Question 562. What posters and signs are warning signs?
The following posters and signs apply:
CAREFULLY! ELECTRIC VOLTAGE - a permanent sign to warn of the danger of electric shock;
CAREFULLY! ELECTRIC VOLTAGE - a permanent sign to warn of the danger of electric shock (on reinforced concrete supports of overhead lines);
STOP! VOLTAGE - a portable poster to warn about the danger of electric shock;
TRIAL! DANGEROUS TO LIFE - a portable poster to warn of the danger of electric shock during high voltage tests;
DON'T GET IN! KILL! - a portable poster to warn about the danger of climbing structures, which may involve approaching live parts that are energized.
Question 563. Which posters are prescriptive?
The following posters apply:
WORK HERE - portable poster to indicate your workplace;
GET IN HERE - a portable poster to indicate a safe climbing path to a workplace located at height.
Question 564. Which poster belongs to the index?
The poster is GROUNDED - to indicate the inadmissibility of supplying voltage to a grounded section of the electrical installation.
11.3. Personal protective equipment
Protective helmets
Question 565: What are helmets used for?
Designed to protect the heads of workers from mechanical damage, aggressive liquids, water, and electric shock from accidental contact with live parts under voltage up to 1000 V.
Question 566. How can a helmet be equipped depending on the conditions of use?
It can be equipped with an insulating balaclava and a waterproof barrier, anti-noise headphones, shields for welders and head lamps.
Question 567. What are the main parts of a helmet?
It consists of two parts: the body and internal equipment (shock absorber and support tape). The helmet body is made solid or composite, with a visor or palis, without internal stiffeners.
Question 56I. What materials are used to make helmets?
Non-toxic materials are used that are resistant to sulfuric acid, mineral oils, motor gasoline and disinfectants (polyethylene, textolite, pressed fiberglass, etc.).
Question 569. Are helmets tested during operation?
Mechanical and electrical testing of helmets is not carried out.
Question 570. What are the rules for using helmets?
Helmets must be inspected before use. The formation of through cracks and dents on the body, the suspension from jumping out of the body pocket, and the integrity of the internal equipment are not allowed.
Protective glasses
Question 571: What are safety glasses used for?
Designed to protect eyes from dangerous and harmful production factors: the blinding brightness of an electric arc, ultraviolet and infrared radiation; solid particles and dust; splashes of acids and alkalis, electrolyte, molten mastic and molten metal.
Question 572. What are the rules for using glasses?
Before use, glasses should be inspected for scratches, cracks and other defects; if found, the glasses should be replaced. To avoid fogging of the glass during prolonged operation, the inner surface of the glass should be lubricated with PA lubricant. If glasses become dirty, wash them with warm soapy water, then rinse and dry with a soft cloth.
Protective shields for electric welders
Question. What are shields used for?
Used to protect the welder's eyes and face from ultraviolet and infrared radiation, the blinding brightness of the arc and sparks and splashes of molten metal.
Question 574. How many types of shields are made?
Four types are manufactured: shields with an adjustable head mount, with a handle, and universal shields (with a head mount and handle), for an electric welder with mount on a protective helmet.
Question 575. What should the design of the shields include?
Must provide a device that protects the glass from falling out of the frame or moving them in any position of the shield, and also provide the ability to change the glass without the use of tools.
Special mittens
Question 576. What are the mittens for?
Designed to protect hands from mechanical damage, high and low temperatures, sparks, splashes of molten metal and cable mass, oils and petroleum products, water, acids, alkalis, electrolyte.
Question 577. What types and sizes of mittens are made?
They are made in 6 types and 4 sizes, with or without reinforcing protective pads, regular length or elongated with gauntlets. The length of mittens usually does not exceed 300 mm, and the length of mittens with cuffs must be at least 420 mm.
It is recommended to use mittens made of canvas with fire-retardant impregnation with gauntlets or elongated mittens made of woolen fabrics, split leather with gauntlets, or mittens made of cloth, split leather, or heat-resistant yuft.
Question 579. What are the rules for using mittens?
Before use, the mittens must be inspected for the absence of through holes, cuts and other defects that impair their integrity. They should be cleaned when dirty, dried and, if necessary, repaired.
Gas masks and respirators
Question 580. What are gas masks used for?
Designed for use in closed switchgear to protect workers from poisoning or suffocation by gases generated as a result of metal melting and burning of electrical insulating materials during accidents.
Question 581. What gas masks should I use?
You should use hose gas masks that provide air supply from a clean area through a hose by self-priming or through a blower (for example, PSh-1 and PSh-2). Filtering gas masks used for civil defense purposes (for example, GP-5) are allowed to be used, if necessary, only with a hopcalite cartridge that protects against carbon monoxide.
