Municipal
scientific research conference
"The first step into science"
Subject
(using the example of B. Vasiliev’s story “The Dawns Here Are Quiet”)
Performed:
Feyz-ogly Emine Yasharovna
8th grade student
Supervisor:
Shipilova Olga Mikhailovna
teacher of Russian language and literature
2015
MUNICIPAL STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION
NIZHNEKARACHAN SECONDARY SCHOOL
GRIBANOVSKY MUNICIPAL DISTRICT, VORONEZH REGION
One-part sentences and their role in a literary text
(using the example of B. Vasiliev’s story “The Dawns Here Are Quiet”)
Content
Introduction______________________________p.2
Definitely personal proposals_____p.3
Vague personal sentences___ p.4
Generalized personal sentences________p.6
Impersonal sentences_______________p.7
Nominal sentences________________ p.9
Conclusion___________________________p.11
Introduction
In the Russian language, along with simple two-part sentences, there are one-part sentences. “One-part sentences are those whose grammatical basis consists of one main member” (p. 309). In modern science there is no consensus on one-part sentences. Some linguists do not consider one-part sentences to be independent communicative units and consider them as a type of two-part structure. This work highlights the traditional point of view on the structure of one-part sentences, enshrined in textbooks on the Russian language edited by prof. S.G. Barkhudarov and V.V. Babaytseva.
It is known that different types of one-part sentences are not equally common in speech. I found it interesting to observe the role of one-part sentences in a literary text. As a material, I chose the story by B. Vasiliev “And the dawns here are quiet.”)
Definitely personal proposals
“Definitely personal sentences are one-part sentences with a predicate-verb in the form of the 1st or 2nd person.” The verb in sentences of this type does not necessarily require the presence of a pronoun, since its form already contains an indication of a very specific person. There are two types of definite-personal sentences depending on the forms of expression of the predicate verb:
1. The predicate is expressed by a verb in the form of the 1st and 2nd person singular and plural of the present and future tense of the indicative mood, for example:
We'll be leaving in fifteen minutes (p.461)
The appearance of definitely personal sentences of this type is caused by stylistic factors.
2. The predicate is expressed by a verb in the form of the 2nd person singular and plural imperative, for example:
Don't be afraid of the enemy (p.460)
Let's go to Bittern Lake, Look here. (p.461)
Not only stylistic and expressive aspects play a role here: the absence of a subject pronoun is explained by the structure of the Russian language.
In the Old Russian language, the verbal form of the person was expressed by the ending of the verb: they said not I walked, but I walked (ecu walked, there was walked). Then there are, ecu, there are disappeared, which led to a confusion of faces. To avoid this, when using a participle verb, they began to substitute I, you, he (I walked, you walked, he walked). By analogy, they began to use when I’m going - I’m going, with the verb you’re going - you’re going. So, for example, the omission of the 1st and 2nd person pronouns in sentences of an imperative nature grammatically contrasts the imperative with homonymous forms of the indicative mood (cf.: We'll go home - Let's go home!) and gives speech greater energy and certainty. The order sounds more categorical if the pronoun you or you is omitted. Compare: Come here and you come here. In a sentence with you, the meaning of the order is erased, and the meaning of the request appears.
So, the formation of definite-personal sentences is explained by historical factors, and their use is explained by stylistic tasks, since definitely-personal sentences, in comparison with two-part ones, give laconicism and dynamism to speech. It was this type of one-part sentence that Vasiliev valued:
We will rejoice after the war (.441)
I'll be back after tomorrow. (p.462)
They are the ones who give expression to the life situations that our amazing fellow countryman conveys in his work. The personal form of the predicate activates the reader’s perception: Vasiliev, as it were, involves the reader in solving the problem posed.
Linguists have repeatedly noted the advantage of definitely-personal sentences over synonymous two-part sentences: indicating a person in the latter only gives speech a calmer tone, makes it, in the words of A.M. Peshkovsky, “more sluggish, liquefied.”
Vaguely personal proposals
“Indefinite-personal sentences are one-part sentences with a predicate-verb in the form of the 3rd person plural” (p. 88).
At the outpost she was immediately elected to the women’s council and enrolled in all the clubs (p.451)
The predicate denotes an action performed by unspecified persons who are not clearly identified because the speaker does not know them or does not want to name them. This silence is possible because it is impossible to determine a person by the verbal predicate.
The modality of indefinite-personal sentences is different: they express an action that is real, only possible, impossible, necessary. In terms of emotional coloring, vaguely personal sentences can also be different. In indefinite-personal sentences, the predicate verb can be used in any tense form:
They stubbornly climb, evil. (p. 468): the verb is used in the present tense;
And then they stood at the window (p.451): the verb is used in the past tense.
Indefinite-personal sentences can have a predicate consisting of a finite verb and an adjacent infinitive: By that time they clicked for dinner (p. 479).
Indefinite personal sentences are also formed from predicate verbs in the form of the conditional mood.
Constructions of indefinite-personal sentences can be common and non-common, like other types of sentences. Indefinitely personal sentences are less productive in modern Russian than definitely personal sentences; their scope of use is narrower. This is mainly colloquial speech, from where they easily turn into artistic speech, giving it lively intonations. Conveying the speech of his characters, VasilievThis type of sentence is widely used:
The writings have been scammed! (p.446)
They made the right decision. (p.479)
Well, they’ll linger, well, they’ll send reconnaissance, well, they’ll study them until they understand that there are exactly five of them behind this barrier. (p.483)
Such one-part sentences are stylistically neutral and can be used in any style. Vaguely personal sentences are interesting stylistically because they emphasize action. The use of such sentences allows B. Vasiliev to focus on the predicate verb, that is, on the action, while the subject of the action is relegated to the background, regardless of whether he is known to the reader or not. I found especially expressive those sentences in which the bearer of the action is presented as an indeterminate person. The emphasized verbality gives them a special dynamism.
But this quality of vaguely personal sentences is used not only in artistic style. One cannot ignore their effective use in the journalistic style of speech. The use of vaguely personal sentences as newspaper headlines is especially effective. In the scientific style, the use of vaguely personal sentences is dictated by the author’s desire to draw attention to the nature of the action. In formal business style, vaguely personal sentences are used along with impersonal ones.
