Traditionally, many questions are raised about the types of one-part sentences. According to statistics, at the unified state exam in a compulsory discipline, there are a lot of errors in tasks related to this topic. What is this difficulty? How to correctly and quickly determine the desired type? Let's figure it out now.
Types of one-part sentences: features and structures
So, as you know, all proposals are divided into two types. The first is two-part (this is when there are both subjects and predicate), the second type is one-part, when there is only one of the main members. Both sentences of the first type and the second can be complex. As a rule, the main members are not always directly visible; there are moments when they are “disguised” as other parts of speech (rather than the generally accepted ones - noun and verb), while in sentences with one main word, difficulties may not arise.
Types of one-part sentence: general characteristics
In order not to make mistakes on the exam, you need to master the material at school. Traditionally, there are five types of sentences with one member: definitely personal, impersonal, nominative, generalized and indefinitely personal. We will consider only the most basic ones.
- The first type is definitely personal. Here the only member is the predicate, which conveys what a person or thing does/says. As a rule, the verb has the first and second person forms, that is, you can mentally substitute pronouns such as I/we/you/you. For example: I love rain in autumn; go get some coffee.
- The second type is impersonal. One-part sentences (the types of which are discussed in the article) of this kind also have only a subject in their structure. They are most often called state clauses. And here are the main features: here it is impossible to mentally imagine the subject, the verbs express any state of nature or man. For example: gets dark; it was getting warm; there was no snow/no rain.
- The third type is nominative. In another way - nominal sentences. Everything is simple here: the main and only member is the subject. As an example, you can give a lot of proposals: late fall; April '41; wonderful weather.
- Types of one-part sentences include indefinite personal sentences. In such cases, again one member is the predicate. How to distinguish such a proposal? Instead of the subject, you can easily substitute a pronoun such as “they”. Hence similar examples: there was a knock on the house; somewhere far away in the forest they are shooting.
To determine the types of one-part sentences, you need to identify the main members. If it is clearly visible that he is alone, you need to determine the part of speech. After these steps the hardest part begins. As was written above, the type of sentence depends in most cases on the person of the verb. Therefore, after determining the part of speech, you need to substitute pronouns for the verb to determine its person. Further, there is no longer any doubt about determining the required type of proposal.
This is how you can easily and accurately examine such a complex problem of the Russian language without any visible problems.
One-part sentences - these are sentences whose grammatical basis consists of one main member, and this one main member is sufficient for the complete verbal expression of a thought. Thus, "single-part" does not mean "incomplete."
Chief member one-part sentence- a special syntactic phenomenon: it alone forms the grammatical basis of the sentence. However, in terms of its meaning and methods of expression, the main member of the majority one-part sentences(except for denominative sentences) is close to the predicate, and the main member of denominative sentences is close to the subject. Therefore, in school grammar it is customary to divide one-part sentences into two groups: 1) with one main member - the predicate and 2) with one main member - the subject. The first group includes definitely-personal, indefinitely-personal, generalized-personal and impersonal sentences, and the second group includes denominative sentences.
Behind every type one-part sentences(except for generalized-personal ones) their own ways of expressing the main member are fixed.
Definitely personal proposals
Definitely personal proposals - these are sentences denoting the actions or states of direct participants in speech - the speaker or interlocutor. Therefore, the predicate (main term) in them is expressed by the form 1st or 2nd person singular or plural verbs.
The category of person is in the present and future tense of the indicative mood and in the imperative mood. Accordingly, the predicate in definitely personal proposals can be expressed in the following forms: I’ll tell you, you’ll tell me, let’s tell you, tell me, tell me, tell me, let’s tell you; I'm going, you're going, we're going, you're going, you're going to go, you're going to go, we're going to go, you're going to go, go, go, let's go.
For example: I do not ask for honors or wealth for long journeys , but I take the little Arbat courtyard with me, I take it away (B. Okudzhava); I know that in the evening you will leave the ring of roads and sit in a pile of fresh ones under a nearby haystack (S. Yesenin); Why are you laughing? You laugh at yourself (N. Gogol); Do not look forward to happy days presented by heaven (B. Okudzhava); In the depths of Siberian ores, keep proud patience (A. Pushkin).
