The railway network of the Russian Federation is quite extensive. It consists of several sections of highways owned by JSC Russian Railways. At the same time, all regional roads are formally branches of Russian Railways, while the company itself acts as a monopolist in Russia:
The road runs through the territory of the Irkutsk and Chita regions and the republics of Buryatia and Sakha-Yakutia. The length of the highway is 3848 km.
The road runs along two parallel latitudinal directions: Moscow - Nizhny Novgorod - Kirov and Moscow - Kazan - Yekaterinburg, which are interconnected by rockades. The road connects the Central, Northwestern and Northern regions of Russia with the Volga region, the Urals and Siberia. The Gorky road borders on the railways: Moscow (st.Petushki and Cherusti), Sverdlovsk (st. Cheptsa, Druzhinino), Northern (st. Novki, Susolovka, Svecha), Kuibyshevskaya (st. Krasny Uzel, Tsilna). The total deployed length of the road is 12,066 km. The length of the main railway lines is 7987 km.
The railway passes through the territory of five constituent entities of the Russian Federation - Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territories, Amur and Jewish Autonomous Regions, and the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Its service area also includes the Magadan, Sakhalin, Kamchatka regions and Chukotka - over 40% of the territory of Russia. Operational length - 5986 km.
The Trans-Baikal Railway runs in the southeast of Russia, across the territory of the Trans-Baikal Territory and the Amur Region, is located near the border of the PRC and has the only direct land border railway crossing in Russia through the Zabaikalsk station. Operational length - 3370 km.
The West Siberian Railway passes through the territory of the Omsk, Novosibirsk, Kemerovo, Tomsk regions, Altai Territory and partly the Republic of Kazakhstan. The deployed length of the main lines of the highway is 8986 km, the operational length is 5602 km.
The road operates in special geopolitical conditions. The shortest way from the center of Russia to the countries of Western Europe runs through Kaliningrad. The road has no common borders with Russian railways. The deployed length of the highway is 1100 km, the length of the main lines is over 900 kilometers.
The highway passes through four large regions - the Kemerovo Region, Khakassia, the Irkutsk Region and the Krasnoyarsk Territory, linking the Trans-Siberian and South Siberian Railways. Figuratively speaking, this is a bridge between the European part of Russia, its Far East and Asia. The operational length of the Krasnoyarsk road is 3160 km. The total length is 4544 kilometers.
The railway stretches from the Moscow region to the Ural foothills, linking the center and west of the Russian Federation with large socio-economic regions of the Urals, Siberia, Kazakhstan and Central Asia. The road consists of two almost parallel lines running from West to East: Kustarevka - Inza - Ulyanovsk and Ryazhsk - Samara, which are connected at the Chishma station, forming a double-track line ending at the spurs of the Ural Mountains. Two other lines of the road Ruzaevka - Penza - Rtishchevo and Ulyanovsk - Syzran - Saratov run from North to South.
Within the current borders, the Moscow Railway was organized in 1959 as a result of the complete and partial unification of six roads: Moscow-Ryazan, Moscow-Kursk-Donbass, Moscow-Okruzhnaya, Moscow-Kiev, Kalinin and Northern. The deployed length is 13000 km, the operational length is 8800 km.
The Oktyabrskaya highway passes through the territory of eleven constituent entities of the Russian Federation - Leningrad, Pskov, Novgorod, Vologda, Murmansk, Tver, Moscow, Yaroslavl regions, the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg and the Republic of Karelia. Operational length - 10143 km.
The Volga (Ryazan-Ural) railway is located in the southeast of the European part of Russia in the region of the Lower Volga and the middle reaches of the Don and covers the territories of the Saratov, Volgograd and Astrakhan regions, as well as several stations located within the Rostov, Samara regions and Kazakhstan. The length of the road is 4191 km.
The highway connects the European and Asian parts of Russia, stretches from west to east for one and a half thousand kilometers and crosses the Arctic Circle in a northerly direction. Passes through Nizhny Tagil, Perm, Yekaterinburg, Surgut, Tyumen. It also serves the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs. Operational length - 7154 km. The deployed length is 13,853 km.
The highway originates in the center of Russia and extends far to the north of the country. Most of the Northern Railway is operated in the harsh conditions of the Far North and the Arctic. The deployed length is 8500 kilometers.
In the service area of the road there are 11 subjects of the Russian Federation of the Southern Federal District, it directly borders on Ukraine, Georgia and Azerbaijan. The operational length of the highway is 6358 km.
The South-Eastern Railway occupies a central position in the railway network and connects the eastern regions and the Urals with the Center, as well as the regions of the North, North-West and Center with the North Caucasus, Ukraine and the states of Transcaucasia. The South-East road borders on the Moscow, Kuibyshev, North Caucasian, Southern railways of Ukraine. Operational length - 4189 km.
The South Ural Railway is located in two parts of the world - at the junction of Europe and Asia. It includes the Chelyabinsk, Kurgan, Orenburg and Kartalinsky branches. Several railway lines of the main line pass through the territory of Kazakhstan. The South-East road borders on the Moscow, Kuibyshev, North Caucasian, Southern railways of Ukraine. Operational length - 4189 km. The deployed length is over 8000 km.
