With the question "What is phonetics?" Sooner or later, any educated person faces. Why? Well, firstly, such sciences as phonetics and phonology are superficially studied in general education schools (in depth - in specialized ones), because it is within the walls of educational institutions that students begin to learn the correct pronunciation of sounds.
Secondly, often the question "What is phonetics in general?" we ask teachers, having barely signed up for the now popular foreign language courses.
I will try to answer this question in great detail, but at the same time in a simple and understandable manner. For convenience, the article will be divided into several parts.
1. Phonetics and phonology - sections of modern linguistics
In modern linguistics, the sound side of the language is usually considered in two main aspects: acoustic-articular (from the point of view of phonetics) and functional (from the point of view of phonology). The unit of phonetics is sound, phonology is the phoneme.
The phonetic aspect involves the study of sounds from an articulatory-acoustic position, i.e. answers the question of how exactly sounds are formed and how speech organs interact in the process of speaking.
Linguistic scientists define as the minimum units of the speech chain, which are the result of complex articulatory human activity. They are also characterized by certain acoustic and perceptual (associated with the perception of speech) properties. The phonological aspect studies the linguistic side of the phoneme itself and determines what function it performs in the process of communication.
2. What is phonetics? The main sections of science
Phonetics is the science that studies the sound side of language. But this is not just a teaching about sounds, as is commonly believed. Phonetics also considers intonation, stress, syllables and pauses. But the main subject of research is still the sounds emitted by a person, the methods of their formation and acoustic properties, the patterns of sound changes, as well as the role of sounds in language as a means of communication.
The basic units of phonetics, isolated from the sounding speech, are called linear (segment). These include:
- sound;
- syllable;
- tact;
- phonetic word;
- phrase.
But there are also super-segmental ones: stress, pause, intonation. They shape the already sounding speech, helping to make it more expressive.
3. Phonetics and orthoepy
Orthoepy should be understood as the teaching about the norms of special rules that are applied in the pronunciation of not only individual sounds, but also their combinations. Science also touches upon the patterns in the formulation of stress.
The orthoepic norm is the pronunciation variant, which is the only possible one in a given word. It corresponds to both the pronunciation system and the basic laws of the development of a particular language.
They include the phonetic system of the language, namely the composition of the phonemes distinguished in the modern language, their quality and changes occurring in certain phonetic positions. Spelling also covers the pronunciation of individual grammatical forms.
It should be noted that this science does not cover, for example, such an important aspect of sounding speech as diction. Many believe that, say, stuttering and burr are also separate branches of linguistics. The problems of diction are considered by medicine. Why? Because theoretically, a person can have perfect diction, but at the same time absolutely not master literary pronunciation.
I think I was able to answer the question posed at the very beginning of the article, what is phonetics, and at the same time I was able to explain and prove to the readers that a person cannot exist without knowing the language. Without it, any development of society, art, technology and science would certainly stop. The ability to express thoughts figuratively, accurately and clearly is not given by nature, it is an acquired skill that has to be learned for a long time, patiently and persistently. Learning a language helps those who strive to write and speak better, because in order to express thoughts, it is important to be able to choose the most necessary and accurate words in time.
Basic concepts of phonetics
Phonetics is a branch of linguistics that studies the sound forms of a language, their acoustic and articulation, properties, laws by which they are formed, the force of functioning.
The sound of speech is the minimum unit of the howling chain that arises as a result of human articulation and is characterized by certain phonetic properties.
Sound is the basic unit of a language with a word and a sentence, but in itself it has no meaning.
Sounds play an important meaning in the language, a significant role: they create the outer shell of words and thereby help to distinguish words from each other.
Words differ in the number of sounds they consist of, in the set of sounds, in the sequence of the arrangement of sounds.
