At different stages it compiles the main stages of designing construction projects. The general sequence of design work forms a project design scheme, which should ensure the achievement of effective solutions.
Depending on the complexity of the construction of the facility, the recommended number of design stages is determined, the number of which may vary greatly. In accordance with the provisions of DBN A.2.2-3-20004 “Composition, procedure for development, coordination and approval of design documentation for construction,” the required number of design stages is discussed between the designer and the client.
For structures that are erected without the use of technically complex elements, it is developed in one or two stages, taking into account the necessary measures. This also applies to projects of reuse and mass use, as well as design documentation of the first and second levels of complexity.
Construction projects of the third category of complexity are designed in two stages.
Structures of the fourth and fifth levels of complexity, as well as objects with many architectural, aesthetic, environmental, urban planning requirements or a large number of standards in the field of engineering support, when introducing new construction technologies, when using new materials and structures, design is carried out in three mandatory stages.
There are the following main design stages:
1. Pre-design proposal, which is developed for complex architectural structures. For example, for those objects that are subject to special requirements for architectural expressiveness and the artistic appearance of the building.
2. A feasibility study, or technical and economic calculation, is carried out in accordance with the client’s instructions for industrial structures and transport activities, which require a detailed description and justification of the selected solutions, as well as in determining the economic feasibility of constructing the structure.
3. Draft design: drawn up on the basis of the design specifications and initial data and requires approval from the main architectural organizations of the city.
4. Project, which is the most labor-intensive design stage. Based on this documentation, a construction permit is obtained, and the upcoming costs of constructing the facility are calculated.
5. The working design includes a set of documentation regulating construction and installation work. At this stage, all design details are clarified, drawings, estimates, and other documents are drawn up, based on which the contractor will control the execution of the work.
6. Detailed documentation: this stage is created on the basis of the agreed previous design stage. With the permission of the client (customer), this stage can be developed and supplemented by other persons authorized to carry out design work.
In accordance with SPI-101-95 “The procedure for the development, coordination, approval and composition of justification for investments in the construction of enterprises, buildings and structures”, the design preparation of construction, as a rule, consists of three main stages.
At the first stage the purpose of the investment, the purpose and capacity of the construction project, the range of products or services, the location of the facility are determined, the possibilities of financing and the achievement of the planned technical and economic indicators are assessed.
After the development of the first stage, the customer submits a petition (declaration) of intent to the local executive authorities. For production facilities, it provides technical and technological data about enterprises, the approximate number of workers and employees, and the approximate need of the enterprise for raw materials and supplies, energy resources, water, land resources, considerations about the possible impact of the enterprise on the environment, provision of workers and their families with housing and social facilities.
Having received a positive conclusion on the petition of intent, the customer begins to develop the “Construction Investment Justification”.
Second phase begins with the development of “Substantiation of investments in construction” (“Substantiation”), which is carried out with the aim of making a decision on the economic necessity, technical feasibility, commercial, economic and social feasibility of investments.
Third stage- coordination, examination and approval of the developed “Rationale”.
When designing, a distinction is made between the pre-design stage and the stages of direct design of the object.
The pre-design stage combines the first and second stages of design preparation for construction in the investment process.
The assignment for the development of the “Substantiation” must contain requirements for architectural, construction, space-planning and design solutions, requirements for environmental protection, special construction conditions and the main technical and economic indicators of the project.
Approval of the “Justifications” is carried out on the basis of the conclusion of the state examination and the decision of the local executive authority to approve the site of construction of the facility.
Depending on the complexity of the object, design documentation for the construction of enterprises, buildings and structures can be developed in one or two stages. For technically simple objects, the construction of which is carried out mainly on projects of mass and repeated use, as well as objects of technical re-equipment, the development of design and estimate documentation is carried out in one stage - a working draft.
The design of technically complex objects (many individual and structurally complex buildings, a large number of participants in construction production) is carried out in two stages: design and working documentation.
The composition of the project, as a design stage, according to the “Instructions on the procedure for development, coordination, approval and composition of design documentation for the construction of enterprises, buildings and structures” (SNiP 11-01-95) includes the following sections:
general explanatory note;
master plan and transport;
technological solutions;
organization and working conditions of workers;
production and enterprise management and organization of working conditions and labor protection for workers and employees;
architectural and construction solutions;
engineering equipment,
networks and systems;
organization of construction;
environmental protection;
civil defense engineering and technical measures;
estimate documentation;
investment efficiency.
Based on the approved project, working documentation is developed, including local estimates, statements of volumes and requirements for materials for construction and installation work, and collections of equipment specifications.
Composition, procedure for development, coordination and approval of project documentation.
Project documentation intended for approval (Stage “Project”, approved part of the detailed design) - documentation containing architectural and urban planning solutions that take into account social, economic, functional, engineering, technological, fire safety, sanitary and hygienic, environmental, architectural, artistic and other requirements for the facility, to the extent necessary for the development of working documentation, and also including the estimated cost of construction.
Project documentation is developed on the basis of initial permitting documentation in accordance with the requirements of building codes, architectural and planning assignments and design assignments.
The development of design documentation for the construction of facilities is carried out in accordance with and taking into account the approved urban planning documentation and approved justifications for investments in the construction or reconstruction of the facility.
Before the start of design work, pre-design preparation of construction takes place, which consists of assessing the compliance of the located object with previously developed urban planning documentation, collecting initial data and developing initial permitting documentation in accordance with the approved urban planning documentation or if there is an urban planning justification for the placement of the object.
The purpose of pre-design studies is: urban planning justification for the placement of a new construction project or reconstruction of an existing one, establishment of investment attractiveness, the possibility of reconstruction or construction of an object on a specific site, taking into account urban planning, socio-economic, historical and cultural, environmental, sanitary and hygienic standards and requirements .