Hello! Today I will tell you what a railway station is, what they are for, what they consist of, and are also classified. In fact, nothing complicated, you just need to understand and translate complex railway concepts into Russian. This is what we're going to do right now. Let me start with the official definition:
A railway station is the main object of railway transport, one of the types of separate points that has a track development that allows you to carry out operations for receiving, sending, crossing and overtaking trains, operations for receiving, issuing goods, baggage and cargo luggage, servicing passengers, and with developed track devices - shunting work on the formation and disbandment of trains and technical operations with trains.
Wow, how interesting! I myself got confused while writing, so much was written. But this is the specificity of the railway language, alas, nothing can be done. So, let's continue.
In simple terms, a train station is a place with many tracks. All. So here it is in short. And all that was given above is the appointment. And if you still do not understand, look at the photo.
Now it's definitely clear. Here, the path development is visible, and there are even some buildings in the distance.
PURPOSE
Let's take a look at the assignment now. Stations are designed for:
- reception and departure of trains
- crossing and overtaking trains
- performing operations for the reception and delivery of goods and baggage
- passenger service
- formation and disbandment of trains
Of course, there are other functions for which the stations are intended, we will focus on the main ones. What is the reception and departure of trains should be clear to everyone. I'm right? I think yes. I will briefly explain the rest. A crossing is when trains traveling towards each other somehow miraculously do not collide. In fact, one of the trains moves to another track with the help of a turnout and waits for the oncoming train to pass by on the neighboring track, and then again, along the turnout, leaves for the main track and goes on. This is only possible at stations.
Overtaking is almost the same as crossing, only the trains go one after another. And if one of the trains needs to be ahead, then the train in front shifts to another track at the station and stops, and the second train overtakes it along the main track. Usually passenger trains are let forward in this way, since they have a higher speed than freight trains. Passing points may also be used for overtaking.
CARGO OPERATIONS
To perform operations for receiving and issuing cargo and luggage, in other words, for loading and unloading cargo and luggage, as well as servicing passengers, stations are equipped with special devices - platforms, warehouses, loading and unloading platforms, sorting platforms and slides. If it is necessary to unload and load large volumes of cargo (for example: coal, ore), entire railway fleets are equipped at the stations, located separately from the main station fleet, connected to it by additional tracks.
Rail transport is designed to transport large volumes of goods and it is natural that for this purpose they try to make trains as long as possible. It is not always possible to include only one type of cargo from one sender in the composition. Taking into account these restrictions, trains are formed and disbanded at the stations, that is, completely different cargoes can be included in one train - liquid cargoes (gasoline, oil, fuel oil), bulk cargoes (coal, ore, grain), frozen products in refrigerated cars, containers and others. For this purpose, a special rolling stock is constantly working at the stations - a shunting locomotive that performs shunting work (rearrangement of cars, hitching and uncoupling to the trains).
Have you ever wondered how a railway station functions, why locomotives, trains, various special vehicles are constantly moving, and who manages it all? What is your answer? I asked myself similar questions, which is why I now work for the railroad. Naturally, in addition to the tracks, the stations have various special devices that allow you to control arrows and traffic lights. at large stations there is a depot where wagons and locomotives are serviced. You can also tell a lot of interesting things about IF, SH, EC, NGG, but now it’s not about that, but about the fact that, depending on the size, volume of work and directions, railway stations are classified.
TYPES OF RAILWAY STATIONS
1. According to the purpose and nature of the work, the stations are divided into:
- passenger - the main purpose is work with passengers (passenger service, ticket sales, formation and organization of passenger train traffic);
- freight stations - carrying out operations with cargo (loading, unloading, execution of documents for transportation, formation and organization of the movement of freight trains);
- technical stations - performance of technical operations with trains (formation of freight trains, prefabricated, export trains, disbandment of trains);
- intermediate stations - small stations designed for crossings, overtaking and other small work with trains. The photo below shows an intermediate station.
Technical stations, in turn, are divided into:
- Sorting - roughly speaking, at this station, wagons are sorted by type of cargo, by senders, by recipients, by directions;
- District stations - these stations are located at a distance of up to 300 kilometers from each other, they are the points of turnover of locomotives and locomotive crews. In general, for each such point there is a service section - locomotive crews (driver and assistant) pass this section, rest at the turnaround point and drive back. hence the name;
- Pre-port stations - perform operations at the junction of seaports and the railway, that is, they reload cargo from ships to wagons and vice versa.
2. There is another classification related to the docking of railways:
- docking station - at such stations, sections with various types of current (direct, alternating) are docked in the contact network;
- junction stations - a station to which at least three directions of the railway adjoin (for example: one from the south, the second from the north, the third from the west).
- interstate transfer station - a station located on the border of different states.
- junction inter-road station - a railway station located on the border of railways (the railway in Russia is divided into roads - the so-called regional control centers depending on the region. I work, for example, on the Far Eastern Railway.).
RAILWAY STATION CLASSES
Depending on how busy the railway station is, what volume, complexity of operations and the level of technical equipment of the station are divided into 6 classes: out-of-class stations, stations of the first (I), second (II), third (III), fourth (IV) and fifth classes (V).
- Out-of-class stations - large passenger, cargo, as well as most marshalling yards;
- Stations of the first class - cargo, passenger, district;
- The second class - mostly precinct;
- Stations of the third, fourth, fifth classes are intermediate stations.
This is where I will end my article. In the future, I plan to talk in more detail about the specifics of each station, about the professions of people working at the stations, and other nuances. Subscribe to updates, share on social networks, express your opinion - it is especially valuable to me. Thank you for your attention. Bye!
Sincerely, Sergey Tkachenko.
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