The sounds of the tongue are formed in the speech apparatus when air is exhaled. The following parts can be distinguished in the speech apparatus:
1) a breathing apparatus (lungs, bronchi, trachea), which creates the pressure of the air stream necessary for the formation of sound vibrations;
3) the cavity of the mouth and nose, where, under the influence of vibrations of the vocal cords, vibrations of the air mass occur and additional tones and overtones are created, which are layered on the main tone that has arisen in the larynx.
4) The cavities of the mouth and nose are resonators that enhance additional tones of sound; organs of pronunciation, i.e. tongue, lips.
5) 5) the human brain and nervous system, which control the entire work of the speech apparatus.
Articulatory, all speech sounds are divided into vowels and consonants. The main differences between them are associated with the way these sounds are formed and their role in the formation of a syllable. The syllable are vowels "which form the top of a syllable, therefore, in almost all languages \u200b\u200bof the world, the number of consonants exceeds the number of vowels.
Principles for the classification of speech sounds
The sounds of the Russian language are divided into vowels and consonants according to the characteristics of education and acoustic properties.
Vowels are sounds that consist only of a voice; during the formation of vowels, the participation of the vocal cords and the absence of an obstruction in the oral cavity are mandatory. The exhaled air passes through the mouth without encountering any obstacles. The phonetic function of vowels is to organize the sound integrity of a syllable or word.
There are six main vowel sounds in Russian: [a], [o], [y], [e], [and], [s].
Vowel sounds are percussive (for example, noise - [y], forest - [e]) and unstressed (for example: water - [a], spring - [and]).
Consonants are sounds that consist of noise or voice and noise: when the consonants are articulated, the exhaled air encounters obstacles in its path in the oral cavity. In the formation of consonants, the participation of the vocal cords is not necessary, but the presence of an obstruction and occlusive articulation is necessary.
Consonants as a class of sounds are opposed to vowels also because they are not syllabic: the very name "consonant", that is, occurring with a vowel, indicates the subordinate role of the consonant in the syllable.
Finally, one more important feature should be noted in the opposition of vowels and consonants - their role as carriers of certain information. Since there are significantly fewer vowels than consonants, they are more common, and their choice is quite simple. There are much more consonants than vowels, so the choice of the necessary one is more difficult.
Voiced and voiceless consonants are paired and unpaired.
In accordance with this feature, all consonants are divided into noisy and sonorous (from the Latin Zopogiz - sonorous).
A voiced consonant at the end of a word and before a voiceless consonant is replaced by a paired voiceless one. This substitution is called stunning (friend - [k], spoon - [w]).
A voiceless consonant in front of a voiced consonant (except for l, p, Well m, d) is replaced by its paired voiced one. This replacement is called voicing (request - [z "]).
Syllable. Stress
A syllable is one vowel sound or several sounds in a word, which in the process of speaking are pronounced with one push of air. A syllable is the smallest unit of pronunciation of a word. Syllables consisting of two or more sounds can end either in a vowel (this is an open syllable, for example, po-ra, go-ra,), or in a consonant (this is a closed syllable, for example, doctor, black).
Stress is the emphasis of a syllable in a word with greater strength when pronouncing a word using phonetic means (voice strength, sound length, pitch).
The stress always falls on a vowel sound in a syllable, for example: kni-ga, ve-sen-niy, invites-sit.
Depending on the location of the stress in the syllabic structure, words are allocated free and connected stress. Free stress is an unfixed stress that can fall on any syllable of a word (in Russian, for example, it can be on the last syllable: good, on the penultimate: girlfriend, on the third from the end: expensive.
Associated stress is a fixed stress attached to a specific syllable in a word (in French it is on the last syllable, in English it is on the first).
In relation to the morphological structure of the word, stress can be mobile and fixed.
Secondary stress is an stress that can move in different word forms of the same word, it is not tied to the same morpheme, for example: mountain - mountain.
Fixed stress is a constant stress attached to the same morpheme of different word forms of a word, for example: book, book, book.