Generalized-personal proposals
Generalized personal sentences are one-part subjectless sentences, the main member of which is usually expressed by a verb in the form of the 2nd person singular, less often in the form of the 1st or 3rd person plural, denoting an action potentially attributable to any person (you can mentally substitute subjects all, every, any and so on). As a rule, generalized personal sentences are implemented in proverbs and sayings. Often, generalized personal sentences are formed with a predicate that expresses the meaning of the condition in complex sentences, for example: I took up the tug - don’t say that it’s not strong. Generalized personal sentences use stable constructions characteristic of colloquial speech with a colloquial flavor.
Generalized personal sentences stand out from all single-component personal sentences by their expression. The most characteristic form of the predicate for these sentences - the form of the 2nd person singular, which receives a generalized meaning - is also the most expressive. It is no coincidence that this type of sentence is very often found in Russian proverbs and sayings.
Lines from works of art in which writers resort to generalized personal sentences acquire a folk-poetic tone. The expressiveness of such constructions is partly achieved by the figurative use of facial forms: the 2nd person of the verb indicates the speaker himself. You can't stop someone like that head-on. (p.428)
The vivid expressiveness of such structures is limited by their functioning. In addition to colloquial and artistic speech, journalistic style is open to them. A.M. Peshkovsky wrote about generalized personal sentences: “The more intimate any experience, the more difficult it is for the speaker to flaunt it in front of everyone, the more willingly he puts it in the form of a generalization, transferring this experience to everyone, including the listener, who the power of this is more captured by the narrative than in the personal form.”
Impersonal offers
“Impersonal sentences are one-part sentences with a predicate, in which there is not and cannot be a subject” (p. 90).
Impersonal sentences in Russian can have the following meanings:
1. Sentences expressing logical and intellectual perceptions of reality, for example: There was no bym. (.471)
2. Sentences expressing psychological and emotional perceptions and experiences, for example: Vaskov was slashed in the heart (p. 463)
3. Sentences expressing the state of nature: It’s so quiet... (p. 470). It’s quiet all around. (p. 477).
Each of these groups is divided into many subgroups. The following types of impersonal sentences are distinguished by form:
1. Sentences with a predicate, an expressed verb in the 3rd person form. The sun had long since set, but it was light. (p.474)
2. Impersonal sentences with a predicate - a short passive participle. That's what the charter says. (p.511)
3. Impersonal sentences formed from infinitive constructions: Girls, let’s go for a swim!... - Komelkova shouted loudly and joyfully, dancing in the water. (p.486)
4. Impersonal sentences with a predicate - the word no (wasn't): Enough! You don't have a mother! And it wasn’t! (p.506)
Impersonal sentences are distinguished by a special variety of constructions and their stylistic application in speech. Among them there are those that are typical of colloquial speech, and those that stand out with their clerical coloring.
There are constructions that are lyrical in emotional coloring, favorite by poets, and there are sentences used in journalistic speech. Compared to one-part personal sentences, which, according to D.E. Rosenthal, “contain an element of activity, manifestation of the will of the actor,” impersonal sentences are characterized by “a shade of passivity, inertia” (p. 375).
A special category of impersonal sentences are infinitive sentences. They provide significant opportunities for emotional and aphoristic expression of thought. Therefore, they are used in proverbs, in artistic speech and even for slogans.
However, the main area of their functioning is conversational style.
We don't have artillery now, girls. (p.523)
My name is not round, of course, as it is...
Artists of words turn to infinitive sentences as a means of creating a casually conversational coloring of speech and introduce them into dialogues and monologues rich in emotions. With appropriate intonation design, infinitive sentences carry a huge expressive charge and stand out with special tension.
Name sentences
“Nominal sentences are one-part sentences in which there is only one main member - the subject. They report that some phenomenon or object exists (is) in the present” (p. 96).
Nominative (nominative) sentences in content can:
1. Describe nature: Sand! – the foreman continued angrily. (p. 468)
2. Describe the environment and setting. Beach, girls! (p.468)
3. Describe the appearance and psychological state of living beings: My constitution is like this. (p. 472)
4. Express a wish, an order and a question: The Germans... - Rita said with only her lips. - Where are the Germans? (p.525)
Denorative sentences are essentially created for description: they contain great visual possibilities. Naming objects, coloring them with definitions, writers paint pictures of nature, the environment, describe the state of the hero, and evaluate the world around him. However, such descriptions do not reflect the dynamics of events, since nominative sentences indicate the static existence of an object.
A linear description of events with these sentences is impossible: they record only the present tense.
Here, for example, is how Vaskov, when giving an order, describes the position of the detachment: The neighbor on the left is Vop Lake, the neighbor on the right is Legontovo Lake... (p. 472)
And here’s how Vasiliev describes nature at the end of the story:
There is complete carlessness and desolation here... Tourists have at their disposal two gorgeous lakes with perches and a river with graylings. And mushrooms! (p.531)
Nominative sentences can sound with great tension, performing an expressive function with appropriate intonation design.
Conclusion
Thus, the stylistic role of one-part sentences is quite extensive. Single-part personal sentences add laconicism, expression, dynamics, lively conversational intonations to speech, bring action to the fore, and make it possible to avoid unnecessary repetition of pronouns, while generalized personal sentences emphasize the typicality of what is being designated and give the message the character of a maxim. The use of “the most motley” in speech, according to V.V. Babaytseva, “and the most common group of one-part sentences,” impersonal, allows you to give an expressive description of the physical and moral state of a person, describe the landscape, the environment where the event takes place, express various shades - needs, opportunities, etc., make the narrative more lyrical. Title sentences allow you to succinctly depict pictures of nature and the internal state of the hero; By focusing our attention on individual objects, the author thereby distinguishes them from the entire situation. These details seem particularly important to the writer, and subsequently to the reader. They help to recreate the picture as a whole, and everything superfluous and unnecessary is omitted.
Over the past month, I have been observing and analyzing how one-part sentences “work” in the workBoris Vasiliev. He actively uses one-part sentences. Definitely personal, indefinitely personal and impersonal turned out to be the most commonly used; denominative sentences were used less frequently. In my opinion, the actions and states of a specific person, a character in a work, are most important to the author. In the story, events are not presented in the first person; here everything is passed through the perception of the heroes themselves: the five female anti-aircraft gunners and, most of all, Sergeant Major Vaskov.
