Sociological analysis: general principles and approaches. Sociological Analysis of Society Sociological Analysis

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The analysis of the results of a sociological mono-study of personality in the manuscript of A.I. Stronin is carried out. "Personality theory". Using the monographic method, analysis and synthesis, the parameters of the sociological context of personality analysis were revealed, a systematic approach was used for the first time in the study of the manuscript, and the relevance and significance of Stronin's ideas for modern sociology was shown.

sociological analysis of the manuscript

personality

personal development

society

character

moral qualities

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4. Parsons T. Coordinate system and general theory of action systems: culture, personality and place of social systems // American sociological thought. Texts. - M., 1994.

5. Reznik Yu.M., Kostyuchenko L.G. Introduction to personality theory: a sociocultural approach. - M .: Independent Institute of Civil Society, 2003.

6. Synergetic philosophy of history: Coll. monograph ed. V.P. Bransky and S.D. Pozharsky. - SPb., 2009. - Ch. one.

7. Sorokin P.A. Man. Civilization. Society. - M., 1992.

8. Stronin A.I. The theory of personality // Department of Manuscripts of the Russian National Library of St. Petersburg. - F. 752.D. 13, 14, 15.

9. Fromm E. Healthy society. Digest // Psychoanalysis and Culture. –M., 1995.

Currently, Russian sociological science is experiencing an urgent need to rethink and reach a new level of theoretical and methodological vision and understanding of the personality at the interdisciplinary level in the sociological concepts of Russian sociology. In this regard, the comprehension and sociological analysis of the manuscript of five notebooks of the theory of personality of the representative of the naturalistic school of Russian sociology Stronin A.I.

Alexander Ivanovich Stronin (1826-1889) - one of the first Russian sociologists, whose works open the era of the national history of scientific sociology. Stronin conceived his research as a series of books, originally titled by him: "Knowledge and Method", "Politics", "Philosophy", "Biography". He planned to write a fourth book, which he wanted to call "Biography", and as a result received "The Theory of Personality", which is a monographic study. In the department of manuscripts of the Russian National Library in the A.I. Stronin keeps the original manuscript of The Theory of Personality. The archive workers date the manuscript to 1870. However, in his diary entries, Stronin mentions this work much later - in 1883.

"Theory of Personality" is a historical and philosophical work in which Stronin's views as a positivist are clearly visible. The original manuscript is presented in five notebooks. In this work, Stronin reveals his "program of personality theory", represented by "philosophy of the past", "philosophy of the present" and "philosophy of the past."

In this regard, the task of the research is to consider for the first time the manuscript of A.I. Stronin's personality theory. as an object of independent sociological research.

Purpose of the study- analysis of the sociological aspect of the study of personality in the manuscript of three (1, 2, 3) notebooks of the theory of personality Stronin A.I.

Research methods: analysis, synthesis, monographic.

Analyzing the ideas of Stronin A.I. about the personality, we highlight the following aspects of its study: ethical, sociological, psychological, socio-pedagogical and socio-psychological.

In this article we will dwell in more detail on the study of the sociological aspect.

The sociological aspect of the study of personality is revealed through:a) Analysis of factors and conditions for successful self-education and socialization; b) The mechanism of social mobility; c) Analysis of personal changes in the process of social mobility; d) Analysis of personality egoism as a factor in personality development; e) The influence of the social environment on the character of the person; f) Setting goals in the life of a person; g) The influence of socio-economic, legal and other factors on the development of personal qualities.

a) Analysis of factors and conditions for successful self-education and socialization (p. 13-14, Vol. 1)

Stronin defines the factors that influence the process of socialization of the individual: the laws of human nature, circumstances of the same nature, the conditions of character itself, natural education by society, artificial education by pedagogy and school, and, finally, among the artificial ones, self-education. All of these factors affect the personality against its will. It is possible to argue with this thesis of Stronin, since factors such as character, upbringing by school and self-education affect the personality purposefully, she independently controls the degree of their influence, depending on the level of education, culture and worldview.

Further, Stronin shows the limits of the possibility of realizing self-education: firstly, not earlier than with the possibility of self-awareness, i.e. when the character is already ready, and, secondly, not otherwise than as a result of some non-original motivation, and thirdly, and in general as an exceptional case, and not as the custom of the majority of the masses; fourthly, without knowledge, without skills, it is impossible to influence oneself. All these prerequisites will undoubtedly lead to the successful development of self-education of the individual.

In modern Russian sociology, these ideas have received a deeper development in the concept of Yu.M. Reznik, where the key concepts are the social activity of a person, an active life position. The personality as the bearer of an active life position turns out to be capable of consciously constructing his own life; she becomes the subject of life strategies - a component of the general orientation system of the individual, responsible for the formation of her desired future in accordance with the ideals and values \u200b\u200bof society [see: 5, p. 158].

The problem of personality self-education, which is of interest to Stronin, allows us to develop this topic in the concepts and terms of a synergetic philosophy of history, social synergetics. The process of self-education inevitably leads to the formation of personal values \u200b\u200band ideals. From the point of view of social synergetics, a person is an animal whose ultimate motive of behavior (his strategic reference point) is a certain ideal, and the final result is the realization of this ideal, that is, some value.

In the synergetic philosophy of history, value means the material embodiment of the pragmatic aspect of a certain ideal. The role of such an embodiment can be a thing, a living person, a social institution, etc.

The key to understanding the production of values \u200b\u200bis a synergetic theory of values, based on a synergistic theory of ideology. It follows from the synergetic philosophy of history that the algorithm of the creative process not only can, but must exist and must be described by the theory of social selection.

According to this theory, the chaos created by the collapse of old values \u200b\u200bhas the ability to self-organize, as a result of which new values \u200b\u200bcan arise. The self-organization of the value chaos consists in the fact that several so-called “creative baskets” are formed in it, each of which represents a new possible bifurcation structure. A set of such baskets is a creative thesaurus - a set of possible ways to structure a multitude of "fragments" formed as a result of the collapse and disintegration of old values.

An active creative person plays the role of a creative detector choosing one of the baskets, and the role of a creative selector is the ideal by which this person is guided and with the help of which he makes his choice.

b) The mechanism of social mobility (p. 14-15, vol. 1)

Stronin reveals the mechanism of social mobility: “if a writer suddenly became a minister, an emperor, the change in his way of thinking became fatal and irresistible. As a writer, he belonged, for example, to a well-known party, was, let’s say, its head, from it he borrowed all of his, rotating in it alone, he could not get out of its horizons; but now he has become a ruler, his position puts him outside the party and above it, he now borrows his strength not from one party or another, but from everyone, for him now the interests of all of them are equal, he now sees what he had not seen before, he is now looking from a place from which he had not previously looked - and now his whole worldview was instantly changed. " The author is convinced that the guarantee of the all-round development of the individual in society lies in the possibility of vertical and horizontal social mobility. "If all people had the same concepts and everyone never changed them, then this firmness of convictions would be equal to the fossilization and immobility of minds."

c) Analysis of personal changes in the process of social mobility (p. 35, vol. 1)

In the process of social mobility, certain personal changes occur, which the sociologist notes on the example of horizontal upward mobility: “With each such movement, the whole way of thinking and acting, all worldview and all activity, and all the more, the more decisive the change, more or less. Hence the Minister of Police, who specially persecuted the press, having become the Minister of Education, constantly defends it ... ".

In domestic and foreign sociology, the problem of social mobility has been actively developed in the concept of P.A. Sorokin. The Russian-American sociologist views personality, culture and society as an inseparable triad. Personality acts as a subject of interaction, society - as a set of interacting individuals and relationships between them, and culture as a set of meanings, values \u200b\u200band norms that govern the interacting individuals.

Thus, Stronin's thought about personal changes in the process of social mobility is expanded and the idea of \u200b\u200bthe interdependence of the individual, society and culture is shown, which is also expressed in this process.

d) Analysis of personality egoism as a development factorpersonality (p. 26, vol. 2)

Stronin presents his theory of personality egoism, according to which, the more enlightenment in a society, the more egoism is developed in it, so the whole question is not suppression, but development, in the understanding of egoism. This is due to the fact that there is no action, an unselfish action.

The sociologist gives the following examples: “A man throws himself into the water after a drowning man, whom he does not know - this, they say, is selflessness; did not happen at all - this is the personal interest of the rushing one, the interest of the minute, the interest is unconscious, the interest is sublime, but still personal, because at that moment the person considers it his duty, although he did not consider it either before or after, without which he did not rush would, he considers himself unworthy to stand idly by. " Garibaldi gives everything to the cause of the people, and not to his personal affairs; it never happened at all: and he gives himself all only to his own personal cause, but if this personal is identified with him with the common and his with someone else, then this is only a high development of egoism, a broad understanding of it, his enlightened mood.

From our point of view, the manifestation of the provisions of this theory is not observed in modern Russian society. Common human values \u200b\u200bof morality and ethics replace material, pragmatic interests, where everyone realizes his own egoistic goals, without worrying about the state and development of society as a whole. Moreover, the lower the level of culture, education in society, the higher the manifestation of selfish aspirations, personal values.

e) The influence of the social environment on the character of the personality(p. 25-26, T. 2)

Stronin emphasizes the importance of the influence of the social environment on the development of personality, the formation of character, moral qualities. “Everyday relations with the common people, with soldiers, with criminals roughen up even the softest disposition before, and produce severity, severity, coarseness of character; on the contrary, daily relationships with educated, sophisticated people, with women, with children form gentleness, meekness, delicacy, timidity. "

At the same time, he identifies a number of relevant professions, which are characterized by the first set of qualities - an officer, landowner, police officer, district chief; and the second is a teacher, professor, doctor, valet.

In our opinion, this problem was developed in the sociology of I.S. Kohn, in particular, in the description of the social structure of the personality [see: 2, p. 83]. The sociologist used the following concepts: social position, social role, social interests and value orientations. The content of these concepts reflects the specificity of the relationship between the individual and society.

e ) Goal setting in the life of a person (p. 27, vol. 2)

A special place in the sociological aspect of the study of personality is occupied by the problem of goal-setting in the life of the individual. Achieving goals requires knowledge of the circumstances that promote and counteract it, you must be able to distinguish between causes and effects.

This problem is being developed in Western sociology of the 20th century in the theory of social action by T. Parsons. Various human properties are distributed accordingly between the main subsystems of action. Primary needs are in the behavioral subsystem (behavioral organism); goals and motives - in the personal subsystem; values \u200b\u200band value orientations - in the cultural subsystem; social positions and roles - in the social subsystem. The personality appears as the subject of goal-setting and volitional decisions.

g) The influence of socio-economic, legal and other factors on the development of personal qualities (p. 12, vol. 3)

According to Stronin, one and the same person, at least somewhat, but becomes better under better circumstances: with wealth - more independent, more proud, more independent, with recognition of his rights - more self-confident, energetic, etc. ...

From this it follows that society, with its economic, political, legal institutions, has a huge impact on the development of the individual, satisfying or, on the contrary, her needs and interests.

The problem of the relationship between the individual and society continued its development in the XX century in Western sociology in the concept of E. Fromm, according to which the personality develops in accordance with the opportunities that society provides to her. Its social character depends on this.

Thus, personality for Stronin from the point of view of the sociological aspect of its study is a systemic quality due to its involvement in social relations, as well as the ability to act simultaneously as an object and subject of activity.

Reviewers:

• Brazevich SS, Doctor of Social Sciences, Professor of the Department of Sociology of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "St. Petersburg State Engineering and Economic University", St. Petersburg.
• Vorontsov A.V., Doctor of Philosophy, Professor, Head. Department of History and Theory GOU VPO "Russian State Pedagogical University".

Work received on September 30, 2011.

Here and below in the article the corresponding pages and numbers of the notebook of the manuscript of A.I. "Personality theory".

Hereinafter, the article indicates the number of the sheet (L. 11) and the number of the structured material (No. 31) according to the manuscript of A.I. Stronin. "Personality theory".

Bibliographic reference

Ohanyan K.K. SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE PERSONALITY IN THE MANUSCRIPT OF A. I. STRONIN "THEORY OF PERSONALITY" AND MODERNITY // Modern problems of science and education. - 2011. - No. 5 .;
URL: http://science-education.ru/ru/article/view?id\u003d4806 (date of access: 02/01/2020). We bring to your attention the journals published by the "Academy of Natural Sciences"

As you can see, the largest gender gap is presented in TV shows, programs about fashion and style, cooking shows, and crime chronicles. On the other hand, respondents show a universal interest in humorous and educational programs, attention is not too divergent to information and news content, social and problem programs, as well as feature films.

The conducted research not only makes it possible to identify vivid trends in media consumption, but also opens up new research prospects: studying the motivation for accessing the media, the place of the media in the general composition of a person's activities, and much more.

Notes

1 See in more detail: Socio-cultural potential of the South Urals: challenges of the time and landmarks of cultural policy. Chelyabinsk: Encyclopedia, 2011.

2Zubanova LB Socio-cultural analysis of media consumption: qualitative and quantitative parameters of assessing the audience of Chelyabinsk // Chelyabinsk Humanitarian. 2011. No. 2 (15). S. 59-75.

3Svitich L.G.Sociology of journalism. M.: VK, 2010.S. 41.

Lyudmila Borisovna Zubanova

Chelyabinsk State Academy of Culture and Arts

SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF CULTURE

The article was prepared within the framework of a grant from the President of the Russian Federation for state support of young Russian scientists - doctors of science (competition MD-2012).

The article analyzes the possibilities of applying sociology to the study of culture. The formation and formation of the sociology of culture as a separate discipline is analyzed, and its heuristic potential in the study of reality is generalized.

Key words: sociology, culture, sociology of culture, integration of disciplines, research methodology, pluralism.

Sociology of culture - despite the established authority and scientific consistency (the presence in the curriculum of training specialists, preparation and defense of dissertations in the relevant specialty) is a discipline in which, in the opinion of its developers and ideological inspirers: “there is no stable subject, conceptual apparatus and methodology ".

Before discussing the actual development of the sociology of culture, it is necessary at least schematically to touch upon the field of sociology in which the sociology of culture develops as one of the directions. Despite all the variety of manifestations of the development of modern sociological knowledge, we focus on two features that, in our opinion, have a significant impact on the actualization of the sociological analysis of the field of culture.