Stress can distinguish between the meanings of words or different forms of a word: atlas (collection of geographical maps) - atlas (shiny silk fabric), windows (named plural) - window (genus singular)
The word usually has one stress, but sometimes (as a rule, in compound words) there is a secondary stress (for example: medical school, two-story).
To indicate the stress in the letter, when necessary, use the a sign above the stressed vowel.
In some words of the Russian language, the stress is put on one or the other syllable. Both options are correct, for example: simultaneously and simultaneously, cottage cheese - cottage cheese, otherwise - differently, thinking and thinking.
The Russian stress in the words being changed, when added or conjugated, can be retained on the same part of the word, to which it was in the initial form: mountain - mountains, large - large, sandy - sandy, choose - I choose, or can go to another part of the word, for example: friend - friend, borrow - borrowed.
Phoneme as a unit of language
There is a huge variety of sounds in every language. But the whole variety of speech sounds can be reduced to a small number of language units (phonemes) participating in the semantic differentiation of words or their forms.
A phoneme is a unit of the sound structure of a language, represented by a number of positionally alternating sounds, which serves to identify and distinguish significant units of the language.
There are 5 vowel phonemes in Russian, and the number of consonant phonemes ranges from 32 to 37.
Like any unit of language, the phoneme has its inherent phonological features. Some of them are "passive" signs, others - "active", for example: hardness, sonority, explosiveness. To determine a phoneme, I need to know the set of its differential features.
To determine a phoneme, you need to find a position in a word in which the most phonemes differ (compare: mal - mol - mule - here, under stress in the same phonetic environment, phonemes [a], [o], [y] differ) ...
Position is a condition for the realization of a phoneme in speech, its position in a word in relation to stress, another phoneme, the structure of the word as a whole. Distinguish between strong and weak positions.
A strong position is the position in which the most units are differentiated. The phoneme appears here in its basic form, which allows it to perform its functions in the best way. For Russian vowels, this is the stressed position. For voiceless / voiced consonants - a position before all vowels, for example: [g] ol - [k] ol.
A weak position is a position in which a smaller number of units differs than in a strong position, because phonemes have limited opportunities to fulfill their distinctive function, for example: s [a] ma - sama and soma.
For Russian vowels, the weak position is the position without stress. For voiceless / voiced "consonants" - the position of the end of the word, where they do not differ, coinciding in one sound, for example: forests - fox [fox], congress - eat [syest].
Transcription
Transcription is a special writing system used to accurately convey the sound composition of spoken or written speech. The transcription is based on strict adherence to the principle of correspondence between the sign and the sound transmitted by this sign: the same sign must in all cases correspond to the same sound.
There are several types of transcriptions. The most commonly used phonetic transcription.
Phonetic transcription is used to convey a word in full accordance with its sound, that is, with its help, the sound composition of the word is fixed. It is built on the basis of an alphabet using superscript or subscript characters to indicate stress, softness, longitude, brevity. Among the phonetic alphabets, the most famous is the alphabet of the International Phonetic Association, built on the basis of the Latin alphabet, for example, the words window and day are transmitted as follows: [akpo [d u en y].
In addition, in Russia, transcription is used, which is based on Russian graphics: [ltsno], [d * en "].
The transcription does not use punctuation marks and capital letters.
Each of us came across the word "phonetics" at school when he studied Russian. This section in Russian is very important, like all the others. Knowledge of phonetics will allow you to correctly pronounce sounds in words so that your speech is beautiful and correct.
Definition of phonetics
So, let's start our conversation with what we say, what is phonetics. Phonetics is a part of the science of language that studies the sounds that are part of words. Phonetics has a connection with such sections of the Russian language as spelling, speech culture, as well as word formation and many others.
Sounds in phonetics are considered as elements of the entire language system, with the help of which words and sentences are embodied in sound form. After all, only with the help of sounds can people communicate, exchange information and express their emotions.