These sentences are very close in meaning to two-part sentences. Almost always, relevant information can be conveyed in a two-part sentence by including a subject in the sentence. me, you, we or You.
The sufficiency of one main member is determined here by the morphological properties of the predicate: the verbal forms of the 1st and 2nd persons with their endings clearly indicate a very specific person. Subject me, you, we, you turn out to be informationally redundant with them.
We use one-part sentences more often when we need to pay attention to an action, and not to the person who performs this action.
Vaguely personal proposals
- these are one-part sentences that denote the action or state of an unspecified person; The actor is not named in the grammatical basis, although he is thought of personally, but the emphasis is on the action.
The main member of such sentences is the form 3rd person plural (present and future indicative and imperative) or forms plural(past tense and conditional verbs or adjectives): they say, they will speak, they spoke, let them speak, they would speak; (they are) satisfied; (he) is welcome.
For example: They say in the village that she is not his relative at all... (N. Gogol); They led an elephant through the streets... (I. Krylov); And let them talk, let them talk, but- no, no one dies in vain... (V. Vysotsky); It’s okay that we are poets, as long as they read us and sing (L. Oshanin).
The specificity of the meaning of the figure in vaguely personal sentences is that in reality it exists, but is not grammatically named.
The 3rd person plural form of the predicate verb does not contain information about the number of figures or the degree of their fame. Therefore, this form can express: 1) a group of persons: The school is actively addressing the problem of academic performance; 2) one person: They brought me this book; 3) both one person and a group of persons: Someone is waiting for me; 4) person known and unknown: Somewhere in the distance they are shouting; I got an A on the exam.
Vaguely personal proposals most often have secondary members, i.e. vague sentences, as a rule, common.
Included vaguely personal proposals two groups of minor members are used: 1) Circumstances of place and time, which usually indirectly characterize the actor: In hall sang. In the next class they make noise. Often in my youth strive to someone imitate(A. Fadeev); These distributors usually indirectly characterize the actor, denoting the place and time associated with human activity. 2) Direct and indirect objects placed at the beginning of the sentence: Us invited into the room; Him here glad; Now hiswill bring here (M. Gorky).
If these minor members are excluded from the composition of the sentence, the sentences become incomplete two-part sentences with a missing subject: In the morning we went to the forest. We stayed in the forest until late evening.
Generalized personal proposals
Generalized personal proposals occupy a special place among one-part sentences. This is explained by generalized personal proposals do not have their own forms, and, thus, the main criterion for their identification is the semantic feature.
The meaning of generality can be characteristic of sentences of different structures: And what kind rus skiy does not love fast ride (N. Gogol)(two-part sentence); Searching for words cannot be neglected nothing (K. Paustovsky)(impersonal sentence); You can't order your heart (proverb)(a sentence that is definitely personal in form).
Generalized-personal Only those sentences are considered that are definitely personal or indefinitely personal in form, but denote the actions or states of a generally conceivable person. These are sentences in which observations are formulated related to the general characteristics of certain objects, life phenomena and situations: Take care of your honor from a young age (proverb); What do we have?- we don’t keep it, it’s lost- we cry (proverb); Chickens are counted in the fall - (proverb); When you take your head off you don't cry through your hair (proverb).
The most typical form is the 2nd person singular present or future simple indicative: You involuntarily surrender to the power of the surrounding vigorous nature (N. Nekrasov); ...In a rare girl you will find such simplicity and natural freedom of look, word, and action (I. Goncharov); You can’t put a scarf over someone else’s mouth (proverb).
Unlike outwardly similar definite-personal sentences with verbs in the 2nd person form, in general-personal proposals the specific actions of the interlocutor are never spoken about; the subject of the action is thought of in such sentences in a general way, like any person.
Impersonal offers
Impersonal offers - these are one-part sentences that speak of an action or state that arises and exists independently of the producer of the action or the bearer of the state. Feature of grammatical meaning impersonal offers is the meaning of spontaneity, involuntariness of the expressed action or state. It manifests itself in a variety of cases when it is expressed: action (The boat is carried to the shore); condition of a person or animal (I couldn’t sleep; He was cold); state of the environment (It gets dark; It feels fresh);"the state of affairs" (Bad with personnel; Experiments cannot be postponed) etc.