Bibliography
1. Babaytseva V.V. and others. Russian language. Theory. 5th–11th grades: Textbook. for general education textbook establishments. M.: Bustard, 1995.
2. Barkhudarov S.G. and others. Russian language: Textbook. for 8th grade. general education institutions. M.: Education, 2002.
3. Research project on the Russian language // Russian language, No. 38/98.
4. Babaytseva V.V. Russian language. Syntax and punctuation. Moscow "Enlightenment". 1979
5. Peshkovsky A.M. Russian syntax in scientific coverage. M.: Education, 1956.
6. Rosenthal D.E. Practical stylistics of the Russian language / Ed. I.B. Blue 3rd ed., rev. M.: Rolf, 2001.
7. Rukhlenko N.M. One-part sentences in a literary text // Russian language at school. 2001. No. 5.
8. Library of world literature for children. Yu. Bondarev. V. Bogomolov. V. Bykov. B. Vasiliev. Moscow "Children's Literature" 1986.
The role of one-part sentences in a literary text. Combined Russian language lesson in 8th grade.
Objectives: 1) generalization of information about one-part sentences;
2) determining their role in a literary text;
3) nurturing love for native nature through the word;
4) incidental repetition of certain types of spelling patterns;
5) performing morphemic, morphological and syntactic analysis.
During the classes.
I. Organizational moment.
Teacher. Today we will summarize information about one-part sentences and find out their role in a literary text.
All tasks will be united by a winter theme, because it’s winter time outside...
Winter! How much joy she brings not only to children, but also to adults! Sledding and skating, skiing, snowball fights, building an ice fortress - all this gives us this wonderful time of year. And what beauty is around!
“Our winters have a special charm!” - said the poet Nikolai Rylenkov.
These poetic lines of his will be the epigraph of our lesson; we will write it down in our notebooks after the topic on the right.” (Registration of notebooks).
II. Terminological dictation.
(The test is carried out simultaneously with the demonstration of words displayed on slides or written on tablets).
Let's start by reviewing some theoretical concepts. Words corresponding to the definitions read are written down in notebooks.
1) Sentences, the grammatical basis of which consists of one main member - the subject or predicate.
2) A one-part sentence in which the actor is not named, but is thought of as a specific person.
3) In this one-part sentence, the action is not created by the doer; it does not and cannot have a subject.
4) A one-part sentence, the predicate of which has the form of a plural past tense verb or a 3-liter form. plural.
5) A one-part sentence that states the presence of objects or phenomena.
6) A special type of nominative sentence, for which there are two terms in the Russian language that reflect certain characteristics of this type.
7) This one-part sentence has a generalized meaning, especially in proverbs, aphorisms, and poetic speech.
III. Analysis of an excerpt from A. Blok’s poem “Snow and Snow...”
(One of the students writes the text dictated by the teacher on the board).
Snow and snow. The whole hut was covered in snow.
The snow is knee-deep all around.
So frosty, light and white!
Just black, black walls...
And the breath leaves your lips
Steam congealing32 in the air4.
There's smoke creeping out of the chimneys;
There they are sitting in the window with a samovar.
Task: 1) explain punctograms and difficult spellings,
2) emphasize the grammatical foundations of sentences;
3) perform the specified types of analysis;
4) answer the question: how do one-part sentences differ from two-part ones?
(One-part sentences are understandable even without the second main member. Its absence enhances the semantic meaning of the main member that is in the sentence.
In addition, definitely-personal and indefinitely-personal sentences are more concise, they emphasize the action more than the doer. And the expressive capacity of nominative sentences makes them an indispensable tool when you need to briefly outline a picture and create the impression of swiftness of action).
IV. Linguistic tasks.
(Each student has a card with the conditions of a linguistic problem that needs to be solved and the answer justified. There are three options for the tasks.
Answers during testing are evaluated by the teacher and students).
Option I.
Exercise. Is this proposal one-part? Give reasons for your answer. Explain orally the meaning of the given word.
Diamonds 5 in the moonlight,
Diamonds in the sky
Diamonds on the trees
Diamonds in the snow....
(A. Fet “I know that you, little one...”)
This sentence is not one-part and nominative, since only agreed or inconsistent definitions (that is, those minor members that belong to the subject group) can extend a nominative sentence, and in this sentence there is a minor member with an adverbial meaning.
Consequently, this is an incomplete two-part sentence with an omitted predicate, and the circumstances remind of its existence.
Diamond5 is a precious stone, faceted and polished.
Option II.
Exercise. Is this sentence a nominative of presentation? Explain the meaning of the indicated word.
Frost5... It sparkled and shimmered in the sun, like a diamond from Santa Claus' treasured box.
This sentence is a nominative presentation, because, firstly, a nominative presentation implies the continuation, development of the topic that has already been named, and we see this in this example;
secondly, the sentence following the nominative representation is connected to it by a chain link, the role of the connecting word is a pronoun (and repeating or cognate words and other linguistic means can also act);
thirdly, a rhetorical question or exclamation can be combined with a nominative representation, and this is possible here;
finally, at the end of the nominative representation there can be various punctuation marks - an ellipsis, an exclamation mark, a combination of these marks, a period. In this example - an ellipsis.
Treasured 5 - hidden, sacredly kept.
Option III. .
Exercise. Is this sentence a nominative representation?
Orally explain the meaning of the highlighted word.
Small forests 5. Steppe and given.
Moonlight to all ends.
Suddenly they started crying again
Spill bells.
(S. Yesenin).
This is a nominative sentence, and not a nominative presentation, since the latter presupposes a mandatory continuation, development of the topic that is named, but this is not observed here.
Melkolesye5 - small forest.
V. Creative work
(essay - miniature on one of the proposed topics
with the selection of the epigraph).
Teacher: “Many poets wrote about winter, many famous artists depicted it on their canvases.
At home you have prepared short poetic excerpts from your favorite winter poems. Let's listen to them." (Excerpts from poems by Russian poets about winter are read).
Teacher: “We have a lot of winter landscapes in our class: these are artistic photographs and reproductions of paintings by famous artists: I. Shishkin “Winter”, Grabar “Winter Landscape”, K. Yuon “Winter Sorceress”. Look how splendid it is! The kingdom of snow in a reproduction of Shishkin’s painting: giant trees bend under its weight. Each branch is like crystal...
