Primitive system on the territory of donbass article. History of Donbass from antiquity to our times

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HistoryDonbassfromantiquitiesbeforeourtimes

THE EDGE OF ANCIENT

Ancient history of Donbass Archaeological research shows that the territory of Donetsk region has been inhabited since ancient times. About 150 thousand years ago, hunters for elephants and cave bears lived on the spurs of the Donetsk ridge (confirmation of this is the finds near Artemovsk and Makeevka). An ancient Stone Age site was discovered not far from Amvrosievka, in the upper reaches of the Kazennaya Balka rivers, near the villages of Bogorodichnoye, Prishib and Tatyanovka. The Amvrosievskaya site is the largest known site of the Late Paleolithic in Europe in terms of its scale and the number of objects found.

A man of the modern type (Amvrosievskoe kostische, camp near the town of Mospino, workshops near the villages of Krasnoe and Belaya Gora) operated in the foothills of the Donetsk ridge during the Mesolithic, Neolithic, Eneolithic and Early Bronze Age. Known sites on the territory of Artyomovskiy, Krasnolimanskiy, Slavyanskiy districts, on the outskirts of Kramatorsk. In the Vydylykha tract, not far from Svyatogorsk, flint tools of the Neolithic era were found, the age of which is estimated at 7 thousand years. The Mariupol soil burial ground is widely known. VI millennium BC e. It belongs to one of the tribes of the Lower Don archaeological culture, which has continuously lived at the mouth of the Kalmius River for two hundred years. People made ceramics, were engaged in weaving, raised cattle. Even then, people had an artistic taste and a desire for beauty. Decorations from various materials found during excavations testify to this.

The active settlement of the region and the struggle for the territory began in the era of the Great Nations Migration. The first of the nomadic tribes who settled in the region were the Cimmerians who roamed near the rivers Kalmius and Seversky Donets in the 10th century. BC e.

The large Scythian burial mounds, studied near Mariupol and in other places, amaze with the luxury of burial implements. The finds of Perederieva Mogila (Snezhnoe) are unique. A gold pommel of the Scythian royal ceremonial headdress was found, which has no analogues in archeology. The shape of the item is ovoid and resembles a helmet, its weight is about 600 g. Dimensions of the item: height - 16.7 cm, circumference at the base - 56 cm. The surface of the headdress is skillfully covered with images made by an antique master using the technique of embossing and chasing.

With the formation in the IV century. BC e. of the Scythian kingdom of Ateya, the territory of the region became part of it and became one of the centers of settlements of agricultural and pastoral tribes.

In the same period, Sarmatian tribes came to the Donetsk steppes from the Volga region. The Sarmatian culture is represented by materials from the burial of a rich Sarmatian woman in a mound near the village. Novo-Ivanovka, Amvrosievsky district; silver gilded neck torcs, gold pendants and rings, silver and glass bracelets, bronze mirror, iron knife, bronze cauldron, horse harness.

The beginning of the Slavic colonization of the region dates back to the 8th-9th centuries. The territory was inhabited by tribes of Vyatichi, Radimichi and Chernigov northerners. During this period, there were several settled settlements on the territory of the region. The largest of them is the Sidorovsky archaeological complex with an area of \u200b\u200b120 hectares and a population of about 2-3 thousand people. Among the things found in the settlement are silver coins, which testifies to active trade near the banks of the Seversky Donets.

In the first half of the 11th century. after the Pechenegs, the torques came to the Donetsk steppes. Their memory is preserved in the names of the rivers - Tor, Kazenny Torets, Krivoy Torets, Sukhoi Torets; as well as settlements - Tor (Slavyansk), Kramatorsk, with. Torskoe.

With the invasion of the Tatar-Mongols, the Azov steppes became the arena of battles between the ancient Kiev squads and the Tatar-Mongol conquerors. At the end of the XIII century. in the Golden Horde, two large military-political centers emerged: the Donetsk-Danube and Sarai (Volga). During the heyday of the Golden Horde under Khan Uzbek, Donetsk Tatars converted to Islam. Their main settlements of that time were Azak (Azov), pos. Sedovo, a settlement near the village. Lighthouses of the Slavyansk region. In 1577, to the west of the mouth of the Kalmius River, the Crimean Tatars founded the fortified settlement of White Saray.

COLONIZATION OF LANDS OF DONETSK REGION

history donbass colonization industrialization

The active colonization of the territories of the Donetsk Ridge began with the formation of the Russian centralized state. By order of the Moscow Tsar, in connection with the need to strengthen the southern borders of the state, Ukrainian Cossacks and peasants were resettled to Wild Field, measures were taken to build fortresses and forts.

The first written records of the settlement of hermit monks in the chalk mountains on the right bank of the Seversky Donets, in the area of \u200b\u200bmodern Svyatogorsk, as well as information about the Torsk salt pans, date back to the beginning of the 16th century. The Book of the Big Drawing noted that from 5 to 10 thousand "eager people" (seasonal workers) from the cities of Belgorod, Oskol, Yelets, Kursk, Liven, Valuyki and Voronezh came to the lakes to cook salt in the warm season.

In May 1571 a system of forts and markings was created. Kolomatskaya, Obishanskaya, Bakaliyskaya, Iziumskaya, Svyatogorskaya, Bakhmutskaya and Aydarskaya guards are under construction. In 1645 the first garrison was built - the Tor fortress. The garrison consisted of Cossacks and service people, led by the first commandant Afanasy Karnaukhov. Salt workers settled next to it, so it began to be called the Salt or Salt Thor. In 1673, 1679 and 1684. the construction of defensive structures of the Mayatsk fortress, the Izyum and Torskaya defensive lines was resumed.

The Zaporozhye and Don Cossacks played an important role in the settlement and protection of the Donetsk steppes, having founded their settlements here - winter houses and farms. The cities of Druzhkovka, Avdeevka, Makeevka and others have grown out of them. On April 30, 1747, the government senate of Elizabeth I established the administrative boundary between the Don Cossacks and the Zaporozhian Cossacks along the Kalmius River.

One of the administrative-territorial units of the Zaporozhye Army was the Kalmius palanca. It had 60 fortified winter huts and two villages - Yasinovatoe and Makarovo, and the Domakha fortress was also built. The army numbered about 600-700 Cossacks who guarded the Azov region and controlled the Salt Route (Kalmius - Mius).

After the liquidation of the Zaporizhzhya Sich, the Cossacks scattered in small groups across winter roads and yurts in the stone gullies of the Donetsk steppe.

At the beginning of the XVIII century. the influx of fugitive peasants, soldiers, archers and townspeople to the Don and Seversky Donets increased. The tsarist authorities sought to return the fugitives by force. They deprived them of their temper on the land, fishing, forests, salt industries.

In the second half of the 18th - early 19th centuries. settling the Donetsk steppe became the state policy of the Russian Empire. In 1751-1752 in the interfluve of Bakhmut and Lugan, large military teams of Serbs and Croats of General I. Horvat-Otkurtich and Colonels I. Shevich and R. Preradovich were settled. They were followed by the Macedonians, Vlachs, Moldovans, Romanians, Bulgarians, Gypsies, Armenians, also Poles and Russian Old Believers hiding in Poland.

The government generously distributed free land for the so-called "ranked dachas". Large allotments between the Kalmius and Mius rivers were given to the ataman of the Don Host, Prince A. Ilovaisky. In 1785, his son Dmitry received a charter to own 60 thousand acres of land. In 1793 he brought 500 peasant families from the Saratov province and founded a new settlement - Dmitrievsk (now the city of Makeevka). In the area of \u200b\u200bSvyatogorsk, the land was donated to G. Potemkin. 400 thousand acres of land along the rivers Seversky Donets, Samara, Byk and Volchya were left behind the royal court.

In the spring of 1778, about 18 thousand Greeks moved to the territory of the region from the Crimea. On the coast of the Azov Sea and on the right bank of the Kalmius River, they founded the city of Mariupol and 24 settlements. At the end of the 18th century. Three settlements had the status of a city: Bakhmut with a population of 8 thousand people, Slavyansk - 6 thousand people and Mariupol - 4.5 thousand people. Salt was cooked in Bakhmut and Slavyansk. Fishing was developing in Mariupol. During this period, the lands in the lower reaches of the Dnieper and Azov region were divided into provinces. The territory of the modern Donetsk region to the west of the Kalmius River in 1803 became part of the Yekaterinoslav province, and the lands east of Kalmius - to the Don Cossack Region.

EXPLORATION OF THE NATURAL WEALTHS OF DONBASS

The beginning of the industrial development of Donbass is primarily associated with the extraction of salt. Since ancient times, brine from the Torsk salt lakes has been used to produce salt. This process intensified at the end of the 16th century, when hundreds of residents of the Left-Bank Ukraine and southern districts of Russia began to come to Tor for salt. By the 70s. XVII century up to 10 thousand Chumaks came to the crafts annually, who mined and exported up to 600 thousand poods of salt. In the summer of 1664, three state breweries were created on the Torsk salt lakes. In 1740, MV Lomonosov, on behalf of the government, studied the salt fields in Bakhmut.

The Cossack settlers, in addition to salt, found deposits of coal and iron ores in ravines and ravines, and determined their location by soil cuts. The Cossacks also successfully organized the search for lead ores in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Nagolny Ridge, and then smelted metal from them in ladles.

By decree of the Russian Emperor Peter I, geologist G. Kapustin in 1721 discovered deposits of coal near the tributary of the Seversky Donets - the Kurdyuchaya River and proved the suitability of its use in forge and metallurgical industries.

In 1827-1828. expedition of the mining engineer A. Olivieri in the area of \u200b\u200bthe village. Starobeshevo discovered several coal seams. In 1832 the expedition of the mining engineer A. Ivanitsky began prospecting work in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Kalmius River. The famous scientist and mining engineer E. Kovalevsky in 1827 compiled the first geological map of Donbass, on which he plotted 25 mineral deposits known to him. It was Kovalevsky who first introduced the concept of "Donetsk mountain basin", "Donetsk basin" or Donbass. In the "Mining Journal" for 1829 it was reported that there were 23 coal mines in the Donbass. At that time, the largest deposits were considered Lisichanskoe, Zaitsevskoe (or Nikitovskoe), Belyanskoe and Uspenskoe, discovered in the beginning. XIX century.

In 1842, by order of the Novorossiysk governor M. Vorontsov, to organize the supply of fuel to the steam ships of the Azov-Black Sea flotilla, engineer A. V. Guryev put into operation the Guryevskaya mines, then Mikhailovskaya and Elizavetinskaya. Since then, the Donetsk coal basin, equal in area to all coal deposits. Western Europe, gained worldwide fame.

INDUSTRIALIZATION

By 1913, more than 1.5 billion poods of coal were mined in the Donbass. The share of the Donetsk Basin in the Russian coal industry was 74%. Almost all coking coal in Russia was mined in the Donbass.

The growth of the coal industry contributed to the development of ferrous metallurgy. In 1858, the Petrovsky blast furnace plant was founded on the territory of the modern city of Yenakiyevo. In 1869, the Englishman John Hughes (Hughes) acquired a concession for the production of cast iron and rails and built the first large metallurgical plant on the banks of the Kalmius River.