The first feature is associated with a shift in the emphasis of sociological search - from a macrosociological perspective to microsociology, in fact, a change in the unit of analysis itself - its transfer to an acting subject, a "social agent" (A. Touraine). The most important feature of Western European sociology is its connection with social

© L. B. Zubanova, 2012.

but the philosophical tradition (in contrast to American sociology, more focused on the study of human behavior) was increasingly involved in the transition from the study of essences to the analysis of existence (“existential sociology” by E. Tirakian). Criticism of the macrosociological orientation of sociology, the inability to explain the realities of modern life, accusations of isolation from everyday life and a craving for a universal understanding of social processes and patterns of development grew.

Another feature is the modern pluralism of paradigms, the emergence of many theories developing in parallel, without a claim to generalization and sacralization of knowledge. All this predetermined the situation in which the search for the only correct paradigm explaining the structure and functioning of the social organism gave way to the search for alternative ways of such explanations. In a situation of many theoretical explanations of reality or "plurality of truths", researchers involuntarily turn to empiricism, capable of confirming, presenting concretizing, and most importantly provable material to their reflections. At the same time, this situation contributes to the fact that in the countless number of theories the researcher sees the expediency not so much in replenishing with another theory, but in referring to the factual nature of sociological research.

In our opinion, the priority role in the study of ideas uniting society should belong to the sociology of culture. The fundamental works of L.G. Ionin, L.N. Kogan, A. Yu. Sogomonov, V.S. processes, proving that it is the sociological analysis of culture that can most adequately reveal the changes taking place in society. At the same time, almost all researchers, in one way or another, touching upon the issues of the sociological analysis of culture, point to the need to study its value-normative block, the relevance of studying collective opinions and preferences.

Today, public opinions, ideals and aspirations are increasingly interpreted from the empirical standpoint, automatically being included in the problematic field of social engineering. However, the diversity of ideas functioning in society requires researchers to consider them not only from applied positions, but also to comprehend them at the scientific and theoretical level of sociological analysis. Today's reality, demonstrating the versatility and inconsistency of the ongoing processes and phenomena, emphasizes the need to "link" in the sociology of culture its theoretical fundamental developments and applied empirical research. Moreover, such a connection means not just a kind of "compromise" that reconciles polar points of view, but the deliberate leadership of an integrative approach that makes full use of the totality of sociological information obtained in the macro- and micro-level areas of modern sociological knowledge.

The turn of the millennium is always a moment of special responsibility of mankind for the past and future. It is at this time, in our opinion, that the desire to analyze and largely rethink the existing "baggage of history", to understand and predict the processes that await us in the future, is actualized. As a rule, in such transitional moments in the development of social systems, the priority role in explaining global issues of humanity is given to culture. It is recognized as a solid foundation connecting the poles of the past, present and future. But at the same time, culture is almost always an "elusive" value. The researcher of culture is inevitably included in the very process of its functioning, which in many respects prevents him from rising above him, rethinking the ongoing transformations. In essence, analyzing the spiritual

component of culture, we are faced with the problem of diagnosing our own consciousness, but without this ability for self-reflection it is impossible to understand the surrounding reality. German sociologist and founder of the sociology of knowledge K. Manheim, considering the originality of cultural sociological knowledge, identifies it with the “sociology of sociology”, thereby assigning the role of such self-reflection of social development to the sociological study of culture.

The opposition of culture and society today is thought to be untenable, and the boundaries between social and cultural, once clearly defined by representatives of functionalism, at least require a significant rethinking. In modern conditions, fixing the "culture" of all spheres of social activity, the isolation of the social and cultural component becomes illegal. Moreover, it is their unity that seems necessary and justified. The well-known Russian scientist L. G. Ionin, emphasizing the priority role of the sociology of culture in understanding the surrounding reality, proves that it “... is gradually turning into the leading sociological discipline of the new millennium. In this sense, the sociology of culture is the path to the new millennium ”.

The sociology of culture in the new conditions is not just a branch of sociological knowledge; it covers all the problems of social life (albeit from its own special angle of consideration). The ability of culture to be a “cross-cutting” component of a social system may also indicate that the methods of studying it can also be “cross-cutting”, that is, adjacent to the disciplines directly or indirectly related to it. The history of humanitarian thought contains many examples of such compatibility. Representatives of the sociology of critical realism (M. Archer, W. Outveit, R. Bhaskar), revising the legacy of social thought, emphasized the close relationship of philosophical and sociological problems. They defined this combination as the timely overcoming of the growing theoretical uncertainty of sociological knowledge and saw such complementarity as a characteristic feature of the "new realism." The desire to synthesize methodological attitudes and methods of various sciences is clearly demonstrated by the example of the sociometry of J. Moreno, and the system-cybernetic approach to the study of society, developed by the American follower of M. Weber

A. Etzioni, attempts to combine the systems approach in sociology with the ideas of evolutionism. Such an interdisciplinarity of sociological research, openness to the appeal and use of the achievements of various humanities makes him the most "flexible" in the study of the contradictory and multifaceted reality of culture.

Sociological knowledge at almost all stages of development demonstrated the multilevel nature of its own structure. Even O. Comte and G. Spencer singled out two independent sections in it: social statics and social dynamics. The first considered social reality at the stage of "order", the second - fixed the history of social evolution. This classification retained its stability until the substantiation of a new "two-level" model of sociological knowledge, including the opposition of the theoretical and empirical wings (F. Znanetsky, O. Neurath) or macro- and microsociology (J. Moreno, T. Parsons).

The division of sociology into macrosociology and microsociology clearly marked the contradiction in the correlation of theoretical and empirical levels of research into social processes and phenomena. A theory that is not related to practice was often accused of lack of evidence, while an orientation only towards applied research was identified with “questionnaire addiction,” capable of recording only momentary preferences that do not claim to be a serious generalization. All this has led to the emergence in sociology of the so-called "situation of Q-Q choice", that is, the opposition of qualitative (quality) and quantitative (quantity) methods and, as a result,

state, the orientation of leading sociological centers and specific researchers to a particular strategy. Macrosociology and the methods of quantitative analysis used by it, in the opinion of many sociologists, were not able to properly explain the "human factor" of social phenomena and processes. Qualitative research, focusing on private, micro-level aspects of social reality, demonstrated excessive “subjectivity”.

The model of the middle-level theories proposed by R. Merton was not so much a desire to replace the “big” theory with the “average” one, but an attempt to combine structural-functional analysis and empirical sociological research. This intermediate position of research (between empirical material and general sociological theory) is an empirically substantiated construction, but, at the same time, is already something more than a simple design of statistical data. Today, such a "three-level" system is also criticized by researchers and is often regarded as ignoring the aspectual diversity of structural sections of sociological knowledge.

Such a short excursion into the history of the confrontation between "theorists" and "practitioners" is undoubtedly dictated not by the goal of finding the truth (if such can be found) in resolving the priority role of theoretical or empirical sociology. There is no conflict here. Diverse research goals dictate a diverse approach to the phenomenon under study. However, in recent years, alienation from all kinds of theory has been growing, and the failure of attempts at scientific generalizations as claims to the construction of meta-narratives has been proven. In sociology, this is confirmed, among other things, by the tendency to explain the state of public consciousness by momentary response

Measurement using a survey. The popularity of applied research is also supported by the fact that in the age of glasnost they acquire an unprecedented social significance. In itself, such a desire for factual substantiation does not carry a "threat" and in many respects clarifies the contradictory nature of modern social phenomena and processes. The concern is different: sociological information is increasingly acting as a kind of background for confirming any political or economic theories, without pretending to build or methodological substantiation of its own. In this situation, in our opinion, it is necessary to focus again on the reunification of the empirical and theoretical levels of sociological knowledge.

The lack of understanding of the versatility and ambiguity of the processes taking place in society and culture, the need to explain their stability or transformation through theoretical sociological analysis, causes great concern. Often, in explaining the goals and objectives of the sociology of culture, its technological, applied functions are the dominant feature. Thus, a short dictionary of sociology places the following at the center of research in the sociology of culture: “... the socio-demographic and other characteristics of the public as a consumer of culture, their interests, tastes, and motives for becoming involved in culture. cultural institutions in which cultural values \u200b\u200bare exhibited or lent out at home: theaters, museums, art galleries, philharmonic societies, concert and exhibition halls, libraries, film libraries, as well as special entertainment institutions. finally, organized cultural events - mass processions, games, celebrations and festivals. " The object of study of the sociology of culture by the authors of the dictionary is determined by the activities of people in their free time.

Based on the above definition, the sociology of culture is a cross between the sociology of art and the sociology of leisure. The specificity of the sociological analysis of culture is seen here only in the study of its departmental direction (the study of institutions), and mainly by the methods of applied research. However, this understanding of the sociology of culture, in our opinion, is somewhat

unilaterally interprets the culture itself, revealing only one (and not the most fundamental) side of its essence, and, therefore, requires significant clarification and addition. Culture in our understanding is not a cultural and leisure activity, but a side of any process or phenomenon. And the task of the sociology of culture is not only to "measure" various components of cultural development, to study its individual facts and phenomena, but also to try to look at culture in its integrity (the unity of social and cultural), presenting a certain general picture of its functioning: penetrates the entire "matter" of society, and the sociology of culture, not having a separate living space in the building of modern sociology, "lives" everywhere, making up a side, a section of any branch of sociology, a necessary element of any sociological research, no matter what side of social life it concerns. " ...

LN Kogan, explaining the nature of sociological studies of culture, delimited them into the field of scientific research, enriching the idea of \u200b\u200bculture in general and the culture of a given society; and the field of social engineering aimed at solving applied problems. At the same time, he nowhere emphasizes the prevalence of the second level of research over the first, on the contrary, the whole nature of his work confirms the role of the theoretical aspect in the study of the problematic field of culture. L. G. Ionin also substantiates the promise of theoretical and methodological approaches in the sociological study of culture, proposes to single out cultural analysis as a special direction of theoretical and sociological research, combining the methodology and analytical apparatus of philosophy and sociology of culture in order to identify the basic laws of sociocultural changes.

Recently, among researchers, one can more and more often find statements about overcoming the orientation of sociological search towards various kinds of oppositions, about the development of an integrative orientation that refutes antagonism and confirms the interdependence of the entire cultural development. Such an orientation towards uniting the theoretical and empirical wings is not so much the deliberate overcoming of disciplinary “barriers” or, in the language of T. Kuhn, “the convergence of disciplinary matrices” of the theoretical and empirical wings of social thought, as the natural basis of any scientific search. In fact, no one has ever done empirical sociological research without an appropriate theory, while any theory is always a theory of the concrete, not the abstract.

Bibliography

1. Ionin, L. G. Sociology of culture [Text]: textbook. allowance / L. G. Ionin. - M.: Publishing Corporation "Logos", 1996. - 280 p.

2. Ionin, LG Sociology of culture: The path to the new millennium [Text]: textbook. allowance / L. G. Ionin; ed. 3rd, rev. and add. - M.: Publishing Corporation "Logos", 2000. - 432 p.

3. Kogan, LN Sociology of culture [Text]: textbook. allowance / L. N. Kogan. - Yekaterinburg: USU, 1992 .-- 120 p.

4. Concise Dictionary of Sociology [Text] / under total. ed. D. M. Gvishiani, N. I. Lapina; comp. E. M. Korzheva, N. F. Naumova. - M.: Politizdat, 1988 .-- 479 p.

5. Molevich, EF To the question of the structure of modern sociological knowledge [Text] / EF Molevich // Sotsis. - 1997. -№6.- S. 3-9.

6. Zuckerman, VS Sociology of culture and the Ural region [Text] / VS Tsukerman // Ural region as a society: materials of the XI Ural. sociologist. readings / Ural. social economy in-t Acad. labor and social. relationships. - Chelyabinsk, 1999 .-- S. 278-281.

Introduction

Theoretical Foundations of Lifestyle Research

1 Concept and essence of the category "lifestyle"

2 Characteristics of the components of lifestyle

3 Leaders as a specific social group

Sociological analysis of the lifestyle of modern leaders of the city of Vologda

1 Sociological Research Program

2 Features of the lifestyle of modern leaders (according to the results of a sociological survey)

3 Materials of interviews with the leaders of the city of Vologda

4 Content analysis of printed sources of the city of Vologda

1 Measures to improve the lifestyle of the population

2 Effectiveness of the proposed activities

Conclusion

Introduction

lifestyle social leader

In the process of existence of each society, the formation, and then the development of specific forms of political, cultural, social and economic life of people occurs, which entails a change in the living conditions of society members, the ways of its organization, that is, those factors that can be described using the concept of "lifestyle". In other words, the specificity of any society determines the characteristic features and characteristics of the lifestyle of its members. That is why the study of people's lifestyles will never lose its significance.

The relevance of the final qualifying work lies in the fact that a lifestyle as a social phenomenon is an integrative characteristic of human life, in which the life of an individual and a social group appears as a certain integrity, and the heads of various state and commercial institutions are the group of people whose study is very important to understand the general picture of the development trends of the ruling elite. Thanks to this, it is possible to understand how the level of knowledge, habits, goals, motives and other important features of the individual development of an individual can affect the life of the whole society.

Very often, an ordinary person does not have a complete idea of \u200b\u200ba better life, which is why he cannot set clear and clear goals for himself, thanks to the achievement of which an individual can significantly improve his life. He does not know much about it and understands it to the same extent, so he does not have the opportunity to choose which life to strive for.

Without comparison, it is extremely difficult to judge which is worse and which is better, which means that you cannot be completely sure that you are striving for the right goals while working to improve your life. A person should want only what he has an idea of. Unfortunately, many do not have this very idea about everything.

The heads of state and commercial institutions are a priori considered more successful, wealthy, and more high-status than the common population, which today for the most part can be attributed not even to the middle class of people, but only to the poor. There are many objective reasons for this state of affairs, but there are also subjective ones, thanks to which each person will be able to improve their lifestyle. The problem is that people at the psychological and socio-economic levels do not know where to start in order to change their lives for the better.

The aim of the research is to study the lifestyle of modern leaders using sociological methods.

Study the concept of "lifestyle" and its components.

Study leaders as a specific group.

Choose methods of sociological research.