The collection of initial permitting documentation is carried out by the Customer in accordance with the design contract; if there is an appropriate license, the Designer may be involved in this work.
Composition of the initial permitting documentation:
Permission to carry out urban planning activities.
A document certifying the customer’s right to a land plot.
Architectural and planning task.
Design assignment according to the established form.
Situation plan, M 1:10000, 1:5000, 1:2000.
Copying from the master plan of the relevant urban planning, design and planning documentation, M 1: 2000, 1: 1000, 1: 500.
Technical conditions for connection to utilities, networks and structures with a diagram indicating connection points.
if necessary:
Measurement drawings of existing buildings on the construction site.
Historical and architectural reference plan.
Historical and cultural studies.
Certificates and conclusions on the environmental and sanitary characteristics of the surrounding development area and sanitary zones;
Engineering-geological surveys.
Urban planning conclusion.
Restoration task (for restoration objects).
Technological specification (for industrial facilities, as well as public ones with special technology).
An architectural and planning assignment is issued by the local architecture and urban planning authority on the basis of a design assignment.
Design assignment is an obligatory part of the initial documentation, approved by the Customer and determining the nature and scope of architectural and urban planning activities for the facility, including the entire range of basic requirements of the Customer and the conditions of the initial permitting documentation.
The design assignment is drawn up and approved by the Customer together with the designer (author of the project).
Sections of project documentation. Design stages
Design preparation for construction and reconstruction of a facility includes the following stages:
Development, coordination and approval of an architectural and urban planning solution - an architectural project (can be developed as part of project documentation);
Development, coordination, examination and approval of project documentation;
Development of working documentation.
The stages of design of a construction project are established by the Customer together with the designer in the design assignment.
Stage "Sketch Design" (ED) - for technically complex objects with respect to urban planning, architectural, artistic and environmental requirements, engineering support, as well as the basis for drawing up architectural and planning assignments and design assignments, preparation of initial permitting documentation.
Stage Project (P) is the main approved stage of designing construction and reconstruction projects.
Stage Working documentation (DD) - a set of documents necessary for construction and installation work.
Stage Detailed draft (DP) - a stage that combines the two previous stages, namely the project and working documentation.
The design documentation at the Draft Design (DS) stage includes:
General explanatory note with initial permitting documentation.
Situation plan, M 1:5000, 1:2000.
Basic plan (plan of the existing use of the territory), M 1:1000,1:500.
General plan, M 1:1000, 1:500.
Plans of the first and non-repeating floors, facades, sections, M 1:200, 1:100,1:50.
Demonstration material (layout, general appearance, color scheme).
The design documentation at the Project (P) stage, the approved part of the working design (DP), includes:
Initial materials for design;
General explanatory note;
Master plan and transport;
Architectural and construction solutions;
Solutions for engineering equipment and systems;
Network engineering;
Environmental protection and sanitary and hygienic requirements;
Engineering and technical measures of civil defense. Measures to prevent emergency situations;
Technological solutions (if necessary);
Organization of construction (if necessary);
Summary estimate of construction costs;
Justification of investment efficiency (if necessary).
Organization and working conditions of workers (for production facilities);
Production and enterprise management (for production facilities).
The working draft is developed in a reduced volume and composition, determined depending on the type of construction and functional purpose of the facility, in relation to the composition and content of the “Project” stage.
The working design includes working documentation.
Working documentation - is a set of working drawings and text documents containing the necessary information about the construction project, and is the basis for construction and installation work, as well as the manufacture of building products in factories or directly on the construction site.
Working documentation for construction must be issued to the customer in full. In this case, the composition of the working documentation in each specific case is established when concluding agreements (contracts) between the customer and the contractor.
The working documentation for the construction of a building or structure generally includes:
basic sets of working drawings intended for construction and installation work;
working documentation for construction products in accordance with GOST 21.501, provided for by the corresponding basic sets of working drawings;
specifications of equipment, products and materials according to GOST 21.110;
statements of requirements for materials, statements of volumes of construction and installation work;
estimate documentation according to established forms (consolidated estimate calculation, object and local estimates).
The construction of buildings and structures is carried out according to projects, which are a set of technical documentation containing calculations, drawings, explanatory notes, estimates and other design materials.
The development of projects in the Republic of Kazakhstan is carried out by design organizations, for example in Almaty: Almatygiprogor, Kazgor, Voenoproekt, Hydroproject, Kazdorproject, Metroproject, Aeroproject, Mostproekt, etc.
A graphic representation of a creative concept in the field of architecture and construction is usually called construction drawing or architectural and construction project.
The idea can be presented in descriptive form, but in technology and architecture a graphic image (drawing) conveys it more clearly and completely. Therefore, it is not without reason that they say that “a drawing is a language.”
A modern architectural and construction project must take into account the achievements of science, technology and advanced domestic and foreign experience. The project should also ensure high efficiency of capital investments through the introduction of high-performance equipment, mechanization and automation of production processes, increasing the degree of factory readiness of building structures and products, the use of industrial construction methods, and improving the space-planning and design solutions of buildings and structures. The project must also provide for a high level of urban planning and architectural solutions, rational use of land, environmental protection, seismic resistance, explosion and fire safety.
Design assignment. Design organizations begin to develop projects on the basis of a design assignment, which is drawn up by the project customer - the ministry, the main department. The design assignment is drawn up by the customer together with the general designer based on materials and calculations performed for the given facility.
The design assignment contains: the name of the building or structure under construction; basis for design; area, point and place of construction; requirements for developing project options; name of the general design organization and construction organization of the general contractor, etc.
