There are a lot of rules in the Russian language that make it easier to work with spelling. Some of them are related to the correct writing of letters, others - to punctuation marks. Today we will consider such a concept as a proposal with an appeal. What is an appeal? How does it stand out? How does it combine with other words in a sentence?
General concept of conversion
An address is either a single word or a group of words that indicate the subject to whom the speech in the text is addressed. For example: “Polina, give me pudding and a cup of tea for tea.”
As a rule, a sentence with an appeal is distinguished by intonation. If you read this, you will immediately understand who it is addressed to. For example: “Ivan Karlovich, you are biting. Hurry up and pull out your fishing rod."
In more detail, in oral speech the address is usually distinguished by raising and lowering the voice. That is, if one word acts as an address, then its first syllable involves a rise in voice, and the next one – a decrease in voice. If the appeal is presented in several words, then the voice is raised on the first of them, and the voice is lowered on the last.
Where can the appeal appear in a sentence?
The address is always in the nominative case and is a noun. If we talk about its position in the text, then it can appear in a sentence:
- at first;
- in the middle;
- at the end.
Where is the appeal: examples
For example: “Svetlana, your pies seem to be burnt. There’s something smoking in your kitchen.” This sentence with an address clearly shows that the address - “Svetlana” - is at the very beginning of the phrase.
Another example: “Listen, Alexey Kondratyevich, there is an article about you in today’s press.” As can be seen from this sentence, the address is located in the center of the utterance. In this case, the address will be “Alexey Kondratyevich.”
For example: “How late you told me about the exam, Slavik. I won’t have time to prepare for it at all.” This sentence with an address (the word “Slavik”), as you can see, is at the very end.
How is the appeal highlighted in a sentence?
As it becomes clear from the examples, addresses are distinguished by punctuation marks. Moreover, if it stands at the beginning and is pronounced calmly, then on one side it is highlighted with a comma (the punctuation mark is placed after the address). If it has a similar location, but is pronounced with a special feeling, then an exclamation point is placed after it. For example: “Friends! We are pleased to tell you good news. From tomorrow we will have two days off a week.”
Please note that after “Friends!” are highlighted with an exclamation mark, the next word begins with a capital letter.
If the address is in the middle of a phrase or sentence, it is separated by commas on both sides. The previous sentence with the address (“Listen, Alexey Kondratyevich...”) clearly demonstrates this.
An address at the end of a sentence is separated by a comma on one side only. In this case, a comma is placed before the address.
What is the purpose of reversal in the test?
Typically, sentences with appeals are used to attract the attention of a person. In addition, it is with the help of an address that you can demonstrate your attitude towards a person. For example: “Honey, pay attention! I've been walking under the window for two hours now. Open the doors."
In literature, you can often use address to refer to an inanimate object. For example: “Tell me, wind, is it possible to feel the need for communication and love?”
Sometimes there are interesting offers with appeals. In particular, we are talking about sentences that use not one, but several addresses at once. For example, “Let’s find a place to stay for the night today, my darling, Martyn Petrovich.”
An address in itself is not a member of a sentence, but it can have words dependent on it. For example: “My dear friend and dedicated comrade! A lot depends on your decision today.” Moreover, in the first part of the text (before the exclamation mark) we see the address “Friend and Comrade”, which is bordered by additional words.
The appeal can relate to either one or several subjects at once. In such cases, “and” is placed between these calls. For example: “Kolya and Igor, today it’s your turn to be on duty in the classroom. Remove trash and dust from bookshelves.” In this case, the address is “Kolya and Igor”.
In addition, references may be repeated in the same sentence. For example: “Lena, Lena, aren’t you ashamed?!”
You can often see the interjection particle “o” before the address. For example: “Don’t despair, oh friends. Everything will be alright!"
How sentences with appeals are distinguished in business letters: examples
When drawing up business documentation, appeals are also used. As a rule, they are written separately from the rest of the text and are highlighted with an exclamation mark. Eg:
Dear users of the Internet provider “XXX”!
The company XXX LLC reminds you that from 07/20/2015 to 07/21/2015 it carries out preventive work. Due to this, the Internet will not work.
Please note that our address already includes the word “dear”, therefore it is not separated by commas. Another example:
Hello, dear subscriber!