Conduct a sociological analysis of the lifestyle of leaders.

Reveal the peculiarities of the leaders' lifestyle.

Compare some characteristics of the lifestyle of leaders and the general population.

Object of research: heads of state and commercial institutions of the city of Vologda.

Research methods: questionnaire survey, in-depth interview, content analysis of printed sources. And also the use of typological, structural, analytical, one-dimensional and multidimensional groupings in data analysis. The use of averages, absolute indicators.

1 . Theoretical Foundations of Lifestyle Research

1.1 Concept and essence of the category "lifestyle"

The human way of life has long been an object for philosophical reflection. Questions about how an individual should live have been raised in every human culture. In ancient times, they found their expression in religious writings, touched upon everyday, legal and moral aspects of life, and also regulated interpersonal relationships. In later periods of history, the study of the way of life of a person became the object of philosophical knowledge and scientific research. Throughout the history of mankind, the way of life was to some extent regulated by the legal, social and cultural characteristics of society. Society painted the image of the person it needed: a Christian ascetic of the Middle Ages, a creator of the Renaissance, a free-thinking intellectual of the New Age, or an active consumer and producer of the era of capitalism. Without a doubt, such a description is very crude and is not able to fully describe the features of the lifestyle of a person of a particular culture. In addition, political, social and cultural characteristics do not exhaust the range of factors that can affect a person's lifestyle. The following is important: throughout the history of mankind, there has been an awareness of exactly how a person should organize his life.

The study of the way of life and its components falls on the moment of the birth of empirical sociology. Research on this topic was carried out by such famous scientists as C. Booth, F. Le Play, R. Davis, O. Longarde, M. Weber and many others.

The way of life in Marxist sociology is a social phenomenon in which economic, production-technical, political, social, socio-cultural and ideological processes occurring in society are manifested. This is an independent and rather important category, which, thanks to the systematic approach, allows one to study the vital activity of society, social groups and individuals, explaining the qualities of its dialectical development. The well-known statement of K. Marx and F. Engels, who wrote in German Ideology, serves as a methodological basis for such an understanding of the way of life: “The mode of production must be considered not only from the side that it is a reproduction of the physical existence of individuals. To an even greater extent, this is a certain way of activity of these individuals, a certain type of their life activity, their certain way of life. What is the vital activity of individuals, so are they themselves. What they are, therefore, coincides with their production - coincides both with what they produce and with how they produce. What individuals are - it depends, therefore, on the material conditions of their production. "

According to many researchers, the concept of "way of life" is interdisciplinary and finds its application at the intersection of sociology and psychology. And this position is not accidental, since the way of life is usually considered phenomena that have a complex nature, where both socio-economic and individual-personal determinants are combined.

Today, most authors working on the problem of theoretical understanding of the way of life agree that the way of life is a certain way of human activity or a type of social life. Nevertheless, many theoretical questions of the “lifestyle” phenomenon have not been fully worked out or are not unambiguously defined.

The latest philosophical dictionary gives the following definition: "Lifestyle is a concept of Russian sociology that characterizes specific socio-cultural interiors (typical forms, methods and mechanisms) of the life of social subjects." This definition emphasizes the following important lifestyle characteristics:

The actor of the way of life is a social subject, that is, the way of life is fixed in social reality, its ontological structures have a social basis;

At its core, the way of life is represented by life activity with its most typical ways, forms, mechanisms.

Typicality in the aspect of life activity is determined by everyday life, specificity, repetition, and the peculiarity of certain aspects of activity. The characteristic of typicality in the way of life determines the non-inclusion in it of individual actions and forms of activity that a person implements episodically, not systemically.

The category "way of life" denotes an organized set of processes and phenomena of human life in society. The ways of organizing these processes and phenomena are determined by the social, natural-geographical and cultural conditions of their implementation, on the one hand, and the individual characteristics of representatives of various sociocultural groups, on the other. The content of a lifestyle is determined by how people live, what types of activities and interactions with each other fill their lives, what they do.

A way of life is a dynamic socio-cultural "portrait" of members of society, shown through the processes of their life in certain conditions, integrity, which has a cultural meaning and is due to the person's ability to productive activity.

In Russia, among the leading researchers of the way of life, L.V. Sokhan, I.T. Levykina, V.I. Tolstoy. The generalized understanding developed by philosophers is as follows: the way of life can be defined as “established, typical for historically specific social relations forms of individual and group life activities of people, which characterize the features of their communication, behavior and mentality in the spheres of work, socio-political activity , everyday life and leisure ".

The Soviet period in the development of the category of “lifestyle” passed “under the sign of intensifying ideological struggle”, which served for a comparative analysis of two opposite social systems - socialist and capitalist, while the results of such a comparison were very often incorrect.

Since the 60s of the last century, sociologists such as A.G. Zdravomyslov, V.A. Yadov, I.S. Mansurov. They argued that, in contrast to psychology, which concentrates on a separate individual, the subject of the category of "lifestyle" for a sociologist is mainly large social communities (peoples, social classes, social and professional groups, communities of the type of settlement, and others).

BD Parygin focuses on the fact that the way of life is primarily a socio-psychological category. BF Lomov, speaking about the importance of the socio-psychological side of the way of life, emphasized: “When we talk about the way of life of a certain person, we mean not only what and how he does, but also with whom and how he communicates to whom and how he relates. "

G.P. Predvechny and Yu.A. Sherkovin in their works identified such socio-psychological characteristics of the way of life as:

Distribution and characteristics of the manifestation of social activity of the individual;

Needs, values, interests realized in life and serving as motives and regulators of behavior and activity;

Customs and habits, as typical social norms of relations between people, formed in the process of production, political life and everyday life.

IV Bestuzhev-Lada says: “The way of life encompasses all essential spheres of people's life: work, forms of its social organization, way of life, forms of people using their free time, their participation in political and social life, forms of meeting their material and spiritual needs norms and rules of conduct that have become part of everyday practice ”.

A.P. Butenko identifies three approaches for the conditional generalization of the variety of interpretations of the concept of "lifestyle". The first approach is to try to characterize the way of life through a broad enumeration of all the circumstances related to the life of people and the whole society. As a result of this approach, the way of life is interpreted as a sociological category that includes living conditions, social relations and forms of life of people, everyday life, worldview, forms of satisfying needs, etc.

The second approach is to try to avoid such "latitude" in the interpretation of lifestyle. Therefore, there are two definitions here. According to the first, lifestyle is a category that characterizes the qualitative characteristics of people's well-being. According to the second, the way of life is a category that denotes "the warehouse of thoughts and actions, the inner way of thinking and deeds, the inner way of human life." Unfortunately, this approach excludes the characterization of the types of human activity.

The third approach is inherent in those who consider the way of life as a unity of forms of life and a number of the most important (and not all) living conditions. The totality of the way of life is manifested as an alloy of economic, legal, socio-psychological, ethnic and other social phenomena. These "most important conditions" in their content are very vague for different authors: social security and health care, housing, labor and working hours, material well-being, transport and communications, political and national relations, culture and so on.

To characterize a way of life means to reveal the reasons for the diversity of people's behavior under the same conditions. A way of life is a special form, a means of active appropriation by individuals of the social conditions of their life, but at the same time it is also a form, a means of realizing oneself in the social, of changing the very conditions of life.

1.2 Characteristics of lifestyle components

Like any complexly organized system, a lifestyle has a certain list of components that form a structural characteristic of a given category and make it possible to reveal its content side.

L.V. Sokhan and V.A.Tikhonovich identified criteria and indicators of lifestyle, where the first group includes the content of the conditions of social life of people, measured in such indicators as socio-psychological and moral climate, socio-psychological aspects of social relations, social values \u200b\u200band norms, traditions, customs. The second group is made up of social and psychological characteristics of life itself, characterized through such signs as meaning, values, purpose of life; various forms of social activity, preferred forms of spending free time; features of an informal group, the nature of a person's hobbies, his behavior in everyday life. The third group examines the relationship of the lifestyle subject to the conditions and nature of his life, where the indicators are the expectations, claims of the lifestyle subject, his assessment of the conditions and content of his life, the measure of satisfaction with them.

Yu. P. Lisitsyn distinguishes four categories in the way of life: economic - "standard of living", socio-psychological - "lifestyle", sociological - "quality of life" and socio-economic - "way of life".

The category "standard of living" is one of the most important economic categories that is used in scientific literature, in legal and regulatory documents. The standard of living is determined, on the one hand, by the degree of development of the needs of people themselves, and, on the other hand, by the quantity and quality of life benefits and services used to satisfy them.

The standard of living clearly reflects the social differences of certain groups of the population. When quantifying living standards, a set of absolute and relative indicators is very often used, which characterize the provision of the population with material and spiritual benefits and, accordingly, the degree of satisfaction of people's needs for these benefits. Due to the multiplicity of personal needs, the standard of living cannot be expressed by any one indicator. This requires a system of indicators that would comprehensively reflect the standard of living. Among those there are:

Consumption of food and non-food products;

The total consumption of material goods and services;

Real income per capita;

Provision of housing and utilities;

Social security level;

The level of education, health care, cultural and consumer services;

The ratio of working and free time, conditions of rest;

Working conditions, job security, unemployment rate.

V. I. Levashov says that “The standard of living is an economic category and a social standard that characterizes the degree of satisfaction of the physical, spiritual and social needs of people. The main components of the standard of living are: health, food, income and expenses of the population, housing, household property, paid services, the cultural level of the population, working and recreation conditions, social security. "

Today, the concept of "standard of living" is often understood as the income of people not as such, but the consumption of various consumer sets expressed in monetary and conditionally monetary form.

Lifestyle is a historically changeable and socially conditioned category that has gone through the path of transformation from a single lifestyle of traditional societies, characterized by the integrity of people's life, to a variety of styles of modern society. The works of W. Beck, M. Weber, E. Giddens, K. Marx and others were used as the initial theoretical premises for the style analysis.

The variety of the concept of "lifestyle" and a wide range of criteria that make up it gave rise to many classifications of life styles based on a wide variety of phenomena, but all of them are correlated with personal characteristics (individualism, conformity, aggressiveness, altruism, and so on).

In the 1970s, in his work "Shock of the Future", E. Toffler connects the plurality of life styles with the fragmentation of society, which entails a rapid change in values \u200b\u200band the mosaic nature of the components of the life style itself. Style is considered as a way of self-identification of a person with a particular subculture, therefore, the diversification of subcultures gives rise to stylistic plurality. In a traditional society, lifestyle was determined by origin and demonstrated class affiliation. In a postindustrial society, a person “creates”, building his way of life the way he likes it. It is the identification with this or that group, subculture that allows a person to make a choice of a lifestyle that will become an “organizing principle of human life” in the context of the ever-increasing complexity and uncertainty of our time.

Lifestyle signs are:

The quality of the individual organization of techniques and skills of work;

Choice of the circle and forms of communication;

Characteristic ways of self-expression (including demonstrative traits of behavior);

Specificity of the structure, content of consumption of goods and services;

Organization of their socio-cultural environment and free time.

A lifestyle is one of the specific forms of a way of life, through which it is brought to a real embodiment in reality through the individuality of the individual.

We can say that a lifestyle is recognized by a number of external characteristics, among which are significant: appearance (clothes, hairstyle, makeup, manicure, etc.), design and functionality of the home, things, the language of everyday communication, signs and symbols as a means of communication, labor features , everyday life, leisure (social and cultural practices of organizing everyday life), the range of interests, the difference between “us” and “others” in different spheres of life.

Lifestyle is a unique way that a person chooses to realize his life goals. It is an integrated style of adapting to and interacting with life.

The concept of "way of life" characterizes the specific historical, socio-economic and political aspects of culture, within which the way of life of its carriers unfolds. As indicators of the way of life are:

The nature of the economy;

The nature of ownership of the means of production;

Leading ideology;

The nature of social relations;

The nature of the political system;

Urbanization and stuff.

The way of life is spoken of as an established order of relations, reflected in the way of life and including the existing system of spiritual and moral values, assimilated by previous generations, which is aimed at consolidating ideals, meanings, norms and ways of activity in new generations.

The concept of “quality of life” implies the degree of satisfaction of needs and demands of a more complex nature that cannot be directly quantified, and performs a social-evaluative function in relation to the category of “lifestyle”.

Quality of life indicators include:

The nature and content of work and leisure, satisfaction with them;

The degree of comfort in work and life;

Personal satisfaction with knowledge;

Social activity and self-development;

The degree of realization of the moral and ethical values \u200b\u200bexisting in society.

The quality of life reflects the certainty, integrity of social relations, human activities and living conditions. It is necessary to distinguish between the quality of life of society and the quality of life of an individual. In the first case, it is a set of conditions, preconditions created by society for its further development and ensuring the life of people. These include historical, geographical, economic, social, demographic. And the quality of life of an individual is the attitude of people to these conditions, their use to satisfy their needs. In this aspect, the quality of life acts as a social reality that exists in specific historical time in social space. The attitude of people to the economic, political, social, ecological levels of development of society is reflected in the degree of satisfaction (dissatisfaction) with their life, that is, the quality of life.

Thus, the quality of life of a social subject is the level of realization of needs, the degree of comfort of the natural and social environment.

B. M. Genkin argues that the quality of life is usually understood as the conditions of human existence: the provision of material benefits, opportunities for education and development of abilities, safety, availability of medical care, the state of the natural environment, social relations in society, including freedom of expression and influence citizens to make political decisions.

The quality of life is generally determined in all spheres and aspects of human existence: family, work, social activities, study, free time, nature, etc. The conditions in which a person's labor activity is carried out is usually called the quality of working life, or working conditions. In the broadest sense of the word, these include the characteristics of the workplace, the production environment, the organization and remuneration of labor, and relationships in production teams.

At the same time, he unites the concepts of quality and standard of living into a single whole. B.M. Genkin believes that the quality of life is characterized by the degree of satisfaction of human needs, determined in relation to the relevant norms, customs and traditions, as well as in relation to the level of personal aspirations.

Assuming that most of people's life is spent in production, and the quality of working life largely determines the quality of life in general, N.M. Volovskaya suggests understanding the quality of life as the satisfaction of the entire complex of needs both in production and outside it.

She also notes that the quality of life is a kind of characteristic of the level and living conditions of the population, a composite indicator, thanks to which, using quantitatively determined parameters, one can assess the level of socio-economic development of society.