The composition, procedure for development, coordination and approval of design and estimate documentation depends on the type of design work. For example, according to SN 202 - 81*, the design of enterprises, buildings and structures is carried out either in one or two stages.
Two-stage design
Design, those. drawing up, or, as they say, developing a project, is the primary stage in the process of creating any building or structure.
Project. Design stages determine the sequence of project development and differ in the degree of detail of design solutions. In a two-stage design, a project for the construction of a building and structure or their phases consists of the following stages that characterize and evaluate the main design solutions: a project with a summary cost estimate and working documentation with estimates developed for large and complex objects. The project consists of the following sections: general explanatory note; basic drawings (situational plan for the location of the building), construction solutions (brief description and justification of the decisions made, basic drawings; plans, sections and facades of buildings and structures built according to individual projects, according to standard projects);
draft solutions for anti-corrosion protection of building structures, route diagrams of external engineering and transport communications (on a situational plan); organization of construction.
Working documentation for construction buildings and structures should consist of working drawings developed in accordance with the requirements of state standards, estimates, a statement of volumes of construction and installation work, a summary statement of the need for materials, labor costs and consumption of basic building materials.
Working drawings for the construction of facilities are developed in the following composition: drawings for construction and installation work, drawings (plans and sections). Drawings of building structure elements, detail drawings of metal structures. In addition, working drawings should include working drawings of complex non-standard temporary structures and communications. In a two-stage design, the second stage is completed after the first is completed. Materials of the first stage (project) are submitted for examination and approval.
One-stage design
A working design is drawn up for buildings and structures, the construction of which will be carried out according to standard and re-used designs, as well as for technically simple objects.
The working design for the construction of a building and structure or their phases should consist of sections: a general explanatory note, including initial data for the design, justification for the selected construction site; basic drawings, including a situational plan for the location of the building indicating external communications, utility networks, etc.; general plan.
Standard project
Mass construction buildings, as a rule, are constructed according to standard designs.
Typical projects are being developed to speed up the preparation and reduce the cost of construction design documentation, improve its quality, use unified solutions in construction, and reduce the estimated cost of construction.
When developing standard projects for objects, structural and architectural solutions can be developed in several options on a competitive basis.
The approximate composition of working drawings for standard projects is as follows (Fig. 1.42): explanatory note, and architectural and construction drawings, drawings of concrete, reinforced concrete and steel structures, drawings for ventilation and heating, air conditioning, water supply and sewerage, electrical engineering, communications and alarm systems, automation production.
Architectural and construction drawings consist of a diagram of the general plan of the enterprise on a scale of 1:1000 or 1:2000 with an explication of the structure and technical and economic indicators; plans of buildings and structures on a scale of 1:100, 1:200 or 1:400 and sections on a scale of 1:200, floor plans; drawings of non-standard products, parts, foundations and underground facilities, diagrams for filling lantern window openings, instructions for interior design, etc.
Drawings of concrete, reinforced concrete and steel structures include: marking and installation diagrams, diagrams with specifications of structural and connecting elements.
Note: sections of the documentation highlighted with a dashed line are submitted for examination (approval) and approval
Figure 1.42 Stages of development and sections of design and estimate documentation for construction: A - large and complex enterprises, buildings (structures) or their queues; B - enterprises, buildings (structures) or their queues, the construction of which is provided for according to standard and reusable economical projects.
Drawings for heating, ventilation and air conditioning, electrical engineering, communications and alarms consist of schematic plans of buildings indicating ventilation units and equipment characteristics, plans and sections, heating and hot water supply piping diagrams. The standard project must include estimates.
Individual projects are developed for unique buildings that are distinguished by architectural significance and particularly complex technological and design solutions (theatres, museums, individual industrial buildings, etc.).
Basic Design Principles
Despite the variety and complexity of issues that arise during the development of projects, buildings and structures, the design process is carried out on the basis of general design principles aimed at increasing the cost-effectiveness of design solutions. The most important of these is the principle variations.
The optimal option can be identified through a comprehensive assessment of possible options according to a set of various criteria that most fully reflect the basic requirements of production conditions, technology, sanitation, sociology, aesthetics, etc.
During the project development process, an important principle is subsequence design from the general to the specific, when the issues of justification for construction are sequentially resolved, then, on the basis of the design assignment, the main space-planning, structural and other solutions are determined, after which - detailing to the degree of readiness of the design documentation, according to which it is possible to carry out construction and installation work.
The principle of great importance when designing complexity design solutions, when the project mutually links all parts of the project - technological, architectural and construction, sanitary, energy, transport, etc. The mutual linkage of parts of the project affects the quality of the project, construction and installation work and, ultimately, the estimated cost of the designed facility .
One of the most effective means in implementing the industrialization of construction is standard design. The widespread use of standard unified dimensional diagrams, parts and products, standard sections, buildings and structures makes it possible to reduce the work of designers, reduce design time, reduce the cost of design work and improve their quality. At the same time, the technological, architectural, construction, aesthetic and operational qualities of buildings and structures of industrial enterprises are improved.
Building design is one of the main stages and an integral part of the construction process. The design process is the activity of one or a group of people aimed at creating a set of documentation for the construction of an object, its repair or disposal.
The building design can be standard or individual.
A typical project is a project that involves multiple implementations of this project. A good example is the standard series of residential buildings. The use of standard designs makes it possible to reduce the construction time of a facility and the cost through the use of mass-produced materials.
An individual project is a project created for implementation in a single copy. An individual project may contain standard designs and subsequently become a standard project. It is rational to order an individual project if there are no standard projects that fully satisfy the customer’s requirements.
The entire design process, depending on the purpose of the building, can be divided into 3 stages.