By 1900, in Donbass, Russian Providence, Yuzovsky, Druzhkovsky, Petrovsky, Donetsk-Yuryevsky, Nikopol-Mariupolsky, Konstantinovsky, Olkhovsky, Makeevsky, Kramatorsky, Toretsky metallurgical plants, which had the largest blast furnaces in Russia, were producing which used the method of hot blast blast. In total, there were about 300 enterprises of the metalworking, chemical and food industries. The construction of the factories was mainly financed by American, British, French, Belgian and German foreign investments. By the end of the 19th century, the boards of 19 Donetsk joint stock companies were located in Brussels, Paris. London and Berlin.

In 1901, at the XXVI Congress of Miners in the South of Russia, a program was formulated to create syndicates in the "iron-making" industry. with a capital of 900 thousand rubles.In 1906, the "Produgol" trust was established, which controlled the production of 75% of coal in the Donetsk basin.

Intensive industrial development served as a stimulating impetus for the growth of railway construction. In the years 1870-1890. traffic on Konstantinovskaya (Nikitovskaya) was opened. Donetsk coal and Ekaterininskaya railways, connecting the inner regions of Donbass, as well as Donetsk coal with the Krivoy Rog iron ore and Nikopol manganese ore basins. In 1870, the Novorossiysk Governor-General P. Kotsebue proposed to lay a seaport at the mouth of the Kalmius River, capable of receiving large-tonnage vessels. On August 29, 1889, in the area of \u200b\u200bthe former Zintsevskaya gully near Mariupol, the steamer "Medveditsa" took on board almost 1000 tons of coal and metal for deliveries to the markets of Constantinople and St. Petersburg.

With the development of industry, a rapid growth in the population began, and factory settlements were formed. According to the 1897 census, more than 333 thousand people lived in the Bakhmutsk district of the Yekaterinoslav province, and more than 254 thousand people in Mariupol.

At the beginning of the XX century. major industrial centers of the Donetsk Territory are the cities of Gorlovka - 30 thousand, Bakhmut (Artemovsk) - more than 30 thousand, Makeevka - 20 thousand, Yenakiyevo - 16 thousand, Kramatorsk - 12 thousand, Druzhkovka - more 13 thousand inhabitants.

SOCIALIST MODERNIZATION OF THE REGION

On November 7, 1917, in Petrograd, power passed into the hands of the Soviets of Workers 'and Peasants' Deputies under the leadership of the RSDLP (b). The workers of Donbass supported the Petrograd events. December 25, 1917, the I All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets proclaimed Ukraine a Soviet Socialist Republic. On February 9-14, 1918, the IV Regional Congress of Soviets proclaimed the creation of the Soviet republic of the Donetsk and Krivoy Rog basins. FA Artem was elected the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Donetsk-Kryvyi Rih Republic.

The events of the civil war and foreign interventions (1919-1920) are a tragic page in the country's history. In October 1918 - January 1919, during the Donbass operation, the Red Army expelled the Denikinites from the region. In September-October 1920 - defended the edge from the Wrangelites. On March 23, 1920, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR approved the separation of Donbass into an independent province within the Ukrainian Soviet Republic.

By the end of the civil war in the Donbass, out of 3,500 operating mines, only 893 remained in working order. 2,376 coal enterprises needed major repairs, 1.8 billion poods of coal turned out to be under the rubble, 3.3 billion were flooded. At the beginning of 1921, coal production in comparison with the pre-war level decreased by 1.5 times. In 1921, 46% of industrial enterprises did not work in the region. The population of the region has decreased by two-thirds. In 1921-1922. in Ukraine, including in the Donbass, famine broke out, 500 thousand were starving in the region. man. Along with the restoration of the region's economy, the tasks were set to build new mines, metallurgical and machine-building plants, and power plants.

In the late 20s - early 30s. Donbass has turned into a huge construction site. The Kramatorsk Heavy Machine Building Plant (1933), the Mariupol Metallurgical Plant "Azovstal" (1934) were launched. In 1929, the largest blast furnace in the USSR was put into operation at the Makeevka plant. The Zuevskaya power plant (1931) with a capacity of 150 thousand kW began to work, the Kurakhovskaya and Kramatorskaya TPPs were built.

Significant advances have been made in the chemical industry. New highly mechanized chemical plants have been built - the Horlivka State Chemical Plant and the Donetsk State Chemical Plant.

During this period, Donbass became one of the largest centers of mechanical engineering. In 1929 the ceremonial laying of the Novokramatorsk Machine-Building Plant took place.

In 1932, the largest iron foundry and model shops in Europe, as well as an oxygen station were built at the plant. The leading specialized enterprise in the USSR for the production of machinery and equipment for the coke-chemical industry was the Slavyansk Heavy Machine Building Plant.

At the end of 1932, a new form of socialist competition appeared - the Izotov movement. It was initiated by Nikita Izotov, a miner at mine No. 1 "Kochegarka" in the Gorlovskiy region, who achieved an unprecedented output, having fulfilled the coal production plan in January by 562%, in May by 558%, and in June by 2000% (607 tons in 6 hours).

In August 1935 the Stakhanov movement unfolded. Among the best Donetsk Stakhanovites was the steelmaker of the Mariupol plant named after I. Ilyich Makar Mazai. In October 1936, he set several world records for steel removal per square meter of the furnace hearth with a maximum result of 15 tons in 6 hours and 30 minutes. In 1935, Petr Krivonos, a steam locomotive operator at the Slavyansk depot, was the first in transport when driving freight trains to increase the forcing of the locomotive's boiler, due to which the technical speed was doubled - to 46-47 km / h.

By the beginning of 1940 Donbass produced 85.5 million tons of coal - 60% of the all-Union production. About 60% of metallurgy and railway transport enterprises, about 50% of power plants in the USSR worked in the Donetsk coal. The region's metallurgists produced 30% of the all-Union iron smelting, 20% of steel, and 22% of rolled products.

In the 20-30s. the recovery period begins in the field of education and culture. In 1922, 15% of children were enrolled in schools, then by 1924 there were already more than 80% of students. The network of vocational schools also grew. In May 1921 a mining and mechanical technical school was opened in Yuzovka, and in 1923 the Kramatorsk mechanical engineering technical school began its work. In the cities, workers' clubs became the centers of mass cultural work, the number of which reached 216 by 1925. In the villages, 246 clubs and 187 reading rooms were opened.

On May 1, 1925, palaces of culture were founded in 13 cities and mining settlements. In 1928, the Stalin Mining College was reorganized into a mining institute, metallurgical and coal-chemical institutes began to operate, which in 1935 were merged into the Stalin Industrial Institute. In 1930, the Stalin State Medical Institute was established in Stalino.

In 1940, 6,400 students studied at 7 universities in the region, 16,700 students at technical schools, and about 570,000 children at schools.

On the eve of World War II, an opera and ballet theater, 6 drama theaters, a musical comedy theater, and a philharmonic society worked in the region. One of the leading was the State Ukrainian Music and Drama Theater. Artyom.

In 1190 libraries of the region, 3.5 million books were collected.

The population was served by 514 cinema installations.

In the pre-war years, several musical colleges and schools were created in the Donetsk region, famous musical figures worked.

YEARS OF FEVER

On June 22, 1941, fascist Germany attacked the Soviet Union. The capture of Donbass was a primary goal for the Germans. In their plans, the German command prepared for him the role of the "eastern Ruhr". Already in the first months of the war, Donetsk region provided the Red Army with more than 175 thousand soldiers. The formation of the people's militia was actively going on, which included a total of 220 thousand people.

Despite the heroic resistance of the Red Army soldiers, Donbass was captured by the enemy. On October 21, 1941, the city of Stalino (present-day Donetsk) was occupied. The German administration made great efforts to resume coal mining in the Donetsk Basin. Nevertheless, by November 1942 the Germans managed to get from the Donetsk mines only 2.3% of the rate of coal production in comparison with the same pre-war period.

The local population was exterminated inhumanly. For the period from November 1941 to September 1943 at the mine 4-4-bis village. Kalinovka was shot and about 75 thousand people were thrown into the pit. With a total depth of the mine of 360 m, 305 m were littered with the bodies of the dead. Prisoners of the Red Army were subjected to mass extermination. In January 1942, on the territory of the club. Lenin's Donetsk Metallurgical Plant, a central prisoner of war camp was organized, where more than 3 thousand people were killed.

The terror carried out by the Germans strengthened the Resistance movement. On the territory of the region, there were 180 partisan detachments and reconnaissance groups with a total number of 4, 2 thousand people. During the period from October 1941 to September 1943, more than 600 combat operations were carried out by partisan detachments. Thousands of Hitlerites were destroyed, 14 echelons with military supplies were derailed, 131 km of railway lines were dismantled, 23 German garrisons and 18 police stations were destroyed. The Slavic partisan detachment, commanded by M.I.Karnaukhov, became famous for its military exploits. In the city of Slavyansk itself, during the occupation, the Komsomol organization "Forpost" carried out underground work, which issued over 2 thousand leaflets. Yamskiy, Artemovskiy, Krasnolimanskiy and other partisan detachments were successfully fighting. The partisan detachment "For the Motherland" coordinated the actions created in the vicinity of the village. Yampol partisan groups. In Stalino, near the village. Rutchenkovo, four Komsomol members - A. Vasilyeva, K. Kostrykina, Z. Polonchukova and K. Barannikova - handed over water, clothes to Soviet prisoners of war in the concentration camp, and helped them escape. The brave girls were captured by the Nazis and shot. In with. An underground pioneer group operated in the Pokrovsky district of the Artyomovsky district, whose members wrote leaflets, hid Soviet soldiers, girls and boys, who were to be driven into slavery. For their courage and heroism, 642 partisans-underground fighters of the Donetsk region were awarded orders and medals, many of them posthumously.

On September 8, 1943, the troops of the Red Army of the Southern and Southwestern Fronts liberated the Donetsk coal basin. In almost 40 days of continuous offensive in August-September 1943, the troops advanced from the Seversky Donets and Mius rivers to a depth of more than 300 km along the entire front. In fierce battles, they defeated 11 infantry and 2 tank divisions of the enemy. On the occasion of this major military operation, Moscow saluted the liberators with twenty artillery volleys from 224 guns.

Many Red Army soldiers died heroically in the battles for the liberation of Donbass. Among them - a member of the Military Council of the Southern Front, Lieutenant General K. A. Gurov and the commander of the 3rd Guards Tank Brigade, Guards Colonel F. A. Grinkevich. To perpetuate their memory in February 1944, the Stalino Hospital Avenue was renamed into Grinkevich, and Metallistov Avenue - to the avenue named after Gurov.

In the liberation battles for Donbass, about 150 thousand soldiers of the Red Army, about 1200 partisans and underground fighters were killed.

