Copper resistivity it is a physical concept found in electrical engineering. What is it, you ask.
So let's start with the concept - the resistance of a conductor, which means the process of passing electricity through it. In this case, copper will serve as a conductor, which means that we will consider its properties.
All metals have a specific structure in the form of a crystal lattice. At each of the corners of this lattice there are atoms that periodically oscillate about the sites. When atoms are repelled or attracted to each other, this affects the location and location of all nodes, in all metals in different ways. The surroundings of atoms are occupied by electrons, which rotate along their orbit, holding on to it due to the balance of forces.
For lovers of real ice cream! There is an interesting proposal on the website http://oceanpower.ru/category/id001/. Stop by and learn about soft ice cream freezers and more.
How does copper react when an electric field is applied to it? Inside this conductor, all electrons torn off by the electric force, from their orbit, tend to the pole with a plus sign. This movement is called electric current. As they move, electrons collide with atoms and other electrons that have not been torn away from their orbits. In this case, the colliding electrons change direction and their energy is lost. This is the basic definition of conductor resistance. In other words, these are lattices of atoms with electrons rotating in their orbits, which create resistance to the moving electrodes of the conductor torn from orbits.
However, resistance also depends on several factors; it is individual for each of the metals. It is influenced by the size of the crystal lattice and temperature. When the temperature of the conductor rises, its atoms make more frequent vibrations. Consequently, the electrons move with the greatest speed and resistance, and the orbits will be large in radius.
The value of the resistivity of copper can be found in the physics reference tables. It is 0.0175 Ohm * mm2 / m, at a temperature of 20 degrees. The closest metal by value to copper will be aluminum \u003d 0.0271 Ohm * mm2 / m. Copper conductivity second only to silver \u003d 0.016 Ohm * mm2 / m. as evidenced by its widespread use, for example in power cables or in a variety of conductors. However, without copper, power transformers and motors for small energy-saving devices cannot be created.
You need to know the designations of the resistivity, since without this it is impossible to calculate the total resistance of different conductors during the development or design of new devices. There is a formula for this:
R \u003d p * I / S
in which: R - will be the total resistance of the conductors, p - will be the resistivity of metals, I- will be the length of a particular conductor, S - the cross-sectional area of \u200b\u200bthe conductors.
If the material was helpful, you can improve our site by making a donation.
Any amount for the development of the project you can
There is a concept of resistivity for each conductor. This value consists of Ohms, multiplied by a square millimeter, then divisible by one meter. In other words, this is the resistance of the conductor, the length of which is 1 meter, and the cross section is 1 mm2. The same is true for the resistivity of copper, a unique metal that has become widespread in electrical engineering and power engineering.
Copper properties
Due to its properties, this metal was one of the first to be used in the field of electricity. First of all, copper is a malleable and ductile material with excellent electrical conductivity properties. Until now, there is no equivalent replacement for this conductor in the energy sector.
The properties of special electrolytic copper with high purity are especially appreciated. This material allowed the production of wires with a minimum thickness of 10 microns.
In addition to its high electrical conductivity, copper lends itself very well to tinning and other types of processing.
Copper and its resistivity
Any conductor resists if an electric current is passed through it. The value depends on the length of the conductor and its cross-section, as well as on the action of certain temperatures. Therefore, the resistivity of conductors depends not only on the material itself, but also on its specific length and cross-sectional area. The easier a material passes a charge through itself, the lower its resistance. For copper, the resistivity is 0.0171 Ohm x 1 mm2 / 1 m and is only slightly inferior to silver. However, using silver on an industrial scale is not economically viable, therefore, copper is the best conductor used in energy.
The resistivity of copper is also associated with its high conductivity. These values \u200b\u200bare directly opposite to each other. The properties of copper as a conductor also depend on the temperature coefficient of resistance. This is especially true of resistance, which is influenced by the temperature of the conductor.
Thus, due to its properties, copper is widely used not only as a conductor. This metal is used in most devices, devices and assemblies, the functioning of which is associated with electric current.
Copper is one of the most demanded metals in industries. It is most widely used in electrical and electronics applications. Most often it is used in the manufacture of windings for electric motors and transformers. The main reason for using this particular material is that copper has the lowest electrical resistivity available today. Until it appears new material with a lower value of this indicator, it is safe to say that copper will not be replaced.