But these winter landscapes were drawn by the guys. And they not only drew them, but also selected poetic lines for them. (Demonstration of children's drawings).
Teacher: “Let us also remember the winter landscapes that were depicted by Russian artists.” (A. K. Savrasov “Winter Landscape”, I. Shishkin “Rime”, K. Yuon “Russian Winter”, Grabar “February Blue”, L. Brodskaya “Winter Forest”, etc.)
Many famous composers also paid attention to winter.
Remember the names and works of some of them.
(Introduction to the opera “The Night Before Christmas” by Rimsky-Korsakov, giving a poetic sketch of a frosty evening with its frozen transparent atmosphere; variation of the Winter Fairy from S. S. Prokofiev’s ballet “Cinderella”, “The Seasons” by P. I. Tchaikovsky, his lyrical light First Symphony “Winter Dreams”, “Blizzard” by Sviridov, etc.).
Teacher: “With the help of intonation, the coloring of the sound of different instruments in the orchestra, you can draw in the listener’s imagination a real snowy idyll or a storm, a blizzard, a blizzard. As, for example, the composer-magician Pyotr Ilyin Tchaikovsky managed to do this. He wrote wonderful “snowy” music. This is a ballet based on the fairy tale by the German writer Ernst Amadeus Hoffmann “The Nutcracker and the Mouse King”.
Today we will listen to an excerpt from this piece of music. And let this magical music inspire you to write a short creative work on one of the themes: “Winter Landscape”, “Winter Night”, “Forest in Winter”, “Winter Evening”, “Winter Morning”. Choose an epigraph for your essay. If possible, try to use one-part sentences in your work.
(2-3 works are checked)
So, what is the role of one-part sentences in a literary text? (Conclusion is drawn).
VI. Working with cards.
(Determination of the type of one-part sentences).
1) Winter twilight.
2) It's cold.
3) It got seriously noisy.
4) The snow was all the way to the roofs.
5) I have difficulty making my way along a narrow path.
6) Here is a familiar house.
7) They are waiting for me here.
8) I rejoice at the friendly faces of the owners.
(Students, on small cards on which their last name is written, write down the type of one-part sentences dictated by the teacher. One of the students works on a portable board. When checking with an explanation, students exchange cards, checking each other and giving marks. The teacher evaluates the one working at the portable board) .
Student's full name.
1) nominative
2) impersonal
3) impersonal
4) impersonal
5) definitely personal
6) nominative
7) vaguely personal
8) definitely personal
VII. Lesson summary, homework.
Teacher: “Today we repeated information about one-part sentences, found out their role in a literary text.” (Grading for the lesson.)
Homework: make a card on the topic “One-part sentences” for the Russian language and literature classroom, and design it accordingly.
Mother! look from the window -
You know, yesterday it was not for nothing that there was a cat
Wash your nose:
There is no dirt, the whole yard is covered,
It has brightened, it has turned white -
Apparently there is frost.
Not prickly, light blue
Frost is hung along the branches -
Just take a look!
Like someone tarnished,
Fresh, white, plump cotton wool
I removed all the bushes.
Now there will be no argument:
Over the skids, and up the hill
Have fun running!
Really, mom? You won't refuse
And you yourself will probably say:
“Well, hurry up and go for a walk!”
Winter morning
Frost and sun, a wonderful day!
You are still dozing, dear friend, -
It's time, beauty, wake up:
Open your closed eyes
Towards northern Aurora,
Be the star of the north!
In the evening, do you remember, the blizzard was angry,
There was darkness in the cloudy sky;
The moon is like a pale spot
Through the dark clouds it turned yellow,
And you sat sad -
And now... look out the window:
Under blue skies
Magnificent carpets,
Glistening in the sun, the snow lies;
The transparent forest alone turns black,
And the spruce turns green through the frost,
And the river glitters under the ice.
The whole room has an amber shine
Illuminated. Cheerful crackling
The flooded stove crackles.
It's nice to think by the bed.
But you know: shouldn’t I tell you to get into the sleigh?
Ban the brown filly?
Sliding on the morning snow,
Dear friend, let's indulge in running
impatient horse
And we'll visit the empty fields,
The forests, recently so dense,
And the shore, dear to me.
I'm going. Quiet. Rings are heard
Under the hoof in the snow,
Only gray crows
They made noise in the meadow.
Bewitched by the invisible
The forest slumbers under the fairy tale of sleep,
Like a white scarf
A pine tree has tied up.
Bent over like an old lady
Leaned on a stick
And right under the top of my head
A woodpecker is hitting a branch.
The horse is galloping, there is a lot of space,
The snow is falling and the shawl is laying down.
Endless road
Runs away like a ribbon into the distance.
First snow
It smelled like winter cold
To the fields and forests.
Light up bright purple
Before sunset the sky.
At night the storm raged,
And with dawn to the village,
To the ponds, to the deserted garden
The first snow started to fall.
And today over the wide
White tablecloth fields
We said goodbye belatedly
A string of geese.
The creaking of footsteps along the white streets...
Teacher
The concept of one-part sentences. Groups of one-part sentences according to the way of expressing the main member. The role of one-part sentences in speech.
Goals: give the concept of one-part sentences; about groups of one-part sentences according to the way of expressing the main member;
Slide 1. Spelling warm-up.
Proceed to classes, prosecute the law, prosecute conversations, pr..rise, pr..beat, pr..jam, pr..station, pr..increase the speed, pr..bright image , pr..oksky, pr..unpleasant, pr..interrupted, pr..knitted, pr..give shape, pr..be in despondency, pr..coastal, train pr..happens, pr..city, pr..glue, pr..sit, pr..city, pr..deeds of desires, pr..temple affairs, pr..tributes of antiquity, pr..reduce, pr..form, radio pr..emnik.
Slide 2. Self-test
Start classes, break the law, stop conversations, exceed, nail down, muffle, stationside, speed up, bright image, Okasky, most unpleasant, interrupted, tied, give form, be in despondency, coastal, train arrives, commuter, stick, sit down, barrier, limit of desires, temple chapel, ancient legends, diminish, transform, radioemnik.