According to the definition of the World Health Organization (WHO), quality of life is a characteristic of physical, psychological, emotional and social functioning, based on its subjective perception; is defined as the individual ratio of the position of an individual in the life of society (taking into account the culture and value systems of this society) with the goals of the individual, his plans, opportunities and the degree of disorder.

1.3 Leaders as a specific social group

Today and for a long time, one of the main management issues has been and remains the question - "Who is a good leader?" For a long time, he was a guiding thread in figuring out how to achieve success. At the same time, attention was focused on the personal qualities of the leader. Confucius said that a leader should have a subtle and deep insight into the characters and feelings of his associates. Homer stressed that the leader is simply obliged to constantly remember his strengths and weaknesses; otherwise, he may fall victim to his own high position.

At the end of the twentieth century, some scholars suggested that a modern leader needs:

Personal qualities - self-confidence, striving for success, adaptability, authority;

Intellectual - intelligence, intuition, ability to make the right decision, creativity;

Physical qualities - health, strength, activity, energy;

Abilities - contact, tact, diplomacy, ease of communication.

In a general sense, leadership is a management function that consists of decision-making, development of management objectives and strategy, coordination of all levels of the organization, overall control and selection of personnel. The powers of management cover either the linear-functional functions of vertical administration within the firm, or regulation within the corporation.

A manager is a person performing a managerial function of leadership.

Workers, employees, directly or indirectly involved in management, sometimes known as "white collars", are divided, depending on the nature and content of the functions performed, into three categories:

) Managers, represented by leaders, managers, who are empowered to make management decisions, directly carry out control actions. They carry out general and administrative and economic management of the enterprise, management, coordination, selection, education and placement of personnel, organization of centralized operational management.

) specialists are persons with special knowledge, skills, experience in a particular sector of the economy, who have received a specialty in higher or secondary education, confirmed by the assignment of a corresponding qualification to a person. They, represented by employees of the administration services, analyze information, participate in the preparation, discussion, selection of management decisions, prepare recommendations for managers; carry out technological management of production, organization of work, introduction of scientific achievements and advanced experience, forms and methods of organization of production and management into production. Specialists develop and offer the manager the best solutions to agrotechnical, economic, organizational, social and other tasks of a current and future nature. These include agronomists, livestock specialists, veterinarians, engineers and technicians, accountants, economists, marketers, lawyers, land surveyors, dispatchers, mechanics, etc.

) technical executors, providing services to managers and specialists, performing auxiliary operations to ensure the management process and its participants. They carry out general management of the collectives of subdivisions, ensure the implementation of production plans, organize the rational use of material and labor resources, strengthen labor discipline, and solve cultural, household and economic issues. This group of managers includes department managers, heads of production sites, heads of car garages, repair shops, livestock farms, foremen and their released deputies.

Leaders are a large specific social group, the basis of which is the presence of common values, stereotypes of perception and behavior, specific language, worldview, customs and traditions. They represent a special class of people with a certain social status in society, due to their professional activities. Various social groups differ from each other not only in the specificity of the activity, its direction, value orientations, but also in the whole by the peculiarities of the way of life.

It is in the way of life that the uniqueness, the specificity of this or that social group and its place in the system of social relations are reflected. Consequently, leaders represent a certain specific social group, and this specificity is directly reflected in their lifestyle.

2 . Sociological analysis of the lifestyle of modern leaders of the city of Vologda

2.1 Sociological Research Program

In this final qualifying work, a sociological study was conducted on the topic "Sociological analysis of the lifestyle of modern leaders (on the example of Vologda)".

The relevance of the study lies in the fact that a lifestyle as a social phenomenon is an integrative characteristic of human life, in which the life of an individual and a social group appears as a certain integrity, and the heads of various government and commercial institutions are the group of people whose study is very important for understanding the overall picture of the development trends of the ruling elite. Thanks to this, it is possible to understand how the level of knowledge, habits, goals, motives and other important features of the individual development of an individual can affect the life of the whole society.

Research problem. The heads of state and commercial institutions are a priori considered more successful, wealthy, and more high-status than the common population, which today for the most part can be attributed not even to the middle class of people, but only to the poor. There are many objective reasons for this state of affairs, but there are also subjective ones, thanks to which each person will be able to improve their lifestyle. The problem is that people at the psychological and socio-economic levels do not know where to start in order to change their lives for the better.

The aim of the research is to study the lifestyle of modern leaders using sociological methods.

The implementation of this goal proposes to solve the following tasks:

Analyze the data obtained using the questionnaire survey method.

To reveal the peculiarities of the way of life of modern leaders of the city of Vologda.

Compare the lifestyle indicators of leaders with the lifestyle indicators of the population of the city of Vologda.

Analyze the data obtained using the in-depth interview method.

Analyze the data obtained using the content analysis method.

Object of research: heads of state and commercial institutions of the city of Vologda.

Subject of research: the lifestyle of the heads of state and commercial institutions of the city of Vologda.

Research hypotheses:

The level and quality of life of leaders is higher in comparison with these indicators among the general population.

The parameters of the lifestyle of leaders differ significantly from the parameters of the lifestyle of the population.

2.2 Features of the lifestyle of modern leaders (based on the results of a sociological survey)

In March 2017, we conducted a study on the lifestyle of modern leaders.

When collecting the primary data, a questionnaire was drawn up (Appendix 1), after which the Google form was used for a sociological survey.

The survey involved 60 respondents, 60% of women and 40% of men.

The bulk of managers (64%) are people from 32 to 46 years old; there are also quite a lot of managers under the age of 32 years (Figure 2.1).

Figure 2.1 - Structure of the distribution of respondents by age

Figure 2.2 shows that there is a very small proportion of people with secondary education (5%). Most managers have a higher degree, or even have an academic degree. This suggests that the level of education of leaders is higher than the level of education of the population as a whole, since this indicator for the population is 60%.

Figure 2.2 - Distribution of respondents by education level

About half of the respondents (48%) belong to top managers, the rest are middle and lower managers, as well as managers in the network business, which is now developing at a fairly rapid pace.

Figure 2.3 - Distribution of respondents by type of leadership

Each respondent holds a leading position in state or commercial institutions of the city of Vologda. Among the areas of activity of managers can be distinguished such as: construction, real estate operations, tourism, science and education, finance, insurance, wholesale and retail trade, fitness, agriculture and forestry and many others.

Let's move on to the components of the way of life, starting with the standard of living, which is understood as the level and sources of monetary income, housing provision, availability of savings, additional real estate, etc.

38% of the respondents have an income of less than 50 thousand rubles - mainly managers of lower and middle levels, as well as civil servants.

The rest 62% have incomes ranging from 50 to 500 thousand rubles (Figure 2.4). The average income among the population is 30 thousand rubles.

Figure 2.4 - Distribution of respondents by income level

In Figure 2.5, you can see that the main source of income for managers is wages and entrepreneurial income, since 1 half of the respondents are hired managers, the second half are people who have a private business.

A significant proportion of executives (63%) have passive income.

Among the population, they have income from:

Renting out property - 2%;

Interest on deposits - 1.3%

Income from the sale of foreign currency - 0.5%

From the above data, we can conclude that the share of passive income among managers is higher than among the population.

Using the method of complex grouping, we found out that there is a relationship between the level to which the manager belongs and whether the manager has passive income. It turned out that 58% of senior executives have passive income. Among middle and lower managers, almost a third (32%) of respondents have passive income.

Figure 2.5 - Distribution of income by source

Most of the respondents (60%) live mainly in their own three-room and two-room apartments. A quarter of managers live in four-room apartments, in houses - only 5% of the respondents.

In addition to the main property, managers have additional property. Apartments, non-residential premises for a warehouse or office, land plots - from all this, managers often receive passive income. 6% of respondents even have real estate abroad (Figure 2.6).

Figure 2.6 - Distribution of respondents by availability of additional real estate

29% of managers keep track of income and expenses. More than 60% of them are managers who are over 35 years old.

In the population, 11% of people are engaged in keeping records of income and expenses.

After asking a question about savings, it turned out that 2/3 of managers have them. Among the population, 42% of the respondents have savings. And the most important areas of savings they have are such as "for the purchase of housing", "for education." And the leaders are financially more literate and therefore the main goals of accumulating money are:

Creation of a "safety cushion" (47%);

Travel and Leisure (35%);

Investing in your own business (29%).

The next component of a lifestyle is a lifestyle that includes the organization of one's work and free time, the way of life, value preferences, interests and traits of leaders.

This block began with the question "What motives did you have to become a leader?" Its results were as follows:

Desire to realize their full potential (36%);

Desire not to depend on anyone (26%);

Desire to earn more (25%);

Building a successful career (8%);

Striving for power - 5%.

It can be noted that the most popular motives are the desire to realize their abilities and talents, the desire for independence, and not the desire for power.

There was no pronounced relationship between the sex of the leader, as well as his age and the incentive to take up a managerial position, since both men and women leaders of different age categories with the same frequency chose the motives that were described earlier.

It is very important for a manager what kind of subordinate works with him, therefore the question "What qualities do you consider the most valuable in your subordinates?" turned out to be very relevant (table 2.1).

Table 2.1 - Qualities most valued by managers among their subordinates

It can be concluded that sometimes the level of education of his subordinate is not particularly important for the manager, but such qualities are important, thanks to which the employee will be able to attract new clients to the company, thanks to which he will develop and become a professional.

Undoubtedly, in addition to hard working days, a person has his own, personal life. In it, he has to communicate with people who occupy different social positions and have different statuses. Therefore, it is important to know what qualities managers value in people (table 2.2).

Table 2.2 - The qualities most valued by managers in people

The priority is such qualities as benevolence and optimism - they were chosen by the largest number of respondents.

Figure 2.7 shows how leaders spend their free time most often.

Figure 2.7 - Ways of spending free time most often

It turned out that executives under the age of 35 saw fewer leisure options than older executives. There were no pronounced relationships between gender and options for spending free time.

The leaders pay a lot of attention to sports. The most popular types among the respondents were:

Fitness (50%);

Dancing (38%);

Swimming (19%);

Alpine skiing (13%);

Basketball (13%);

Snowboard (6%).

The leaders are characterized not only by a high level of education, but also by the constant acquisition of new knowledge. Among the most popular methods, almost all respondents (95%) noted self-education. More than half chose to attend seminars, trainings and online training (80% and 70%, respectively). 35% of the respondents are engaged in advanced training, it was also found out that this share mainly includes heads of state institutions.

Figure 2.8 shows that managers are more likely to engage in deeper scrutiny of their area of \u200b\u200bactivity (80%). More than half of the respondents (65%) study business.

Figure 2.8 - Distribution of respondents by topics of knowledge replenishment

The leaders are distinguished by a fairly high degree of concern for their health, since 83% of the respondents do not smoke, 50% of the respondents go in for sports and eat right. 44% of managers do not drink alcohol, while 60% of the respondents smoke among the population.

The next component of the way of life is the way of life, which includes the order of social and political life, doing charity work, and rest.

The question "How do you participate in the political life of the country?" showed that more than half of the respondents (62%) do not participate in it (Figure 2.9). About a quarter of the respondents noted participation in elections and referenda.

Figure 2.9 - Distribution of respondents by participation in the political life of the country

The dependence of participation in the political life of the country on the age of the respondents was carried out (Table 2.3).

Table 2.3 - Dependence of participation in the political life of the country on the age of respondents

Age, years	Political participation
	Participate,%	I do not participate,%

From the table, we can conclude that half of those respondents who participate in the political life of the country are people aged 53 to 60 years.

The largest number among those not participating (38%) are managers aged 39 to 46 years.

In response to the question "How do you participate in the public life of the country?" no significant trends were identified (Figure 2.10).

Figure 2.10 - Distribution of respondents by participation in the public life of the country

When it comes to charity, the results ranked as follows: more than half of the respondents (64%) are sometimes involved in charity work, and 15% regularly. In the population, only 2% are regularly involved in charity work.

It was important to know how often executives travel. Most (65%) do this at least once a year.

In Figure 2.11, you can see where the leaders rest.

Figure 2.11 - Distribution of respondents by vacation location

And the last component of a lifestyle is its quality, that is, the degree of a person's satisfaction with various aspects of his life.

We asked managers to mark satisfaction in various areas of life on a 10-point scale and received the following results (table 2.4).

Table 2.4 - The average score of respondents' satisfaction with the spheres of their lives and the dependence of the average score on gender, age and level of management of the manager

Sphere of life	Overall score					Leadership level
					After 35 years	H. link	Wednesday link	Bottom. link	Set. business
1. Living conditions
2. Friends and environment
3. Health
4. Training and development
5. Career, business
6. Recreation and entertainment
7. Creativity
9. Financial condition
10. Relationship with a partner

The table shows that managers are more often satisfied with their living conditions (7 points), friends and environment (6.8 points). The greatest degree of dissatisfaction was noted in such areas of life as financial condition (5.4 points) and relationship with a partner (5.1 points).

Also, a relationship was found between the degree of satisfaction with the sphere of life and gender of respondents, their age and level of leadership.

It turned out that male leaders are more satisfied in all areas of their lives than their female colleagues. The men gave the highest scores in such spheres as: living conditions; friends and environment; training and development (8.3 points each). The least satisfied with such areas as creativity and children (6.0 points each).

Women leaders are most satisfied with their living conditions (6.6 points), least of all - with their relationship with a partner (4.6 points).

The respondents were divided into two age categories: under 35 and over 35. As a result, it was revealed that managers under the age of 35 are most satisfied in the field of creativity (6.7 points) and least of all in the area of \u200b\u200b"Children" (3.7 points).

Leaders who are over 35 years old noted a high degree of satisfaction with their living conditions (7.2 points), and a low degree of satisfaction with their relationship with their partner (4.6 points).

The degree of satisfaction with the spheres of life among managers belonging to different levels of leadership was considered.

Top managers are most satisfied with their living conditions (7.2 points). Least - relationship with a partner (5.1 points). Middle managers are most often satisfied with the area of \u200b\u200btraining and development (7.5 points), less often with the area of \u200b\u200bfinancial condition. Leaders of the lowest level are most satisfied with the sphere "Friends and environment" (6.6 points), the least - with the sphere "Relationship with a partner" (3.7 points). Networked executives, in contrast to all levels of line managers, reported the highest levels of satisfaction in virtually all areas of life. Most of all they are satisfied with the conditions of their life (7.5 points), least of all - with the sphere of creativity (5.5 points).

