5020!}
{!LANG-5c54c5aeccaad2860bcd7702a0a6727b!}
{!LANG-a68ba58e0eddb3d9ffeae27bc8c3f87d!}
{!LANG-1ad5aa5905501c7c974d5ec6eb23bf1c!}
{!LANG-08cf11ee6f301265eff86d7fd86efe2d!}
{!LANG-2d198fc367802c0221b0b8e286cd75f5!}
{!LANG-6dfef57d1bed71a916621f3e59a0291c!}
{!LANG-b9a0add4c4ef8d201c63ec9f154392ad!}
{!LANG-ff1c1d86696878a90d006f3a9a3000ac!}
{!LANG-bff351b4da31b82d2a06b3e85e19271f!}
{!LANG-10da2e9e5519e39d03f25d5bc4f367f5!}
{!LANG-f92519a491c065164a55ec9aa5e13ecd!}
{!LANG-4bddc0bd7c5ef15b324134ee108d1f25!}
{!LANG-327794b77885ddb92a57caf431d84772!}
1. {!LANG-e864157bc5e0b1809b43238e555ea12a!}
{!LANG-09ff4000ed4032da40e20584df912c52!}
{!LANG-3f8f6bbd55e4ddb60a485048641010ba!}
{!LANG-5f9be06029c8079e8fd7f754f47830a2!}
{!LANG-280a1582641376a8803ac36a5e3c2280!}
{!LANG-e62412973530b590793935ea6c7572c8!}
{!LANG-ef24e7e2f582163969b49a4e49a0418e!}
{!LANG-9b360081ccf9a6e12bfd663d02d5af4b!}
{!LANG-74558598219cbcd3a134772d49618444!}
{!LANG-8fe1b7379876c1f39d47dbcd5efb4adb!}
{!LANG-c4ef841b95c2a0bbba88d15b0ddf4030!}
{!LANG-27f4415a2c20d6ffba5ed821b28bd426!}
{!LANG-7f3279817873733cb9afd473a57f2141!}
{!LANG-281e93b4ca9880596e9a4c0536eabf38!}
{!LANG-8fcac6011a9c28b27ea86762e350f6c5!}
{!LANG-05f0c6c4675a070d9beb97edf2463bc8!}
{!LANG-4e8ecf0c33cab490c6a31164aaac9cdb!}
{!LANG-6d7ed46c8fc7f5d6052c872bcf0ed305!}
{!LANG-b3d38f9650e39f0435ba447ee70dd387!}
{!LANG-02a6b570c885de796f15b59b1e4dd1af!}
{!LANG-33d18fd6fa7ce41d88ff200ee92215c8!}
{!LANG-24beabddb96d3b0795f38d942a5c07e6!}
{!LANG-28219112d396ba4f8b8b5206cd2a3799!}
{!LANG-9d6832224f27cc46e519f75425c51488!}