During the occupation, more than 174 thousand civilians, 149 thousand prisoners of war were killed and tortured on the territory of the Stalin region, 252 thousand citizens were taken to Germany, material damage was inflicted in the amount of 30 billion rubles. By 1944, 48 were left in the region. 8% of the pre-war population, more than 1 million square meters were destroyed. m of living space. In fact, the coal and chemical industries ceased to exist, most of the power plants were put out of action. Railroad transport and agriculture were destroyed. In total, 314 main mines and 30 new-built mines were blown up and flooded, more than 2,100 km of underground workings were damaged, 280 metal headframes, 515 lifting machines, 570 main ventilation devices were blown up. The volume of water that filled the mine workings was over 800 million cubic meters. m.

In Yasinovataya, out of 147 km of tracks, only 2 km remained serviceable. The railway junctions of the stations Nikitovka, Ilovaisk, Krasnoarmeysk, Volnovakha, and Slavyansk were completely destroyed. Three largest thermal power plants - Zuevskaya, Kurakhovskaya and Shterovskaya were turned into ruins.

K. Moskalenko, commander of a rifle and cavalry corps, and N. Semeiko, squadron commander of an air regiment, twice. 22 divisions and regiments were awarded the honorary titles of Stalin's (from the name of the regional center - Stalino), Gorlovsky, Makeevsky, Kramatorsky, Chistyakovsky, Ilovaisky.

REBIRTH AND FLOWER

On October 26, 1943, the State Defense Committee adopted a resolution “On priority measures to restore the coal industry of the Donetsk basin”. The selfless labor of Donbass miners and the help of other regions made it possible to accomplish the assigned tasks. By the end of the war, Donbass, in terms of coal production, again became the country's leading coal basin. Its share on an all-Union scale, which in 1943 was 4.8%, rose to 26.7%. Metallurgical enterprises were revived at an accelerated pace. On October 10, 1943, exactly one month after the liberation of the city, the Mariupol steel workers produced the first melting. By the beginning of 1945, 8 blast furnaces and 24 open-hearth furnaces, 2 Bessemer converters, 15 rolling mills, 60 coke oven batteries and almost all refractory materials plants were operating in the Stalin region. In 1957, construction of a blast furnace began at Azovstal and the Yenakiyevo Metallurgical Plant. The Zuevskaya GRES was restored in a short time. The first turbine was commissioned on January 9, the second on May 13, 1944.

In the 50s. 37 new mines were built. In 1961, the first in the region hydraulic mine "Pioneer D-2" was commissioned. A team of workers at the face of the Oktyabrskaya mine with a 1K-52M coal harvester in 31 working days extracted 122.34 million tons of coal from one face, which was a new world record. The largest new building of this period was the Ukraine mine of the Selidovugol trust. Its design capacity is 6,000 tons of coal per day.

In the 60s. the metallurgists of the region were tasked with increasing the production of pig iron by 41.5%, steel - by 26.5%, rolled products - by 26.7% compared to 1958. Metallurgists coped with them with dignity. In 1960 the Donetsk Metallurgical Plant switched to a progressive, fully mechanized method of casting steel without molds. January 26, 1962 in the city of Zhdanov (present-day Mariupol) at the plant. Ilyich gave the first production to the slabbing giant, the thin-sheet mill was modernized. The world's largest coke oven batteries of the Avdiivka Coke Plant were commissioned.

In 1960, the Druzhkovsky machine-building plant mastered the serial production of inertial gyro tractors. Donetsk region is becoming a region of developed chemistry. At the beginning of the 80s. chemical enterprises of Donbass provided 1/8 of the republican output of mineral fertilizers and soda ash, 1/4 of sulfuric acid, almost 1/5 of synthetic detergents.

The largest new buildings of the 70s. - Uglegorskaya GRES, highly mechanized coal mines named after Lenin Komsomol of Ukraine, them. L. G. Stakhanova and "Mariupolskaya-kapitalnaya", as well as an oxygen-converter shop at the Azovstal plant, coke oven batteries at the Avdeevsky coke-chemical plant, complexes for the production of ammonia in Gorlovka, the Gorlovsky plant of rubber products.

Major changes have taken place in agriculture. For 1954-1958 the annual gross grain harvest averaged 1308 thousand tons in the region. Milk production for five years increased by 200 thousand tons, meat production increased significantly. On February 26, 1958, Donetsk region was awarded the Order of Demin for great success in the development of agriculture. Over 2 thousand workers were awarded government awards, 15 of them - the high title of Hero of Socialist Labor. In the 70s-80s. in the collective and state farms of the region, due to reconstruction and new construction, mechanized farms and complexes for keeping cattle for 581.5 thousand heads, pigs - for more than 200 thousand heads were put into operation, areas for keeping other animals and poultry were expanded ... From 1965 to 1980 the number of tractors and trucks increased by 1.5 times.

By the beginning of 1976, more than 15 thousand specialists with higher and secondary specialized education and more than 38 thousand machine operators worked in the villages of the region.

During this period, Donetsk region became a large construction site. From 1958 to 1985 12 thousand enterprises were built. Intensive industrial development of Donbass turned it by the mid-80s into one of the most urbanized regions of Ukraine - 90% of the inhabitants of the entire region lived in cities.

An important role in the activation of scientific life in the region was played by the creation in 1965 in Donetsk of the scientific center of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. It included the Institute of Physics and Technology, the Department of Economic and Industrial Research of the Institute of Economics of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, a computing center and a botanical garden.

The Donetsk branch of Giprouglemash created the Donbass coal harvester, for which the designers and engineers A. D. Sukach, V. N. Khorin, A. N. Bashkov and S. M. Harutyunyan were awarded the title of laureates of the State Prize. The All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Mine Rescue (Donetsk), the only specialized institution of this kind in the world, has become a large scientific center of the region. Donetsk Polytechnic Institute was the center of university science in Donbass, where promising topics were developed.

During the years of Ukraine's independence, Donetsk region not only retained its leading positions in the industrial development of the country, but also became the center of its cultural and socio-political life.

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The rise of Moscow and the beginning of the unification of the Russian lands. Preconditions, course and features of the political centralization of Russia. Formation of a single territory and completion of the formation of the socio-political system of the Russian centralized state.

test, added 12/04/2012

Krasnoyarsk in the first decade of Soviet power. The situation of the townspeople in the context of the new economic policy. Forced industrialization, the failure of the NEP and the search for more effective alternatives. The need for industrialization of the economy of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

term paper, added 11/22/2010

The system of inter-princes relations as the beginning of the formation of the state. Centralization process around Moscow and its features. Stages of creating a centralized Russian state. The role of the Orthodox Church in the formation of Russian statehood.

term paper, added 05/02/2011

The oldest settlements on the site of Moscow, the historical significance of the city in different periods. The foundation and development of the city from the beginning of the settlement of its territory until the beginning of the twentieth century. The history of the Kremlin and adjacent territories. Archaeological excavations in Moscow.

For the first time on the territory of our region, people appeared about 150 thousand years ago in the Middle Paleolithic era. The oldest man - archanthropus(or Pithecanthropus) was distinguished by great physical strength and endurance. Archanthropus knew how to use fire, built primitive dwellings in the form of awnings from rain or barriers from the wind, and made stone tools. The main occupation was hunting large animals. Gathering of edible plants played an important role. In mountainous conditions, archanthropus lived mainly in caves, in plains - on the banks of rivers and lakes. Animals were hunted with spears - large wooden pointed stakes, clubs and sometimes a spear with stone tips. For strength, the spearhead was fired at the stake. Archanthropus led a wandering lifestyle and stayed for several days where they managed to get an animal. At the site of such camps, there were crushed bones of eaten animals, dull stone tools and fragments of stone. During excavations, hearths are found in caves.

Several camps of the most ancient people were found in Donbass. All of them are located in river valleys not far from the sources of the stone from which the tools were made. Finds on them are extremely few. Such open-air camps existed for a very short time. The rarity of ancient monuments is also explained by their poor preservation. The traces of the Archantropians' activities were washed away by rain and flooding of rivers. Finding ancient stone tools is possible only after special searches or by accident in the coastal cliffs of rivers and gullies, in the walls of clay quarries. Almost all finds of archanthropic stone tools in the Donbass come from high clay outcrops or from erosion of ancient rocks. The remains of the camps of the archantropists have been preserved near the city of Amvrosievka on the banks of the Krynka River, not far from Artemovsk, in Makeevka, in Izyum, near Lugansk, near the village of Kirov, Artyomovsk district. All these findings indicate a rare, but uniform settlement of the region.

About 100 thousand years ago, the archantropians were replaced paleanthropes(ancient people, or Neanderthals). Scientists believe that the bulk of archanthropus and paleoanthropus came to Eastern Europe from the west. Paleoanthropes were the more perfect ancestors of modern humans. They knew how not only to maintain a fire, but also to make it. Their speech was still undeveloped. At the same time, paleoanthropes have the first ideological ideas, the custom of burying their dead relatives. Paleoanthropes were well adapted to the harsh conditions of the Ice Age and successfully hunted bison, saiga, cave bears, mammoths, deer and other animals. Bones of deer, horses, wolves were found at the sites of the Azov region. The main hunting weapon was flint-tipped throwing spears. The stone tools were crafted with great care. Scrapers, knives, points and other tools come in a variety of shapes. Most of them were intended for butchering the carcasses of killed animals. Paleoanthropes were able to make primitive clothing from animal skins and some kind of wooden devices (spear shafts, knife handles, baskets, beaters, etc.).

Several dozen sites of this time are known in Donbass. In terms of the size and amount of household waste, they are much larger than the camps of archanthropics. In 1962-1965. archaeologists have carefully excavated two ancient sites near the village of Antonovka, Maryinsky district. Here were found the bones of a bison and many tools, cut from both sides.

A man of a modern physical type was first formed in the Middle East about 40 thousand years ago. He is called Homo Sapiens - Homo sapiens. It is also called neoanthrope... This person had a developed speech, knew how to plan his work for a long time. Art, religious ideas appear. The appearance of modern man coincided with a new era - the Late Paleolithic (35-10 thousand years ago).

In the Late Paleolithic, the tribal organization of society was finally formed. The clan included several families with a joint household. The ancestral settlement in the Late Paleolithic consisted of 7-8 families and numbered 30-40 people. Marriages within the clan have never been concluded. Only representatives of different clans could form a new family. The family owned the hunting grounds, the animals that were caught, so each person depended on other residents of the village and could not live alone.

The most severe glaciation occurred in the Late Paleolithic. At the beginning of this glaciation, the climate on the territory of our region resembled the climate of modern Yakutia. The man had to learn how to sew warm clothes and build dwellings. They were different in different territorial areas. People have learned to build round houses - semi-dugouts - from the bones of mammoths.

People have learned to chop flint in a new way and make long and thin plates out of it. Flint plates were used to make scrapers, cutters, knives, tip inserts and other tools. When the blades were obtained, prismatic cores were formed. In the Slavyansky district, near the village of Sidorovo, an ancient workshop has survived, where people replenished stocks of flint raw materials, made blanks of cores and plates from it. A similar workshop was found near the village of Novoklinovka in the Amvrosievsky district on the banks of the Krynka river. It appeared near the chalk outcrops. In 1935, an archaeologist-ethnographer V.M. Evseev in the Kazennaya gully near Amvrosievka discovered a very large accumulation of bones of ancient bison, and next to it - a site of the late Paleolithic.