Slide 3Find the grammatical basis in sentences. /Two-part proposals./
- What is special about the sentences on the right? Conclusion: Sentences whose grammatical basis consists of one main member are called one-part sentences.
Slides 4-5 Lesson topic and goals.
- So, we have one-part sentences before us.
1. I love thunderstorms in early May...
2. I was told about your request.
3. I can't sleep.
4. Spring.
- Look at how the first three sentences differ from the fourth. /In the 1st – 3rd sentences the main member is the predicate, and in the 4th - the subject/
Conclusion: According to the meaning and method of expression of the main member, one-part sentences are divided into the following groups:
1) with the main member in the form of a predicate;
2) with the main member in the form of the subject.
Slide 7 The concept of one-part sentences §212
- The second main member is not needed to understand the meaning of the sentence. Why? /return to slide 6/ One-part sentences do just as good a job of reporting as two-part sentences. As we see, the thought expressed in a one-part sentence is also complete, not truncated. Entry in the notebook “Russian language stylistics” §212 /last paragraph/
Slide 9 Warm up!
Slide 10 SELF-CHECK!
Slide 11 Definitely personal proposals. §213
- How can the predicate be expressed in O-L sentences?
1. I love the silence of complete nature, I love its babbling arches of forests, I love its diamond snow steppes. / verb., 1st letter, unit. hour, present vr./
2. Why are you standing there, swaying, thin rowan tree?/vb., 2nd l., present. vr./
3. I’ll go out, sit under the rowan tree, and listen to the nightingale. /verb, 1st letter, bud. vr./
4. Let's go out with you to wander in the moonlight. /verb, 1st letter, plural h., bud. vr./
5. Go away, gray winter!
6. Ring, ring, golden Rus', Commands the switch.
Worry, nahea lot of wind!
7. Write me a letter!
Reading and commentary §213.
- Still, what is the superiority of the O-L proposals? §213./reading and commentary/
So, as we see, the second main term is not needed to understand the meaning of the sentence.
I would like to draw your attention to the fact that this type of sentence is often used in poetic works, helping to convey the poet’s state of mind. In Russian, sentences with address often do not have a subject, being O-L. the scope of use of O-L sentences is extensive / colloquial speech, journalism, scientific and official business styles of speech / entry in the Stylistics notebook
Slide 13. Working with text.
Read the text.
Know yourself. Understand how your body changes and grows.
Keep your body clean. Wash often, brush your teeth and nails.
Make friends. Be a good friend yourself, learn to talk to friendsyamiand parents and listen to them.
Learn to say “No.” If you are asked to do something that youIf you feel awkward, say “No.”
What style of speech does this text belong to? What types of sentences are used in it?
Slide 14 Generalized meaning of O-L sentences
The forest is thick, green and full of rustles and squeaks. But then I enter it - and instantly everything hides and becomes wary: a man has come into the forest! I know that from all the forest hiding places, someone’s anxious eyes are watching me. A hunter's gun is not for making good acquaintances!
Now you want to see -becomeinvisible; if you want to hear, become inaudible; If you want to understand, freeze.
Don’t take a gun into the forest... (According to N. Sladkov.)
From whom is the story told? /1st person/
What form of the verb indicates this?/ Verbs of the 1st person, expressive, present tense./
What person are the verbs in the second paragraph? /In the form of the 2nd person, units. h., will express. on/off
What do you think, for what purpose does the author do this?/Very often, sentences of this type are used to convey the meaning of a generalized person, that is, the action applies to any person: this does not exclude an indication of the author, but enhances the expressive capabilities of the text./ §213 / last paragraph/
Do you think it is accidental that the first part of the second sentence uses reverse word order? Does this have anything to do with the meaning of the generalization? /Yes, the writer seems to be speaking not about himself, but about man in general, a man with a gun, whose appearance in the forest makes its inhabitants wary. Wed: But here I am entering the forest... - with this order of words in a sentence, the meaning of generalization disappears./ CONCLUSION: O-L sentences are used in texts to convey the meaning of a generalized person, and also word order /inversion/ can introduce the meaning of generalization into a sentence. /Cm. Practice No. 000 p.86, oral/
QUESTIONS: 1. Interpret the term definitely personal. 2. Who is the actor in O-L sentences? 3. What role does the ending of the predicate play in O-L sentences? 4. How can the predicate be expressed in O-L sentences? 5. What meaning can O-L sentences have? 6. What are the stylistic features of O-L sentences?
Slide 15 Vaguely personal sentences. §214
Find the predicate-verb in sentences 1-2, determine in what grammatical form it is used. Forms of 3rd person plural. part of the present tense and many others. Parts of the past tense do not indicate any specific person: they, who exactly? Found it - we, you, they? Here the person performing the action is not important, but the action itself is important.
1. They lead a horse to me.
2. Then he is in the steppe
Found unconscious.
(M. Lermontov.)
/ Open the upper right part / §214
Slide 17 Reinforcement
They expected a miracle from him. They walked around him as if he were an alien from another planet. They believed that in terms of intelligence he was only slightly inferior to man. They believed that he was trying to talk to us and the point was only to understand his unusual sounds. Dozens of books and mountains of articles have been written about dolphins. (V. Peskov.)
1. How are the characters thought of in the sentences of this passage?
2. Can we say definitely who exactly showed attention to the dolphins?
CONCLUSION: in these sentences all attention is focused on the action, and the producer of the action itself is not named, because it does not matter at all who performed these actions, the agent is thought of indefinitely.
Slide 18 Generalized meaning of N-L sentences
Now determine the grammatical form of the predicates in sentences 1-2. / 3rd person present tense. / In these examples, the forms of the predicates again do not imply a specific person, but they are addressed to everyone, have a figurative meaning. / open the right side. §214 /last paragraph/
1. Chickens are counted in the fall.
(Proverb.)
2. They don’t seek good from goodness
(Proverb.)
Will you remember the separation with a strange smile,
You will remember a lot of things dear and distant,
Listening to the incessant murmur of wheels,
Looking thoughtfully into the high sky.
He uses a technique that allows him to convey his feelings and experiences without flaunting them, but as if putting them in the form of a generalization, transferring these experiences to everyone, including the listener. Entry in the Stylistics notebook
QUESTIONS: 1. Interpret the term not definitely personal. 2. Who is the actor in N-L sentences? How can the predicate be expressed in N-L sentences? 5. What meaning can N-L sentences have? 6. What are the stylistic features of N-L sentences?