Any person has someone they look up to, whom they want to match, so we decided to ask the leaders which celebrity they like most. The female respondents mainly named the singers: Alla Pugacheva, Anna Netrebko, Ani Lorak, Alsu. The choice of men fell on actors, writers, businessmen, such as Arnold Schwarzenegger, Vladimir Mashkov, Peter Osipov, Lev Tolstoy. The only person noted by 20% of respondents was Irina Khakamada.

It was imperative to figure out what (according to leaders) you need to do to become successful. Here are some answers:

- "Take responsibility for everything that happens in your life."

- "Constantly learn."

- "Develop, act, reveal your potential."

- "Find a business that you like, set goals and achieve them."

- "Choose your environment."

- "Start dating".

- "Dream, work and love what you do!"

After analyzing the results of the questionnaire survey, we can conclude that the standard of living of leaders is higher than the standard of living of the population as a whole. This is indicated by monthly income, the presence of passive income, the possibility of greater satisfaction of a number of needs. Executives also differ from the general public in terms of their savings, investment, and charity.

2.3 Materials of interviews with the leaders of the city of Vologda

The next method of studying the lifestyle of modern leaders was an in-depth interview with two heads of organizations in the city of Vologda - Oleg (52 years old) and Vadim (29 years old).

The in-depth interview took place in several stages:

Preparatory (developing a plan and interview questions);

Search for leaders;

Interviewing;

Analysis of research results.

The interview took place in a closed room, alone with the respondent, the conversation was recorded on a phonorecord.

The interview guide is provided in APPENDIX 2. Interview transcripts are presented in APPENDIX 3.

When asked how many years old managers began to work (not as a manager, but in general) or earn extra money, both respondents indicated a fairly young age: 12 and 16 years. One explained that he wanted to help his parents, the other wanted a motorcycle, so he went to work to buy it.

The respondents were asked to answer the question, what does their job mean to them? Hard daily work, which you have to do through force in order to satisfy your needs, or is it your favorite pastime, where cash income acts as a pleasant bonus? Oleg replied: “ I can’t call my job hard labor, most likely my favorite job, but it’s not without difficulties either. ”Vadim ironically noted that work for him is both hard labor and a favorite thing at the same time. He is also pleased with the success he has achieved to date and is proud that the mind has managed to assemble a good team.

Both managers are engaged in planning their affairs, as well as income and expenses. They explain it as follows: Oleg: “ Firstly, it has already become a habit, and secondly, I am simply obliged to plan everything, since it is extremely difficult and not profitable to work without a clear understanding of the upcoming tasks ",Vadim: «

Each leader does charity work, and they do it out of compassion.

Vadim noted that he rarely drinks alcohol and does not smoke, as he tries to lead a healthy lifestyle. Oleg admitted: “ I will say this: I use it, but I am not carried away "," Sometimes I relieve stress with the help of alcohol, I also need to celebrate the holidays.Also, like Vadim, Oleg does not smoke.

When asked what kind of sport managers are involved in, Vadim replied that he loves sports, adding that: “ It helps to keep yourself in good physical shape, develops intelligence, forcing you to think several strokes ahead. I also play table tennis to increase the reaction rate and, therefore, to quickly consider the problem and make the right decision - this is important in business. "Oleg replied that he works out in the morning in a fitness club, and classes discipline him and helps keep his body in shape.

Oleg responded about his free time as follows: "There is practically no free time, but I really love hunting and fishing, so if I succeed, I dive into them."Vadim replied: “I have a country house. I go there very often. In the fall, I pick mushrooms, rest, restore my working tone. In winter I go skiing and snowboarding. From time to time I attend various meetings to keep in touch in the business world. I go to exhibitions, to the cinema to be in trend and in the subject. "

When asked what kind of literature managers prefer to read, both managers noted professional and artistic. Oleg noted the collected works of Jack London as his favorite books, and Vadim admitted that he had not yet read his favorite book.

To the question: "Why, in your opinion, do you need to read books?" Both leaders answered that thanks to reading, a person can develop, improve himself and receive emotions.

When asked whether managers are engaged in personal development, Vadim noted that he prefers to educate himself and attend trainings. He does this in order to keep abreast of the latest events, new concepts in business. Oleg admitted that he had very little free time and noted self-education as an enhancement of his personal development.

In the question: "Do you participate in the political life of your country?" the opinions of the respondents differed. Vadim replied that he did not participate, citing lack of time as the reason. Oleg noted: “ Yes, I go to the polls ”.

When asked about which social networks managers are registered, how many hours a day they spend in them and for what purposes they are used, Oleg noted only Vkontakte and Facebook, saying that he spends 1-2.5 hours in them and uses social media for work and play. Vadim noted Vkontakte, Instagram, Facebook and Twitter, where he spends 5-6 hours daily, using social networks to attract customers, communicate and have fun.

To the question: “ What qualities in people do you like the most? Why exactly are they? "Oleg answered: "Honesty, kindness - they are very rare nowadays."Vadim: “Just like logic in some, I value ingenuity, non-standard thinking in other people. These qualities often bring additional sources of income. "

The respondents were also asked to answer the question, which famous person or famous people they like the most and why. Vadim replied: “Not quite a celebrity, of course, but Sergey Nikolaevich Galitsky, founder of the Magnit network. He understood what exactly had not yet been created and figured out how to best implement it. And I did it. " Oleg: "PeterI

To the question: "Are you satisfied with all areas of your life?" Vadim admitted: “Unfortunately, the work is now taking a long time, so I have not fully achieved what I planned. I think, first "tick off" in the professional field, and then move on to personal life. The main thing is to try to be on time. "Oleg replied that he is not satisfied with all areas of his life, but in order to be satisfied in all areas, he needs to work harder.

To the question: "What or who makes you move forward, achieve new goals?" Vadim said: “Before - to achieve a higher standard of living. Now for self-realization. Remember how in Maslow's pyramid? “Self-realization is at the highest position”. Oleg: "A family. Everything for and for her sake. "

To the question "How do you cope with difficulties in work, in your personal life, what do you do when it is hard for you, and the thought comes to abandon your cherished dream or goals?"Vadim and Oleg replied that their relatives and friends help them to cope with difficulties. They also admitted that they do not intend to retreat from their goals in any case.

At the end of the conversation, leaders gave advice on what to do to become successful people.

Oleg answered: “First you need to study, then work and a lot, not to be afraid of work. You need to constantly improve yourself to become a professional in your field. "

Vadim noted: “It is necessary to find what exactly for this, specific, person is success. To understand this, you need to listen to yourself. Then you need to look for people who have achieved success in what they love. Take something useful from their experience. With the obstinacy of a bulldog to go towards the goal and at the same time not despair at temporary difficulties, believe in yourself, your strength, your success. "

2.4 Content analysis of printed sources of the city of Vologda

The content analysis of the printed sources of the city of Vologda was carried out with a view to mentioning the leaders and their way of life in general.

The units of analysis are phrases and words:

Leader's lifestyle;

Head;

Businessman;

Business woman;

Director;

Manager.

Conducting content analysis of two magazines of the city of Vologda "Fresh Time", "Rendezvous" and the Vologda regional newspaper "Krasny Sever".

“Fresh Time” or “Fresh Time” magazine is a monthly city advertising and information magazine, this is a publication of a new generation, a new gloss, which uses advanced creative ideas in creating photo projects, rubrics, topics.

Purposes of Fresh Time: coverage of the life of modern, mobile, purposeful, active residents of Vologda who value an individual approach to their people, people with average and above average income.

Topic: an entertainment and information publication about leisure, business, sports, tourism, cinema and cultural events in the city of Vologda.

The target audience of Fresh Time is people who value comfort, quality and an individual approach to their persons, men and women aged 20 to 45+. This is a magazine for everyone and for everyone, because the number of topics presented in it is designed for the widest readership.

Besides, “Fresh Time” enjoys full confidence of the readers, who see on the pages of the publication not only the heights of success, but also the stories of their achievement.

The volume of the magazine is from 80 to 90 full-color pages, format A5 + (175x230).

The circulation is 6000 copies.

107 articles of the journal were analyzed for the presence of information content about the leaders of the city of Vologda.

As a result of the content analysis, it was revealed that 60% of the information in the articles of the magazine contains this or that material about the leaders.

The headings "Male Conversation" and "Without a Tie" highlight the path of becoming a male leader in his professional sphere, while addressing the issues of the lifestyle of leaders. Among the interviewees are such personalities as Alexander Toropov, chairman of the State Order Committee of the Vologda Oblast; Oleg Vasiliev, Deputy Governor of the Vologda Region; Alexey Kozhevnikov, Deputy Governor of the Vologda Region; Yuri Krasilnikov, director of the YUK-Auto dealership and others.

The "Close-up" section in more than 40% of its articles tells about the life, work, plans, family of managers who have their own business, among them: Natalya Kreminskaya, director of the Estelle hairdressing school; Olga Soldatenko, founder of a vegetable floristry workshop "Tasty Bouquet"; head of the Studio of aesthetics Tatiana Kirillova.

In the headings "Men's Territory" and "Women's Territory" managers, directors of restaurants, travel agencies, owners of a chain of stores, coffee shops answer a variety of questions concerning not only themselves, but also representatives of the opposite sex. They also act as experts and provide valuable advice.

Fresh Time magazine opens the doors to houses and apartments of famous Vologda residents. So in the heading "While you are at home" describes the life and arrangement of the home of entrepreneurs, managers, directors. It tells about their habits, favorite dishes, how they distribute their family responsibilities, spend leisure time, raise children and so on.

70% of such headings as "Briefly about the main thing", "Five questions", "Women's world", "Intellectuals", "Events", "Profi", "Personal" covers the life of successful, loving their work, many achieved people - leaders of all levels.

The Rendezvous magazine is a magazine of the city of Vologda, which publishes materials about outstanding personalities, their stories of life, love, career, travel and adventures.

The volume of the magazine is 134 full-color pages, A5 format.

The circulation is 7000 copies.

The magazine is published monthly and distributed by retail.

Sample population: 5 issues of the journal (from January to May 2017 inclusive).

100 articles of the journal were analyzed for the presence of information content about the leaders of the city of Vologda.

As a result of content analysis, it was revealed that 30% of the magazine's articles contain some kind of information about the leaders.

The "Rendezvous" contains interviews with the laureates of the "Person of the Year" award (January issue).

From a conversation with the winner in the nomination "Businessman of the Year" - Anton Nikitin, the founder of the first botanical garden in Vologda, one can learn about work, leisure, lifestyle, hobbies and plans of the leader.

Snezhana Malashina, the winner in the nomination Keepers of Traditions, artistic director of the Carved Palisade Center for Folk Crafts and Crafts, spoke about the Voice of Crafts international festival, the importance of involving young people in culture, her work, and plans for the future.

Also in the nomination "Project of the Year" the winner was the director of the Vologda Bearing Plant Alexander Elperin, who described the activities of the enterprise that he manages, told how the plant manages to remain a leader. He shared the secrets of his way of life and plans for the future.

In the heading "VIP-person" managers tell about their firms, projects, some problems arising in the professional field of activity. About the work of young specialists, plans for the development of their institutions.

In the "Profession" rubric, managers share their professional experience, talk about the difficulties they faced at the initial stage of companies' development, about the list of services they provide. And also about achievements, your team, lifestyle and plans for the future.

Krasny Sever is the leading newspaper in the Vologda Oblast and an authoritative publication in the North-West of Russia.

"Krasny Sever" is an official publication - after publication in the newspaper, documents adopted by the Government of the Vologda Region and the Legislative Assembly of the Vologda Region come into force. At the same time, "Krasny Sever" is a publication for the reader, the newspaper presents the entire spectrum of information about the life of the Vologda region, about the main events that took place in the region.

The newspaper is published three times a week.

On Tuesdays and Saturdays, special issues of the newspaper (A2 format) are published, which publishes information on state and municipal orders and various documents adopted by the Government of the Vologda Region and the Legislative Assembly of the Vologda Region.

On Wednesdays, "Red North - Fatty" is published - a weekly informational socio-political newspaper that tells about the most notable events that took place in the region during the week. The "fat woman" publishes a TV program, popular headings "Consumer Club" "Orthodoxy", thematic pages "Medsovet", "Women's Club", letters from readers and "Help" - a newspaper in a newspaper - a weekly issue of "Red North" for gardeners and gardeners.

The circulation of the Krasnoyevskaya "bbw" is 28,900 copies.

Sample population: 14 issues of the newspaper (from March to May 2017 inclusive).

584 articles of the newspaper were analyzed for the presence of information content about the leaders of the city of Vologda.

In March 2017, 5 issues of the newspaper were analyzed, which contained 219 articles.

In April, 4 issues of the newspaper were analyzed, which contained 153 articles.

In March, 5 issues of the newspaper were analyzed, which contained 212 articles.

In each issue of the newspaper under the heading "Politics" in 100% of cases, information is described about what events are taking place in the regional authorities. Hence, leaders are mentioned every time. In March, there were 15 articles on this topic. In April - 16. In May - 10.

In such headings as "Culture", "Sports", "Letters", "Useful Information" only 10% of all articles mention the topic of managers. In March there was 1 article on this topic, in April - 3, in May - 2.

The heading "Official Information" contains messages about state and municipal orders, various documents and resolutions adopted by the Government of the Vologda Region and the Legislative Assembly of the Vologda Region.

From the content analysis below, it can be concluded that interest in the topics of success and leadership is quite high. And the heads of state and commercial institutions very often act as successful people today. The way of life of such people, the level of their education, personal qualities - this is what attracts and makes them follow an example. Also, in each issue of magazines and newspapers, information is published about meetings, negotiations, deals, appointments of leaders of various ranks.

3.1 Measures to improve the lifestyle of the population

From the study below, it can be concluded that the population as a whole has significantly lower indicators for lifestyle categories than those of heads of government and commercial institutions.