The last period of the Stone Age is called the Neolithic (VI-IV millennium BC). In the Neolithic, the population increased so much that there was not enough hunting game and it became necessary to additionally cultivate the land, grow grain, and engage in cattle breeding. In addition, the productivity of agriculture and livestock raising is much higher compared to hunting and gathering. Such a transition to new forms of economy is called the Neolithic or agrarian (i.e. agricultural) revolution.

Neolithic revolution - a natural phenomenon in the economic and social (social) development of ancient societies. Its essence lies in the forced sharp intensification of labor, aimed at overcoming the food crisis. Societies based on a productive economy are undergoing a profound all-round restructuring: a settled way of life is developing, house-building is developing, new cults and myths about the structure of the world are being formed, and shifts in the social structure are taking place. Many Neolithic tribes completely switched to new ways of providing themselves with food, others (mainly in the forest zone) were still engaged in hunting and gathering. Agriculture and cattle breeding were developed primarily in warm regions, where there were conditions for growing crops and grazing, including in the south of Ukraine.

In the Neolithic, people learned to sculpt and burn pottery. The first pots had a sharp or round bottom, were richly ornamented with various impressions and stamps, drawn by ornament. Earthenware became widespread in connection with agriculture, as it was intended mainly for the preparation of various cereals from crushed grains of millet, barley and wheat.

The Neolithic population of Donbass practiced a mixed economy - hunting and gathering were combined with primitive agriculture. Tribes with such an economy settled mainly in the Seversky Donets valley, because a very favorable natural environment has developed here.

In the Neolithic, large tribes were formed, uniting several large clans. The tribes controlled the territory on which their hunting grounds, cultivated areas, lakes, thickets of edible plants were located. An alien tribe did not have the right to use these lands without the consent of the owners. The clans and tribes were ruled by elders from the most respected people.

Mainly tribes lived in Podontsovye dnieper-Donetsk culture. They were concentrated in the Seversky Donets basin, between the Dnieper and Don rivers ( archaeological culture denotes a large group of people - several tribes who lived in a certain territory, spoke the same language, conducted the same household and built houses in the same way, made dishes, stone tools, etc.). At the early stage of the Dnieper-Donetsk culture, ceramics were still unknown.

In addition to the monuments of the Dnieper-Donetsk culture, in Podontsovye there are sometimes settlements of the more northern pit-comb culture forest hunters. This name comes from the method of ornamentation of clay vessels.

A special branch of the economy of the Donetsk Mesolithic and Neolithic tribes was the manufacture of flint tools for their own needs and specifically for exchange. The flint lying in the chalk forms rich deposits along the right bank of the Donets, along the valleys of the rivers Krynka, Bakhmutka, Kazenny and Sukhoi Tortsov. The growth of the Neolithic population, the increase in the size of tools and the widespread use of flint axes in connection with deforestation forced the ancient craftsmen to develop new deposits of flint and organize its extraction. Flint pieces collected on chalk slopes or extracted from the bowels were preliminarily processed here on site or nearby.

Usually the workshops were visited during the warmer months. On canoes and wooden rafts, flint items were delivered to the areas of permanent settlements. Some of the products were transferred to neighbors in exchange for their wealth. So flint tools from the Donetsk ridge came to the Azov, Dnieper and other regions.

At the end of the Neolithic, in the 4th millennium BC, a strong and large community lived in the area of \u200b\u200bmodern Mariupol. The settlement of this community was not found, but a ancestral burial ground was found. The excavations were carried out under the guidance of the Kiev archaeologist N.E. Makarenko. The Mariupol burial ground was a long rectangular pit with 122 skeletons arranged in four rows. The buried men and women were dressed in rich clothes, trimmed with bone beads, plates of boar tusks. The buried were accompanied by stone pendants, flint knives, necklaces of animal fangs, axes, arrows, and a stone drilled mace. All burials were densely covered with ocher.

Eneolithic (Copper - Stone Age) begins in the middle of the 4th millennium BC. and ends in the middle of the 3rd millennium BC. It was the time of the complete transition to agriculture and animal husbandry. The productive forms of the economy have supplanted hunting and gathering and left them in place of auxiliary methods of obtaining food. In the southwestern regions of modern Ukraine and Moldova, the famous Trypillian agricultural culture is formed in the Eneolithic. To the east of the Dnieper, in the steppe and southern forest-steppe, in the Eneolithic, tribes lived whose economy was based on cattle breeding, primarily on horse breeding. In the few Chalcolithic settlements between the Dnieper and the Don, animal bones are found, of which more than 50% belong to horses. It is the oldest tamed horse in Europe. Judging by the details found, the horse's bridle has already been used for riding.

A few copper items (adze axes, awls, ornaments) were highly valued. Copper came from the Balkans through the tribes of the Trypillian culture or from the North Caucasus. Most of the tools were still made of bone and flint. In the Eneolithic, the Donetsk flint processing center reaches its heyday. Old workshops continue to exist near the villages of Krasnoe and Belaya Gora, new ones appear near the village of V. Pustosh near Kramatorsk, near the villages of Malinovka and Rai-Aleksandrovka, Slavyansky district.

Ancient pit culture Donbass was formed on the basis of local Chalcolithic tribes. It dates back to the XXV-XXI centuries. BC. Ancient pit settlements were found in the Don region, the Dnieper region and in the Azov region (near the village of Razdolnoye in the Starobeshevsky district). Ancient pits were mainly engaged in cattle breeding, bred horses, bulls, goats, sheep, pigs. The bulk of the population migrated from one pasture to another. Shepherding was supplemented by agriculture. The specific weight of agriculture was low. Anthropologically, the ancient pits were tall and well-built people. They were Indo-Europeans. The Indo-European community was formed in the Eneolithic and Bronze Age and includes the ancestors of many modern peoples of Eurasia.

The tribes also belong to the Indo-Europeans catacomb culture. The tribes of this culture replaced the ancient pits and existed in the vast expanses of the Left-Bank Ukraine in the 20th-15th centuries. BC. In the Azov region, the ancient pit and catacomb tribes coexist for some time. The catacomb economy was in many ways the same as that of its predecessors. The way of life and way of life was the same shepherd. Rare settlements are known only in the forest-steppe. One of them was found in Slavyanogorsk. In the steppe, only burials near the kurgan have survived. In the Donetsk region, about 500 catacomb graves have been investigated. There are especially many of them in the Slavyansky and Artyomovsky regions. The social and property differentiation of society is clearly visible from the burial structures and implements. Some warriors buried in the catacombs have special symbols of power in the form of drilled maces made of expensive imported stone. The burials of artisans, metalworkers, furriers, etc. are also distinguished.

In the XV century. BC. the situation in the steppe and forest-steppe is changing dramatically. From the distant Volga region to the Left-Bank Ukraine and the Don region came numerous Iranian-speaking tribes of the so-called timber archaeological culture. They completely mastered the Donetsk lands. The economy of the Srubna society was based on an integrated agricultural and livestock economy. Agriculture was predominantly hoe. The main agricultural crop was barley. Cattle breeding of the Timber tribes was mainly localized. In the warm season, cattle grazed freely around the villages, in winter they were kept in pens or in people's dwellings. Bred mainly bulls and sheep. Hunting and fishing provided some of the products. The agricultural and pastoral economy determined the sedentary lifestyle of the Timber tribes. They lived in large villages located on the banks of rivers and gullies. The dwellings looked like semi-dugouts and went deep into the ground by 1.0-1.2 meters.

Archaeological research indicates that the territory of the Donetsk region has been inhabited since ancient times. About 150 thousand years ago, hunters for elephants and cave bears lived on the spurs of the Donetsk ridge (confirmation of this is the finds near Artemovsk and Makeevka). An ancient Stone Age site was discovered not far from Amvrosievka, in the upper reaches of the Kazennaya Balka rivers, near the villages of Bogorodichnoye, Prishib and Tatyanovka. The Amvrosievskaya site is the largest known site of the Late Paleolithic in Europe in terms of its scale and the number of objects found.

In the VII century. BC e. they were pushed aside by numerous warlike tribes of the Scythians. The large Scythian burial mounds, studied near Mariupol and in other places, amaze with the luxury of burial implements. The finds of Perederieva Tomb (Snezhnoe) are unique. The gold pommel of the Scythian royal ceremonial headdress was found, which has no analogues in archeology. The shape of the item is ovoid and resembles a helmet, its weight is about 600 g. Dimensions of the item: height - 16.7 cm, circumference at the base - 56 cm. The surface of the headdress is skillfully covered with images made by an antique master using the technique of embossing and embossing.

At the beginning of the 1st millennium AD e. Numerous cattle-breeding tribes of Borans, Roxolans, Alans, Huns, Avars, driven out by the Bulgarians, who yielded to the onslaught of the Khazars, who included this territory into their state association - the Khazar Kaganate, roamed the territory of the region. Near the Seversky Donets, scientists have found a large settlement of the times of the Khazar Kaganate. Presumably it existed in the VIII-X centuries. Its area was over 120 hectares. During excavations, archaeologists found the treasures of the ancient Khazar - a set of pincers, tongs, stirrups, buckles.
The beginning of the Slavic colonization of the region dates back to the VIII-IX centuries. The territory was inhabited by tribes of Vyatichi, Radimichi and Chernigov northerners. During this period, there were several settled settlements on the territory of the region. The largest of them is the Sidorovsky archaeological complex with an area of \u200b\u200b120 hectares and a population of about 2-3 thousand people. Among the things found in the settlement are silver coins, which testifies to active trade near the banks of the Seversky Donets.

In the first half of the IX century. Turks come to the Donetsk steppes. Simultaneously with them, Polovtsy and Pechenegs appeared in the Azov steppes. The Kiev princes went on campaigns against them more than once. According to historians, the famous battle of May 12, 1185 between Prince Igor and the Polovtsy, which became the plot of "The Lay of Igor's Host", took place in the Donetsk region.
In the first half of the 11th century. after the Pechenegs, the torques came to the Donetsk steppes. Their memory is preserved in the names of the rivers - Tor, Kazenny Torets, Krivoy Torets, Sukhoi Torets; as well as settlements - Tor (Slavyansk), Kramatorsk, with. Torskoe.

With the invasion of the Tatar-Mongols, the Azov steppes become the arena of battles between the ancient Kiev squads and the Tatar-Mongol conquerors. At the end of the XIII century. in the Golden Horde, two large military-political centers emerged: the Donetsk-Danube and Sarai (Volga). During the heyday of the Golden Horde under Khan Uzbek, Donetsk Tatars converted to Islam. Their main settlements of that time were Azak (Azov), pos. Sedovo, a settlement near the village. Lighthouses of the Slavyansk region. In 1577, to the west of the mouth of the Kalmius River, the Crimean Tatars founded the fortified settlement of White Saray.