Phonetics is divided into private and general. Private in another way is called the phonetics of individual languages. It is divided into descriptive phonetics, which describes the sound structure of a particular language (for example, the phonetics of the Russian language) and historical phonetics, which studies how sounds change over time. General phonetics deals with the study of the basic conditions of sound formation, the compilation of a classification of sounds (consonants and vowels), as well as the study of the patterns of combinations of various sounds.
And now it's time to talk about what the phonetics of the Russian language is. The phonetics of the Russian language consists of several levels of the formation of oral speech. Namely:
- Sounds, variety of sounds, pronunciation of sounds.
- Syllables, combinations of sounds.
- Stress.
- Intonation, speech in general and pauses.
Note that the Russian language includes 37 consonants and 12 vowels. Sounds form syllables. Each syllable necessarily has one vowel sound (for example, young-lo-ko). Stress is the pronunciation of a certain syllable in a word with greater duration and strength. And intonation is a speech element that is expressed in a change in pitch. A pause means stopping the voice.
Thus, we now know what phonetics is, the definition of this concept will summarize this article. Phonetics is a branch of the science of linguistics that studies the sound side of the language, namely sound combinations and syllables, as well as the patterns of combining sounds into a chain.
What is phonetics? Let's figure it out. Let's try to answer this question together.
What is phonetics?
The vocabulary of the Russian language is rich and varied, as well as the sound composition. A separate science is engaged in its study. We are talking about phonetics now. The word itself comes from the Greek term meaning "sound", "sound". It will help answer the question of what phonetics is, the definition is a section of linguistics in which various sounds of speech are studied, as well as their connections in one language or another (syllables, patterns of creating a speech chain of sounds, their combinations). Perhaps it is not yet clear what this is about. Now the main thing is just to note that the most important concept of this section is sound.
A special discipline - sound science - studies its influence on objects and subjects.
Sound and letter
In order to understand what phonetics is, you must first clearly distinguish between the terms "sound" and "letter". These concepts should not be confused. The words "who" and "what" are distinguished precisely by the sounds ([w] and [k]), and not by letters. After all, it is in speech that the Russian language exists. You will understand what phonetics is when you understand the difference between the two concepts given in the title.
Sounds are heard and pronounced, letters are read and written. Other ratios are impossible: you cannot pronounce a letter, speak, sing, recite, it is impossible to hear it. Elements of the alphabet are neither soft, nor hard, nor voiced, nor dull, not unstressed, nor percussive. All such characteristics apply specifically to sounds. They are linguistic units, while letters belong only to the alphabet and, more often than not, have no relation to the description of linguistic patterns. The choice of letter determines the sound quality, not the other way around. Therefore, we can draw the following conclusion. Sounds exist in any language, regardless of whether there is a written language in it or not.
By itself, unlike other units of the language (words, morphemes, sentences, phrases), it has no definite meaning. The function of sounds in language - making it possible for us to communicate - comes down to distinguishing and forming words and morphemes.
Phonetics subject
Answering the question what phonetics is, we have already given the definition. Let us now consider the subject of this section of linguistics. It is made up of a close connection between written, oral and internal speech. Unlike various other linguistic branches, phonetics studies not only the linguistic function, but also the material side of the object: it examines the work of the speech apparatus, the acoustic characteristics of some sound phenomena, as well as how native speakers perceive them.
This science, in contrast to the so-called "non-linguistic" disciplines, considers all these phenomena as elements of a certain system that serve to translate sentences and words into a sound, material form. Without this, as you know, communication is impossible.
Since the sound side of our language can be considered in the functional-linguistic and acoustic-articulatory aspects, phonetics and phonology proper are distinguished in this science.
You should also know what phonetics and orthoepy are, what is their difference. The latter is a section of linguistics that studies normative literary pronunciation.