The main term can be expressed:
1) shape 3rd person singular impersonal or personal verb: It’s getting light!.. Oh, how quickly the night has passed / (A. Griboyedov); The smell of spring through the glass (L. May);
2) shape neuter: You, happiness, were covered with snow, carried away centuries ago, trampled under the boots of soldiers retreating into eternity (G. Ivanov); There was not enough bread even until Christmas time (A. Chekhov);
3) in a word No(in the past tense it corresponds to the neuter form was, and in the future - the form of the 3rd person singular - will be): And suddenly consciousness will answer me that you, my humble one, were not and are not (N. Gumilyov); There is no stronger beast than a cat (I. Krylov);
5) combination of a state category word(with modal meaning) with infinitive(compound verb predicate): When you know that you can't laugh, then- then it is precisely then that this shaking, painful laughter takes possession of you (A. Kuprin); It's time to get up: it's past seven (A. Pushkin);
6) short passive neuter participle(compound nominal predicate): Wonderfully arranged in our world! (N. Gogol); U I haven’t been tidied up!.. (A. Chekhov);
7) infinitive: You will never see such battles (M. Lermontov); Well, how can you not please your loved one? (A. Griboyedov); Sing and ring for a long time in the blizzard (S. Yesenin)
Name sentences
Nominal (nominative) offers - these are one-part sentences that affirm the existence, existence of objects or phenomena. Grammar basis name sentences consists of only one main member, similar in form to the subject: main member name sentences is expressed nominative case of a noun(single or with dependent words), for example: Noise, laughter, running, bowing, gallop, mazurka, waltz... (A. Pushkin).
Meaning name sentences lies in the affirmation of being, the existence of a phenomenon in the present time. That's why nominative sentences cannot be used either in the past or in the future tense, neither in the conditional nor in the imperative mood. In these tenses and moods they correspond to two-part sentences with a predicate was or will be: Autumn(nominal sentence). It was autumn; It will be autumn(two-part sentences).
There are three main varieties name sentences.
1.Existential: Twenty first. Night. Monday. Outlines of the capital in the darkness (A. Akhmatova).
2. Index fingers; they include demonstrative particles here, here and, there, there: This is the place where their house stands; Here is the willow (A. Pushkin); Here is the bridge / (N. Gogol).
3. Evaluative-existential; they are pronounced with an exclamatory intonation and often include exclamatory particles what, what, and: Siege! Attack! Evil waves are like thieves climbing through windows (A. Pushkin); What a night! The frost is bitter... (A. Pushkin).
Feature name sentences is that they are characterized by fragmentation and at the same time a large capacity of the expressed content. They name only individual details of the situation, but the details are important, expressive, designed for the imagination of the listener or reader - such that he can imagine the overall picture of the described situation or events.
More often nominative sentences used in descriptive contexts of poetic and prose speech, as well as in stage directions for dramatic works: Rocks, blackened by tanning... Hot sand that burns through the soles (N. Sladkoe); Evening. Seaside. Sighs of the wind. The majestic cry of the waves (K. Balmont); Living room in Serebryakov's house. Three doors: right, left and middle.- Day (A. Chekhov).
§1. Total information
Let us remember: sentences are divided into two-part sentences, the grammatical basis of which consists of two main members - the subject and the predicate, and one-part sentences, the grammatical basis of which consists of only one main member: the subject or the predicate.
One-part sentences are divided into two groups:
- with the main member - subject
- with the main member - predicate
The latter are divided into four types.
This means that there are five types of one-part sentences in total. Each has its own name:
- nominal
- definitely personal
- vaguely personal
- generalized-personal
- impersonal
Each type is discussed separately below.
§2. One-part sentences with the main member - subject
Name sentences- These are one-part sentences with the main member - the subject.
In nominal sentences, the existence of an object or phenomenon is reported or an emotional and evaluative attitude towards it is expressed. Examples:
Night.
Silence.
Night!
Sweet raspberries!
What a beauty!
Denominative sentences with particles here, over there have a demonstrative meaning: Over there is the village!
Nominal sentences can be uncommon and consist of only one word - the main member, or common, including other members of the sentence:
Blue sky overhead.