COLONIZATION OF LANDS OF DONETSK REGION

In May 1571 a system of forts and marks was created. Kolomatskaya, Obishanskaya, Bakaliyskaya, Iziumskaya, Svyatogorskaya, Bakhmutskaya and Aydarskaya guards are under construction. In 1645 the first garrison was built - the Tor fortress. The garrison consisted of Cossacks and service people, led by the first commandant Afanasy Karnaukhov. Salt workers settled next to it, so it began to be called the Salt or Salt Thor. In 1673, 1679 and 1684. resumed the construction of defense structures of the Mayatsk fortress, the Izyum and Torsk defensive lines.

The Zaporozhye and Don Cossacks played an important role in the settlement and protection of the Donetsk steppes, having founded their settlements here - winter houses and farms. The cities of Druzhkovka, Avdeevka, Makeyevka and others grew out of them. On April 30, 1747, the government senate of Elizabeth I established the administrative border of the Don Army and the Zaporozhian Army along the Kalmius River.

After the liquidation of the Zaporizhzhya Sich, the Cossacks scattered in small groups across winter roads and yurts in the stone gullies of the Donetsk steppe.

In the second half of the 18th - early 19th centuries. settling the Donetsk steppe became the state policy of the Russian Empire. In 1751-1752 in the interfluve of Bakhmut and Lugan, large military teams of Serbs and Croats, General I. Horvat-Otkurtich and colonels I. Shevich and R. Preradovich, were settled. They were followed by the Macedonians, Vlachs, Moldovans, Romanians, Bulgarians, Gypsies, Armenians, also Poles and Russian Old Believers hiding in Poland.

The government generously distributed vacant land for the so-called "rank dachas". Large allotments between the Kalmius and Mius rivers were given to the ataman of the Don Host, Prince A. Ilovaisky. In 1785, his son Dmitry received a charter to own 60 thousand acres of land. In 1793 he brought 500 peasant families from the Saratov province and founded a new settlement - Dmitrievsk (now the city of Makeevka). In the area of \u200b\u200bSvyatogorsk, the land was donated to G. Potemkin. 400 thousand acres of land along the rivers Seversky Donets, Samara, Byk and Volchya were left behind the royal court.

During this period, the lands in the lower reaches of the Dnieper and Azov region were divided into provinces. The territory of the modern Donetsk region to the west of the Kalmius River in 1803 became part of the Yekaterinoslav province, and the lands east of Kalmius - to the Don Cossack Region.

EXPLORATION OF THE NATURAL WEALTHS OF DONBASS

By the decree of the Russian Emperor Peter I, geologist G. Kapustin in 1721 discovered deposits of coal near the tributary of the Seversky Donets River - the Kurdyuchaya River and proved the suitability of its use in blacksmithing and metallurgical industries.

INDUSTRIALIZATION OF DONBASS

By 1913, more than 1.5 billion poods of coal were mined in the Donbass. The share of the Donetsk Basin in the Russian coal industry was 74%. Almost all coking coal in Russia was mined in the Donbass.

With the development of industry, a rapid increase in the population began, and factory settlements were formed. According to the 1897 census, more than 333 thousand people lived in the Bakhmutsk district of the Yekaterinoslav province, and more than 254 thousand people in Mariupol.

At the beginning of the XX century. Major industrial centers of the Donetsk Territory were the cities of Gorlovka - 30 thousand, Bakhmut (Artemovsk) - more than 30 thousand, Makeevka - 20 thousand, Yenakiyevo - 16 thousand, Kramatorsk - 12 thousand, Druzhkovka - more than 13 thousand inhabitants.

SOCIALIST MODERNIZATION OF THE REGION

By the end of the civil war in Donbass, out of 3.5 thousand operating mines, only 893 remained in working order. 2376 coal enterprises needed major repairs, 1.8 billion poods of coal were under the rubble, 3.3 billion were flooded. At the beginning of 1921, coal production decreased 1.5 times compared to the pre-war level. In 1921, 46% of industrial enterprises did not work in the region. The population of the region has decreased by two-thirds. In 1921-1922. in Ukraine, including in the Donbass, famine broke out, 500 thousand people were starving in the region. man. Along with the restoration of the region's economy, the tasks were set to build new mines, metallurgical and machine-building plants, and power plants.

Significant advances have been made in the chemical industry. New highly mechanized chemical plants have been built - the Horlivka State Chemical Plant and the Donetsk State Chemical Plant.

During this period, Donbass became one of the largest centers of mechanical engineering. In 1929 the ceremonial laying of the Novokramatorsk Machine-Building Plant took place.

At the end of 1932, a new form of socialist competition appeared - the Izotov movement. It was initiated by Nikita Izotov, a miner at mine No. 1 "Kochegarka" in the Gorlovsky district, who achieved an unprecedented output, having fulfilled the coal production plan in January by 562%, in May by 558%, and in June by 2000% (607 tons in 6 hours).

By the beginning of 1940 Donbass produced 85.5 million tons of coal - 60% of the all-Union production. About 60% of metallurgy and railway transport enterprises, about 50% of power plants in the USSR worked in the Donetsk coal. Metallurgists of the region produced 30% of the all-Union iron smelting, 20% of steel, 22% of rolled products.

In 1940, 6,400 students were enrolled in 7 universities in the region, 16,700 students in technical schools, and about 570,000 children in schools.

In 1190 libraries of the region, 3.5 million books were collected.

The population was served by 514 cinema installations.

In the pre-war years, several musical colleges and schools were created in the Donetsk region, famous musical figures worked.

YEARS OF FEVER

Despite the heroic resistance of the Red Army soldiers, Donbass was captured by the enemy. On October 21, 1941, the city of Stalino (present-day Donetsk) was occupied. The German administration has made tremendous efforts to resume coal mining in the Donetsk Basin. Nevertheless, by November 1942, the Germans were able to get from the Donetsk mines only 2.3% of the rate of coal production in comparison with the same pre-war period.

The terror carried out by the Germans strengthened the Resistance movement. On the territory of the region there were 180 partisan detachments and reconnaissance groups with a total number of 4.2 thousand people. During the period from October 1941 to September 1943, more than 600 combat operations were carried out by partisan detachments. Thousands of Hitlerites were destroyed, 14 echelons with military supplies were derailed, 131 km of railway lines were dismantled, 23 German garrisons and 18 police stations were destroyed. The Slavic partisan detachment, commanded by M.I.Karnaukhov, became famous for its military exploits. In the city of Slavyansk itself, during the occupation, the Komsomol organization "Forpost" carried out underground work, which issued over 2 thousand leaflets. Yamskiy, Artemovskiy, Krasnolimanskiy and other partisan detachments were successfully fighting. The partisan detachment "For the Motherland" coordinated the actions created in the vicinity of the village. Yampol partisan groups. In Stalino, near the village. Rutchenkovo, four Komsomol members - A. Vasilyeva, K. Kostrykina, Z. Polonchukova and K. Barannikova - handed over water, clothes to Soviet prisoners of war in the concentration camp, and helped them escape. The brave girls were captured by the Nazis and shot. In with. An underground pioneer group operated in the Pokrovsky district of the Artyomovsky district, whose members wrote leaflets, hid Soviet soldiers, girls and boys, who were to be driven into slavery. For their courage and heroism, 642 partisans-underground fighters of the Donetsk region were awarded orders and medals, many of them posthumously.

In the liberation battles for Donbass, about 150 thousand soldiers of the Red Army, about 1200 partisans and underground fighters were killed.

In the region, 22 blast furnaces and 43 open-hearth furnaces, 34 rolling mills, 3 blooming mills were blown up. By-product coke plants were completely destroyed. The engineering industry was in ruins. Great damage was caused to the railways. Destroyed 8,000 km of railway tracks, 1,500 bridges, 27 locomotive depots, 28 car depots and car repair points, 400 train stations and station buildings, over 250 thousand square meters. m of housing for railway workers. The mechanized hills of the stations Yasinovataya, Debaltsevo, Krasny Liman were completely disabled. In Yasinovataya, out of 147 km of tracks, only 2 km remained serviceable. The railway junctions of the stations Nikitovka, Ilovaisk,
Krasnoarmeysk, Volnovakha, Slavyansk. Three largest thermal power plants - Zuevskaya, Kurakhovskaya and Shterovskaya were turned into ruins.

For the period from 1941 to 1945. almost 300 thousand Donbass soldiers died and went missing. For exemplary fulfillment of the command's combat mission, courage and heroism shown at the same time, 80 soldiers were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. K. Moskalenko, commander of a rifle and cavalry corps, and N. Semeiko, squadron commander of an air regiment, twice. 22 divisions and regiments were awarded the honorary titles of Stalin's (from the name of the regional center - Stalino), Gorlovsky, Makeevsky, Kramatorsky, Chistyakovsky, Ilovaisky.

REBIRTH AND FLOWER

In the 50s. 37 new mines were built. In 1961, the first in the region hydraulic mine "Pioneer D-2" was commissioned. A team of workers at the face of the Oktyabrskaya mine, using a 1K-52M coal harvester, extracted 122.34 million tons of coal from one longwall in 31 working days, which was a new world record. The largest new building of this period was the Ukraine mine of the Selidovugol trust. Its design capacity is 6,000 tons of coal per day.

In the 60s. The regional metallurgists were tasked with increasing the production of pig iron by 41.5%, steel - by 26.5%, rolled products - by 26.7% compared to 1958. The metallurgists coped with them with dignity. In 1960 the Donetsk Metallurgical Plant switched to a progressive, fully mechanized method of casting steel without molds. January 26, 1962 in the city of Zhdanov (present-day Mariupol) at the plant. Ilyich gave the first production to the slabbing giant, the thin-sheet mill was modernized. The world's largest coke oven batteries of the Avdiivka Coke Plant were commissioned.

Major changes have taken place in agriculture. For 1954-1958 the annual gross grain harvest averaged 1308 thousand tons in the region. Milk production for five years increased by 200 thousand tons, meat production increased significantly. On February 26, 1958, Donetsk region was awarded the Order of Demin for great success in the development of agriculture. Over 2 thousand workers were awarded government awards, 15 of them - the high title of Hero of Socialist Labor. In 70-80 years. In the collective and state farms of the region, due to reconstruction and new construction, mechanized farms and complexes for keeping cattle for 581.5 thousand heads, pigs - for more than 200 thousand heads were put into operation, areas for keeping other animals and poultry were expanded. From 1965 to 1980 the number of tractors and trucks increased 1.5 times.

By the beginning of 1976, more than 15 thousand specialists with higher and secondary specialized education and more than 38 thousand machine operators worked in the villages of the region.

An important role in the activation of scientific life in the region was played by the creation in 1965 in Donetsk of the scientific center of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR.

It included the Institute of Physics and Technology, the Department of Economic and Industrial Research of the Institute of Economics of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, a computing center and a botanical garden.

The Donetsk branch of Giprouglemash created a coal harvester "Donbass", for which the designers and engineers A.D.Sukach, V. N. Khorin, A. N. Bashkov and S. M. Harutyunyan were awarded the title of laureates of the State Prize. The All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Mine Rescue (Donetsk), the only specialized institution of this kind in the world, has become a large scientific center of the region. Donetsk Polytechnic Institute was the center of university science in Donbass, where promising topics were developed.