Very often, an ordinary person does not have a complete idea of \u200b\u200ba better life, which is why he cannot set clear and clear goals for himself, thanks to the achievement of which an individual can significantly improve his life. He does not know much about it and understands it to the same extent, so he does not have the opportunity to choose which life to strive for. Because of this, a person strives for what the people of his environment strive for, and in many cases he acts as they do, absorbs the values \u200b\u200bthat his environment imposes on him. A person does not compare them with other values \u200b\u200band other goals that may be in life, which means that he does not compare the life known to him with another possible life.

Without comparison, it is extremely difficult to judge what is worse and what is better, which means that you cannot be completely sure that you are striving for the right goals while working to improve your life. A person should want only what he has an idea of. Unfortunately, many do not have this very idea about everything.

That is why ordinary people who want to improve their standard of living should have an idea of \u200b\u200bhabits, behaviors, mentality and, in general, about the lifestyle of individuals who have achieved an order of magnitude more than they in many areas of life.

We divided the methods for improving the way of life into physiological, psychological, methods of personal development and socio-economic.

It is advisable to start activities to improve the lifestyle by changing your internal and external state.

Physiological measures.

A good, restful sleep is one of the main conditions for improving the quality of life. In order for a person to recover strength, his sleep should last 6-8 hours a day. It is best to go to bed between 22 and 23 hours.

) Proper nutrition.

The food should be balanced. You should always monitor your diet and try to eat at the same time. One of the reasons for excess weight is energy imbalance, it manifests itself when a person spends less energy than it consumes.

3) Correct food intake.

You should not skip breakfast, as it is he who is the most important meal, which gives strength to the body and catalyzes the launch of the "sleeping" metabolism, thereby increasing a person's performance and improving mood.

The last meal should take place no later than two to three hours before bedtime.

4) Physical activity.

You need to be active. Maintain the body's water balance. Increase fluid intake in hot weather and during exercise.

The key to success is regular exercise. With a high degree of employment, you can only do morning exercises or jogging in the fresh air.

) Medical examinations.

It is necessary to undergo medical examinations as often as possible. And with constant, lasting for a long time, malaise, consult a doctor.

) Bad habits.

It is worth giving up smoking and alcoholic beverages, which only adversely affect the quality of human life.

It is necessary to clearly divide the time of work and rest, since it is important to always restore your strength, thereby taking care of your health.

Psychological measures.

) Optimism.

Every person in any situation needs to be optimistic as often as possible. This will save many resources, the most important of which is health. As mentioned earlier, 80% of managers value such a quality in people as "optimism."

) "Perfect moment".

So many successful people say that you shouldn't wait for the perfect moment, as it will never come. If a person has a dream, then it is necessary to go to it right at the same minute, and not postpone this process until later.

) Ability to say no.

In some cases it is necessary to be able to say “no” to people to their endless requests and petitions. You also need to stop agreeing with the person out of politeness, fearing judgment from other people.

) The past.

It is very important to stop living in the past. Of course, it is worth extracting your mistakes and not repeating them again, but constantly remembering them, scolding yourself means depriving yourself of the opportunity to live fully here and now.

It is necessary to stop gossiping, since at this moment a large amount of time is wasted, which could be used for more important and useful things. Moreover, gossip is the lot of not the best people.

) Old things.

It is necessary to stop storing old things, documents that will never again be able to serve as something, since they take up space not only in the room, but to some extent in the person himself.

Personal development methods.

) Mental exercise.

You should engage in mental exercise, as many studies have proven more than once that it contributes to the improvement of the general state of mental ability.

) Reading books, attending trainings, seminars, lectures.

Books play a great role in personal development, so you should read them as often and as much as possible. At the same time, you should try to always look for opportunities for development, thanks to attending various seminars, lectures and trainings, while not forgetting about self-development.

) Learning foreign languages.

You should study foreign languages, as they will help you become competitive, as well as improve memory and improve the general level of knowledge.

) Step by step execution of tasks.

It is necessary to break down complex tasks into smaller ones in order to perform them faster and better.

) Superficial knowledge.

It is necessary to try to avoid superficial knowledge, it is important to become a highly qualified specialist in any one area, since superficial knowledge can lead to the fact that human labor will be devalued altogether.

Socio-economic activities.

) Communication.

It is necessary to communicate with people of higher status, and find out from them how they achieved the position that they currently occupy.

) Investing.

Invest: in yourself, in others, in work, in starting a new business.

) Travels.

It is worth saving money for travel to other countries, as this expands the boundaries of human knowledge and consciousness.

) Punctuality.

Come to important meetings, meetings ten minutes early.

) Like-minded person.

It is important to find a like-minded person not only for building a family, but also in the professional sphere.

) Planning.

It is worth keeping a diary, writing down the entire plan for the day; your income and expenses.

) Love for your work, your profession.

It is necessary to work where you like, and not to justify the kind of professional occupation with a high income, while each time experiencing stress at work, not loving it.

) Hope for yourself.

There is no need to constantly rely on the state, since in any case it cannot cover the interests of every citizen of the country. A person needs to make decisions himself and not be afraid to take risks.

) Financial literacy.

Financial literacy helps the population in choosing financial services / products, rational use of funds, savings. Effective investment.

) Caring for others.

You need to take care of others. Help those who need it.

Also, among the individual approaches to improving lifestyle, one can distinguish such as:

Attendance, trainings, lectures, seminars, coaching;

Self-development;

Self-hypnosis;

Changing yourself on a psychological level.

Today in Vologda there is a fairly wide variety in the choice of programs for training, some of them have appeared quite recently, while others have managed to prove themselves.

3.2 Effectiveness of proposed interventions

The study below reveals that the standard of living of the population as a whole lags far behind that of leaders. This means that other components of the lifestyle will be different. Lifestyle improvement can be done by a specific person, as well as entire groups and even the whole society.

Improving the lifestyle of the population can have a positive effect on all spheres of society's life. For example:

1. Reducing the losses of enterprises and organizations by reducing the number of sick leave.

Sick leave not only delays the work of enterprises and organizations, as a result of which projects begin to fall behind schedule, they also contribute to stress for other employees who are forced to accumulate lost productivity. Consequently, companies will be forced to pay not only sick leave, but also overtime.

If the population adheres to the physiological measures to improve their lifestyle, which were described below, then the majority of people will stop getting sick. This, in turn, will affect not only the work and costs of organizations, but also the economic sphere of the whole country, since the population will take sick leaves less often, which means that employees will be able to fulfill their professional duties, and the organization will not bear losses, since you will not have to pay sick leave, and you will not have to subject other employees to an increased workload, as a result of which there will be no need to pay overtime.

Increasing labor productivity.

The constant increase in labor productivity plays a very important role in the work of organizations. Without this factor, enterprises will not be able to increase their income, while increasing costs, therefore, people's wages will remain at the same level with a constant increase in prices for food, clothing, real estate and more. Which will ultimately lead to an increase in inflation.

If people sleep for 6-8 hours, then many of them will get enough sleep, therefore, their energy reserve will always be at a high level, people will get tired less, so society will be able to work more productively, perform more tasks.

Improving the quality of labor.

The high quality of labor, the quality of the products produced largely depend on the human factor. Tired employees not only cannot, but do not want to work at their full capacity. They no longer chase after the result of their labor. Therefore, the number of rejects increases significantly.

If people have good quality rest every day, they will be able to work fully. The degree of their working initiative will increase.

Reduced accidents at work.

Hundreds of thousands of people suffer from accidents at work every year.

People need to learn self-discipline, observe safety precautions, and be able to prevent tragedies.

Introduction of new knowledge and types of products.

In addition to the positive aspects that scientific and technological progress brings, there are also negative ones. Environmental pollution, new types of diseases, new types of materials for the construction of complex structures - all these problems can be solved only by acquiring new knowledge and creating something new.

New knowledge and new types of products at the enterprise significantly improve the competitiveness of the organization in comparison with other companies, not only in one country, but throughout the world. Improves all components of the population's lifestyle. Promote progress.

If the population engages in self-education and generally does not refuse to acquire new knowledge not only in the professional, but also in all other spheres, will be proactive, then the society will be able to solve the same problems with minimal money and time costs. Society will have the opportunity to make new discoveries, thanks to which answers to many questions will be found.

Reducing the number of people who are overweight.

Today, the problem of excess weight is very relevant, since Russia already ranks first in the world in terms of the rate of weight gain. The problem of mass obesity will entail a huge number of problems: diseases of residents, deterioration of demographic and economic situations. Also, a huge number of overweight people are bullied by society. All this can lead to nervous breakdowns, suicidal attempts of people who have been bullied. In turn, it is extremely difficult for an overweight population to get a good, high-paying job. For example, the well-known entrepreneur Oleg Yuryevich Tinkov said in one of his interviews that he considers overweight (not by nature and due to diseases) people lazy and does not want to hire them, as well as to do joint business with such people.

Proper nutrition will avoid a number of dangerous diseases, and it will also allow a person not to gain excess weight. Sports and physical activity will help keep your body in shape.

Prevention and prevention of diseases.

Today there are a large number of serious diseases that can significantly worsen a person's life.

Some diseases can only be prevented early in their onset. And there are those that can even be prevented, so it is necessary to undergo medical examinations as often as possible. As a result, mortality will decrease.

Rejection of bad habits.

In addition to diseases, bad habits can provide nothing to a person. Quality tobacco and alcoholic products are quite expensive and people spend a lot of money to buy them. Those who want to purchase a cheap analogue suffer even more - this can be confirmed by poisoning and deaths as a result of them. Also, people suffering from alcohol, drug or other addiction very often then cannot have children, which does not contribute to the improvement of the demographic situation in the country.

Leading a healthy lifestyle, giving up bad habits, playing sports, a well-groomed appearance is what everyone should try to start with in order to become successful. Since it is thanks to the maintenance of a healthy lifestyle that people will be able to count on healthier offspring, which means a healthier future generation of the country.

Raising the general level of the financially literate population of the country.

Often the population is unable to raise their standard of living due to the fact that they do not know how to use money. Debts, loans, savings on everything - today huge masses of people can "boast" of this. It is because of the extremely low standard of living that most people end up in hospitals, commit suicides, and get involved with the criminal world.

Therefore, thanks to the study of financial literacy, the population of the country will be able to more rationally manage their income. People will "make" money work for them: receiving passive income through investments, interest on deposits. The money that people keep at home can be put in a bank, thus they will also work for the benefit of the entire economy of the country.

Love for yourself and for your work.

Without love for oneself, for one's work, a person cannot become completely satisfied with all areas of his life.

Undoubtedly, it is worth performing the previously described psychological measures. Because without an inner, successful thinking, it is extremely difficult to change yourself. It is hard for a person to work where he does not feel pleasure from his work. Therefore, it is important to leave the hated job on time.

Methods of personal development will allow people to improve themselves, develop. The society will be more educated, therefore, there will be more professionals, the quality of products manufactured by enterprises will be higher. The country's economy will be able to catch up with the economies of the most developed countries, which in turn will increase GDP.

How people live, what attitudes they have, what knowledge they have, not only the level, style, quality and way of life of each of them, but also the life of the whole society as a whole depend.

Conclusion

Fixing the peculiarities of communication, behavior and mentality of people in the spheres of work, everyday life, leisure, social, political and cultural activities, the concept of "way of life" gives a typological, "portrait" characteristic of how real conditions of life are refracted and embodied (natural, economic, socio-political, cultural) in everyday life and practice of individual individuals and social communities.

Lifestyle studies will always remain very relevant. Because society is changing, therefore, conditions, style, way of life, and the quality of life of people change. And in order to understand the whole society, you need to understand each of its members, at every moment of development.

Everyone wants to improve their lifestyle. But not everyone knows how to do this, who to take an example from.

Here, leaders can act as benchmarks, since managers are the group of people that, in all indicators of lifestyle categories, significantly exceeds the indicators of lifestyle categories of the population as a whole.

During the study, some features were identified:

Most managers have higher education, or even have an academic degree (95%), which indicates that the level of education of managers is higher than the level of education of the population as a whole, since this indicator is 60% for the population.

A significant proportion of executives (63%) have passive income, among which 58% are top managers and 32% are middle and lower managers.

Most of the interviewed managers (60%) live mainly in their own three-room and two-room apartments. A quarter of managers live in four-room apartments, in houses - only 5% of the respondents.

In addition to the main property, managers have additional property. Apartments, non-residential premises for a warehouse or office, land plots - from all this, managers often receive passive income. 6% of respondents even have real estate abroad.

29% of managers keep track of income and expenses. More than 60% of them are managers who are over 35 years old. In the population, 11% of people are engaged in keeping records of income and expenses.

There was no pronounced relationship between the hollow leader, as well as his age and the motivation to take up a leadership position.

For a manager, sometimes the level of education of his subordinate is not particularly important, but such qualities are important, thanks to which the employee will be able to attract new clients to the company, thanks to which he will develop and become a professional.

In people, leaders most often value goodwill and optimism.

The leaders are characterized not only by a high level of education, but also by the constant acquisition of new knowledge. Among the most popular methods, almost all respondents (95%) noted self-education. More than half chose to attend seminars, trainings and online training (80% and 70%, respectively). 35% of the respondents are engaged in advanced training.

More than half of the interviewed leaders (62%) noted that they do not participate in the political life of their country.

Most managers (65%) travel at least once a year.

From the content analysis conducted, it can be concluded that interest in the topics of success and leadership is quite high. And the heads of state and commercial institutions very often act as successful people today. The way of life of such people, the level of their education, personal qualities - this is what attracts and makes them follow an example. Also, in each issue of magazines and newspapers, information is published about meetings, negotiations, deals, appointments of leaders of various ranks.

During the study, all hypotheses were fully proved. And also developed a detailed plan to improve the lifestyle of people who are not leaders.

List of sources used

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Sociological research questionnaire

Good day!

Vologda State University is conducting a study on the topic "Lifestyle of modern leaders" and invites you to take part in a sociological survey.

Please answer the questionnaire. Some of the questions are given ready-made answers - mark those that correspond to your opinion, in other cases, write your own version.

Thank you for your help!