Preliminary design
At this stage, the main parameters of the future building, the composition and purpose of the premises are worked out, a layout and visualization are created. At this stage, design documentation is not subject to approval by state supervisory authorities.
A preliminary design can be a document containing layouts, 3D visualizations and characteristics of the future building. A reduced scale model of the building can be made.
Project documentation
At this stage, design documentation is being developed for examination.
The composition of the design documentation is determined by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated February 16, 2008 No. 87 and consists of:
explanatory note (EP);
schemes of planning organization of a land plot" (PZU) - general plan of the building;
architectural solutions (AR);
constructive and space-planning solutions (CR);
information about engineering equipment (IOS) - electricity, gas and water supply, water disposal, heating, ventilation and air conditioning, low-current networks, technological solutions;
construction organization project (COP);
list of environmental protection measures (EPM);
measures to ensure fire safety (FS);
measures to ensure access for persons with disabilities (ADI);
estimates and other necessary sections.
Technical solutions in the design documentation must be developed to such an extent that an expert can make a conclusion about the safety of the structure; all materials must be calculated to draw up estimates. In fact, the building can be built according to the design documentation because At this stage, all the main structural elements and components are already available. The constructed facility must satisfy the design documentation that has passed the examination, therefore, if the design documentation is developed in sufficient detail, then the development of working documentation is not required.
If there are no strict design standards for the preliminary design, then the design and working documentation must be drawn up in accordance with the unified design documentation system (ESKD).
Working documentation
At this stage, documentation is developed, which is transferred directly to the builders who will construct the building.
Detailed documentation is developed on the basis of approved design documentation and must fully comply with it.
The main differences between working documentation and design documentation are the degree of elaboration of components and parts, although the bill of materials and main components should already be at the design documentation stage. In other words, in the working documentation, minor components and parts are added that do not affect the strength of the building frame.
Consider the building design process
This activity includes the following steps:
1) collection of information
2) search for the best technical solution
3) strength calculation
4) development of design documentation
5) calculation of the cost of sales (estimates)
6) coordination with supervisory authorities
To begin construction, we need a site on which the future building will be built. All lands in the Russian Federation are divided into certain categories depending on their intended purpose. The title documents for a land plot define the category of land and say that it is possible to build on this plot. If you need to build a building that does not correspond to the category of allocated land, then it is necessary to legally change the category of land, otherwise the construction will be illegal, which threatens with great consequences.
I would like to note that examination is not required for the following capital construction projects:
1) detached residential buildings with no more than three floors, intended for one family (individual housing construction projects);
2) residential buildings with no more than three floors, consisting of several blocks, the number of which does not exceed ten and each of which is intended for one family, has a common wall (common walls) without openings with the adjacent block or adjacent blocks, located on a separate plot of land and has access to public territory (blocked residential buildings);
3) apartment buildings with no more than three floors, consisting of one or more block sections, the number of which does not exceed four, each of which contains several apartments and common areas and each of which has a separate entrance with access to the common area use;
4) detached capital construction projects with no more than two floors, a total area of no more than 1,500 square meters and which are not intended for citizens’ residence and production activities;
5) detached capital construction projects with no more than two floors, a total area of no more than 1,500 square meters, which are intended for production activities and for which the establishment of sanitary protection zones is not required or for which within the boundaries of land plots where such facilities are located, the establishment of sanitary protection zones is required.
But the project is needed in any case.
Depending on what kind of object will be built, you can use an existing standard design or building layout, order a preliminary design, or complete the project from scratch.
The development of project documentation should be carried out by an organization that has the appropriate SRO approval (self-regulatory organization), however, if the project is not subject to examination, then SRO approval is not required.
To start designing, the following initial data is required:
— design assignment, in which the requirements for the future building should be specified in as much detail as possible;
— geological and geodetic surveys of the construction site on which the building is planned to be erected;
— topographic survey, situational plan, layout of utility networks at the construction site;
— technical conditions for connecting to utility networks (electricity, water, gas, sewerage, data transmission networks, disposal of liquid and solid waste);
— architectural and planning assignment for design;
— initial data for drawing up estimates (conversion factor or prices for work and materials);
— conclusion on the condition of building structures (during reconstruction);
— description of the technological process and requirements for premises or building structures.
The design assignment is drawn up by the customer, in which he prescribes the basic requirements for the future building. This assignment is the basis for signing and an integral part of the contract for the provision of design work.
The customer can order engineering geological and geodetic surveys from a third party and transfer them to the design bureau, or specify the execution of these works in an agreement with the design organization. In any case, the research must be carried out by an organization that has the appropriate SRO approval.
If a preliminary design has been made, it will be the basis for creating design documentation.
If the project is based on a standard series, then the main task is to link the project to the construction site and develop a foundation design.
To create design documentation for an industrial building, you must first develop a production technology, arrange equipment in accordance with the production cycle, think over the best option for loading and unloading products, and develop a project based on these data.
In accordance with the requirements of production technology, construction, sanitary, fire requirements, the adopted architectural concept of the building, the conditions of the local market for building materials, we select the construction technology of the future building. Any construction technology has its advantages and disadvantages.
Next, one or more models of the building are created and a strength calculation is made, the main sections of the load-bearing elements are selected, and a technical and economic calculation is performed. Based on the technical and economic calculation, a version of the building frame is adopted and design documentation is developed.
Project documentation must comply with the required construction, sanitary and fire regulations, technical specifications and purpose of the building.
Based on the topographic survey, a general plan is created, on which all nearby buildings and networks should be indicated.
The developed design documentation must undergo examination.
After passing the examination, a construction permit is issued and, if necessary, working documentation is developed.
During the construction process, changes may be made to the design documentation. If such changes affect issues of ensuring construction, fire or sanitary standards, then a re-examination is required.