Cemetery

Mariupol burial ground - the burial ground, which was discovered on the left bank of the Kalmius, on the outskirts of Mariupol during the construction of the Azovstal plant).

The burial ground dates back to the 3rd millennium BC (Eneolithic) and belongs to the Lower Don culture.

The burial ground was discovered by an employee of the Novotrubny plant, G.F. Kravets.

From August 10 to October 15, 1930 Nikolai Emelyanovich Makarenko excavated here.

The burials of cattle breeders were discovered in the burial ground, which can be seen from the ornaments made from boar tusks, teeth and bones of animals, shells. Also found were stone tools, stone tops of maces, ceramics, grave goods, beads, including a crescent-shaped bead, presumably playing the role of money, burial shrouds.

The burials were in graves 28 meters long and about 2 meters wide. A total of 122 burials were found. The skeletons are in an extended position, about half of them are covered with red ocher.

On the ceramic ware, scientists saw an ornamental pattern that was unchanged in all burials from the Dnieper to the Don. The people buried in the Mariupol burial ground had a developed religious system (there were amulets, figurines of fetish bulls, clubs, close proximity to the river, along which, according to many beliefs, the souls of the dead were sent to another world). Among the finds are 2 carved figurines of a bull - examples of realistic art, mother-of-pearl beads, patches for clothes made from boar tusks, a spindle (a weaving tool). The remains belonged to people of a large Caucasian race, who were very tall (172-174 cm), very long legs, and a massive skeleton. From archaeological data it is known that part of the population of the Lower Don culture around 5100 BC. e. under the pressure of the arid climate, she went to the Western Azov region and settled next to the tribes of the Sursk culture. As a result of their interaction, a new culture appeared - the Azov-Dnieper (5100 - 4350 BC).

In addition to the Mariupol burial ground, the Neolithic sites in the Azov region are: Razdorskoye, Samsonovo, Rakushechny Yar, 5 burials on the Karataevo farm (Rostov-on-Don).

(the burial ground was discovered in 1930 during the construction of the Azovstal plant) on the territory of the left bank of Kalmius, a late Neolithic tribal burial (5500-5200 BC) of the Lower Don culture was discovered. There were found 122 burials of people, ceramics, burial items (shells of mollusks, plates and scrapers of silicon, beads, including those in the shape of a crescent, supposedly playing the role of money, burial shrouds, ocher - a symbol of blood and fire, which was showered on the corpses of the dead and other subjects). On the ceramic dishes, scientists saw an ornamental pattern that was unchanged in all burials from the Dnieper to the Don. The people buried in the Mariupol burial ground had a developed religious system (there were amulets, figurines of fetish bulls, clubs, close proximity to the river, along which, according to many beliefs, the souls of the dead were sent to another world). Among the finds are 2 carved figurines of a bull - examples of realistic art, mother-of-pearl beads, patches for clothes made from boar tusks, a spindle (a weaving tool). The remains belonged to people of a large Caucasian race, who were very tall (172-174 cm), very long legs, and a massive skeleton. It is known from archaeological data that part of the population of the Lower Don culture around 5100 BC. e. under the pressure of the arid climate, she went to the Western Azov region and settled next to the tribes of the Sursk culture. As a result of their interaction, a new culture appeared - azovo-Dnieper (5100 - 4350 BC). In addition to the Mariupol burial ground, the Neolithic sites in the Azov region are: Razdorskoye, Samsonovo, Rakushechny Yar, 5 burials on the Karataevo farm (Rostov-on-Don).

The early stage of the Eneolithic (copper-bronze age, 5-4 thousand years ago) In the Northern Azov region is associated with the formation sredniy Stog (or Skeliansk, Novodanilovskaya) culture (3800-3300 BC), formed on the basis of the traditions of the Lower Don and Sursk cultures in the Kalmius interfluve

and the Lower Don. The Sredniy Stog culture includes 4 burials near the Mariupol burial ground (the walls of the graves were reinforced with stone slabs, clubs with kidney-shaped pommels, pendants made of marmot teeth, boar tusks, copper beads, bracelets, a belt made of mother-of-pearl threads, the top of the grave was covered with stones). At the contact of the Skeliansky and Azov-Dnieper cultures, the following Eneolithic culture was formed - kvityanskaya (late 4th-1st half of the 3rd millennium BC), which marked the beginning of the emergence of burial mounds ("graves") in the Northern Azov region ("uterine" position of the deceased, orientation of the head to the east, vegetation, ocher as an element of burial, the presence of cromlech - stone ring outline).

Archaeological sites of the Azov Sea are also classified as Eneolithic

lower Mikhailovskaya culture (3000 - 2600 BC: burial mounds in the Ilyichevsky district of Mariupol, on the site of the power plant of the Ilyich combine) - characterized by the creation of peculiar religious complexes - steles and altars, burials with black-burnished pots with part-time food,

zhivilovo-Volchansk culture (mid-3rd millennium BC: burials near the village of Sartan) - besides pots, there were also some kind of playing pieces in the form of knee-cap bones, astragalus and metapodians,

yamnaya culture (Late Eneolithic, mid-3rd millennium BC: multiple burial mounds in the area of \u200b\u200bVolonterovka and Novosyolovka, near the villages of Kremenyovka, Ogorodnoye, Chermalyk, etc.) - orientation of the deceased towards the rising of the Sun and the Moon, the presence of horizontal platforms on top of the mound for burial rituals ... It is this culture that belongs to about 80% of all the mounds of the Northern Black Sea region. In the mounds " Stone graves"And in the city itself (a mound at the intersection of Stroiteley Avenue and Uritsky Street in the city of Mariupol, among the people -" Green Hill ", on old maps -" Grandfather ") traces of tribes of the copper-bronze age were found.

In 1993, during the construction of a water pipeline running along the outskirts of the Zelenaya Gorka mound (Mariupol), bones were found, three burials dating back to the Bronze Age were found, it is possible that the burial mound also contains burials of the Scythian-Sarmatian period. Some mounds have a soil volume of more than 2000 m³, and a weight of more than 2400 tons. In those years, people lived quite tall (men - 173 cm, women - 160 cm), more like Eastern peoples, at the same time the Indo-European (Aryan) language family was actively developing.

The find of the Mariupol archaeological expedition in 1984 is recognized as unique. Near Mariupol, the remains of wooden four-wheeled carts with solid wooden disc-shaped wheels were found. Scientists date this find to the XXVII century BC. e. Thus, the carts found in the Azov region are today one of the oldest types of wheeled transport in the world (earlier this was considered the transport of Mesopotamia in the XXVI century BC).

Bronze Age

The Copper Age (Eneolithic) was replaced by bronze Age... The largest monuments of the Bronze Age cultures of the Azov region:

catacomb culture (XXVII-XX centuries BC): burial at the construction site of the second mannesman of the Ilyich plant, the Ded, Vineyards mounds, the Zirka burial ground, the mound near the village. Kamensk - bronze knives, an awl, the remains of a wheeled vehicle, the burial of a young man-master for making arrows,

baba culture (XX-XVI centuries BC): burial mound group "B" at the site of the Azovstal plant, Samoilovo, Old Crimea - the burials look poorer than the catacomb, the appearance of male belt buckles made of bone and horn, anthropologically - Indo-Iranian tribes with an admixture of the ancient Mediterranean type

log culture (XVI-XII centuries BC): kurgan group "Baba" near the village of Nikolaevka, Volnovakha region, near the village of Kamensk, group "B" at the site of "Azovstal" - the deceased in the kurgans was fenced by a wooden structure made of logs - a log house, a sharp demographic population growth,

belozerskaya culture (XII-X centuries BC) - associated with some depletion of local plant reserves, which caused several waves of population migration.

Iron age

In the early Iron Age at the beginning of the first millennium BC, tribes lived in the northern Azov region cimmerians (900-650 BC), engaged in nomadic cattle breeding and agriculture, using iron instead of stone in almost all sectors of the economy. At the same time, the first historical (actually written) sources about the Azov region and its inhabitants appeared. Judging by the ceramics, the continuity of the culture of the Cimmerians to the previous Bronze Belozersk culture can be traced. The Cimmerians, judging by the sources (Homer and other ancient Greek and Eastern authors), were the military elite of the multilingual pre-Scythian population of the Northern Black Sea region and the Azov region. Their burials were found in several villages near Mariupol: Ogorodnoye, Razdolnoye, Sartana, Vasilyevka and others.

The Azov steppes became home to many ancient tribes (2.5-2 thousand years ago): in the 7th century BC, the Scythians came to the Azov region because of the Don (VII-VI centuries BC, drove out the Cimmerians), and five centuries later they were supplanted by the Sarmatians. Formation scythians took place on the territory of modern Altai, Southern Siberia, Kazakhstan, later - they moved to the Caucasus, and from the 2nd half of the 7th century - in the Azov steppes. An indispensable part of Scythian burials was a fire - a large double case made of leather, wood or metal for storing bows and arrows. In the VI-V centuries BC. e. in the Northern Azov region there was a trading colony (emporium) Kremny (Greek "rocky ledge"). Scythian burials: near the village of Sartana, the villages of Kremenyovka, Ogorodnoe, the village of Peschanoe in Mariupol. Quiver clasps, bronze arrowheads, iron swords - akinaki, coins were found. In the IV century BC. e. north of the village. Sartan, the Scythians erected a mound up to 5 m high ("Two-humped grave"), in which a noble Scythian was buried, next to whose grave under the mound there were 2 pits with funeral gifts (a wooden chariot and wine in 19 amphoras - imported from the Mediterranean region). The body of the Scythian nobleman was "guarded" by a servant with arrows, and his cooks buried him along with a bronze cauldron filled with food. The constructed mound was reinforced along the perimeter with a stone belt up to 3 m wide and up to 2 m high, as well as a moat and three stone belts. The Scythians were typical Caucasians, their average height 167 cm (men) and 159 cm (women), were driven out in the first half of the 3rd century BC. e. invaded from behind the Don by the Sarmatians.

Sarmatians formed in Asia, in the region of the Aral Sea, having a powerful cavalry army (the striking force of the army - kataphraktarii - warriors-horsemen, armed with a heavy long spear with an iron tip) easily occupied the territory of the Northern Black Sea region. Sarmatian burials of the first half of the 1st century AD e. found in 4 mounds north of the village. Sartan, where there were 15 burials, including the rich burial of the priestess (women among the Sarmatians enjoyed great prestige and even took part in battles) with the funeral utensils: jugs made on a potter's wheel, spindle, bronze mirrors, incense burners, beads, rich dress, embroidered shoes, headwear. Male burials were accompanied by weapons - swords, daggers. In addition, in the Azov region, Sarmatian burials were discovered near the village of Shevchenko (Volodarsky district of Donetsk region), Samoilovo (Novoazovsky district of Donetsk region), at the mouth of the Kamyshevataya and Samarina gullies.