Slide 19Determine the type of offer
1. Stand boldly for a just cause. /Proverb./
2. I am sitting at a table by the open window. /IN. Bianchi./
3. This morning we started harvesting rye. /IN. Bianchi./
4. I look at the future with fear, I look at the past with longing.../M. Lermontov./
5. I was accepted into the basketball team.../N. Nosov./
6. You can’t untie a knot with one hand. /Proverb./
7. I’ll throw long nets into the sea and raise a white sail. /IN. Bryusov./
8. Tell me when you finish cleaning the room.
9. You can’t fill a bottomless barrel with water. /Proverb./
10. A casket was brought to someone from a master. /AND. Krylov./
Slide 20 Impersonal offers
Slide 21 Impersonal sentences §215 Go to slide 22 impersonal verbs.
Verbs usually denote the action of a person or thing, so the grammatical basis of a sentence consists of two main members - the subject and the predicate.
However, in the Russian language there is a group of verbs that denote an action without an actor (without an actor or object), therefore such verbs are called impersonal:
The boat was blown away by the wind.
Slide 23 Determine the way to express the predicate in impersonal sentences.
It's getting light (state of nature). Impersonal verb
Black smells nice e fly (state of the environment). Personal verb in impersonal meaning
I can not sleep (human condition). Reflexive verb in impersonal meaning
Be a thunderstorm! (inevitability). Infinitive
It's quiet in the forest (state of nature). Status word
I'm upset (human condition). Status word
There is no stronger beast than a cat (lack of something). Invariable verb form no
Slide 24. Determine the way to express the predicate
1. Most of all I (didn’t) want questions right now. 2. Twelve years ago we liked it here so much. 3. It’s (not) easy for us to look into each other’s eyes. 4. There is no way forwarded and n.. back. 5. Woodcock is nowhere to be seen. 6. Fill the hearts of the roast with wine, think about iteto (not) sweat. 7. It was fun for me to breathe the night freshness of those forests into my exhausted chest. 8. Savelich (wasn’t) with me.
Slide 25. Algorithm
Based on this algorithm, name the types of one-part sentences.
Algorithm for determining the type of simple sentence:
1. Identify the main members of the sentence.
2. Set: two-piece or one-piece.
3. If it is one-part, identify what the main member of the sentence is - the subject or the predicate.
4. If the subject is a denominative sentence.
5. If it is a predicate, determine whether the doer is implied.
6. If it is implied, find out: definite or indefinitely personal.
7. If not, this is an impersonal offer.
Night. I'm reading a book. It's dawn. There was a knock on the door.
Slide 26. Generalization.
Slide 27. Change one-part sentences into two-part ones:
1. Winter.
2. Forest. Glade. Desertion.
3. The school is preparing for the holiday.
4. Guests are expected in the house.
5. There was noise in the forest.
6. The chimney was whistling, humming, hooting.
7. Don’t take a gun into the foreste.
8. Know yourself.
Throughout the study, I tried to show the role of one-part sentences in spoken and written speech. The significance of such sentences is great because they are used in all styles and types of speech, giving the text laconicism, emotionality, brevity, dynamics, and making it possible to avoid unnecessary repetition of pronouns. Generalized personal sentences emphasize the commonality of all people in the world as a whole, since they unite them as equals, addressing them with teachings, proverbs, and aphorisms. The most common are impersonal sentences, without which we simply cannot express our thoughts and feelings. Such sentences vividly characterize the state of nature or a person, describe the landscape clearly and simply, specifically, laconically indicate what is or what is not. Denomination sentences help to bring the author’s intention to the very depths of our soul, highlighting some specific objects from the surrounding picture; it is with the help of them that we imagine the action in the form of a movie with changing frames. Without one-part sentences, speech would be too boring, simple and ugly. And they add imagery, expressiveness and emotionality, which helps to understand the author’s intention in books or in conversation.
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Project on the Russian language “Use of one-part sentences in speech”
The language of the people is the best, never fading and ever-blooming flower of their entire spiritual life... K.D. Ushinsky
Goal: to show all the richness and power of the Russian language using the example of one-part sentences Objectives: to learn to work with additional literature, with reference material, not just to memorize and reproduce knowledge, but to be able to apply it in practice, to express my own ideas in a creatively thought-out form that is convenient for me, to clearly see that give the language such important one-part sentences
Work plan: Research “The role of one-part sentences in speech” Script for a film episode based on the work of A.S. Pushkin “The Captain’s Daughter” Presentation of V. Serov’s painting “Girl with Peaches”
Study “The Use of One-Component Sentences in Speech” In one-component sentences, the grammatical basis consists of one main member, and the second main member is not needed to understand the meaning of the sentence or cannot exist at all. It's a quarter to four. Four. We wait. Half past five... Five... Silence... Six, seven... Dawn. N. Nekrasov All sentences in this text are one-part. According to the form of the main member, one-part sentences are divided into two main groups: with the main member - the predicate, with the main member - the subject.
Definitely personal sentences Definitely personal sentences are one-part sentences with a predicate - a verb in the form of the 1st or 2nd person of the indicative or imperative mood (I'm going, you're going, we're going, you're going; I'm going, you're going, let's go, let's go; go, go). Since the endings of verbs in these forms indicate quite clearly the subject (I, you, we, you), the subject is not necessary. For example: Endless Russia Why are you flying, swallow, to the window, Like eternity on earth! What, free, will you eat? You go, you go, you go, you go, A.A. Delvig Days and miles don't matter! I love a thunderstorm at the beginning of May... P.A. Vyazemsky F.I. Tyutchev The use of definitely personal one-part sentences gives the narrative greater dynamism, energy, brightness, accuracy, makes it more laconic, while sentences with pronouns are “speech more sluggish, calm, but no more clear.”