Blue sea at your feet.
There is a small table covered with a tablecloth by the window.
Most often, the following are used as subjects in nominative sentences:
- nouns in I.p.: Heat!
- pronouns in I.p.: Here they are!
- numerals or combinations of numerals with nouns in I.p.: Twelve. First of January.
§3. One-part sentences with the main member - the predicate
One-part sentences with the main member - the predicate - are not the same in the structure of the predicate. There are four types.
Classification of one-part sentences with the main member - the predicate
1. Definitely personal proposals
2. Vaguely personal sentences
3. Generalized personal sentences
4. Impersonal offers
1. Definitely personal proposals
Definitely personal proposals- these are one-part sentences with the main member - the predicate, which is expressed by the personal form of the verb in the form of 1 or 2 l. or a verb in the imperative mood. The person is defined: it is always either the speaker or the interlocutor. Examples:
I love meeting with friends.
the action referred to in the sentence is performed by the speaker, verb in the form of 1 l. units
Let's call each other tomorrow!
inducement to joint action of the speaker and interlocutor, verb in the imperative mood)
How are you living?
the action about which information is obtained is performed by the interlocutor, verb in the form of 2 l. plural
Declarative and interrogative sentences express the action of the speaker or interlocutor:
Tomorrow I'm leaving on a business trip. What do you prefer for dessert?
Incentive sentences express the motivation for the interlocutor to act:
Read! Write! Fill in the missing letters.
Such sentences are independent, they do not need a subject, because the idea of a person can be expressed in language by personal endings of verbs.
2. Vaguely personal sentences
Vaguely personal proposals- these are one-part sentences with the main member - the predicate, which is expressed by a verb in the form of 3 l. plural in the present or future tense or in the plural form. in the past time. Person unspecified: the action is performed by someone unidentified.
unknown, not determined by whom the action is performed
It was reported on TV that...
it is not determined who performed the action
Such sentences do not need a subject, since they express the idea of \u200b\u200bthe uncertainty of the persons performing the action.
3. Generalized personal sentences
Generalized personal proposals- these are one-part sentences with the main member - the predicate, standing in the form of 2 l. units or 3 l. plural in the present or future tenses or in the form of 2 l. units or plural imperative mood:
In generalized-personal sentences, the person appears in a generalized form: all, many, and the action is presented as ordinary, always performed. Such proposals express the collective experience of the people as a whole and reflect stable, generally accepted concepts. Examples:
If you love to ride, you also love to carry sleds.
You cannot build your happiness on someone else's misfortune.
The action being spoken of is common and common to all people, conveying the idea of collective experience.)
Do not count your chickens before they are hatched.
It does not matter who specifically performs the action, what is more important is that it is performed usually, always, by everyone - the collective experience is reflected, while a specific person is not implied.
In generalized-personal sentences, the idea of a generalized person is important, therefore they express generalizations characteristic of proverbs and sayings, aphorisms, and various kinds of maxims.
Note:
Not all textbooks highlight generalized personal sentences as a special type. Many authors believe that definite-personal and indefinite-personal sentences can have a generalized meaning. Examples:
If you love to ride, you also love to carry sleds.
(considered as a definite personal sentence with a generalized meaning)
Do not count your chickens before they are hatched.
(considered as an indefinitely personal sentence having a generalized meaning)
What is the basis for different interpretations?
Authors who distinguish generalized-personal sentences into a separate type pay more attention to the meaning of this group of sentences. And those who do not see a sufficient basis for this put formal features (verb forms) at the forefront.
4. Impersonal offers
Impersonal offers- these are one-part sentences with the main member - the predicate, standing in the form of 3 l. units present or future tense or in the form s.r. past tense. Examples:
The action or state is expressed in them as involuntary, in no way dependent on any person or group of persons.
The predicate in impersonal sentences can be expressed in different ways:
1) impersonal verb: It was getting dark, it was getting dark.
2) a personal verb in impersonal use in the form of 3 l. units present or future tense or in s.r. units past tense. It's getting dark, it's getting dark.
3) a short passive participle in the form s.r.: Already sent to the market for fresh food.
4) in a state category word: Are you cold?, I feel good.