Speaking about copper, it must be said that at the dawn of the electrical era, it began to be used in the production of electrical engineering. Its steel is used largely due to the unique properties that this alloy possesses. By itself, it is a material with high plasticity properties and good ductility.
Along with the thermal conductivity of copper, one of its most important advantages is its high electrical conductivity. It is thanks to this property that copper and widely used in power plantsin which it acts as a universal conductor. The most valuable material is electrolytic copper, which has a high purity of 99.95%. Thanks to this material, it becomes possible to manufacture cables.
Pros of using electrolytic copper
The use of electrolytic copper can achieve the following:
- Provide high electrical conductivity;
- Achieve excellent styling ability;
- Provide a high degree of plasticity.
Applications
Cable products made from electrolytic copper are widely used in various industries. It is most often used in the following areas:
- electrical industry;
- electrical appliances;
- automotive industry;
- production of computer equipment.
What is resistivity?
To understand what copper is and its characteristics, it is necessary to understand the main parameter of this metal - resistivity. It should be known and used when performing calculations.
Resistivity is usually understood as a physical quantity, which is characterized as the ability of a metal to conduct an electric current.
It is also necessary to know this value in order to calculate correctly electrical resistance conductor. The calculations are also guided by its geometric dimensions. When carrying out calculations, use the following formula:
This formula is familiar to many. Using it, you can easily calculate the resistance of a copper cable, focusing only on the characteristics electrical network... It allows you to calculate the power that is inefficiently spent on heating the cable core. Besides, a similar formula allows you to perform resistance calculations any cable. It does not matter what material was used to make the cable - copper, aluminum or some other alloy.
A parameter such as electrical resistivity is measured in Ohm * mm2 / m. This indicator for copper wiring laid in an apartment is 0.0175 Ohm * mm2 / m. If you try to look for an alternative to copper - a material that could be used instead, then only silver can be considered the only suitable, in which the resistivity is 0.016 Ohm * mm2 / m. However, when choosing a material, it is necessary to pay attention not only to the specific resistance, but also to the reverse conductivity. This value is measured in Siemens (cm).
Siemens \u003d 1 / Ohm.
For copper of any weight, this parameter has a composition equal to 58,100,000 S / m. As for silver, its inverse conductivity is equal to 62,500,000 S / m.
In our world of high technologies, when every home has a large number of electrical devices and installations, the value of such a material as copper is simply invaluable. This material is used to make wiring, without which no room can do. If copper did not exist, then the person had to use wires from other available materialsfor example aluminum. However, in this case, one would have to face one problem. The thing is that this material has a much lower specific conductivity than copper conductors.
Resistivity
The use of materials with low electrical and thermal conductivity of any weight leads to large losses of electricity. A it affects the power loss the equipment used. Most experts call copper as the main material for the manufacture of insulated wires. It is the main material from which individual elements of equipment powered by electric current are made.
- Cards installed in computers have etched copper paths.
- Copper is also used to make a wide variety of elements used in electronic devices.
- In transformers and electric motors, it is represented by a winding that is made from this material.
There is no doubt that the expansion of the scope of this material will occur with the further development of technical progress. Although, besides copper, there are other materials, nevertheless, the designer uses copper to create equipment and various installations. The main reason for the demand for this material is in good electrical and thermal conductivity of this metal, which it provides at room temperature.
Temperature coefficient of resistance
All metals with any thermal conductivity have the property of decreasing conductivity with increasing temperature. With decreasing temperature, conductivity increases. Specialists call the property of reducing resistance with decreasing temperature especially interesting. Indeed, in this case, when the temperature in the room drops to a certain value, the electrical resistance of the conductor may disappear and it will move to the superconductor class.
In order to determine the resistance index of a specific conductor of a certain weight at room temperature, there is a critical resistance coefficient. It is a value that shows the change in resistance of a section of the circuit when the temperature changes by one Kelvin. To calculate the electrical resistance of a copper conductor in a certain time interval, use the following formula:
ΔR \u003d α * R * ΔT, where α is the temperature coefficient of electrical resistance.
Conclusion
Copper is a widely used material in electronics. It is used not only in winding and circuits, but also as a metal for the manufacture of cable products. For machinery and equipment to work efficiently, it is necessary correctly calculate the resistivity of the wiringlaid in the apartment. There is a certain formula for this. Knowing it, you can make a calculation that allows you to find out the optimal size of the cable section. In this case, the loss of power of the equipment can be avoided and its efficiency can be ensured.