Indefinite-personal sentences Indefinite-personal sentences are one-part sentences with a predicate - a verb in the form of the 3rd person plural in the present and future tense and in the plural form in the past tense. One quiet, warm morning a letter was brought to the hospital. (A.P. Chekhov) What's new in the newspapers? (M.A. Sholokhov) Then they found him unconscious in the steppe. (M.Yu. Lermontov) They lit a fire on the shore, started cooking fish soup, and started singing. A haystack was placed near this aspen tree in the summer. (M. Prishvin) In vaguely personal sentences, attention is focused on a fact, event, action. The character remains either unidentified, or he is vague or unknown, and therefore it is impossible to indicate him. In either case, the sentence lacks a grammatical subject. In vaguely personal sentences, the author's actions are not as important as what is happening in the world around him. We can understand information about the character (or persons) only from the context or from the situation.
Generalized-personal sentences Generalized-personal sentences are one-part sentences without a subject with a predicate-verb that names an action related to any person. This type of sentence is general in nature. This meaning is conveyed by the 2nd person singular or plural verb forms. Generalized personal sentences are typical for proverbs, aphorisms, and for narratives with a generalized meaning. The special feature is the action taking place at any time without any restrictions. If you love to ride, love to carry a sleigh (proverb). Tears cannot help your grief (proverb). They don’t carry firewood into the forest (proverb) Generalized personal sentences are used when the author wants to emphasize a natural picture with a slow change of actions. They also reflect the feelings and thoughts of the author, his opinion towards the world around him. The reader empathizes with the hero, since he has fully become a participant in the actions of the work thanks to the use of generalized personal sentences.
Impersonal sentences Impersonal sentences are one-part sentences with a predicate in which there is not and cannot be a subject. For example: It was not light for a long time in the morning. (A. Platonov) And now you can’t hear the nightingale in the grove! (I.I. Kozlov) It froze in the evening. Impersonal sentences convey the state of nature (phenomena), the physical, internal state of a person (chilling, unwell). In such sentences, a subject is not needed, it is not even implied. In the main place there is only a verb expressing a state, a phenomenon. Very often, such sentences are found in colloquial speech in order to give the conversation a vernacular, especially when using the infinitive, which carries an emotional connotation. Therefore, such impersonal sentences are often found in slogans and in journalistic speech in order to give the text accuracy, conciseness and encourage active action. Artists of words turn to infinitive sentences as a means of creating a casually conversational coloring of speech and introduce them into dialogues and monologues rich in emotions.
Nominal sentences Nominal sentences are verbless one-part sentences in which the main member is expressed by a noun. For example: Forest. Tent. The splash of a river wave. (Yashin) Smoke from the fire. A pile of damp greatcoats. (Surkov) The greenery of the fields, the babbling of the groves, the trembling of the lark in the sky, the warm rain, the sparkling waters - having named you, what should I add? V.A. Zhukovsky Denominative sentences are used in fiction (poetry, prose), in newspaper and magazine essays, and articles. With their help, writers and journalists usually at the beginning of their works (or chapters, parts) very laconically and vividly draw the place and time of action, landscape, and setting. The author's skillful selection of nouns helps to clearly imagine the landscape drawn with words. For example, listing the objects flashing before the eyes makes it possible to imagine the picture as if in motion, reminiscent of film frames quickly replacing each other.
Conclusion: Throughout the study, I have tried to show the role of one-part sentences in spoken and written speech. The significance of such sentences is great because they are used in all styles and types of speech, giving the text laconicism, emotionality, brevity, dynamics, and making it possible to avoid unnecessary repetition of pronouns. Generalized personal sentences emphasize the commonality of all people in the world as a whole, since they unite them as equals, addressing them with teachings, proverbs, and aphorisms. The most common are impersonal sentences, without which we simply cannot express our thoughts and feelings. Such sentences vividly characterize the state of nature or a person, describe the landscape clearly and simply, specifically, laconically indicate what is or what is not. Denomination sentences help to bring the author’s intention to the very depths of our soul, highlighting some specific objects from the surrounding picture; it is with the help of them that we imagine the action in the form of a movie with changing frames. Without one-part sentences, speech would be too boring, simple and ugly. And they add imagery, expressiveness and emotionality, which helps to understand the author’s intention in books or in conversation.
Script for a film episode based on a chapter from A.S. Pushkin’s work “The Captain’s Daughter” Chapter II Leader Act 1 Road. The carriage was driving through thick fog; nothing was visible in the darkness. Snow is everywhere. Savelich sits on the control panel, quacking occasionally. Grinev. Well, well, Savelich! that's enough, let's make peace, it's my fault; I see for myself that I am guilty. Yesterday I misbehaved, and I wronged you in vain. I promise to behave smarter and obey you in the future. Well, don't be angry; Let's make peace. Savelich. Eh, Father Pyotr Andreich! I'm angry with myself; It's all my fault. How could I have left you alone in the tavern! What to do? I was confused by sin: I decided to wander into the sacristan’s house and see my godfather. That's it: I went to see my godfather and ended up in prison. Trouble and nothing more!.. How will I show myself to the eyes of the gentlemen? what will they say when they find out that the child is drinking and playing? Sad deserts crossed by hills and ravines. Everything is covered with snow. Sun at sunset. The carriage was traveling along a narrow road made by peasant sleighs...
“Girl with Peaches”... Famous painting by V. Serov... Cheerful, joyful mood... Bright, bright morning... Breakfast... Abramtsevo. A place near Moscow. The artist is visiting Savva Ivanovich Mamontov, a rich man who deeply understood and loved art. The owner of the house listened to the reason for the painter’s visit and gave advice: paint Verushka, my daughter. The girl was restless. She never wanted to pose, that is, sit in one position for a long time. “Try,” Savva Ivanovich assured, “you will succeed.” Verushka, cheerful and glowing, flew into the room, quickly telling some funny story. She sat opposite Serov. Fresh rosy face. Tanned hands. Black coal eyes. The girl stopped talking for a moment and just looked at the artist. It was in this state that Serov depicted her.
This work can be used as a visual aid when studying one-part sentences in the eighth grade. I believe that in my project I showed the role of one-part sentences in colloquial speech and in the works of writers and poets, giving them imagery, emotionality and expressiveness.
Sentences whose grammatical basis consists of two main members (subject and predicate) are called two-part.
Sentences whose grammatical basis consists of one main member are called one-part sentences. One-piece sentences have a complete meaning, and therefore the second main member is not needed or even impossible.
For example: In the summer I will go to the sea. Dark. It's time to go. Magic night.
Single-part sentences, unlike incomplete ones, are understandable out of context.