In the present tense, the zero copula of the verb be not used. In the past and future tenses, the copula be is in the following forms:
- past tense, singular, middle: I felt good.
- future tense, singular, 3 l.: I will be fine.
5) infinitive: To be a scandal, to be in trouble.
6) impersonal auxiliary verb with infinitive: I wanted to relax.
7) a state category word with an infinitive: Have a good rest!
8) negatives: no (no - colloquial), nor: There is no happiness in life!
Impersonal sentences are also diverse in the meanings they express. They can convey the states of nature, the states of people, and the meaning of the absence of something or someone. In addition, they often convey the meanings of necessity, possibility, desirability, inevitability, etc.
Test of strength
Find out your understanding of this chapter.
Final test
Is it true that one-part sentences are those with one main predicate member?
Is it true that one-part sentences are those with one main member - the subject?
What are sentences with one main member - the subject - called?
- incomplete
- nominal
What is the offer: What nonsense!?
- nominative
- definitely personal
- impersonal
What is the offer: Protect the environment!?
- definitely personal
- vaguely personal
- impersonal
What is the offer: The newspaper published a weather forecast for the week.?
- vaguely personal
- generalized-personal
- definitely personal
What is the offer: I'm shivering.?
- nominative
- impersonal
- definitely personal
What is the offer: It's getting light.?
- impersonal
- vaguely personal
- generalized-personal
What is the offer: He wanted to sleep.?
- definitely personal
- vaguely personal
- impersonal
What is the offer: Do you want some tea?
- definitely personal
- vaguely personal
- impersonal
One-part sentences- sentences with one main member, only the predicate or only the subject: Silence. It's getting light. There's no one on the street. A one-part sentence has only one main member, and it cannot be called either subject or predicate. This is the main part of the sentence.
One-part sentences can be common or uncommon, depending on whether the main member is explained by additional words or not. There are two types of one-part sentences: verbal and substantive.
One-part verb sentence. A distinctive feature of verbal one-part sentences is their lack of subjectivity: the subject of the action is not represented in them, therefore the action is considered as independent. Such a one-part sentence includes the conjugated form of the verb as an auxiliary or linking verb, or is only such a verb: Are you going home?; They are singing outside the window; You can't fool him; He was having fun; You can't get through here. Verbal one-part sentences are divided into:
definitely personal;
vaguely personal;
generalized-personal;
impersonal;
Definitely personal proposals- one-part sentences denoting the actions or states of direct participants in speech - the speaker or interlocutor. The predicate (main member) in them is expressed in the 1st or 2nd person form of singular or plural verbs.
The category of person is in the present and future tense of the indicative mood and in the imperative mood. Accordingly, the predicate in definite personal sentences can be expressed in the following forms: I’ll tell you, you’ll tell me, let’s tell you, tell me, tell me, tell me, let’s tell you; I'm going, you're going, we're going, you're going, you're going to go, you're going to go, we're going to go, you're going to go, go, go, let's go.
I know that when you go outside the ring of roads in the evening, we’ll sit in a pile of fresh ones under a nearby haystack. (S. Yesenin);
In the depths of Siberian ores, keep proud patience. (A. Pushkin).
These sentences are very close in meaning to two-part sentences. Almost always, relevant information can be conveyed in a two-part sentence by substituting a subject into the sentence me, you, we or you.
Vaguely personal proposals- these are one-part sentences that denote the action or state of an unspecified person; the actor is not grammatically named, although he is thought of personally, but the emphasis is on the action.
The main member of such sentences is the form of the 3rd person plural (present and future tense, indicative mood and imperative mood) or the plural form (past tense verbs and conditional mood or adjectives): they say, they will speak, they spoke, let them speak, they would speak; (they are) satisfied; (he) is welcome.
For example:
They say in the village that she is not his relative at all... (N. Gogol);
They led an elephant through the streets... (I. Krylov);
And let them talk, let them talk, but no, no one dies in vain... (V. Vysotsky);
It’s okay that we are poets, as long as they read us and sing. (L. Oshanin).