Posted in , Tagged ,In accordance with SP11-101-95 “The procedure for the development, coordination, approval and composition of justifications for investments in the construction of enterprises, buildings and structures,” the design preparation of construction consists of three main stages.
Stage 1. The purpose of the investment, purpose, capacity of the facility, product range, location, planned technical and economic indicators are determined. After this, the customer submits a petition (declaration) of intent to the executive authorities. For production facilities, it provides technical and technological data about the enterprises, the approximate number of workers and employees, the approximate need for raw materials, water, land, the possible impact on the natural environment, the provision of workers with housing and social and cultural facilities. Having received a positive conclusion on the application, the customer begins to develop the “Justification for Investment in Construction”.
Stage 2. It begins with the development of a “Justification for Investment in Construction”, which is carried out with the aim of making a decision on the economic necessity, technical feasibility, commercial, economic, economic and social feasibility of investments.
Stage 3. – coordination, examination and approval of the developed “Rationale”.
When designing, there are pre-design stage and direct design.
Stage 1 and 2 are the pre-project stage.
Depending on the complexity of the object, design documentation for the construction of enterprises, buildings and structures can be developed in one or two stages.
For technically simple objects, the construction of which is carried out according to mass-use projects, the development of design documentation is carried out in one stage - working draft.
The design of technically complex objects is carried out in two stages: project and working documentation.
The project includes includes the following sections:
General explanatory note;
Master plan and transport;
Technological solutions;
Organization and working conditions of workers;
Management of production and enterprise and organization of conditions and labor protection of workers and employees;
Architectural and construction solutions;
Engineering equipment, networks and systems;
Organization of construction; - environmental protection;
Civil defense engineering and technical measures;
Estimate documentation;
Investment efficiency.
2.3. Design and survey organizations.
Design and survey organizations performing work for the construction complex include design, survey, integrated design and survey research organizations and firms, design bureaus, and workshop groups.
The design organization is built on the principle of specialization of design organizations by economic sectors and types of work.
The design of industrial construction projects is carried out by specialized design organizations:
- complex, specializing in the integrated design of production process technology and the construction part of buildings and structures;
-technological specializing in the design of production process technology for enterprises in certain sectors of the economy (metallurgical, mechanical engineering, shipbuilding, chemical, oil, etc.);
- construction, specializing in the design of the construction part of certain types of buildings and objects.
The design of residential and civil facilities is carried out by the Central Research and Design Institutes, zonal and territorial institutes in regional and regional cities.
In recent years, the development of the construction part of working documentation has begun to be transferred to construction organizations and design-build and design-industrial-construction associations have been formed.
Design and construction companies successfully work in the USA, Great Britain, Germany, Japan, etc.
The design organization developing the technological part of the industrial enterprise project is general design organization (General Designer).
She is responsible for the entire project complex. To develop individual parts of the project, specialized design organizations are involved - subcontractor design organizations.
Design organizations are responsible for the efficiency and safety of designed facilities, compliance with regulatory design documents.
The main person responsible for the quality of design documentation is the chief project engineer (PIP) and the chief architect (CAP), who exercise supervision over the implementation of the project during the construction of the building.
2.4. Survey work.
An important element of the pre-design stage of designing objects in construction is economic, engineering or technical research, as a result of which the economic feasibility and technical feasibility of construction are determined.
Research I - a complex of economic and engineering studies of the area or construction site, allowing for a comprehensive analysis of the conditions of construction and operation of the future facility, to justify the economic feasibility and technical feasibility and volume of new enterprises, buildings and structures being built or reconstructed, and the preparation of initial data for design.
Research is divided into economic And engineering or technical.
Economic research– identification and justification of options for providing construction with raw materials, local materials, fuel, energy, water, gas, heat, transport links, labor, housing, cultural and community institutions.
Economic survey data is the source for subsequent design stages - project development and working documentation.
Engineering (technical) surveys are carried out with the aim of obtaining:
1.Materials about the natural conditions of the territory, on which construction and reconstruction of capital construction projects will be carried out, and the factors of technogenic impact on the environment, the forecast of their changes, necessary for developing decisions regarding such a territory;
2.Materials necessary to justify the layout of buildings, structures, structures, adoption of constructive and space-planning decisions in relation to these buildings, structures, structures, design of engineering protection of such objects, development of environmental protection measures, construction organization project, reconstruction of capital construction projects;
3. Materials necessary for carrying out calculations of foundations, foundations and structures of buildings, structures, structures, their engineering protection, developing decisions on carrying out preventive and other necessary measures, performing earthworks, as well as preparing decisions on issues that arose during the preparation of project documentation, its approval or approval.
The need to perform individual engineering surveys, the composition and method of their implementation are established taking into account the requirements of technical regulations by an engineering survey program developed on the basis of the developer’s or customer’s instructions, depending on the type and purpose of capital construction projects, their potential danger, the stage of architectural and construction design, and also on the complexity of topographical, geotechnical, environmental, hydrological, meteorological and climatic conditions of the territory on which construction and reconstruction of capital construction projects will be carried out, and the degree of knowledge of these conditions.
Topographic-geodetic give an idea of the character and topography of the area.
Geological and hydrogeological surveys identify the bearing capacity, structure, condition, construction properties of soils, groundwater levels, amplitude of fluctuations and aggressiveness of water, etc.
Hydrometeorological surveys study river basins, lakes, reservoirs, air temperature and humidity, precipitation, snow cover, wind rose, etc. This data is necessary for the design and organization of construction work.
Soil-botanical surveys identify the condition of soils and vegetation to design landscaping.