There are several types of one-part sentences:
Definitely personal
vaguely personal,
generalized-personal,
impersonal,
nominative (nominative).
Each type of one-part sentence differs in its meaning and form of expression of the main member.
Definitely personal proposals- these are one-part sentences with the main member of the predicate, conveying the actions of a certain person (speaker or interlocutor).
In definitely personal sentences the main member is expressed by a verb in the form of 1st and 2nd person singular and plural indicative mood(present and future tense), and in the imperative mood ; the producer of the action is defined and can be called personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd persons I , You , We , You .
For example: I love thunderstorm in early May(Tyutchev); We will endure trials patiently(Chekhov); Go, bow down fish(Pushkin).
In definitely personal sentences the predicate cannot be expressed by a 3rd person singular verb and a verb in the past tense. In such cases, the proposal does not indicate a specific person and the proposal itself is incomplete.
Compare: Do you know Greek too? - I studied a little(Ostrovsky).
Vaguely personal proposals- these are one-part sentences with the main member of the predicate, conveying the actions of an indefinite subject.
In vaguely personal sentences the main member is expressed by a verb in the 3rd person plural form (present and future tense in the indicative mood and in the imperative mood), the plural form of the past tense of the indicative mood and the similar form of the conditional mood of the verb.
The producer of the action in these sentences is unknown or unimportant.
For example: In the house knocked stove doors(A. Tolstoy); On the streets somewhere far away they're shooting (Bulgakov); Would you give person relax in front of the road(Sholokhov).
Generalized-personal proposals
Generalized-personal proposals- these are one-part sentences with the main member of the predicate, conveying the actions of a generalized subject (the action is attributed to each and every individual).
The main member in a generalized personal sentence may have the same methods of expression as in definite personal and indefinite personal sentences, but most often expressed by a 2nd person singular and plural present and future tense verb or a 3rd person plural verb.
For example: Good for bad don't change (proverb); Not very old these days respect (Ostrovsky); What you will sow, then you will reap (proverb).
Generalized personal sentences are usually presented in proverbs, sayings, catchphrases, and aphorisms.
Generalized-personal sentences also include sentences containing the author’s generalization. To give a generalized meaning, the speaker uses a 2nd person verb instead of a 1st person verb.
For example: You're going out sometimes outside and you're surprised air transparency.
Impersonal offers
Impersonal offers- these are one-part sentences with the main member of the predicate, conveying actions or states that arise regardless of the producer of the action.
In such sentences it is impossible to substitute the subject .
The main member of an impersonal sentence may be similar in structure to a simple verbal predicate and is expressed:
1) an impersonal verb, the only syntactic function of which is to be the main member of impersonal one-part sentences:
For example: It's getting colder / it was getting cold /it will get colder .
2) a personal verb in an impersonal form:
For example: It's getting dark .
3) the verb to be and the word not in negative sentences:
For example: Winds did not have / No .
Main member, similar in structure to the compound verbal predicate , may have the following expression:
1) modal or phase verb in impersonal form + infinitive:
For example: Outside the window it started getting dark
.
2) linking verb to be in impersonal form (in the present tense in the zero form) + adverb + infinitive:
For example: It's a pity
/ it was a pity to leave with friends.
It's time to get ready on the road.
Main member, similar in structure to the compound nominal predicate , is expressed:
1) linking verb in impersonal form + adverb:
For example: It was a pity
old man.
On the street. it was becoming freshly.
2) linking verb in impersonal form + short passive participle:
For example: In the room it was smoky .
A special group among impersonal sentences is formed by infinitive sentences .
The main member of a one-part sentence can be expressed by an infinitive that does not depend on any other member of the sentence and denotes an action possible or impossible, necessary, inevitable. Such sentences are called infinitive.
For example: Him tomorrow be on duty. Everyone stand up! I'd like to go to Moscow!
Infinitive sentences have different modal meanings: obligation, necessity, possibility or impossibility, inevitability of action; as well as inducement to action, command, order.
Infinitive sentences are divided into unconditional (Be silent!) And conditionally desirable (I'd like to read).
Nominative (nominative) sentences- these are one-part sentences that convey the meaning of being (existence, presence) of the subject of speech (thought).
The main member in a nominative sentence can be expressed by a noun in the nominative case and a quantitative-nominal combination .
For example: Night, Street, flashlight, pharmacy .Pointless and dull light (Block); Three wars, three hungry pores, what the century has awarded(Soloukhin).
Denominative sentences may include demonstrative particles over there , Here , and to introduce an emotional assessment - exclamation particles WellAnd , Which , like this :
For example: Which weather! Well rain! Like this storm!
Distributors of a noun sentence can be agreed upon and inconsistent definitions:
For example: Late autumn
.
If the disseminator is a circumstance of place, time, then such sentences can be interpreted as two-part incomplete:
For example: Soon autumn
. (Compare: Soon autumn will come
.)
On the street rain
. (Compare: On the street it's raining
.)
Denominative (nominative) sentences can have the following subtypes:
1) Proper existential sentences expressing the idea of the existence of a phenomenon, object, time.
For example: April 22 years old. Sineva. The snow has melted.
2) Demonstrative-existent sentences. The basic meaning of beingness is complicated by the meaning of indication.
For example: Here mill.
3) Evaluative-existential (Dominance of evaluation).
For example: Well day! Oh yes...! And character!
+ particles well, then, also for me, and also.
The main member can be an evaluative noun ( beauty . Nonsense .)
4) desirable-existential (particles only, if only).
For example: If only health. Not just death. If happiness.
5) incentive (incentive-desirable: Attention ! Good afternoon ! and incentive-imperative: Fire ! and so on.).
It is necessary to distinguish constructions that coincide in form with them from nominative sentences.
The nominative case in the role of a simple name (name, inscription). They can be called proper-nominal - there is absolutely no meaning of beingness.
For example: "War and Peace".
The nominative case as a predicate in a two-part sentence ( Who is he? Familiar.)
The nominative case of the topic can be classified as an isolated nominative, but in terms of content they do not have the meaning of existentiality, do not perform a communicative function, and form a syntactic unity only in combination with the subsequent construction.
For example: Moscow. How much has merged in this sound for the Russian heart... Autumn. I especially love this time of year.