History of the science of phonetics
What is phonetics, the rule of combining sounds in speech, its various aspects - people did not always know all this. This discipline did not immediately form a section of the science of language, despite the fact that ancient Indian scientists had brilliant achievements in this area, and Alexandrian and Greek made a successful classification of various sounds. Subsequently, linguistics paid little attention to this side of the language.
The 17th century marks the beginning of the study of how sounds are formed in speech. Such interest was caused by the need to educate the deaf and dumb (works by H. P. Bonet, I. K. Amman, J. Wallis). At the end of the 18th century, the scientist H. Kratsenstein founded the acoustic theory of vowels, further developed by L.R. Helmholtz in the middle of the 19th century. By this time, research in the field of physiology and anatomy was summarized in the works of E.V. Brücke. The doctrine of the sound side from a linguistic point of view in all sections was first presented in the work of J. Schmidt and E. Sievers in 1872. A great contribution to this science has been made today by many scientists who wondered what phonetics is. Examples of the most famous of them: R. Rusk, Panini, J. Grimm, I. A. Baudouin de Courtenay, A. Schleicher, J. P. Russlo, J. Gillieron, P. Passy, \u200b\u200bE. Sievers, D. Jones, M. Grammon, L. V. Shcherba, V. A. Bogoroditsky, N. S. Trubetskoy, E. D. Polivanov, R. O. Yakobson, M. Halle, G. Fant, R. I. Avanesov, L. R. Zinder, L. L. Kasatkin, M. V. Panov, L. A. Verbitskaya, L. V. Bondarko, O. F. Krivnova, S. V. Kodzasov.
It is worth noting that even in the first half of the 19th century, scientists still poorly distinguished letters and sounds. The need to create grammars of native languages \u200b\u200bin the colonies, as well as the study of various unwritten dialects and descriptions of languages \u200b\u200bin a comparative historical aspect, greatly advanced phonetics.
Three aspects of research
There are three aspects of phonetic research. The first of them is articulatory (that is, anatomical and physiological). He studies the sound of speech from the point of view of its creation (for example, it is established that it is pronounced on exhalation). It is considered which organs are involved in pronunciation, the vocal cords are passive or active, whether the lips are extended forward, etc.
The second aspect is acoustic (in other words, physical). In it, sound is studied as a certain vibration of air, its physical characteristics are noted: strength (amplitude), frequency (height) and duration.
The third is functional (phonological). When considering it, we note the functions that sounds in the language, we apply such a concept as "phoneme".
Acoustic, perceptual, articulatory and functional phonetics
Acoustic phonetics studies the sounds of speech as physical phenomena, describes their characteristics such as pitch (which depends on the vibration frequency), strength (on amplitude), loudness, timbre and duration of the sound. This section also examines the physiology and anatomy of the speech apparatus.
Perceptual studies the features of the analysis and perception of speech sounds by the hearing organ, that is, by the ear.
Functional phonetics (that is, phonology) considers sound phenomena as elements of the linguistic system as serving to form words, morphemes and sentences.
Phonetic research methods
Different methods are applied in different aspects.
For the articulatory aspect - introspection (self-observation), palatography, odontography, linguography, photography, X-ray photography, filming.
Methods used in the acoustic aspect of the study: oscillography, that is, the conversion of various air vibrations into a specific acoustic signal, intonography, spectrography.
Sections of phonetics
Phonetics is also divided into general, historical, comparative, and descriptive. The general section studies the patterns characteristic of all world languages, their sound structure. Comparative compares it to other (mostly related) languages. Historical phonetics traces how it developed over a long period (sometimes from the moment a particular language appeared - its separation from the proto-language). The subject of the descriptive is the sound structure at a particular stage of development (most often the phonetic structure of the modern language).
Basic phonetic means and units
So, what is phonetics, we have decided. Let us now list its main units. They are divided into super-segmented and segmented.
Segmental are units that can be identified in the flow of speech: syllables, sounds, phonetic words (tact, rhythmic structures), phonetic phrases (syntagmas).