Sanitary and hygienic surveys I determine the state of the environment and the impact of future construction on it for the design of environmental protection and treatment facilities, conditions for the removal and neutralization of wastewater, the degree of air pollution, etc.
The organization of surveys is carried out by the general designer. To carry out survey work, there is a network of territorial survey organizations and design and survey organizations.
2.5.Organizational and technological design.
To carry out construction and installation work in an efficient way and with high technical and economic indicators, organizational and technological documentation is developed - construction organization project (COP) and work execution project (PPR)
The PIC is developed by the design organization or, at its request, by another design organization.
Source materials for PIC development serve:
Urban planning plan of the land plot;
Construction feasibility study or calculations justifying the economic necessity and economic feasibility of constructing a given facility and the assignment for its design;
Engineering survey materials;
Recommended solutions for general contracting and subcontracting organizations on the use of materials and structures, means of mechanization of construction and installation work; the procedure for providing construction with energy resources, water, temporary utility networks, as well as local construction materials;
Information on the conditions of delivery and transportation from enterprises supplying building structures, finished products, materials, equipment;
Space-planning and design solutions for buildings, structures and basic technological diagrams of the main production of the facility to be built, broken down into start-up complexes;
Other information, data and activities necessary for the development of the PIC.
The PIC includes:
A) calendar plan construction, which determines the timing, order of construction of main and auxiliary buildings and structures, technological units and stages with the distribution of capital investments and volumes of construction and installation work among buildings, structures and construction periods.
The capital plan for the preparatory period is drawn up separately.
B) construction master plans for the preparatory and main periods construction with the location of permanent buildings and structures, locations of temporary buildings and structures, permanent and temporary railways and roads and other routes for transporting equipment; structures and products, paths for moving heavy-duty cranes, utility networks, places for connecting temporary utilities to existing networks, indicating the sources of supplying the construction site with electricity, water, heat, steam, storage areas; main assembly cranes and other construction machines, mechanized installations; existing and subject to demolition buildings, places for signs for fixing the alignment axes of buildings and structures;
IN) organizational and technological diagrams, determining the optimal sequence of construction of buildings and structures, indicating the technological sequence of work;
G) statement of volumes of main construction and special works, highlighting work on main buildings and structures and start-up complexes and construction periods;
D) statement of requirements for building structures, products, materials and equipment with distribution by calendar periods of construction, compiled for the construction site as a whole and for the main buildings and structures based on the volume of work and the current standards for the production of construction machinery and means of transport;
AND) schedule of demand for construction workers by main categories;
H) explanatory note, containing basic initial data, justification of methods of organization and technology of construction production, needs for personnel and material and technical resources, instructions on methods for implementing instrumental control over the quality of structures, measures for labor protection and safety, a list of conditions for preserving the natural environment.
POS for simple objects can be developed in a reduced volume and consist of a construction calendar plan with the introduction of work in the preparatory period; construction master plan; data on the volume of construction and installation works and the construction needs for basic materials, structures, products and equipment; schedule of the need for construction machines and vehicles; a brief explanatory note, including labor protection measures and technical and economic indicators.
PPR for the construction of new buildings and structures are developed by contractors.
For certain types of work, PPRs are developed by design or design organizations at the request of the general contractor.
Source materials for the development of PPR serve:
A development assignment issued by a construction organization as a customer of the project, with justification for the need to develop it for the building as a whole, indicating the development time frame;
Necessary working documentation;
Terms of delivery of all resources;
Materials and results of technical inspection of existing enterprises, buildings and structures during their reconstruction, as well as requirements for the performance of construction and special work in the conditions of an existing enterprise.
Composition of PPR:
A) work schedule for the facility or a comprehensive network schedule that establishes the sequence and timing of work with the maximum possible combination of them;
b) construction master plan;
V) technological maps to perform certain types of work with the inclusion of operational quality control schemes;
G) solutions for geodetic work, including layouts of signs for performing geodetic constructions and measurements;
D) safety solutions;
E) solutions for laying temporary water networks-, heat and power supply;
AND) lists of technological equipment and mounting equipment, as well as load slinging schemes;
H) explanatory note, containing:
The need for energy resources and solutions to cover it.
2.6. Coordination, examination and approval of design and estimate documentation.
Design and estimate documentation must be developed in full compliance with the norms, rules, instructions and state standards, which must be certified by the corresponding record of the chief engineer of the project for the construction of an enterprise, building, structure.
Working drawings developed in full accordance with the approved project are not subject to approval.
The customer, with the participation of the general design organization, coordinates with the general contracting construction organization the section of the project “Construction Organization” and estimates drawn up according to working drawings.
The customer submits constructive solutions for buildings and structures and a summary estimate of the cost of construction to the general contractor for conclusion.
The general contracting construction organization, with the involvement of subcontractors, reviews the section of the project “Construction Organization”, design solutions for buildings and structures and a summary estimate of the cost of construction and submits comments to the customer within no more than 45 days from the date of receipt of these materials. If comments are received within this period, the project is considered agreed upon and can be approved by the customer.
Estimates drawn up according to working drawings are reviewed by the general contracting construction organization with the involvement of subcontractors, comments on them are submitted to the customer within no more than 45 days from the date of their receipt by the general contractor. If comments are not received within this period, the estimates are considered agreed upon and can be approved by the customer.
Regardless of the sources of financing, forms of ownership and affiliation, design and estimate documentation is subject to state examination.