Question 582. What are respirators needed for?
Filtering anti-dust and anti-aerosol respirators (for example, RP-K, F-62Sh, “Kama”, ShB-1 “Lepestok-200”, etc.) are used during welding work to protect against welding aerosols.
Question 583. What tests are carried out on hose gas masks?
Before each issue, and at least once every three months, they are checked for suitability for work (tightness, absence of defects in the front part, valve system, corrugated tubes, hoses, serviceability of blowers). In addition, they are subjected to periodic testing and recharging at specialized enterprises within the time limits and methods specified in the operating instructions. For each test, a protocol is drawn up and a stamp is placed on the gas mask for protective equipment, the use of which does not depend on voltage.
When working with electricity, there is always a risk of electric shock for industrial personnel or home craftsmen. To prevent voltage from being mistakenly applied to electrical equipment during repairs and other work, special posters and electrical safety signs are used. There are not many of them, but their importance can hardly be overestimated (photo below).
Set of signs for working with electricity
Classification of posters
According to GOST rules, posters are divided into several groups:
- Prohibiting actions with switching devices (switching) in order to prevent voltage from entering current-carrying devices near the workplace. Labels are placed on switch control elements. The goal is to prevent contact with voltage from conductive elements at the work site.
- Warning about the close placement of live electrical equipment that poses a danger to others.
- Prescriptive actions in compliance with electrical safety requirements.
- Pointing for grounding a place in an electrical installation (location of portable grounding).
Posters are divided into portable and stationary. They are produced as signs from dielectric material (different types of plastic).
On electrical installations with exposed live parts, it is unacceptable to use portable temporary metal signs. At a distance from live elements, metal plates can be used on electrical installations.
Indications of signs can be applied with paints through a stencil. The image must be resistant to industrial conditions or weather conditions. At electrical installations, on overhead power lines (overhead power lines) made of concrete or metal, and other similar places, signs are painted or glued with film.
When visibility is poor, signs need to be illuminated. At the same time, the colors need to maintain their natural appearance without distortion.
Types of signs (sizes, shape, inscriptions) are developed in accordance with GOST and TU according to which they are manufactured.
Prohibiting
- “Working under tension. Do not turn it on again"– to prohibit connecting the overhead line manually when the protection is automatically triggered, until the action is agreed upon with the line repair managers. Posters should be hung directly from the control elements of switching devices when performing repairs. Dimensions 50x100 mm, bordered with a 5 mm wide red stripe.
- "Do not turn on. People are working"– means prohibiting the connection of voltage to the facility where repairs are being carried out. The sign is hung on the control elements of switching devices. Dimensions 100x200 and 50x100; the border is the same, but can be 10 mm wide.
- "Do not turn on. Work on the line"– a prohibition notice is posted on the control elements of switching devices that provide connection to the line. The dimensions of the poster do not differ from the previous one, and also correspond to GOST.
Electrical safety prohibition posters
Graphically, the signs are designed as follows:
- background white;
- red letters and border;
- with white edging.
The image indicated in the last paragraph of the above list is distinguished by a red background without border and white letters.
Warning
The signs inform about the presence of current conductors in electrical installations that are located nearby and pose a danger (Fig. below):
- “Stop! Voltage"(Fig. a) - posters used for substations (SS) and power plants (ES), on fences to conductive elements of closed switchgear (closed distribution installations). When working from below from the ground to the outdoor switchgear, signs are hung or fixed on structures near the work area and placed in the direction of passage to live elements. The background with the edging is white, the border with the arrow is red, the letters are black. Dimensions – 300x150. The arrow image is made in accordance with GOST R 12.4.026.
- “Don’t get in! Will kill"(Fig. b) – warning about the location of live electrical equipment at the top. The design of the sign is the same as in point 1. Dimensions – 300x150.
- "Trial! Life threatening"(Fig. c) - the poster is portable and warns that tests are being carried out, and also that there is a danger of electric shock if you are inside a fenced area. Dimensions – 300x150. The design is the same as the previous ones.
- "Dangerous! Electric field! Passage is prohibited without protective equipment."(Fig. d). The electric field generated by very high voltages (more than 330 kV) can also have a dangerous effect on humans when the voltage reaches 15 kV/m. The sign is permanent, located at a height of 180 cm on the fence of the site. Its dimensions are 200x100.