The 3rd person plural form of the predicate verb does not contain information about the number of figures or the degree of their fame. Therefore, this form can express: 1) a group of persons: The school is actively addressing the problem of academic performance; 2) one person: They brought me this book; 3) both one person and a group of persons: Someone is waiting for me; 4) person known and unknown: Somewhere in the distance they are shouting; I got an A on the exam.
Indefinite personal sentences most often contain secondary members, i.e. Vaguely personal sentences are usually common. As part of indefinite personal sentences, two groups of minor members are used: 1) Circumstances of place and time, which usually indirectly characterize the actor: There was singing in the hall. There is noise in the next class. In youth they often try to imitate someone (A. Fadeev); These distributors usually indirectly characterize the actor, denoting the place and time associated with human activity. 2) Direct and indirect objects placed at the beginning of the sentence: We were invited into a room; He is welcome here; Now they will bring him here (M. Gorky).
Generalized-personal proposals- these are one-part sentences in which the predicate verb denotes an action that is performed by a wide, generalized circle of persons.
The predicate verb in a generalized-personal sentence is in the same form as in definite-personal and indefinite-personal sentences. Proverbs are a striking example.
You can’t even catch a fish from a pond without difficulty.
Business before pleasure.
You never know where you will find the real word. (Paust.)
Generalized personal sentences are used in cases where it is important to name the action itself, and not the persons who perform it. Generalized-personal sentences are sentences in which the action is timeless and applies to any person or group of persons. Common in proverbs, sayings, aphorisms.
Definitely personal and indefinitely personal sentences can have a generalized meaning, that is, the action referred to in the sentence applies to all persons in general.
Impersonal offers- these are one-part sentences that speak of an action or state that arises and exists independently of the producer of the action or the bearer of the state.
A feature of the grammatical meaning of impersonal sentences is the meaning of spontaneity, involuntariness of the expressed action or state. It manifests itself in a variety of cases when it is expressed: action ( The boat is carried ashore); condition of a person or animal ( I couldn't sleep; He is cold); state of the environment ( It's getting dark; Feels fresh); the state of affairs ( Poor staffing; Experiments cannot be postponed) etc. According to D. E. Rosenthal, impersonal sentences are characterized by “a shade of passivity and inertia.”
According to the school classification, infinitive sentences are also classified as impersonal (that is, sentences with the main predicate member expressed by an independent infinitive).
The main term can be expressed:
The 3rd person singular form of an impersonal or personal verb: It's getting light! The smell of spring through the glass (L. May);
Neuter form: You, happiness, were covered with snow, carried away centuries ago, trampled under the boots of soldiers retreating into eternity (G. Ivanov); There was not enough bread even until Christmas time (A. Chekhov);
In a word No(in the past tense it corresponds to the neuter form did not have, and in the future - the 3rd person singular form - will not): And suddenly consciousness will answer me that you have never existed and never existed (N. Gumilyov).
By combining a state category word (with a modal meaning) with an infinitive (compound verbal predicate): When you know that you cannot laugh, then - then it is precisely then that this shaking, painful laughter takes possession of you (A. Kuprin); It's time to get up: it's past seven (A. Pushkin);
Short passive participle of the neuter gender (compound nominal predicate): Wonderfully arranged in our world! (N. Gogol); My place is not tidy!.. (A. Chekhov);
Infinitive: You will never see such battles (M. Lermontov); Well, how can you not please your loved one? (A. Griboyedov); The blizzard will sing and ring for a long time (S. Yesenin).
Substantive one-part sentence. The main member is expressed in the form of a noun. Substantive sentences are not just verbless, they do not even involve action. Depending on their meaning, substantive sentences are divided into:
nominative;
genitive.
nominative.
Nominative sentences affirm the existence of an object in the present tense: Night. Street. Flashlight. Pharmacy. (Blok A.A.).
Genitive sentences, in addition to beingness and the present tense, have the meaning of redundancy, enhanced by emotional overtones. Genitive sentences can be common: Gold, gold, how much evil comes through you! (Ostrovsky A.N.)
Nominal- this is one of the types of one-part sentences, the form of the main member in which is similar in expression to the subject.