The UUU company is pleased to inform you that you can now pay for our services without commission in your personal account.
In this example, you can see that the title is “dear subscriber.” In this case, “hello” is not part of the address. It is a bright predicate and is therefore highlighted with a comma. Similar sentences with appeals (you can see examples in our article) clearly demonstrate the location of appeals in business letters.
How are addresses with introductory words written?
Introductory words are sentences or phrases that introduce a special shade of modality into the text. Moreover, they relate either to specific members of the sentence or to the sentence as a whole. In addition, water words can convey uncertainty and confidence, as well as other feelings (joy or sadness, admiration). Example of introductory words: “We will certainly fulfill our promise to increase your salary next month.”
Introductory words, separated by commas, can be used in sentences together with addresses. Here is one example of a sentence with appeals and introductory words:
It seems, Ivan Petrovich, in this case you don’t understand the question at all. We will have to turn to a more knowledgeable person.
In this example, the role of the introductory word is “seems”, and the address here is “Ivan Petrovich”. In this case, the introductory word is at the beginning of the sentence and, therefore, is highlighted by a comma on one side. The second comma in this text refers to our appeal.
Here is another example where the introductory word is at the beginning and the address is in the middle:
It looks like your game is lost, dear friend.
Examples of what introductory words can convey:
How does address feel in the presence of interjections?
In the Russian language there are sentences with addresses and interjections. Let us recall that interjections are a certain part of speech that serves to endow expressions and sentences with some emotions. Interjections include such short words as: “Oh!”, “Ah!”, “Fathers!”, “Ay!” - and others.
If there is an appeal in a sentence together with an interjection, then the first is highlighted with an exclamation mark, and the second - with a comma or commas. For example: “Alas! Ivan, Makarovich, your letter was delivered by messenger yesterday.”
If the interjection “o” occurs in a sentence and it comes before the address, then the exclamation mark is not placed. For example: “Oh, gods, is it really possible to spend your hard-earned money like that?!”
In addition, often an address can stand next to an interjection and then a comma and an exclamation mark are not placed between them. For example: “Oh, you, but I had a better opinion of you.”
In conclusion, we say that the appeal gives the sentence a special sound. It goes well with both similar and other parts of speech. Now you know how to write sentences with addresses and introductory words, as well as with interjections.
Appeal- this is a word or phrase that names a person (less often, an object) to whom speech is addressed.
1. The appeal can be expressed in one word or in more than one word.
One word appeal can be expressed by a noun or any part of speech in the function of a noun in the nominative case, non-single-word address may include words dependent on this noun or an interjection about:
For example:
Dear granddaughter, why do you rarely call me?
Waiting for a flight from Sochi, go to the arrivals area.
Again I am yours, oh young friends! (title of A. S. Pushkin’s elegy).
2. An address can be expressed by a noun in the indirect case if it denotes a characteristic of the object or person to whom the speech is addressed.
For example: Hey, in a hat, are you the last one?
Appeals can be expressed in special, descriptive phrases, which are distinguished as ordinary appeals-names: – Hey, on a scow!– Reg (Green) said; - Hey, who is stronger there, come here, to the gate(P. Kapitsa).
3. Personal pronouns you and you, as a rule, do not act as addresses: they perform the function of the subject if they have predicate verbs.
For example: If you, reader, love autumn, then you know that in the fall the water in the rivers acquires a bright blue color from the cold.(Paust.) – the appeal is reader, and the pronoun You combines with verb you love.
Pronouns You , You can accept the call function in the following cases:
A) in constructions with a separate definition or attributive clause: You, the third from the edge, with a mop on your forehead, I don’t know you. I love you!(Vozn.); You, whose wide greatcoats resembled sails, whose spurs and voices rang merrily, and whose eyes, like diamonds, left a mark on the heart, are the charming dandies of yesteryear.(Color);
b) when used independently, usually with interjections hey, well, eh and etc.: Eh, you women, women! Your heads are crazy(Cool.); - Oh, you! And don’t you hate sitting next to Chebukhaika? - he says as he walks(Cool .); Tsits, you! She is no longer your servant(M.G.); “He has a headache,” Bayev sympathized with his heart. - Ehh... you. Residents!(Shuksh.);
V) as part of other requests: Dear friend, you are mine, don't be ashamed...(Fad.); My darling(Shuksh.).