- "Carefully! Electrical voltage"(Fig. e) - a sign made in accordance with GOST R 12.4.026 - a warning about the danger of getting under voltage in electrical installations of substation and power supply systems, on the doors of transformer chambers, assemblies and switchboards, on the fences of current-carrying elements. The image is a triangle with an arrow and a black border on a yellow background. Dimensions for doors are from 80 to 360 mm, and for containers with equipment – from 25 to 50 mm. On overhead line supports and outdoor switchgear fences, a border with an arrow is applied with paint, which should not be washed off. The background here is the base material.
Electrical Safety Warning Posters
Prescriptive
Signs are used to designate approaches and places for repairs at electrical installations, where it is safe to:
- “Work here” is a sign to indicate a safe area.
- “Climb here” – indicates the path to climb to a height.
The poster is made as a white square with black letters and blue edging (pic. below).
Mandatory posters are used to indicate safe approaches and locations for work.
Pointing
“Grounded” (Fig. below) – designation of the grounding location, shows that voltage supply to it is unacceptable. Suspended on the switching elements of switching devices. The plate is made as a blue rectangle with white inscription (GOST R 12.4.026).
Sign indicating grounding location
Video about electrical safety
You can learn more about electrical safety rules and regulations by watching this video.
Portable posters or signs are most often used. They are used when carrying out various works on electrical installations. Permanent posters are used less frequently. Electrical safety signs are installed only permanently.
According to GOST requirements, portable posters are installed from dielectric materials. Permanent posters and signs can only be metal if they are located away from live elements.
In the modern world, a poster is something familiar that a person encounters several times a day and therefore has already learned not to react to it. However, just 100 years ago this thing was a curiosity and made everyone who saw it freeze in admiration and believe everything that was written on it. How did the poster come about? What is this? What types of posters are there? Let's find out about it.
The meaning of the word "poster"
First of all, it is worth understanding the definition of the noun in question.
Sometimes they are called posters or playbills.
Typically, such images are mounted on the walls and doors of buildings or in specially designated places. Some poster lovers cover their homes with them.
In a narrower sense, this word refers to a specific type of graphics.
Also, this noun was the name of one of the most famous propaganda publishing houses of the USSR, which existed from the mid-70s until 2006. Throughout this time, “Plakat” specialized not only in the production of products of the same name, but also in the printing of postcards, portraits, photographs, etc. . P.
Etymology of the term in question
Having learned the answer to the question: “What is a poster?”, it is worth considering the origin of this noun.
This word was first recorded in the Russian language in 1704. However, it began to be actively used only at the end of the 19th century.
It came to Russian from Latin, French and German. In the twilight of the Roman Empire, citizens often used the term placatum to describe advertisements.
Several centuries later, the verb plaquer (“plaster something”) was formed from placatum in French. And he, in turn, contributed to the emergence of placard.
The term was borrowed from the French by the Germans and slightly modified - das Plakat. It was in this form that this noun appeared in the Russian language and has been preserved to this day.
It is worth noting an interesting fact: in France today the term placard is used extremely rarely; instead, the word affich is relevant. And in English-speaking countries it is called a poster.
Features of posters
An image of this kind has a number of special features that distinguish it from others.
First of all, this is the purpose for which it is created: to attract the attention of others and inform them about something. In this regard, posters and inscriptions on them are usually made large and bright. In addition, they use a minimum of text so as not to bore observers with long reading and enable them to quickly understand the meaning.
As a rule, the inscription on the poster is some kind of catchy slogan (often with an element of humor or play on words) and the name of the product or service about which this image was made.
The history of the poster
Information and propaganda posters first began to be used by mankind back in Ancient Egypt. True, at that time posters were used to capture runaway slaves.
The Greeks and Romans turned out to be more practical and cultural. They used leaflets with pictures and text to communicate sales offers and also as theater posters.
The first poster (in its modern sense) was drawn by order of the British bookseller Batdold in 1482. With its help, the businessman tried to advertise the new edition of Euclidean Geometry.
After this, posters appeared quite rarely for several centuries. However, in the middle of the 19th century. French lithographer Jules Cheret decided to develop Batdold's idea. In 1866, he opened his own workshop in Paris, specializing in Cheret's enterprise, which was a huge success. In a couple of years, he created more than a thousand bright posters inviting people to attend performances or exhibitions. Each of his posters was a real work of art, and they were all made by hand. By the way, it was Shere who laid down the basic principles of the art of poster design, which have not lost their relevance today.
By the end of the 19th century. posters have become an integral part of any important event. At the same time, more and more often they began to be used not as posters, but for advertising some goods or services.