Let's dwell on these terms in more detail. A phonetic phrase is a certain segment of speech, which is a semantic and intonational unity, highlighted by pauses on both sides. Syntagma (in other words, speech bar) is a segment of a phonetic phrase, which is marked with bar stress and special intonation. There are no pauses between bars (or they can be short), the division is not very intense. The next term - a phonetic word (that is, rhythmic structure) - is a part of a phrase that is united by verbal stress. The smallest unit of any speech chain is a syllable. And sound is the minimum unit of phonetics.
Super segment units
Super-segmental (various intonation means) are superimposed in speech on segmental ones. These include dynamic (stress), melodic (tone), and temporal (duration or tempo). Stress is the allocation of a certain unit in a series of some homogeneous ones using the intensity of sound (energy). Tone is a speech rhythmic-melodic pattern, which is determined by a change in the frequency of a certain sound signal. The tempo is the rate of speech, which is determined by the number of segment units that we speak per unit of time. The playing time of this segment is called duration.
We hope you understand now what phonetics is, what is the history of this science, you can name its main sections and units. We tried to describe all this as fully and as succinctly as possible.
Lecture 4. Phonetics Lecture plan:
Definition of phonetics, various sections of phonetics
The main aspects of learning the sounds of the language:
a) physical (acoustic)
b) physiological (biological)
c) social (linguistic)
The ratio of sounds and letters
Classification of sounds
a) Signs that distinguish vowels from consonants
b) Classification of vowel sounds.
c) Classification of consonants.
1. Definition of phonetics, various sections of phonetics
Phonetics - This is a branch of linguistics that studies the sound side of the language. It includes all the sound means of the language, that is, not only sounds and their combinations, but also stress and intonation.
Phonetics- this is the science of the "sound material" of language, the use of this material in the meaningful units of language and speech, about the historical changes in this material.
Depending on the amount of material that is the subject of direct research of phoneticians, general phonetics and comparative phonetics and private phonetics of individual languages \u200b\u200bdiffer.
General phonetics explores the patterns characteristic of the sound side of any language. Comparative phonetics deals with the identification of the common and special in the sound side of two or more compared or compared languages. Phonetics of individual languages studies the features of the sound side of a separate language to the fullest extent possible.
In turn, the phonetics of individual languages \u200b\u200bdiffer historical phonetics and descriptive phonetics ... The historical phonetics of a particular language studies the history of the sound means of a given language to the extent that it is reflected in the monuments of writing in this language, dialect speech, etc. Descriptive phonetics examines the sound means of a particular language at a certain period of its history or in its present state.
In phonetics, such particular disciplines are distinguished as articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, perceptual phonetics, functional phonetics, or phonology, accentology, or the doctrine of word stress, intonology, or the doctrine of intonation.
Articulatory phoneticsexplores the activity of the human speech apparatus, as a result of which sounds are produced.
Acoustic phoneticsexplores purely physical features (characteristics, parameters) of speech sounds in individual languages.
Perceptual phoneticsexamines the features of the perception of speech sounds by the human organ of hearing.
Functional phonetics, or phonology, studies the functions that the sounds of speech perform in the composition of sounds that form the material, perceived side of the significant units of the language: morphemes, words and their forms. Thus, an equal sign cannot be put between the terms phonetics and phonology: phonology is only a part of phonetics, a special discipline that studies the functions that are sounds of speech, phonemes.
In the circle of other linguistic units - grammar, lexicology - phonetics occupies an equal position with them as an independent science. It interacts primarily with grammar. This interaction is due to the fact that the same sound features of the sound form of linguistic phenomena are essential not only for the sound side of the language, but also for some areas of its grammatical structure. For example, certain types of alternations are morphologized, that is, they are used in the formation of different forms of the same words or different words from the same root morphemes. (Wed in Russian: wake up - I wake up, drive - I drive, friend-friend, or in German: sprechen-sprach, stechen-stach.)