The main member of nominative sentences is expressed by the nominative case form of the noun and a phrase that includes the nominative case. In principle, it is also possible to use a pronoun, usually in colloquial speech: "Here I am!" - Ariel said, floating into the living room. The use of the independent nominative case is possible in these sentences, since their meaning is a message about the being, presence, existence of an object or phenomenon. Consequently, only one grammatical tense is assumed - the present.
Types of nominative sentences
Denominal existentials state the fact of the existence of an object. The subject is expressed in the nominative case of any nominal part of speech: Mom, porridge, cat, spoon, book, bright cover...
Demonstratives point to an object. In the grammatical basis, in addition to the subject, expressed in the nominative case of any name, the demonstrative particles VOT or VON appear: Here's a sofa, lie back and relax (Gr.).
Estimated and named evaluate the subject from the speaker's point of view. In the grammatical basis, in addition to the subject, expressed in the nominative case of any name, various expressive-emotional particles appear: What a night! Here's to you, grandma, and St. George's day.
Preferably denomination express a strong desire for something. In the grammatical basis, in addition to the subject, expressed in the nominative case of any name, particles appear ONLY BY, ONLY BY, IF: Just not a test.
Incomplete is a sentence characterized by incomplete grammatical structure due to the omission of certain formally necessary members (major or secondary), which are clear from the context or setting even without naming.
The incompleteness of the grammatical structure of such sentences does not prevent them from serving the purposes of communication, since the omission of certain members does not violate the semantic completeness and definiteness of these sentences.
In this regard, incomplete sentences differ from unspoken sentences, which are statements interrupted for one reason or another, for example: But wait, Kalinina, what if... No, it won’t work that way...(B. Pol.); - I am, mom. Am I... People say that she...(B. Pol.).
The correlation with complete sentences is revealed by the presence in such sentences of words that retain the grammatical functions and forms characteristic of them in the corresponding complete sentences. They are the ones that indicate the “empty” positions of the omitted members of the sentence. Incomplete sentences are especially common in colloquial styles of language; they are widely used in fiction, both in conveying dialogue and in description.
Types of Incomplete Sentences. Incomplete sentences are divided into contextual and situational. Contextual incomplete sentences with unnamed members of the sentence that were mentioned in the context are called: in nearby sentences or in the same sentence (if it is complex).
Among the contextual proposals stand out:
Simple sentences with unnamed main or secondary members (individually or in groups). Lack of subject:
- Wait, who are you? - Kurov was surprised.
- Rostislav Sokolov, - the boy introduced himself and even bowed at the same time(B. Pol.).
Absence of predicate:
- Did you leave your wife, Mikola?
- No,she me(Shol.).
Absence of both subject and predicate:
- Does the baker Konovalov work here?
- Here!- I answered her(M.G.).
Absence of predicate and circumstances: Kalinich stood closer to nature.Khor - to people, to society(T.).
Lack of predicate and object: Who was waiting for him?Empty, uncomfortable room(B. Pol.).
Absence of a minor member of a sentence (addition, circumstance) in the presence of a definition relating to the missing member: The mother slipped the carrots to the father, but forgot to give him gloves.I handed mine to my father(S. Bar.).
Complex sentences with an unnamed main or subordinate clause.
- Well, where are your Near Mills? - What do you want? You say, not mills? - Where? - What do you mean, “where”? Here. - Where is it? -Where are we going(Cat.). The last sentence does not name the main part.
Incomplete sentences forming part of a complex sentence with an unnamed member present in another part of the complex sentence.
In a compound sentence: In one hand he held a fishing rod,and in the other - kukan with fish(Sol.). In the second part of a complex sentence, the main members present in the first part are not named.
In a complex sentence: Lopakhin jumped into the trench and,when he raised his head, saw how the leading plane, absurdly falling onto the wing, became covered in black smoke and began to fall obliquely(Shol.). In the subordinate part of the sentence when he raised his head, the subject common to the main part is not named.
In a non-union complex sentence: This is how we go:on level ground - on a cart, uphill - on foot, and downhill - like a jog(Sol.). In the explanatory part of a complex sentence, the predicate mentioned in the explanatory part is not named.
Situational called incomplete sentences with unnamed members that are clear from the situation, prompted by the situation. For example: One day, after midnight, he knocked on Crane’s door. She pulled back the hook... -Can?- he asked in a trembling voice(M. Alekseev).