Residents of the Russian Empire during these years knew quite well what a poster was. This was due to the fact that in the last decades of the 19th century. the creation of advertising images became very popular in the empire. This is evidenced by the fact that during this period the World Exhibition of Posters and Playbills was held in Russia.
The use of political posters especially increased after the outbreak of the First World War. To encourage young men to volunteer for the front, as well as to encourage citizens to help the state financially, thousands of posters were printed and drawn in all European countries.
After the revolution of 1917, on the territory of the former empire, for several years only one type of propaganda images was created - a political poster. All heads of state understood its significance very well, so such products were often produced with the last money, instead of giving them to starving citizens.
Hello, dear guests and readers of the Electrician's Notes website.
In the last article, we introduced you to the requirements for and their classification.
And today we will take a closer look at prohibition posters.
Let me remind you that there are 13 safety posters and signs in total. There are only 4 of them prohibiting posters. These are what we will talk about in this article.
So, let's go.
“DO NOT TURN ON people working”
The first poster we will talk about is the prohibitory poster “DO NOT TURN PEOPLE WORKING ON.” This poster serves to prohibit the supply of voltage to the place where repair work is being carried out and is portable. It looks like this.
I will say right away that this is the most common poster that we use in our work.
This prohibitory poster has certain size and design requirements.
The frame of the prohibiting poster “DO NOT ENABLE PEOPLE WORKING” should be red. The frame width is standardized from 0.5 to 1 (cm). The inscription “DO NOT TURN ON people working” is written in red. The background of the poster must be white.
This poster has 2 sizes: 20x10 (cm) and 10x5 (cm).
The prohibitory poster “DO NOT TURN ON people working” is used in electrical installations up to and above 1 (kV).
Above 1 (kV), a prohibitory poster is hung on control keys, prohibition keys and push-button posts of high-voltage switches, as well as on the handles of disconnectors, separators and load switches.
I will give you an example. The photograph shows that the prohibitory posters “DO NOT TURN ON PEOPLE WORK” are hung on the handle of the bus disconnector, which is in the off state, and also (if you noticed) on the power supply circuit breaker (solenoids) of the oil switch.
Here is another example from my practice. It’s similar here, prohibiting posters “Do not turn on! People are working” are posted on the automatic operating circuits and switching circuits (solenoids), on the handles of the busbar and cable disconnectors, as well as on the oil switch drive control key.
Up to 1 (kV), a prohibitory poster is hung on control keys and push-button posts of automatic switches, contactors, as well as on switch handles.
If there are no switching devices in the circuit, then the poster in this case is hung on the jaws (pads) of the removed fuses.
“People are working NOT OPEN”
The prohibitory poster “DO NOT OPEN people working” serves to prohibit the supply of compressed air or gas to the workplace where repair work is being carried out. This poster is portable. It looks like this.
This prohibitory poster, like all others, has certain requirements in terms of size and design.
The frame of the prohibiting poster “DO NOT OPEN people working” should be red. Frame width - 1 (cm). The inscription “DO NOT OPEN people working” is written in red. The background of the poster must be white.
This poster has one standard size: 20x10 (cm).
The prohibitory poster “DO NOT OPEN people working” is hung on valves and valves:
- air ducts
- pneumatic drives of switches and disconnectors
- carbon dioxide pipelines
- hydrogen pipelines
Here I will say that due to the specifics of electrical equipment at our enterprise, we practically do not use this prohibitory poster.
“Operation under voltage, do not restart”
And let’s finish today’s article with the fourth prohibitory poster “Do not turn on WORK under voltage again.”
Dear readers, to be honest, I have never seen or met this poster in person, so I cannot show you photographs of it.
This poster prohibits re-turning on the overhead line (OL) switch after it has automatically turned off. Before turning on the switch, it is necessary to coordinate the actions with the work manufacturer. All this applies to work on overhead lines (OHLs) carried out under voltage.
The poster is hung on the keys and control buttons of the switch that supplies the overhead line (OL) being repaired. This poster is portable. It looks like this:
The prohibiting poster “Do not turn ON OPERATION under voltage”, like all others, is subject to certain requirements in terms of size and design.
The frame of this poster should be red. Frame width - 0.5 (cm). The inscription “Operation under voltage, do not turn on again” is in red. The background of the poster is white.
This prohibition poster has one standard size: 10x5 (cm).
P.S. This concludes the article on the topic of prohibiting electrical safety posters. In the following articles we will look at. Follow the updates on the website. Subscribe to new articles from the site.
Posters and safety signs serve to warn about the danger of electric shock, to prohibit contact with switching equipment, to identify the place of work, etc. Posters are portable and are divided into warning, prohibiting, prescriptive and indicative. The signs are made permanent.