The address is not grammatically related to the sentence and is not a member of the sentence.
Punctuation marks for addresses
1. Appeals are usually highlighted (or separated) by commas, and with special emotional stress - by an exclamation mark after the appeal.
For example: Congratulations, comrades, on your safe arrival(Paust.)
“Don’t go, Volodya,” said Rodion.(Ch.).
Goodbye, it's time, my joy! I'll jump off now, conductor(Past.) . Quiet, wind. Don't bark, water glass(Es.). Gain your sight, sighted comrade, by the lake in the drainage waters(Vozn.).
Vocative intonation is enhanced if the address is placed at the end of the sentence.
For example:
- Hello, brothers! - he said(Ch.);
Farewell, it's time for the outskirts! Life is a change of ashes(Vozn.).
2. Multiple hits are separated by commas or exclamation points.
For example: " My dear, my darling, my torment, my longing "- she read (Ch.); Goodbye, my happiness, my short-lived happiness! (Cupr.); Proletarian! Poor brother... When you receive this letter, I will already be leaving(Ch.).
Addresses connected by a conjunction And , are not separated by commas.
For example: Weep tavern violins and harps (Vozn).
3. If after the appeal there is a definition or application, then it is separated; such a definition is perceived as a second appeal.
For example: Grandpa, dear where have you been? (Spread); Miller, my dear, stand up. Lights on the shore! (Paust.).
4. The parts of the dissected circulation are highlighted separately, each on its own.
For example: Hear me, darling, hear me, beautiful, my evening dawn, unquenchable love! (Isa.); ABOUT, my neglected, thank you and kiss you, hands of the Motherland, timidity, friendship, family (Past.).
5. If the address ends an interrogative sentence, then a question mark is placed after it.
For example: Do you hear? Dmitry Petrovich? I will come to you in Moscow(Ch.); When will Kara-Ada finally arrive, captain?(Paust.); What's wrong with you, blue sweater?(Vozn.); Did you pray at night, birch? Did you pray at night? overturned lakes Senezh, Svityaz and Naroch? Have you prayed at night? Cathedrals of the Intercession and Dormition? (Vozn.).
6. Particles oh, ah, ah etc., standing before the appeals, are not separated from them.
For example: Oh my darling, my gentle, beautiful garden! (Ch.).
“Prosh, and Prosh!” called Prokhor Abramovich(Payment).
Ah Nadya, Nadenka, we would be happy...(OK.).
O whirlwind, feel all the depths and hollows(Past.).
O grapes of retribution! I soared in one gulp to the West - I am the ashes of an uninvited guest!(Vozn.).
Oh youth, phoenix, fool, the diploma is all in flames!(Vozn.).
O beloved deceptions of the heart, delusions of infancy! On the day when the meadows turn green, I have no escape from you(Sick.).
7. If there is an interjection before the address (unlike a particle, it is accentuated), then it is separated by a comma or an exclamation mark.
For example:
“Oh, dear Nadya,” Sasha began his usual afternoon conversation.(Ch.);
- Hey, three octagons for thread, go get a bolt! – From that day on, Zakhar Pavlovich was called by the nickname “Three Osmushki for Carving”(Payment). The word about can also act as an interjection (in the meaning Oh ): ABOUT, my lost freshness, riot of eyes and flood of feelings (Es.).
An interjection (as a call for attention) can itself act as an address.
For example: Hey, watch out! You'll create a closure!(Vozn.).
- Hey, be careful there! - Stepakha shouted(Cool.).
Where? What are you doing? Hey!(Shuksh.).
8. After an address, which is a separate vocative sentence (Sentence-address, i.e. a one-part sentence in which the main and only member is the name of the person - the addressee of the speech), an ellipsis or an exclamation mark is placed - single or in combination with an ellipsis.
For example: - Miller! – Shatsky whispered(Paust.); Anya, Anya!(Ch.); – Sing!.. – Lyalka is at the window again(Shuksh.);
- Mother... And mother! - he called his old woman(Shuksh.); “Brothers...” he said quietly, and his voice broke.(Paust.).
Appeal- this is a word or phrase that names the one to whom or what the speech is addressed. For example: Wouldn't you be chasing something cheap, pop?(Pushkin).