Such morphologized alternations of sounds are studied by the discipline that emerged at the junction of phonetics and morphology, called morphonology.
Both for phonetics and for syntax, the rules of phrasal intonation of specific languages \u200b\u200bare very important, since each specific sentence is characterized by a certain intonation design. Therefore, the data obtained in intonological studies proper find the most direct application in works on descriptive syntax.
Phonetics is:
Phonetics PhoneticsPHONETICS (from the Greek word phone`- voice, sounding speech) - the department of linguistics (see), studying the sound side of the language. F. is dismembered in four directions:
1) anthropophonics (physiology of speech sounds), which studies the pronunciation (actually physiological) and auditory (acoustic) side of the language, and phonology, which studies the use of sounds to express meanings - to form words and phrases;
2) the doctrine of phonetic elements (analytical phonetic) and the doctrine of phonetic combinations, which in turn is divided into the doctrine of the mutual influence of phonetic elements (combinatorial phonetic phonetic) and the doctrine of higher phonetic units, which is usually called accentology;
3) general F. and private F. or F. of individual languages;
4) synchronous F. and diachronic (historical) F.
The sound of speech is created by a modification of the exhaled air stream that flows from the mouth and nose during breathing. This modification is achieved with the help of the work of the movable speech organs, which determine the installation of the pronunciation apparatus (Fig.), The configuration of the larynx, pharynx and mouth cavities and the inclusion of the nasal cavity into or out of the pronunciation apparatus. The totality of pronunciation work required to implement the installation of a particular sound is called sound articulation.
The classification of speech sounds is based on physiological (pronunciation) signs, since they allow for a more accurate description and are practically more important than auditory signs. Physiological classification takes into account:
1) the place of formation, determined by the name of either the active, i.e., movable, organ that performs the main work in the articulation of a given sound, or the corresponding passive (immobile) organ;
2) the method of formation (mainly - the width of the passage for the exhaled air stream, determined by the degree of convergence of the articulating organs in the place of formation and the degree of opening of the mouth, that is, drooping of the lower jaw);
3) the degree of convergence of the vocal cords (the width of the glottis, on which the presence or absence of a voice in the composition of the sound depends);
4) the position of the soft palate (on which the presence or absence of the nasal timbre in the composition of the sound depends);
5) in certain cases, it includes an indication of additional work that is part of the articulation. For details, see table.
From an acoustic point of view, sounds differ in which localized noise prevails over the general resonance of the oral cavity - noisy, and sounds in which localized noise is more or less lost in the general resonance - sonorous; sonorant sounds, which include all vowels, and of the consonants - lateral and trembling or stressed, normally occur only in a voiced form, since with a significant width of the passage, exhaled air does not cause a clearly perceived noise at the place of formation, and sound created mainly in the narrowed glottis, as a result of vibration of the vocal cords.
Physiological and acoustic devices are used to study the pronunciation and auditory side of the tongue. The totality of these research techniques, the edges of which have an inaccurate name for experimental physics, is more correctly called the instrumental method in F.
A phonetic element in anthropophonics is a separate sound of speech, in phonology - a phoneme. A phoneme is defined as the simplest set of pronunciation-auditory properties necessary and sufficient to serve in a given language as the only or main feature for distinguishing a pair of words when they are divided into adjacent elements; otherwise, a phoneme is a separate sound of speech, considered from the point of view of its social function (the function of forming and distinguishing words) in abstraction from the peculiarities of its pronunciation and sound, caused by the conditions of one or another combination of sounds. In this sense, the phoneme, as a well-known abstraction, is contrasted with its specific detections - combinatorial (otherwise positional) variants. So in the words chalk and stranded the vowels e from the pronunciation-auditory (anthropophonic) point of view are not the same (in the first - a wide ε, in the second - a narrow e), but they are a variant of one phoneme, since the use of one or the other of them depends exclusively from combinatorial conditions: narrow e in Russian. appears only before soft consonants; Wed ε is broad in business and e narrow in business or efficient. In contrast, the use of the sound l (hard) or l (soft) does not depend on the preceding vowel: cf. steel and bow and hatch became; hence the difference between l and l
is the main one for distinguishing the given words, and therefore l and l are different phonemes in Russian.