State examination is not carried out in relation to design documentation for the following capital construction projects:
1. Detached residential buildings with no more than 3 floors, intended for residence of one family;
2. Residential buildings with no more than 3 floors, consisting of several blocks, the number of which does not exceed 10 and each of which is intended for one family, has a common wall, is located on a separate plot of land and has access to a common area;
3. Apartment buildings with no more than 3 floors, consisting of one or more block sections th, the number of which does not exceed 4, each of which contains several apartments and common areas and each of which has a separate entrance with access to the common area;
4. Separate capital construction projects with a number of floors of no more than 2, the total area of which is no more than 1,500 square meters and which are not intended for citizen residence and production activities;
5. Separate capital construction projects with a number of floors of no more than 2, the total area of which is no more than 1500 square meters, which are intended for production activities and for which the establishment of sanitary protection zones is not required or for which within the boundaries of land plots where such facilities are located, the establishment of sanitary protection zones is required.
State examination of design documentation is carried out by the federal executive body authorized to conduct state examination of design documentation, or by a state institution subordinate to it.
Control questions
1. What is a project called?
2. What is design?
3. What is the main design task in construction?
4. What is a “design brief”?
5. What is “justification of investments in construction”?
6. Stages and stages of design.
7. What is the composition of the project?
8. Design and survey organizations and their types.
9. What is “survey work” and its types?
10. Organization of survey work.
11. What is organizational and technological documentation?
12. What is a PIC and who develops it?
13. What are the initial data for developing a PIC?
14. What is the composition and volume of the PIC?
15. What is PPR and who develops it?
16. What are the initial data for developing the PPR?
17. What is the composition and volume of the PPR?
18. Coordination, examination and approval of design and estimate documentation.
3.Preparation of construction production.
3.1. The role and importance of preparation of construction production.
In conditions of increasing complexity and deepening specialization of construction, continuous improvement of technology, mechanization means, methods of organization and management, the timely and high-quality preparation of construction production(PSP). Dozens of general construction and specialized organizations and thousands of workers are often involved in the construction of industrial enterprises, structures, residential buildings and cultural and community facilities. This necessitates the preparation of a well-thought-out and interconnected plan for their joint activities.
PSP, covers a wide range of issues, depends on many factors: nomenclature, complexity and volume of construction, belonging of buildings and structures to one or another branch of material production, capacity of construction organizations and cooperation of construction organizations and other indicators.
Preparation of construction production in the total volume of construction of any facility is approximately 14-17% of the estimated cost, 16-19% of the total labor intensity and 14-20% of the duration of construction of buildings and structures.
PSP is understood as a set of interrelated organizational, technical, planning, economic and financial documents and measures, timely developed and implemented in construction in order to ensure the implementation of planned construction programs with the greatest economic efficiency.
The main task of the PSP of a construction organization is the systematic deployment and implementation of construction and installation works and other types of work that ensure the commissioning of facilities and industrial enterprises on time with high technical and economic indicators and quality of work.
It is possible to organize construction production if there are design estimates, organizational and technological documentation and subject to timely, comprehensive and high-quality design plans and their implementation on time.
In 1979, TsNIIOMPTP developed the “Guide to a unified system for preparing construction production.”
The unified system for the preparation of construction production (USPSP) is understood as a set of interconnected preparatory measures of an organizational, technical, technological nature, ensuring the possibility of deploying and carrying out the construction of facilities for timely commissioning.
The main task of the CSP is to ensure, through a set of state and industry standards, the mandatory implementation of the necessary measures for PSP for all organizations.
Unity of methods, means and technology used;
Streamlining and unification of organizational and technological solutions and document flow;
Widespread use of EMM and computer technology;
Mandatory nature of PSP measures for the implementation of the CESSP includes the following steps:
General organizational and technical training;
Preparation for construction of the facility;
Preparation for construction and installation works.
3.2.General organizational and technical training.
General organizational and technical training should include:
Providing construction design and estimate documentation;
Allocation of site for construction;
Registration of construction financing;
Conclusion of construction agreements (contracts) and subcontracts;
Registration of permits and permits for work;
Resolving issues regarding the relocation of persons and organizations located in buildings subject to demolition;
Providing construction with access roads, electricity, water and heat supply, communication system and consumer services premises for construction personnel;
Organization of supplies for construction of equipment, structures, materials and finished products.
Main events general organizational and technical training performed by customers and design organizations and partially subcontracting and general contracting construction organizations.
3.3 Preparation for construction of the facility.
Preparation for the construction of each facility should include the study by engineering and technical personnel of design and estimate documentation, detailed familiarization with construction conditions, development of a work plan for off- and on-site preparatory work, construction of buildings and structures and their parts, as well as the implementation of the preparatory period work itself, taking into account environmental requirements and labor safety requirements.
Off-site preparatory work include the construction of access roads and berths, power lines with transformer substations, water supply networks with water intake structures, residential settlements for builders, necessary structures for the development of the production base of a construction organization, as well as structures and communication devices for construction management.
Off-site technical training is especially important when carrying out construction in the Far North, Siberia and the Far East. To carry out off-site technical preparation for construction during the preparatory period, special pioneer detachments with appropriate equipment and equipment are created in these areas. The main task of these detachments is to prepare the construction site to receive builders with their equipment, transport, and workers.
During the construction of relatively small facilities in developed areas, the amount of work on off-site technical preparation is small, sometimes not carried out, since all the necessary conditions for starting construction are available.
On-site preparatory work provide:
Delivery and acceptance of geodetic alignment base for construction and geodetic alignment work for laying utility networks, roads and construction of buildings and structures;
Clearing the construction site for construction and installation work;
Territory planning, artificial lowering of groundwater levels, relocation of existing and laying of new utility networks;
Construction of permanent and temporary roads, inventory fencing of the construction site with the organization of access control regime, if necessary;
Placement of mobile buildings and structures for production, storage, auxiliary, household and public purposes;
Construction of storage areas and premises for materials, structures and equipment;
Providing the construction site with fire-fighting water supply and equipment, lighting and alarm systems.