The main purpose of the address is to attract attention, although sometimes the address can also express an attitude towards the interlocutor. For example: What are you doing sweetie?(Ostrovsky).
One sentence may even contain several addresses directed to the same addressee, one of which only names the listener, and the other evaluates, for example: Go, darling, Ilya Ilyich!(Goncharov).
Sometimes in poetic speech rhetorical personification-appeal is possible. It calls upon an inanimate object to become a participant in communication. For example: Make noise, make noise, obedient sail, Worry beneath me, gloomy ocean.(Pushkin.)
The address is not a member of the sentence, but can have dependent words, that is, be common, for example: Low house with blue shutters, I will never forget you!(Yesenin).
In writing, requests are separated by commas. If the appeal is emotionally charged and is at the beginning of the sentence, then there may be an exclamation mark after it. Compare the examples below:
Why did you get up so early, dad? (Pushkin)
Guys! Isn't Moscow behind us? (Lermontov)
In official letters, addresses are usually written on a separate line. In this case, an exclamation point is placed after the address. For example:
Dear Ivan Ivanovich!
Please note: the word DEAR is part of the address and is not separated by a comma. Compare:
Hello, Ivan Ivanovich!
In this example, a comma is needed after the word HELLO, since it is not part of the address, but acts as a predicate.
Interjections- this is a special part of speech that serves to express various feelings and volitional impulses. This part of speech includes the words AY!, AH!, ALS!, BATYUSHKA! and others.
Interjections, like addresses, are not parts of a sentence, but in writing are separated by a comma or an exclamation mark.
Alas! His confused mind could not resist the terrible shocks (Pushkin).
Life, alas, is not an eternal gift (Pushkin).
Like many spelling rules, there is an exception to this rule that you need to remember. If the interjection O in a sentence comes before the address, then a comma or exclamation mark is not placed between the interjection and the address. Compare:
Oh, why am I not a bird, not a steppe raven! (Lermontov).
Your holy sentence, oh heaven, is wrong (Lermontov).
In addition, you need to know that sometimes interjections are part of integral combinations, for example: EH YOU, EH YOU, WELL, OH YES. In this case, there is no need to put commas, for example: Well, what should we do now?
Exercise
- What do you want, old man? (Pushkin).
- Tsyts_ damned_ how there is no death for you (Turgenev).
- Have mercy_ the lady fish (Pushkin).
- You_ the queen_ are the cutest of all, the most ruddy and whitest of all (Pushkin).
- You stupid devil, where did you come after us? (Pushkin).
- Farewell to free elements! (Pushkin).
- But how can I give orders, Father Ilya Ilyich? (Goncharov).
- And look at his face: wow, what importance shines in his eyes! I have never heard him say an extra word (Gogol).
- Yeah_ You yourself admit that you are stupid (Pushkin).
- What are you_ guests_ trading with and where are you going now? (Pushkin).
- Ba_ all the faces are familiar! (Griboyedov).
- Hello_ prince, you are my beautiful! (Pushkin).
- Oh_ you_ vile glass! You are lying to spite me (Pushkin).
- Sovereign, you are ours_ Vladimir Andreevich_ I, your old nanny, decided to report to you about Papenkin’s health (Pushkin).
- Master, would you order me to come back? (Pushkin).
- Well_ Maksimych_ go with God (Pushkin).
- Saints_ how she was dressed! Her dress was white, like a swan: wow, so lush! and how I looked: the sun, by God, the sun! (Gogol).
- Oh_ gods_ gods_ why are you punishing me? (Bulgakov).
- Oh_ don't believe this Nevsky Prospekt! (Gogol).
- The wind twisted the sand, the water rippled, grew cold, and, looking at the river, Palaga whispered: “Lord, I wish there would be frost soon!” (Yesenin).
- Don’t you have at least Pogodin’s edition_ general? Then I wrote here in a different font: this is a round, large French font, from the last century... (Dostoevsky).
- Ay-ay_ what a voice! (Gogol).
- “Where did you_ beast_ cut off your nose?” - she shouted with anger (Gogol).
- - O_ hero! We all lined up in front of You one by one in order to express our admiration for Your bold and completely senseless act (Klyuev).