Occasionally there was a hooting sound somewhere. Apparently, not close.
- Calm down, - my neighbor said peacefully(S. Bar.). While I was waiting in line, the printing presses began to crank behind me. Only women worked for them today.
- I'm behind you!- I warned and ran to my car(S. Bar.).
Incomplete sentences are especially typical for dialogic speech, which is a combination of replicas or a unity of questions and answers. The peculiarity of dialogic sentences is determined by the fact that in oral speech, along with words, extra-linguistic factors also appear as additional components: gestures, facial expressions, situation. In such sentences, only those words are named, without which the thought becomes incomprehensible.
Among dialogic sentences, a distinction is made between sentences-replicas and sentences-answers to questions.
Reply sentences represent links in a common chain of replicas replacing each other. In a replica of a dialogue, as a rule, those members of the sentence are used that add something new to the message, and the members of the sentence already mentioned by the speaker are not repeated, and the replicas that begin the dialogue are usually more complete in composition than the subsequent ones. For example:
- Go get a bandage.
- Will kill...
- Crawling.
- You won’t be saved anyway(New.-Pr.).
Suggestions-answers vary depending on the nature of the issue. They can be answers to a question in which one or another member of the sentence is highlighted:
- What do you have in your bundle, eagles?
“Crayfish,” the tall one answered reluctantly.
- Wow! Where did you get them?
- Near the dam(Shol.).
There may be answers to a question that requires confirmation or denial of what was said:
- Do you have a woman?
- No way.
- And the uterus?
- Eat(New.-Pr.).
Could be answers to a question with suggested answers:
- What haven’t you tried: fishing or loving?
- First(M.G.).
And finally, answers in the form of a counter question with the meaning of the statement:
- How will you live?
- What about the head, and what about the hands?(M.G.).
- Tell me, Stepan, did you marry for love? - asked Masha.
- What kind of love do we have in our village? - Stepan answered and grinned.(Ch.).
The concept of one-part sentences. All simple sentences, according to the nature of the grammatical basis, in the Russian language are divided into two types: two-part and one-part. Unlike two-part sentences, one-part sentences have only one main member. Moreover, the absence of the second member of the sentence does not prevent the transmission of a logically complete thought in a one-part sentence.
For example: Early spring. Flowers are planted in flower beds. Everything gets dark later.
In one-part sentences, the main member can act as the subject and predicate. Depending on whether the sentence has a subject or a predicate, sentences are called nominal or verbal, respectively. A distinctive feature of verbal one-part sentences is that they are subjectless. A one-part verb sentence includes a conjugated form of the verb, which acts as a verb - a connective.
Differences between one-part and incomplete sentences
In defining a one-part sentence, you should know their main difference from incomplete sentences, which also have only one main member. For example:
1) Plum trees are planted in the gardens.
2) What do gardeners do in the fall? – Plum trees are planted in the gardens.
In the first case, we see that an established action occurs; who performs it is not important in the sentence. In the second case, the sentence indicates an action that is performed by certain subjects—gardeners. The subject gardeners is omitted from the sentence, but it can be easily restored in it, guided by the previous sentence. This means that the second sentence belongs to the category of two-part incomplete, and the first - one-part.
Groups of one-part sentences. According to the method of expression and the meaning of the main member, one-part sentences are divided into the following groups:
1. Definitely personal. I love the winter forest. I contemplate the stormy sea.
2. Vaguely personal. A new store is being built in the village. Songs are sung on the outskirts.
3. Impersonal. It's getting light. It's getting dark. I wish I could get some sleep. I'm cold.
4. Nominal. Summer. It's hot.
5. Generally personal. You never know where you will find your true happiness.
In one-part sentences with a verbal predicate, only the action is expressed, there is no doer. In impersonal one-part sentences, there is no provision at all for the person who performs the action. It is important not to forget that in sentences such as I am cold, “me” is a person who only experiences the state, but does not create it in any way, and cannot act as the subject. In generalized personal sentences, the main member indicates an action performed by a wide, indefinite range of subjects.
A one-part sentence, the main member of which is the predicate and which is represented by only one word, is called a nominal sentence.
For example: Morning. Freezing. Night.