Warning posters serve to warn about the danger of approaching live parts that are energized. These posters are made in size 280x210 mm.
Poster “Stop. Voltage" serves to warn of the danger of electric shock. It is used in electrical installations of power plants and substations with voltages up to and above 1000 V. In closed switchgear it is hung on temporary fences of live parts that are under operating voltage (if the permanent fence is removed); on temporary fences around passages where entry is prohibited; on permanent fences of cells adjacent to the workplace. In outdoor switchgear, posters are hung during work performed from the ground, on ropes and cords enclosing the workplace; on structures, near the workplace on the way to the nearest live parts that are energized.
Poster “Don’t get involved. He will kill! serves to warn about the danger of climbing structures, which may involve approaching live parts that are energized. They are hung in the switchgear on structures adjacent to those intended for lifting personnel to a workplace located at a height.
Poster “Test. Life threatening" serves to warn of the danger of electric shock during high voltage tests. It is posted outside on the equipment and fences of live parts when preparing the workplace for testing with high voltage.
Prohibition posters serve to prohibit operation with switching devices, which, if switched on incorrectly, could supply voltage to the work site. Posters are made in dimensions 240x130 (80x50) mm.
Poster “Do not turn on. People are working" serves to prohibit the supply of voltage to the workplace. It is used in electrical installations with voltages up to and above 1000 V. The poster is hung on the drives of disconnectors, separators and load switches, on keys and remote control buttons, on switching equipment up to 1000 V (automatic machines, switches, circuit breakers), which, if switched on incorrectly, can cause a stress on the workplace. For connections with voltages up to 1000 V that do not have switching devices in the circuit, the poster is hung near the removed fuses.
Poster “Do not turn on. Work on the line" serves to prohibit the supply of voltage to the line on which people are working. The scope is the same as the previous one, but they are posted on the drives, keys and control buttons of those switching devices, if switched on incorrectly, voltage may be supplied to the overhead or cable line on which people work.
Poster “Do not open. People are working" serves to prohibit the supply of compressed air or gas. It is used in electrical installations of power plants and substations. It is hung on valves and valves: air ducts to air collectors and pneumatic drives of switches and disconnectors, if opened incorrectly, compressed air can be supplied to working people or the switch or disconnector on which people are working can be activated; hydrogen, carbon dioxide and other pipelines, which, if opened incorrectly, may pose a danger to working people.
Prescriptive posters serve to indicate to working personnel a place prepared for work or safe access to it. These posters are made in sizes 250x250 and 100x100 mm.
"Work Here" Poster serves to indicate the workplace. It is used in electrical installations of power plants and substations. It is posted at the workplace. In outdoor switchgear, if there are fences, the workplace is hung at the point of passage beyond the fence.
Poster "Get in here" serves to indicate a safe climbing path to a workplace located at height. It is hung on structures or stationary stairs, along which it is possible to climb to a workplace located at a height.
Indicative poster "Grounded" indicates the inadmissibility of supplying voltage to a grounded section of the electrical installation. Its dimensions are 240x130 and 80x50 mm. It is hung in electrical installations of power plants and substations on the drives of disconnectors, separators and load switches, which, if turned on incorrectly, can supply voltage to the grounded section of the electrical installation, as well as on the keys and buttons for their remote control.
Safety signs serve to warn of the danger of electric shock (Caution: Electrical voltage). The safety sign is permanently fixed in electrical installations with voltages up to and above 1000 V of power plants and substations, on overhead line supports with voltages above 1000 V (sign with a yellow background) or on reinforced concrete supports of overhead lines (sign with a background in the form of a concrete surface). In electrical installations of power plants and substations, the sign is fixed on the outside of the entrance doors of the switchgear, with the exception of the doors of switchgear and package transformer substations located in these devices; external doors of chambers of switches and transformers; fencing of live parts located in production premises; doors of panels and assemblies with voltage up to 1000 V.
On overhead line supports, the sign is fixed (on metal and wooden) or applied (on reinforced concrete) in populated areas at a height of 2.5 - 3 m from the ground for spans of less than 100 m - through the support, and for spans of more than 100 m and when crossing roads - on each support. When crossing roads, the signs must be facing the road, but in other cases they are located on the side of the support, alternately on the right and left sides.
It is recommended to make posters and signs from electrical insulating materials (textolite, getinax, polystyrene, etc.). For open electrical installations, the use of metal posters is allowed. In electrical installations with large equipment, the dimensions of the posters may be increased in the ratio of 2:1, 4:1 and 6:1 to the dimensions given in the text.