- “Stop_ Praskovya Osipovna! I will put it, wrapped in a rag, in a corner: let it lie there for a little while; and then I’ll take it out” (Gogol).
- Follow me_ reader! Who told you that there is no true, faithful, eternal love in the world? (Bulgakov).
- “Neither give nor take, a copy of “Inconsolable Grief,” a copy of you_ Erofeev,” I immediately thought to myself and immediately laughed to myself (Erofeev).
- He placed them in front of me, opened my bag of drugs and announced that he would try all the drugs on these children until he found the right one. This is how King Don Rumata was poisoned... (Strugatskys).
- How happy I am that I left! Priceless friend, what is the human heart? I love you so much: we were inseparable, but now we have separated, and I am happy! (Goethe).
- On the fourth day I arrived here_ dear friend_ and, as promised, I take up the pen and write to you (Turgenev).
- - Well, brother Grushnitsky, it’s a pity that he missed! - said the captain... (Lermontov).
The comma is a rather simple sign at first glance. However, not everyone knows how to deal with it. Setting this symbol does not require any special specialized knowledge; you just had to learn a few punctuation rules at school. After all, now every person in our country has the right to receive incomplete secondary general education. And it is completely unclear why many students ignore Russian language lessons if they don’t even have to pay for them.
Russia is now in the top 20 in terms of population literacy. This does not mean that literacy levels do not need to be improved. After all, other countries will soon catch up with us. Moreover, we must respect the language in which we communicate and correspond. Therefore, we suggest that you learn the basics of punctuation.
Punctuation when addressing
Today we will look at punctuation marks when addressing. A proposal may not only consist of main members. It may contain words that are not members of the sentence and are not connected with other words by subordinating and coordinating connections. Example: “So, colleagues, let’s start the meeting” - the address of a “colleague” serves the function of attracting the attention of the audience.
Definition of treatment
An address is a word or combination of words that names the person to whom a message is addressed. Example: “My friends, our union is wonderful!” (A.S. Pushkin).
Appeals can be common and non-common, that is, they consist of one, two, three or more words. They can appear at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of a sentence.
The appeal has the form named after. case. Pronounced with a special intonation. Examples of punctuation marks when addressing:
- "My friends, let's raise a glass to this wonderful couple!" - a common appeal.
- “Friend, give me that notebook over there” is an uncommon appeal.
Where are addresses most often used?
The most commonly used calls are:
- In letters to express the attitude of the writer to the addressee.
For example: 1) Beloved, I am writing to you from Yekaterinburg. Just arrived yesterday. 2) Dear Anton Sergeevich, we will complete construction closer to December. 3) Dear Larisa Alekseevna, thank you for the warm welcome! 4) Dear Masha, there is exactly a month left until the meeting.
- In oral speech, in order to attract the interlocutor’s attention to the speech, as well as to express the speaker’s attitude towards the interlocutor.
For example: 1) Weren’t you, Anya, the one who insisted that you would never go to Moscow? 2) Do you remember, Tanechka, where exactly we vacationed last summer? 3) Thank you, dear ones, for coming to my birthday. 4) Flying business class, check-in is open for flight UT246, counters 20-25.
Where else can you find appeals?
In poetic speech, inanimate nouns can also act as addresses.
For example: 1) Tell me, grass, where should I go? 2) How can I, voditsa, get through as quickly as possible? 3) Gorushka, why are you so cool?
This technique is called personification.
Comma rule
We continue to study punctuation marks when addressing. The rule is very simple: in a sentence, the address is separated by commas. At the end of a sentence, punctuation is placed according to the basic general rules, regardless of the fact that the address comes in last place.
An exclamation mark is placed if the appeal is before the sentence. It is pronounced with special feeling. After the exclamation mark, the next thought begins with a capital letter.
We will review proposals with you and appeals. Punctuation marks when addressing are in accordance with the rules learned above:
- My beloved children, I brought each one a pie with cabbage.
- Anna Valerievna, tell me when you need to take the internship and what documents you need to show?
- How did you guess that I was already in the city, my friend?
- I wanted to buy you some berries, granddaughter, but the bags were too heavy.
- How can I live without you now, my dear general?
- Why don’t you answer me, mommy?
- What is your name, mysterious stranger?