1) Please tell me what level of managers do you belong to?

a) Top level (head of enterprise, organization)) Middle level (supervises the work of junior managers)) Lower level (direct management of employees)) Manager in the network business

2) How many subordinates do you have at your disposal?

a) Less than 10) 10-25) 25-50) 50-75) 75-100) More than 100

3) What area does the organization where you work belong to?

a) Agriculture and forestry) Industry) Construction) Wholesale and retail trade) Hotels and catering establishments) Transport and communications) Tourism) Finance and insurance) Operations with real estate) Public administration and military security) Science and education) Health care and social services) Culture, organization of leisure and entertainment) Sports, fitness) Other services) Other _____________________________

4) Please mark what qualities do you consider the most valuable in your subordinates? (indicate all your typical answers)

a) Education level) Specialty, qualifications) Work experience, positions held) Labor productivity) Communication skills) Analytical skills) Fast adaptation) Fast learning) Flexibility of thinking) Willingness to work overtime) Literacy) Attention to detail) Skills of interaction with clients) Organizational skills) Professional honesty) The ability to deal with several projects at the same time) The ability to work with a large amount of information) The desire to grow and develop) The ability to negotiate) The ability to persuade) External data

5) At what age did you start working? (not a leader, but in general) __________________

) What motives did you have to become a leader (indicate all your typical answers)

a) Striving for power) Building a successful career) Desire to earn more) Striving to increase the productivity of the organization) Desire to realize one's potential to the full) Desire not to depend on anyone) It happened) Other_____________________________

8. Which of the following estimates most accurately characterizes your cash income?

a) There is quite enough money so as not to deny myself anything) Buying most durable goods (refrigerator, TV, etc.) does not cause any difficulties for me, but buying a car is not available now) There is enough money to purchase the necessary food and clothing, however, larger purchases have to be postponed) There is only enough money to buy food

9) Please indicate the level of your personal income per month (on average)

a) Up to 50 thousand rubles) 50-100 thousand rubles) 100-150 thousand rubles) 150-200 thousand rubles) 150-200 thousand rubles) 200-300 thousand rubles) 300-500 thousand rubles) More than 500 thousand rubles

10) Please indicate all sources of your personal income for the last year:

a) Salary at the main place of work) Salary from secondary employment) Entrepreneurial income) Pension) Income from renting out property) Dividends) Interest on deposits) Income from the sale of foreign currency) Other _____________________________

11) Do you keep records of income and expenses?

a) Yes) Partially) No

12) Do you plan the amount of your income in the coming months?

a) Yes, regularly) Yes, sometimes) No, I don’t plan) Do not know

13) Do you have any savings now?

14) For what purposes are you making savings now? (indicate all your typical answers)

a) To buy an apartment) For travel and recreation) For education) For treatment) For old age) To help children) To create a "safety cushion") To open (or expand) your own business) To buy shares) To buy real estate) To open contribution) To invest in my business) To invest in someone else's business) I don’t make savings

o) Other __________________________

15) Do you do charity work?

a) Yes, I regularly make transfers) Yes, sometimes I transfer funds for these purposes) Yes, I help those who ask me for help) No, I don’t do it) Other _____________________________

16) Please indicate where you live?

a) One-room apartment) Two-room apartment) Three-room apartment) Four-room apartment and more) House within the city) House outside the city) Other _____________________________

17) Do you still have real estate that you can manage? (indicate all your typical answers)

a) Apartment) Several apartments) House in the city) House in the suburb, village) Summer cottage) Land plots) Industrial premises (workshops, workshops, bakeries, sawmills, etc.)) Non-residential premises for a warehouse or office) Real estate abroad

j) Other _____________________________

18) What types of transport do you usually use? (indicate all your typical answers)

a) Public transport) Taxi) Own car) Car with private chauffeur) Other _____________________________

19) How would you rate the quality of your family's nutrition?

a) We do not starve, but the food is extremely monotonous) Satisfactory) Good

d) Very good

20) How often do you drink alcoholic beverages?

a) Every day) 1-2 times a week) 1-2 times a month) 1-2 times a six months) Only on holidays (New Year, March 8, etc.)) I do not drink alcohol (go to question 22 )) Other _____________________________

21) Please select 3-4 options for the most frequently consumed alcoholic beverages

a) Whiskey) Cognac) Rum) Brandy) Gin) Liqueur) Vodka) Champagne) Tincture) Beer) Wine) Other _____________________________

22) How do you assess your health?

a) Excellent) Good) Satisfactory) Poor

23) Note in what ways are you trying to maintain or improve your health? (indicate all your typical answers)

a) I go in for sports) I don’t drink alcoholic beverages) I don’t smoke) I have a medical check-up often) I eat correctly) Other _____________________________

24) Please mark what activities you most often spend your free time (indicate all your typical answer options)

a) Reading newspapers, magazines) TV, radio) Household, children, summer cottage) Communication with friends) Camping) Reading books, music, video) Amusement rides and slot machines) Additional activities) Computer, Internet) Theaters, cinema) Concerts) Museums, exhibitions, creative evenings) Discos, clubs) Cafes, bars, restaurants) Sports sections, training) Interest circles) Political activities) Social activities) Just rest, relaxation) Hunting, fishing) Dancing, music

v) Other _____________________________

25) If you go in for sports, what kind of sports (indicate all your typical answer options)

a) Skiing) Alpine skiing) Snowboarding) Boxing) Judo) Dancing) Golf) Diving) Surfing) Football) Hockey) Tennis) Basketball) Rock climbing) Shooting) Swimming) Poker) Equestrian sports) Freestyle wrestling) Auto / motor sports) Aircraft sports) I don’t go in for sports) Fitness

x) Other _____________________________

26) What cultural institutions have you visited in the last 2 months? (indicate all your typical answers)

a) Theater) Museum) Restaurant) Concert) Exhibition) Literary evening) Planetarium) Dolphinarium) Visiting a hobby club) Excursions) Other _____________________________

27) What kind of literature do you prefer to read? (up to 3 answer options)

a) Artistic) Popular science) Entertainment) Professional) Educational) Other _____________________________

28) How did you acquire new knowledge over the past 2 years? (indicate all your typical answers)

a) Attending seminars, trainings) Online learning) Self-education) Advanced training) Did not acquire new knowledge) Other _____________________________

29) What topics do you add to your knowledge? (indicate all your typical answers)

a) Studying foreign languages) Economics) Business) Deeper study of your field of activity) Computer knowledge) Law) In your hobby) Other _____________________________

30) How do you participate in the political life of the country? (indicate all your typical answers)

a) I am a member of political parties, organizations and movements) I participate in meetings, demonstrations, picketing, rallies, processions) Appeals and letters to politicians and meetings with them) I participate in elections and referenda) I am engaged in lobbying activities) Network participation - blogs, electronic newspapers and other Internet resources) I do not participate in political life) Other _____________________________

31) How do you participate in the public life of the country? (indicate all your typical answers)

a) Choosing a game symbol) Developing social projects) Charity) Investing in projects) Voting on social issues) I participate in subbotniks) I do not participate in public life) Other _____________________________

a) Facebook) Instagram) Google) Twitter

e) Vkontakte

f) Classmates

g) WhatsApp and Viber) Skype

33) How often do you travel?

a) Once a season (3 months)

b) once every six months) once a year

d) once every 2 years

e) Once every 3 years) Once every 5 years) I do not travel

h) Other _____________________________

34) Where have you spent your vacation in the last 2 years? (indicate all your typical answers)

a) At the resorts of Russia and CIS countries) At foreign beach resorts (Turkey, Egypt, Tunisia, etc.)) In exotic countries (Bali, Cuba, Dominican Republic, etc.)) In European countries (Greece, Italy, Spain, France, Croatia, etc.)) Outside the city) Didn't go anywhere

35) Please mark those qualities that you especially value in people (indicate all your typical answer options)

a) Balance) Self-confidence) Enthusiasm) Leadership) Communication skills) Conscientiousness) Practicality) Creativity) Purposefulness) Physical and psychological health) High level of development of internal culture) Responsiveness) Openness) Professionalism) Caringness) Goodwill towards people) Optimism) Other _______________________________) Other

37) A celebrity person you especially like _________________________

) What do you need to do (or what do you need to be) to become successful? ______________

) Your gender

a) Male) Female

40) Your age (years) ____________________

) Your education

a) Average, incl. Vocational school) Specialized secondary (technical school)) Incomplete higher (at least 2 courses)) Higher) Several higher) Academic degree

42) Marital status:

a) Single / not married) I am in a registered marriage) I am in an unregistered marriage) Divorced / divorced) Widower / widow

Appendix 2

(reference)

Interview guide

) At what age did you start working (not as a manager, but in general) or earn extra money?

) Why did you do this?

) What does your job mean to you? Hard daily work, which you have to do through force, in order to satisfy your needs, or your favorite pastime, where cash income acts as a pleasant bonus? Please tell us about it.

) Do you plan your business for the day; your income and expenses? (If the respondent answered that he does not plan any of the presented answer options, then go to question 6).

) Why are you doing this?

) Do you do charity work? (If the respondent answered negatively to this question, then go to question # 8).

) For what purpose are you doing this?

) Do you drink alcoholic beverages? (If the respondent answered that he drinks alcoholic beverages quite rarely or does not drink at all, then the question should be asked why he behaves in this way; if the respondent gave a positive answer to the question, then it is necessary to ask why he drinks alcoholic beverages).

) Do you smoke? (If the respondent answered that he does not smoke, then the question should be asked why he does not smoke; if the respondent gave a positive answer to the question, then it is necessary to ask why or because of what he smokes).

) Do you go in for sports if possible? (If the respondent answered negatively to this question, then you should go to question 12).

) What sport and for what purpose do you do?

) How do you usually spend your free time?

) Why this way?

) Please name your favorite book and describe why you liked it so much?

) Are you engaged in personal development? (If the respondent answered negatively to this question, then go to question # 19).

) How do you do it and why?

) Do you participate in the political life of your country? (If the respondent answered that he does not participate in the political life of his country, then the question should be asked why he takes such a position; if the respondent gave a positive answer to the question, then it is necessary to ask for what purpose he does it).

) What qualities in people do you like the most?

) Why are they?

) Can you tell me which celebrity person (s) you like best?

) Why exactly he (they)?

) Are you satisfied with all areas of your life? (If the respondent answered "yes", then one should ask how he succeeds? If "no", then what does he try to do in order to become satisfied in all areas?)

) What or who makes you move forward, achieve new goals?

) How do you cope with difficulties at work, in your personal life, what do you do when it is hard for you, and the thought comes to abandon your cherished dream or goals?

) What tips can you give people in order to become successful?

Executive interview transcripts

Interview # 1

The interviewee is Vadim (29 years old), head of one of the organizations in the city of Vologda.

Irina: “Good afternoon, Vadim, we are conducting a study on the lifestyle of modern leaders. Since you are a successful manager, it would be interesting to talk with you on this topic. "

Vadim: "Hello Irina! I will be glad to answer your questions. "

Irina:

Vadim: " I started working quite early - at the age of 16 ”.

Irina:

Vadim: " I really wanted to have a motorcycle, unfortunately, my parents did not have the means to buy it, that's why I went to work. "

Irina:

Vadim: " For me, work is both (smiles), but I am satisfied with what I have achieved so far, although there are still ideas and a lot to be realized. I am glad that I have put together a good team that supports and helps. "

Irina:

Vadim: " Of course!"

Irina: "Why are you doing this?"

Vadim: " Planning for everything saves time and money. ”

Irina:

Vadim: " Yes, I try to donate about 5% of my earnings to charity whenever possible. "

Irina: "Why are you doing this?"

Vadim: " To assert your importance (smiles). In fact, it's nice to help someone who needs it, who doesn't have any opportunity to make any money at all. "

Irina: “Vadim, do you drink alcoholic beverages?»

Vadim: " Very rarely, only on holidays. "

Irina:

Vadim: "I try to lead a healthy lifestyle."

Irina: "Do you smoke?"

Vadim: “I don’t smoke because I don’t like the smell of nicotine, and my parents probably raised me that way.”

Irina:

Vadim: "Yes, I love boxing."

Irina: "For what purpose are you doing it?"

Vadim: “It helps to keep yourself in good physical shape, develops intelligence, forcing you to think several strokes ahead. I also play table tennis to increase the reaction rate and, therefore, to quickly consider the problem and make the right decision - this is important in business. "

Irina:

Vadim: “I have a country house. I go there very often. In the fall, I pick mushrooms, rest, restore my working tone. In winter I go skiing and snowboarding. From time to time I attend various meetings to keep in touch in the business world. I go to exhibitions, to the cinema to be in trend and in the subject ”(smiles).

Irina:

Vadim: "I love adventure books with a dashingly twisted plot, from which you cannot tear yourself away."

Irina:

Vadim: “I don't think I have a favorite book yet, but I'm looking for it” (smiles).

Irina:

Vadim: “To broaden horizons, to achieve a new level of knowledge. To get emotions. "

Irina:

Vadim: "Yes, I try whenever possible."

Irina:

Vadim: “I read and sometimes attend trainings. In order to keep abreast of the latest events, novelties, new concepts in business. "

Irina:

Vadim: " Unfortunately not. I don’t have enough time for this. ”

Vadim: " I am registered on VKontakte, Instagram, Twitter and Facebook. "

Vadim: “I use it mainly to attract clients, also for entertainment purposes, for communication. I think 5-6 hours. "

Irina:

Vadim: “Just like logic in some, I value ingenuity, non-standard thinking in other people. These qualities often bring additional sources of income. "

Irina: “Can you tell me which celebrity person (s) you like best? Why exactly he (they)?

Vadim: “Not quite a celebrity, of course, but Sergey Nikolaevich Galitsky, founder of the Magnit network. He understood what exactly had not yet been created and figured out how to best implement it. And I did it. "

Irina:

Vadim: “Unfortunately, the work is now taking a long time, so I have not fully achieved what I planned. I think, first "tick off" in the professional field, and then move on to personal life. The main thing is to try to be on time. "

Irina:

Vadim: “Before - to achieve a higher standard of living. Now for self-realization. Remember how in Maslow's pyramid? “Self-realization is at the highest position”.

Irina:

Vadim: “Sometimes I read biographies of great people, I consult with my family and friends. I understand that if I retreat now, it won't get better. In fact, I try to think that there is a plus for every minus. "

Irina:

Vadim: “It is necessary to find what exactly for this, specific, person is success. To understand this, you need to listen to yourself. Then you need to look for people who have achieved success in what they love. Take something useful from their experience. With the obstinacy of a bulldog to go towards the goal and at the same time do not despair at temporary difficulties, believe in yourself, your strength, your success ”(smiles).