3.4. Technical and technological preparation for construction and installation work.
Technical and technological preparation for construction production represents preparation for carrying out construction and installation works at sites. It is carried out during the preparatory phase and throughout the entire construction period.
The task of technical and technological training is ensuring a high organizational and technical level of construction production, ensuring the implementation of construction and installation work in effective ways with the lowest production costs.
Technical and technological preparation for construction production includes the following activities:
1. General geodetic breakdown of buildings and structures and their parts;
2. Selection of technologies and methods for producing construction and installation works, making decisions on their material and personnel support;
3. Determination of the main means of mechanization of construction and installation work, their installation locations at the site (installation cranes, crane runways, etc.);
4. Acquisition or production of technological equipment, fixtures and other means for performing work in accordance with accepted methods and methods of their production;
5. Making decisions on the organization of labor when performing work, forming or determining teams, units, work shifts4
6. Formation of sets of construction, installation, control and measuring tools and other means of technical equipment for workers to carry out construction and installation work;
7. Formation of sets of scaffolding means, temporary fencing of workplaces and other organizational equipment for the safe conduct of work;
8. Organization of temporary lighting of workplaces;
9. Organization at construction sites of facilities for storage of structures, products, sites for larger assembly and pre-assembly preparation
10. Creation of a normative and technological stock of building structures, products and materials;
In preparation for construction and installation work the following must be done:
Work plans for certain types of work have been developed;
Signs of geodetic breakdown into parts of buildings and structures fixed on the ground were transferred and accepted;
Work organization measures were developed and implemented;
The necessary supply of building structures, materials and products has been created;
Construction machines and mobile mechanized units were delivered or relocated to the workplace.
Software used on construction sites, allows you to automate the solution of the following tasks:
Formation and processing of design and estimate documentation;
Development of documentation for the implementation of the construction organization’s program;
Formation and calculation of calendar schedules for construction and installation works;
Calculation of the need for construction machinery and mechanisms;
Calculation of the cost of construction and installation work and the need for material and technical resources;
Calculation of the regulatory framework of a construction organization;
Formation of operational work schedules;
Calculation of the delivery schedule for building structures, materials, parts and equipment to the site;
Calculation of the workforce requirement schedule;
Calculation of the need for basic construction machines, etc.
Control questions.
1.What is the role and significance of PSP?
2.What is the CESSP?
3.What is the composition of general organizational and technical training?
4.What is the preparation for the construction of the facility?
5.What is on-site preparatory work?
6.What is off-site preparatory work?
7.What is the composition of the preparation for construction and installation work?
8. Application of computers to solve PSP problems.
4. Organization of the flow method of construction production.
4.1. The essence of the flow organization of construction and installation works.
The flow production method is a scientific method organization of construction and construction and installation works, ensuring continuity and uniformity of construction production, the most rational use of the working time of workers and construction machines.
In construction, the flow method first began to be used in the 30s. XX century.
The essence of the flow organization of construction can be understood if we consider the construction of several identical buildings. They can be built in different ways.
1. Buildings are erected sequentially one after another. This method is called consistent. Plus This method means low intensity of consumption of all resources.
Disadvantages: a) long duration. For N buildings, during the construction of one building t, the total time will be T=Nt.
B) uneven consumption of material and labor resources by quantity, names, professions, qualifications.
2. All buildings are erected simultaneously. This method is called parallel. The duration of construction will be minimally equal to the duration of construction of one building.
Flaws: high intensity of consumption of building materials, a large number of workers of one specialty are required for a short period of time.
In-line method construction combines sequential and parallel methods of performing work. With the flow method of construction, the process of constructing buildings is divided into individual construction processes, each of which is carried out (if possible) in equal periods of time. In this case, the work is carried out sequentially on each building in accordance with the technology so that upon completion of the corresponding work at the first facility, the teams move to the next building, i.e. work is carried out in parallel.
Construction time will be shorter than with the sequential method, more than with the parallel method. The uniformity of consumption of all resources will be high.
Let's look at the essence and advantages of continuous construction organization over other methods using an example. Let's say you need to build m identical buildings.
Fig.1. Linear schedule of sequential execution of work.
The sequential method of constructing buildings is shown in Fig. 1, parallel in Fig. 2, continuous in Fig. 3.
Fig. 2. Schedule of parallel execution of work. Fig.3. Work flow schedule.
The following methods of organizing work on construction sites are distinguished.
Flow-operational– used when organizing labor in units. It provides for the division of labor between workers in a unit into work operations. The work is organized in such a way that workers perform their operations sequentially, rhythmically, one after another. For example: organizing bricklaying work.
Flow-dissected- used when organizing work in teams, which are divided into units. The work is organized in such a way that the units carry out their work consistently and rhythmically. For example: installation of a roll roof.
Thread-complex used in organizing labor in complex construction teams when performing complex construction and installation works or structural elements and parts of buildings. They organize a flow for the rhythmic execution of work by carpenters, reinforcers, concrete workers, formwork workers and other workers of other specialties.
The fundamental principles of in-line construction organizations are continuity and rhythm production process.
When designing the flow organization of construction and construction and installation works, the following concepts are used.
Scope of work– the space within which work is carried out.
Capture- this is a section of the work front into which it is divided to organize sequential rhythmic execution of work, the sequential transition of teams from occupation to occupation.
The grips are divided into plots- part of the grip on which the sequential execution of work for the team is organized.
During the construction of high-rise buildings, a vertically oriented construction flow is organized. In these cases, the building is divided into tiers, which essentially represent a capture.
The duration of work performed by a team on one job is called rhythm of work in the flow , or cyclicity module .
The time after which a new crew begins to carry out the cycle of work that follows the technology is called flow step .