- Hello, Irina Ivanovna! I've missed you so much for 5 years.
- I would like to thank you, Nikolai Vladimirovich! Your knowledge was useful to me in writing my thesis.
Commas that are used in sentences with addresses are called emphases.
Direct speech. Rules
Many people wonder: how to put commas in direct speech? We'll find out now.
Direct speech is speech conveyed without any changes on behalf of the person who wrote or spoke it. When placing commas, you need to separate two parts: the words of the author (hereinafter referred to as SA) and direct speech (hereinafter referred to as PR). Direct speech is enclosed in quotation marks. A colon is placed between the author’s words and direct speech if the PR is after the SA.
Let us schematically present to you proposals with PR. Let us only take into account that A are the words of the author, and P is direct speech:
- A: "P".
- A: “P!”
- A: “P?”
- "P" - a.
- "P!" - A.
- "P?" - A.
Where the letter is capital (A, P), we begin the sentence with a capital letter. Where there is a lowercase letter (a, p), we write with a small letter.
In situations where the SA breaks the PR, commas should be placed as follows:
- "P". - without the words of the author. Example: “Think better, two days are unlikely to be enough for us.”
- "P, - a, - p." - with the words of the author. Example: “Think better,” I said, “two days are unlikely to be enough for us.”
- "P? P". - without SA. Example: “Do you like her? Sasha spilled the beans to me.”
- "P? - A. - P". - with the words of the author. Example: “Do you like her? - I asked him. “Sasha spilled the beans to me.”
- "P! P". - without the words of the author. Example: “It’s so nice outside today! We need to go for a walk."
- "P! - A. - P". - with the words of the author. Example: “It’s so nice outside today! - I told my mother. “We need to go for a walk.”
- "P. P?" - without SA. Example: “It’s very cold in your room. Shall I close the window?
- “P, - a. - P?" - with the words of the author. Example: “It’s very cold in your room,” the grandmother told her grandchildren. - Will I close the window?
Conclusion
So, we have studied punctuation marks in address and direct speech. Examples helped you systematize and consolidate new knowledge. We hope you don't have any questions. Good luck in learning Russian!
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Punctuation marks when addressing.
Appeal- these are words that name the person to whom the speech is addressed. An appeal is used to draw attention to a message.
Names of persons (first names, nicknames, surnames), which are expressed by animate nouns, are often used as address, for example: You,father
, hold your pencil straight.
But in artistic speech, nouns and inanimate nouns can act as addresses: And may your happiness be in learning, you are my clear star!
Sentences in which addresses are used are often motivating and interrogative: How tender you are, silver night
, there is a flowering of silent and secret power in the soul!
In order to correctly place punctuation marks, we must remember that the address coincides in form with the subject (it is in the nominative case), but it is not grammatically connected with the predicate and is not a member of the sentence. Compare: My life, still flowing!– appeal . My life has not become any quieter - subject.
Appeals can be single or widespread. For example: Old man , forget about the past (uncirculated appeal ). Dear guests , you are welcome at the table (common appeal ). They can be at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of a sentence.
Calls may be repetitive, for example: Nina , ANing, come here. If a repeated expression is preceded by a particle A, then a comma is placed in front of it, and no sign is placed after it. In case of non-repeating address, A acts as an interjection and is separated by a comma, for example: - Ah, Vaska! - he said.
Personal pronouns YOU and YOU, as a rule, are not addresses, but act as the subject. However, they can be part of a common address, punctuationally standing out along with it, for example: Well, completeness, completeness,joker, joker you are like that!
The appeal stands out:
a comma or exclamation point if it is at the beginning of a sentence, for example: My friend Let us dedicate our souls to our homeland with wonderful impulses.
on both sides with commas if it is in the middle of a sentence, for example: Rash you, bird cherry, snow.
a comma before the address if it is at the end of the sentence, and after the address the sign that is needed according to the meaning of the sentence is placed: Start the serenade, starling!
Between two addresses connected by a non-repeating conjunction. There is no comma, for example: Hello,sunshine and a cheerful morning!
The particle O, standing before the address, is not separated from it by any sign, for example: Oh my dear, my tender, beautiful garden! But if O acts as an interjection (with the meaning “ah”), then a comma is placed after it, for example: Oh children why are you making so much noise!