Irina: "Vadim, I want to express my gratitude to you for talking!"

Vadim: "Thank you, Irina!"

Interview # 2

The interviewee is Oleg (52 years old), head of one of the organizations in the city of Vologda.

Interviewer - Irina, student of Vologda State University.

Irina: “Good afternoon, Oleg, we are conducting a study on the lifestyle of modern leaders. Since you are a successful manager, it would be interesting to talk with you on this topic. "

Oleg: “Irina, good afternoon. Yes, of course, let's talk. "

Irina: "At what age did you start working (not as a manager, but in general) or earn extra money?"

Oleg: " I've been moonlighting since I was 12 ”.

Irina: "Why did you do this?"

Oleg: " I wanted to help my parent, it was also summer, vacations, it's still better to work than to wander around. "

Irina: “Vadim, tell me, what does your job mean to you? Hard daily work, which you have to do through force, in order to satisfy your needs or your favorite pastime, where cash income acts as a pleasant bonus? Please tell us about it. "

Oleg: " I can’t call my job hard labor, most likely my favorite job, but it’s not without difficulties either. ”

Irina: “Do you plan your business for the day; your income and expenses? "

Oleg: " Certainly "

Irina: "Why are you doing this?"

Oleg: " Firstly, it has already become a habit, and secondly, I am simply obliged to plan everything, since it is extremely difficult and not profitable to work without a clear understanding of the upcoming affairs. "

Irina: "Do you do charity work?"

Oleg: " I won't say that I do it regularly, but I help those who ask for help. "

Irina: "Why are you doing this?"

Oleg: " Just from a pure heart, out of compassion. "

Irina: “Do you drink alcoholic beverages?»

Oleg: " I will say this: I use it, but I am not carried away. "

Irina: "Why do you practice this behavior?"

Oleg: "Sometimes with the help of alcohol I relieve stress, you also need to celebrate the holidays."

Irina: "Do you smoke?"

Oleg: “No, I don’t smoke, honestly - I don’t even pull.”

Irina: "Do you do sports if possible?"

Oleg: "Yes I am trying".

Irina: "What kind of sport and for what purpose are you doing?"

Oleg: “I go to the fitness club in the morning. It disciplines, helps to keep the body in shape. "

Irina: "How do you usually spend your free time?"

Oleg: "There is practically no free time, but I really love hunting and fishing, so if I succeed, I dive into them."

Irina: "What kind of literature do you prefer to read?"

Oleg: “Professional, I used to be fond of art.

Irina: "Please name your favorite book and describe what exactly did you like about it?"

Oleg: “I really like the collected works of Jack London, because many life situations are beautifully described there.

Irina: "Why, in your opinion, should you read books?"

Oleg: "To develop, to improve."

Irina: "Are you engaged in personal development?"

Oleg: “I repeat that I have very little free time, so I do it, but rarely.”

Irina: "How do you do it and for what?"

Oleg: "Self-education".

Irina: "Do you participate in the political life of your country?"

Oleg: " Yes, I go to the polls ”.

Oleg: " On VKontakte, Facebook. "

Oleg: “For work, entertainment. Not much 1-2.5 hours. "

Irina: “What qualities in people do you like the most? Why exactly are they? "

Oleg: "Honesty, kindness - they are very rare nowadays."

Irina : “Can you tell me which celebrity person (s) you like best? Why exactly he (they)?

Oleg: "PeterI and Stalin. We lived not for ourselves, but for the country. "

Irina: "Are you satisfied with all areas of your life?"

Oleg: "Not all."

Irina: "What are you trying to do in order to become satisfied in all areas?"

Oleg: "Work harder"

Irina: "What or who makes you move forward, achieve new goals?"

Oleg: "A family. Everything for and for her sake. "

Irina: "How do you cope with difficulties in work, in your personal life, what do you do when it is hard for you, and the thought comes to abandon your cherished dream or goals?"

Oleg: “I take and solve them. When it's hard, my wife helps me a lot, and, as you said, I’m not used to giving up my cherished dream ”.

Irina: "What advice can you give people to be successful?"

Oleg: “First you need to study, then work and a lot, not to be afraid of work. You need to constantly improve yourself to become a professional in your field. "

Irina: “Oleg, thank you for agreeing to the meeting and giving such detailed answers!”

Oleg: "Not worth it, I was glad to meet you!"

Siberian State

Automobile and Highway Academy

in sociology

« Sociological analysis of modern Russian society »

Performed:

4th year student

Code EUNs-06-06

Ivanova Maria Mikhailovna

Introduction

1. Social structure of society

1.1. The concept of the social structure of society

1.2. Changes in the social structure of Russian society in the transition period

2. The social structure of modern Russian society

3. Sociological studies of the structure of Russian society at the present stage

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Any society is always structured on many grounds - national, social-class, demographic, resettlement, etc. Structuring, that is, the belonging of people to certain social, professional, socio-demographic groups, can generate social inequality. Even natural genetic or physical differences between people can form the basis for unequal relationships! But the main thing in society is those differences, those objective factors that give rise to social inequality of people. Inequality is an enduring fact of every society. Ralph Dahrendorf wrote: “Even in a prosperous society, the unequal position of people remains an important enduring phenomenon ... Of course, these differences are no longer based on direct violence and legal norms, which supported the system of privileges in caste or estate society.

Social differences are those that are generated by social factors: the division of labor, lifestyle, social roles that are performed by individual individuals or social groups.

A structured society can be represented as a set of interrelated and interdependent areas of social life: economic, political, spiritual, social, in which the family and everyday life is sometimes distinguished. Each of these spheres of social life has its own social stratification, its own structure. Social differences between people determine the social structure. It manifests itself primarily in the economic structure of society. The main elements of this structure are classes, social and professional groups, strata.

1. Social structure of society

1.1. The concept of the social structure of society

In the social structure of society, it is customary to distinguish the following substructures: socio-settlement, socio-class, socio-ethnic, socio-demographic. Each substructure is characterized by its own set of social organizations and institutions, its own system of social roles, social values \u200b\u200band norms.

The main elements of the social structure are:

· Social communities (large and small groups);

· Professional groups;

· Socio-demographic groups;

· Socio-territorial communities.

The largest unit in the social structuring of society is the class. There are various definitions of this concept in sociology. IN AND. Lenin gave a better definition of classes, showing that classes are large groups of people differing in their place in the production system, in their relation to the means of production, in their role in the social organization of labor, in the methods of obtaining and the size of that share of social wealth, which they have.

The social-class structure of society is always mobile. Some classes and social groups disappear, new ones appear, and sometimes, as it happened today in our country, classes and social groups are reviving. For example, individual peasants, entrepreneurs.

For quite a long time, Russian sociologists, proceeding from the Marxist scheme, saw two friendly classes in the social structure of our society: the working class and the collective farm peasantry, adding a social group of the intelligentsia. Formally, each of these groups possesses the characteristics necessary for social structuring.

There is always a class in society that acts as a leader. In the conditions of the scientific, technical and informational revolution, the outlined transition to a post-industrial society, those social groups in which the potential for a qualitative breakthrough in the development of society is accumulating become such. These include the engineering intelligentsia, carriers of high-tech, science-intensive production, creators of software products - that is, engineers, designers, managers, highly skilled workers. Representatives of the humanitarian intelligentsia, who provide investments in a person, his individual development - scientists, teachers, employees of higher education, etc., are also adjacent here. It is these social groups that may create the basis of the new middle class of our society, ensuring its progress, stability , and are truly top class.

It is more difficult to decipher the intelligentsia vertically. Traditionally, it includes people engaged in professional mental work that requires special training. In sociology, this group is often divided into the intelligentsia proper and employees. The intelligentsia is considered to be workers who are professionally engaged in skilled mental, as a rule, creative work that requires higher and secondary specialized education, although these may also be practices. Non-specialist employees include knowledge workers, where scientific education is not required, although it may be: an ordinary policeman, cashier, secretary, accountant, etc. All people who have graduated from universities should not be classified as intelligentsia. Among the workers, there are also people with higher and secondary specialized education. The nature of labor is decisive in this regard. Russian sociology tried to find a way out by introducing the concept of a worker-intellectual. This is a group of workers employed in skilled labor, where good professional training and special education are required. For example, test workers, pilots, operators of complex machine tools and installations, etc.

We can definitely say that with the development of society, its social structure becomes more and more complicated and individual groups of people are, as it were, at the junctions of different classes and social groups.

Federal Agency for Education State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education “Moscow State Humanitarian University named after MA Sholokhov "Shadrinsk branch" Department of "Sociology"

Types and methods of sociological research.

Supervisor:

Chichaikin Yuri Viktorovich

Executor:

Potapov Oleg Valentinovich

Yur. faculty, State Medical University, 5 semester.

shadrinsk

Introduction.

Goals and objectives of sociological research.

Sociological research program.

Stages of sociological research.

Types of sociological research and their methods.

The choice of the type of sociological research.

Conclusion.

Literature.

Introduction.

Each of the branches of science has a subject that is revealed in the content, system of theories, laws, categories, principles, etc. and performs special functions in relation to practice, explores a certain sphere of social relations, certain phenomena, processes, in general, everything society. What and how does sociology study? Sociology (French sociologie, Latin Societas - society and Greek - Logos - the science of society) - the science of society, individual social institutions (state, law, morality, etc.), processes and social social communities of people. And in order to understand and study the basic laws of social phenomena, the development and functioning of social communities, sociological research is needed.

The goals and objectives of sociological research.

In its most general form, sociological research can be defined as a system of logically consistent methodological, methodological and organizational-technical procedures, interconnected by a single aim: to obtain reliable data on the studied phenomenon or process, on the trends and contradictions of their development, so that these data can be used in the practice of managing public life. The main objectives of the study - search for an answer to the central question: what are the ways and means of solving the problem under study?

Sociological research program.

The program contains a theoretical basis methodological approaches and methodical techniques for studying a certain phenomenon or process. Only a program of sociological research that is deeply thought out in all its components is a necessary condition for its conduct at a high quality level. It is no coincidence that the program is called a strategic document, which expresses the concept of researching the problem, those issues that were of particular interest to the organizers and prompted them to make an attempt to carry out a scientific analysis.

A sociological research program usually includes a detailed, clear and complete presentation of the following sections:

-methodological part - formulation and substantiation of the problem, indication of the goal, definition of the object and subject of research, logical analysis of basic concepts, formulation of hypotheses and research objectives;

- methodical part - definition of the surveyed population, characteristics of the methods used for collecting primary sociological information, the logical structure of the tools for collecting this information, logical schemes for its processing.

Stages of sociological research:

Sociological research includes four successive stages: 1. Preparation of research;

2. Collection of primary information;

3.Preparation of the collected information for processing and its processing;

4. analysis of the information received, summing up the results of the study, formulating conclusions and recommendations.

Types of sociological research and their methods.

Despite the fact that every sociological study claiming integrity and completeness includes the above stages, there is no single, unified form of sociological analysis suitable for studying problems of varying complexity.

The specific type of sociological research is determined by the nature of the goals and objectives set in it. It is in accordance with them that three main types of sociological research are distinguished: 1. Intelligence;

2. Descriptive;

3. Analytical.

Methods for collecting information are determined by the objectives and focus of the study. Here is some of them:

1. Observation is the collection of information by visually recording the phenomena and events taking place. It can be scientific and mundane, included and not included. Scientific observation is proven in practice. Participatory observation is the study of a social group from the “inside”.

2. An experiment is a collection of information based on the introduction of a certain indicator into the social environment and monitoring the indications of changes in the indicator. It happens laboratory and field.

3. Questionnaire - collection of quantitative data based on the submitted questionnaire, which is built according to the "funnel" method:

introductory part (introduction to the problem),

the main part (questions about the problem),

the final part (social).

4. Interview - a survey method of collecting information, which involves direct interaction between the interviewer and the respondent. Sometimes free and standardized.

5. Document analysis - collection of social data in the study of autobiography, works, paintings, print media, etc. It should be noted that a document in sociology means any fixed medium of information. A variation of this method is content analysis, which involves translating information into quantitative indicators and its further statistical processing.

1. Intelligence.

Intelligence research solves problems that are very limited in their content. It covers, as a rule, small survey populations and is based on a simplified program and a compressed instrument set.

Intelligence research is used for preliminary examination of a specific process or phenomenon. The need for such a preliminary stage, as a rule, arises when the problem is either little or not studied at all. In particular, it is successfully used to obtain additional information about a subject and object, to clarify and correct hypotheses and tasks, tools and boundaries of the surveyed population in an in-depth, large-scale study, as well as to identify difficulties that may be encountered in the future.

Primary sociological information is usually understood as non-generalized information obtained in the course of sociological research in various forms. method:

- respondents' answers to the questionnaire;

- interview;

- records of the researcher in observation cards, etc .;

subject to further processing and generalization.

In carrying out support missions, intelligence research serves as a provider of intelligence. In this sense, we can talk about this method , as:

- express survey , the purpose of which is to obtain individual information of particular interest to the researcher at the moment.

With the help of operational surveys, the attitude of people to current events and facts is determined (the so-called sounding of public opinion), as well as the degree of effectiveness of the measures just taken. Often, such surveys are used to assess the progress and results of various social and political campaigns.

Usually, intelligence research uses one of the most accessible methods of collecting primary sociological information, making it possible to do this in a short time.

2. Quantitative and qualitative methods of sociological research

In addition, if we are talking about clarifying the subject or object of a large-scale research, an analysis of special literature can be carried out, as well as a survey of competent specialists (experts) or persons who are well aware of the characteristic features and characteristics of the research object.

2. Descriptive.

Descriptive research - a more complex type of sociological analysis, which allows you to form a relatively holistic idea of \u200b\u200bthe studied phenomenon, its structural elements. Understanding, taking into account such comprehensive information helps to better understand the situation, to more deeply substantiate the choice of means, forms and methods of managing social processes.

Descriptive research is carried out according to a complete, sufficiently detailed program and on the basis of a methodically approved toolkit.

Its methodological and methodological equipment makes it possible to use method:

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