A new wave of conquerors - the Gothic invasion (III century AD) interrupted the rule of the Sarmatians in the Northern Black Sea region. Due to the cold snap goths (an ancient Germanic tribe, the Ostrogoths), gradually moving from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea, dominated the Azov Sea for more than 150 years, during which time they almost completely destroyed the Sarmatian culture, cut off the Azov Sea from the Ancient World. The Goths were engaged in agriculture, raised cattle.

Nomadic tribes in the Azov region

In the IV century, hordes poured into the steppe of the Northern Azov region huns (the first of the Turkic-speaking peoples of the Azov region). Their invasions slowed down the development of the economy and culture here for a long time. Swarthy, Mongoloid, of short stature, mixing with the indigenous peoples of the North Caucasus and the North Caspian (Alans), the Huns under the leadership of the leader Balamber clashed with the Goths (the leader of the Gothic tribe Heruli - Alakhir), drove them far to the west, partially mixed with the local population. In 371 - 378 the Huns occupied the territory from the Don and Meotida (Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov) to the Dnieper and Dniester and the lower reaches of the Danube, in 378 - 445 a Hunnic tribal union was formed. In the Azov region, few archaeological monuments of that time have survived (Hunnic bows in Tanais, burials with horses near the city of Melitopol, on the Korushan River in the Berdyansk region, near the village of Novoivanovka and a sacrificial site in the Makartet tract in the Zaporozhye region).

The disintegration of the Hunnic nomadic empire began after the death in 453 of the leader of the Huns Attila. Attila's two sons (Dintsik and Irnak) took the Huns to the lower reaches of the Danube (part of the horde with Irnak later passed back through the Azov region to the Trans-Volga steppes, dissolving into local peoples such as the Chuvash). For almost two centuries, various tribes (Akatsir, Saragurs, Urogs, Onogurs, Avars) moved across the territory of the Northern Azov region, tribal unions were disintegrated and formed. The most significant of these associations was the union kuturgurs (VI - VII centuries). The Kuturgurs (or Uturgurs, Kutrigurs) are Finno-Ugric tribes that appeared in the territory of Northern Kazakhstan, adopted the culture and language of the geographically close Turks. The burials of the Kuturgurs were oriented with their heads to the west, the skulls after death were subject to trepanation (in contrast to the related Onogurs, or Utigurs, who lived south and east of the Don River). For a long time, both peoples were at enmity (the attack of the Onogur leader Sandil, etc.), and did not create their own powerful associations, and in 559 the leader of the Kuturgurs Ziber Khan even made an unsuccessful attempt to conquer the Byzantine Empire.

In 558, the lands of the Azov region, pushing back the Kuturgurs, were invaded avars (or varhonites - descendants of the Ugrians and Alans of Central Asia), who had previously defeated the Onogurs, Zals and Savirs. The Avars, moving further to the Danube since 565, founded the Avar Khaganate (538 - 803). They invented a rigid saddle, stirrups and a broadsword (a kind of saber). A burial of Avars was found on the left bank of the Mokrye Yaly River (orientation of the body with the head to the west, earrings with multifaceted pendants, iron buckles on the belt, stucco pots, etc.), as well as near the village of Kominternovo (Novoazovsky district of Donetsk region) - a relief image of a man in a helmet (?), an impressive stele. The unsuccessful campaign of the Avars, Slavs and Persians against Constantinople in 626 can be considered the decline of the power of the Avars, after which the liberation movements among the Kuturgurs and Onogurs intensified (they united against the Avars in 633 into a tribal union headed by the leader Kubrat - Great Bulgaria, or Onoguria).

Later, the Khazars, Pechenegs, Torks, Polovtsians roamed here. It was the Khazars who destroyed Great Bulgaria already in 656, and the remnants of the horde of the Proto-Bulgarians migrated to the Danube in 675 (under the leadership of Khan Asparuh) and founded the First Bulgarian Kingdom there. The horde of Khan Batbai remained in the Azov region and became part of the Khazar Kaganate. Later, in the 7th-8th centuries, part of the Bulgarians went to the Volga, creating the state of Volga Bulgaria there. Khazarsat the end of the 7th century, in the south of Eastern Europe, the Khazar Kaganate was formed, the main population of which in the Azov region were nevertheless the Proto-Bulgarians (Turkic-speaking peoples who roamed the steppes, paying tribute along with the early Slavic tribes to the Khazars). Settlements of the Pro-Bolgar Saltov-Mayatsk culture in the Azov Sea: in the area of \u200b\u200bZintseva, Buzinnaya, Vodyanoy, Bezymennaya beams, on the territory of the modern Primorsky Park of Mariupol (amphora ceramics, red clay pottery, iron knives, buckles, ornaments). Weapons and even a militarized fortification resembling a castle on the left bank at the mouth of Kalmius, which was bounded from the south by a rampart, were also found in the Khazar burials). A small seasonal camp of the times of the Khazar Kaganate was found near the Lyapinskaya gully. A Khazar burial was also found on the territory of the modern camp "3000" of the Ilyich Iron and Steel Works (burial of a Khazar woman with a pot and a set of jewelry, a mirror and coins) and near the village of Peschanoe (a warrior with an arrow, a horse and a grindstone).

In the first third of the VIII century, the Arabs attacked the Khazar Kaganate, the Hungarians invaded from the north (they had been neighbors since the Hunnic period, slowly moving from Southern Siberia to the Urals - the VIII century, and then in the steppe zone of the Don and Khopra - the beginning of the IX century, and under the onslaught of the Pechenegs - in the interfluve of the Dnieper and Prut - the end of the 9th century), and part of the Khazar aristocracy itself adopted Judaism, causing almost 100-year turmoil and civil war in the pagan kaganate. The defeat of the Khazar state was completed by 2 successful campaigns of the Kiev prince Svyatoslav in 965 and 968.

According to the famous scientist-historian L. N. Gumilyov, "... until the X century, the hegemony belonged to the Khazars, and the history of Ancient Russia was preceded by the history of Khazaria ...". Later, Kievan Rus seized the initiative in relations with the Wild, or Great, steppe. However, the cessation of life in the Proto-Bulgarian (Khazar) settlements in the Azov region was associated not with the Slavs, but with the Pechenezh invasion. All subsequent peoples of the Azov Pre-Slavs (Pechenegs, Torks, Polovtsians) belonged to the Turkic peoples, were Mongoloids. All of them buried their relatives in graves with the carcass of a saddled horse, often used more ancient burial mounds for burials.

In the Azov region there are burials of nomadic peoples:

Pechenegs (X - mid-XI century, appeared in the Azov region around 889, having founded the Pechenezhskaya horde, lived in the Azov region for about 150 years until the victory of the troops of Yaroslav the Wise over the Pechenegs in 1036) near the village of Sartana, near the villages of Orlovskoye, Ogorodnoye, Zaporozhets, Kuibyshevo. Found a lot of stone statues of that time - "stone women" (translated as "ancestors"): sandy in the village of Yalta, Guselshchikovo, granite in the village. Mangush, Oktyabrskoye (including 5 of which are kept in the Mariupol Museum of Local Lore): stelae, processed only from the "front" side and depict men (less often women) without a headdress, on the face - "T" -shaped nose and eyebrows and not always designated eyes

Torquay (1030 - 1060 years, appeared in the Azov region from the Aral Sea region under pressure from the Polovtsians, later the same Polovtsians were expelled to Byzantium, Iran, the Caucasus, Kievan Rus, where they eventually assimilated) in the Azov region, small in number (the nearest on the Kazenny Torets river) - burials of horse, statues, kumgan (pot for ritual ablutions),

Polovtsi (the middle of the XI - the end of the XIV century, the "Polovtsian steppe" stretched from Central Asia to the Danube, in the Azov region for about 200 years) burials in the Mariupol region: Novosyolovka, "Dvugorbaya Mogila", near the villages of Kamyshevate, Zazhitochnoe, Vasilyevka, Razdolnoye, Samoilovo.

The brightest monuments of art and beliefs of the Polovtsian people are stone figures of Polovtsian soldiers and women (the so-called "stone women"), which have survived to this day. They carry elements of individuality, perhaps even that specific people (relatives, leaders) posed for their manufacture. In contrast to the Pechenezh women, the statues had a headdress, a hairstyle, a set of jewelry, and clothes. In total, up to 600 stone figures are known in the Azov region, in Mariupol itself at the beginning of the 19th century there were 16 stone women (at street corners, on hills), many of them were damaged and lost during the construction of buildings. The figures of stone women served the Cumans as a place for celebrations, rituals and sacrifices.

It is the campaign against the Polovtsy (1185) that the famous monument of medieval literature "The Lay of Igor's Campaign" is dedicated. Events developed at the headquarters of one of the most powerful Polovtsian khans - Konchak (presumably the area of \u200b\u200bthe modern city of Slavyansk). As you know, this campaign was very unsuccessful for the Russians. However, as a result of the campaign, the son of Igor Svyatoslavovich returned home with his wife, a beautiful Polovtsian woman (daughter of Khan Konchak), and there were hundreds of such interdynastic marriages during the times of Kievan Rus and the Polovtsian Khanate. At the beginning of the XIII century, the Polovtsians began to settle on the ground, at this time there was a peak in the development of trade in the Polovtsian steppe, some khans began to accept Christianity after the Russians. However, from the east, the troops of the Mongol leader Genghis Khan approached, who in 1220 - 1223 passed through the entire Polovtsian steppe and entered the Azov region. On May 31, 1223 in the Azov region, a battle took place on the Kalka river between the Mongol-Tatar hordes and the combined troops of the Russian princes and Polovtsy, which ended with the complete defeat of the Russians. (Scientists are still arguing about where the Kalka River flowed, and the place of the legendary battle on the Kalka River in 1223 has not been determined). There are several similarly described places on the rivers Karatysh, Kalmius and Kalchik (the latter two flow through Mariupol). In the 40s of the XIII century, the Azov steppes were captured by the Mongol-Tatar conquerors. The territory of the Northern Azov region was first part of the Golden Horde, and in the 15th century it became part of the Crimean Khanate. Much later, fleeing from feudal oppression, serfs fled to the Don, Dnieper into a wild field. This is how the roaming people began to appear in these places and the Don and Zaporozhye Cossacks arose.

Ancient settlements on the territory of Donbass

Endless undulating steppe ... Scorched by the sun and dried up by the eastern winds-dry winds, fescue-feather grass and wormwood grasses, bare areas devoid of moisture and cracked earth, rocky outcrops of limestone and sandstone, occasionally supplemented by thickets of bushes, and even less often - by small ravine forests was in the recent past the landscape of the Donetsk region

The Donetsk coal basin was formed on the bays and estuaries of the long-defunct sea. This sea occupied the entire eastern half of European Russia and western Asian, dividing between them by a continuous massif of the Ural ridge and cutting to the west by a narrow, highly elongated Donetsk Bay into the mainland. Relatively small reservoirs filled with sea water, the Caspian and Aral seas have survived to our era as monuments to a sea that disappeared long ago.

In the exposed areas, a thick layer of limestone formed from shells that lived on the bottom of the sea. The shores of the sea were covered with lush vegetation characteristic of the Carboniferous period: monstrous sigillaria, giant horsetails, tree ferns, slender lepidodendrons and calamites. The remains of these plants, very rich in fiber, covered the bottom of the shallow bay, interspersed with sand and silt, began to rot and, as a result of decay that lasted for millennia, turned into peat, coal and anthracite.

Since the time when they emerged from the waters of the Carboniferous Sea, the Donetsk sediments were again flooded with sea waves three times - during the Jurassic, Cretaceous and Tertiary periods. The advance of each sea destroyed high-rise places with erosion and filled the depressions with its sediments, thus contributing to the gradual leveling of the surface.
In the end, only their broad bases in the form of ridges remained of the mountain ranges that cut the terrain. A series of these ridges traverses the entire basin from northwest to southeast, clearly indicating the former position of eroded mountain ranges. The most significant of these ridges, the so-called main fracture, or Donetsk ridge.

Through joint activity during whole geological periods of the ridge-forming and leveling process, the area of \u200b\u200bthe Donetsk basin has been brought to its modern form, representing a type of relief known as the "Erosion Plateau".

Donetsk region is considered one of the most late developed and populated in Ukraine. However, in reality, people and civilization appeared on the territory of Donbass a long time ago. This is confirmed by archaeological excavations carried out by employees of the Donetsk Regional Museum of Local Lore.

Back in the first millennium BC, the territory of the region was part of the Scythian state, moreover, the so-called Golden Scythia - the central and main part of the ancient kingdom. In the first millennium of our era, the Polovtsian tribes roamed the Donetsk steppes. Moreover, both the Scythians and the Polovtsians left a memory of themselves - burials in the form of barrows. And on these man-made hills there are steles, the so-called women, respectively, Scythian and Polovtsian.

Initially, the name of the Scythians belonged to a tribe that lived to the east of the lower reaches of the Volga, and then penetrated its western bank and the North Caucasus. From here the Scythians rushed to the territory of present-day Azerbaijan through modern Dagestan and the Derbent passage. Here they settled and, probably including significant groups of the local cattle-breeding population, made trips to various parts of Western Asia.

Herodotus about the ancient history of the Scythians:
“According to the stories of the Scythians, their people are the youngest of all. And it happened in this way. The first inhabitant of this ... country was a man named Targitai. The parents of this Targitai ... were Zeus and the daughter of the river Borisfena. Targitai was of this kind, and he had three sons: Lipoksais, Arpoxais and the youngest - Kolaksais. During their reign, golden objects fell from heaven to the Scythian land: a plow, a yoke, an ax and a bowl. The older brother saw these things first. As soon as he walked over to pick them up, the gold blazed. Then he retreated and the second brother approached, and again the gold was engulfed in flames ... But when the third, younger brother approached, the flame went out, and he carried the gold to his house. Therefore, the older brothers agreed to give the kingdom to the younger. So, from Lipoksais ... there was a Scythian tribe called Avhat, from the middle brother - the tribe of the Katiars and Traspians, and from the younger of the brothers - the king - the tribe of Paralats. All tribes together are called skolots, that is, royal. The Greeks call them Scythians.
This is how the Scythians tell about the origin of their people. They think that from the time of the first king Targitai to the invasion of their land by Darius, just 1000 years have passed. The Scythian kings carefully guarded the sacred golden objects and venerated them with reverence, bringing annually rich sacrifices. If someone falls asleep in the open air with this sacred gold at the holiday, then, according to the Scythians, he will not live even a year ... Since they had a lot of land, Kolaksais divided it, according to the stories of the Scythians, into three kingdoms between his three sons. The biggest he made was the kingdom where the gold was kept. In the area lying even further north of the land of the Scythians, nothing can be seen and it is impossible to penetrate there due to the flying feathers. Indeed, the earth and the air there are full of feathers, and this is what interferes with vision ...
There is also a third legend. It reads like this. Scythian nomadic tribes lived in Asia. When the Massagets drove them out of there ... the Scythians crossed Arake and arrived in the Cimmerian land (the country now inhabited by the Scythians, as they say, from ancient times belonged to the Cimmerians). With the approach of the Scythians, the Cimmerians began to hold advice on what to do in the face of a large enemy army. And at the council, opinions were divided. Although both sides stubbornly stood their ground, the proposal of the kings won. The people were in favor of retreat, considering it unnecessary to fight with so many enemies. The tsars, on the other hand, considered it necessary to stubbornly defend their native land from invaders. So, the people did not heed the advice of the kings, and the kings did not want to obey the people.
The people decided to leave their homeland and give their land to the invaders without a fight; the kings, on the other hand, preferred to lie on the bones in their native land rather than flee with the people. After all, the kings understood what great happiness they had experienced in their native land and what troubles await the exiles deprived of their homeland. Having made such a decision, the Cimmerians divided into two equal parts and began to fight among themselves. All those who fell in the fratricidal war were buried by the Cimmerian people by the river Tiras. After that, the Cimmerians left their land, and the Scythians who came took possession of the uninhabited country.
It is also known that the Scythians, in pursuit of the Cimmerians, lost their way and invaded the land of the Medes. After all, the Cimmerians constantly moved along the coast of Pontus, while the Scythians, during the pursuit, kept to the left of the Caucasus until they invaded the land of the Medes. So, they turned inland. This last legend is transmitted equally by both the Hellenes and the barbarians. "

The initial colonization of the Donetsk ridge was most influenced by the fact that it was on the path of the great movement of peoples from the far east to the west. The nomadic peoples of the East, for many centuries, swept through this land in a noisy stream, not wanting or not being able to settle in it themselves, and not giving this opportunity to others. Two opposite elements fought here: the northern element, the Slavic, striving to take possession of the land through peaceful colonization, and the eastern, Turkic-Mongolian element, which swept away all the plantings of settled life and culture on its way. The struggle of these two elements for almost a millennium is the whole history of the initial colonization of the region.

The beginning of the Slavic colonization of the region dates back to the VIII and IX centuries of the Christian era, when this region, along with the entire coast of the Black and Caspian Seas, was ruled by the people of Turkic origin - the Khazars. The neighbors from the north, the Slavs, who paid tribute to them and enjoyed their political protection, were also considered under the rule of the Khazars.

Vyatichi, Radimichi, and especially the Chernigov northerners, the most energetic colonizers among the Slavs, also took part in the colonization of the region, which is why the whole colonization was called "northerners". The name of the Seversky Donets River remains to this day a monument to this former, subsequently destroyed colonization.

A new historical wave brings here new nomads, also a Turkic tribe: in the 10th century, the Pechenegs, who destroyed the Khazars and extended their power to the Northern Black Sea region and the Azov region and Crimea; in the XI century, the Polovtsians, who destroy the Pechenegs and take their place.

On May 12, 1185, the battle between Prince Igor and the Polovtsy took place on the Diko Pole (now Donetsk region), which gave birth to the golden word of East Slavic and world literature "The Word about Igor's Host."

Leaving Novgorod-Seversky on April 23, 1185, the army of Prince Igor on May 10 near the present village of Kamenka crossed the Seversky Donets and headed towards the present-day Slavyansk. The Russian cavalry took part in the first battle with the Polovtsians under the leadership of Khan Konchak. But soon the army of Igor switched to foot battle: the Polovtsians were good archers, and on an even, clean place they were able to quickly deal with the enemy's cavalry. It was enough to shoot not at the riders, but at the horses, which, mad with pain, would soon crush the entire army. Then the Polovtsians skillfully pushed the Russians back to the salt lakes, where they gave them a complete rout.

As you know, Igor's son Vladimir subsequently married the daughter of the Polovtsian Khan Konchak, and his grandson from this marriage 38 years after Igor's defeat from Konchak (one grandfather from another) led one of the Russian squads in the historical battle on Kalka (also on the territory of our present region) on May 31, 1223 against the Tatar-Mongols, where he laid down his head, defending the Russian land.

In the thirteenth century, innumerable hordes of new nomads, the Tatars, flooded into Europe from Asia, destroyed or absorbed the Polovtsians, marched like a thunderstorm throughout the Russian land, destroying Kiev, Volhynia, Galich and other cities to the ground, reached Hungary and, having failed there, returned back and formed the Golden Horde, after which only one part of it survived - the Crimean Khanate.

Now, when you say "the history of Donbass," associations arise with Catherine II, with Potemkin, with the conquest of the Crimean Khanate, as if the Azov steppes were empty and had no history before that time. However, it is not. People on these lands have lived for many thousands of years. Proof of this is both the reserve and the Amvrosievskaya site.

The Amvrosievskaya site is an archeological monument, an object of cultural heritage of world significance. One of the largest monuments of the late Paleolithic in Europe. The parking area is about 6 hectares. Located near # Amvrosievka in # Donetsk region of Ukraine, on the right bank of the Krynka River, on the slope of a ravine.

The Paleolithic era is the oldest period and the largest period of time in the history of mankind. People took the very first steps towards conquering the surrounding nature: they had crude, primitive tools made of wood and stone; they began to become familiar with fire and gradually learned how to get it; began to settle outside the rather extensive zone where they were separated from the animal state. In this era, the foundation was laid for the entire later development of human culture.

The Amvrosievskaya site is a large accumulation of animal bones, the so-called bone, and a site located 100-70 m higher up the slope. A large accumulation of bones is a place for the slaughter and butchering of primitive bison. The parking lot, located nearby, functioned simultaneously with the place of slaughter, it was used for the disposal of hunting prey. The site, in contrast to the bone, which has been studied since 1935, was discovered in 1950, and the beginning of its full-fledged research dates back to the early 1990s.

The site was discovered in 1935 near the town of Amvrosievka in the Donetsk region, on the right bank of the Krynka river by archaeologist V.M. Evseev. Archaeologists carried out excavations in 1935, 1940, 1949 and 1950. When parked, the bone contains the bones of about 1000 bison (Bison priscus). Among the skeletons of bison on the bone, there are bone spearheads, flint inserts for them, knives made of flint plates. A total of 15,000 different flint items were found.

Hunters driven to the gully and caught here were dismantled with flint knives, and they ate meat 200 m from the hunting place, in the parking lot. In the cultural layer of the site, flint items were found, typical of the Black Sea epigravette with elements of the Aurignaciantraditions. Similar Amvrosievsky bones in places of collective hunting for bison are known in the prairies of North America.

Finds from the Amvrosievskaya site are kept in the Donetsk Regional Museum of Local Lore. The emblem of Amvrosievka depicts a stone chopper as a symbol of the settlement of this territory since ancient times.

The age of such a "roughly worked tool" found 6 km from the village. Voykovsky, Amvrosievsky district, Donetsk region, in the Kazyonnaya gully (near the bones of bison), was identified as 100 thousand years.

The Aurignacian culture is an archaeological culture of the early stage of the Late Paleolithic. Named after excavations in the Aurignac cave in the Haute-Garonne department (France). First identified at the beginning of the XX century. Aurignacian sites in Europe:

Today, archaeologists have evidence that primitive man appeared in the eastern part of the Azov Upland more than 1 million years ago. On the northern coast of the Taman Peninsula, the site of ancient people - "Bogatyrs" was found. The site has existed from 1 to 1.2 million years ago.

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