Sound differences, to-rye in one language are not able to serve as the main features for distinguishing words (not semasiologized, otherwise they are not phonologized), in another language they can be word-distinctive (semasiologized, phonologized). So, in French, the words mais ("but") and mes ("mine") differ in oral speech only in that in the first at the end ε is wide, and in the second e is narrow; because these two sounds, to-rye in Russian. are variants of the same phoneme, in French they are two different phonemes. In Russian. neither the duration nor the height of the vowels are phonologized; meanwhile, the German words satt ("fed") and Saat ("sowing"), the French words bette ("beet") and bete ("animal", "stupid") differ in pairs only in that one vowel is short, and in the second - long; the African word eve fu ("pain") and fu ("hair") differ only in that in the first the vowel is pronounced in a low voice, and in the second - in a high voice; therefore short and corresponding long vowels in French and German, low and high vowels in Ewe are special phonemes in these languages.
Combinatorial conditions limit in each language the use of not only one or another variant of the phoneme, but also one or another phoneme and even whole categories of phonemes, united by the presence of a certain pronunciation-auditory feature (phonetic, more precisely, anthropophonic categories). So, in Russian and German (unlike, for example, Ukrainian, French, English), voiced noisy consonants are not allowed at the end of a word and are replaced by the corresponding deaf ones: cf. gardens and orchard (pronounced sat). Replacement of sounds in words, depending on combinatorial (positional) conditions, is called combinatorial or positional alternation (combinational or positional alternation), in other words, divergence. So, all variants of one phoneme are connected by divergence, then - in Russian. phonemes of voiceless and voiced, hard and soft consonants (compare sounds corresponding to the letter d, in gardens and gardens, water and water), stressed and unstressed vowels, etc. Divergence is based on the mutual influence of sounds (most often adjacent) or on the influence of stress on the quality of the vowel; these factors cause a partial change in articulation; therefore, divergences (sounds associated with divergence) have a significant number of identical pronunciation and auditory features.
The system of phonemes, divergences and principles of accentual organization of speech inherent in a given language (see "Stress" and "Syllable") is called its phonetic system (otherwise - phonetic structure), which is a specific area of \u200b\u200bsocial norms and the study of a swarm is the subject of private synchronous F.
Due to the peculiarities of graphics and spelling, the literal composition of the written words of any language does not always correspond to the sound composition of the spoken and heard words, and F. is forced to use a special conventional letter, in which each sound is always designated by the same letter and each letter always denotes the same sound (phonetic transcription). So. arr. an opportunity is created to express words of different languages \u200b\u200busing the same letters for the purpose of comparative study of phonetic systems. The transcription system of the International Phonetic Association is widely used (see table. Speech sounds, where this system is used with some changes and additions).
Historical phonetic studies study the development of the phonetic system of a particular language or a group of related languages. At the same time, it relies partly on a critical analysis of the spellings in ancient written monuments, partly (and for the most ancient eras - exclusively) on a comparison of the sound systems of related languages \u200b\u200bor dialects of the same language in later eras and ch. arr. in their current state, accessible to direct observation. Historical F. is the most developed section of the comparative grammar of various groups of languages. Bibliography:
Grammont M., Traite de phonetique, P., 1933; Jespersen O., Lehrbuch der Phonetik, 2 Aufl., Lpz., 1913; Sievers E., Grundzuge der Phonetik, 5 Aufl., Lpz., 1901; Roudet L., Elements de Phonetique generale, Paris, 1910; Thomson AI, General linguistics, Odessa, 1910. Specially for experimental phonetics - Rousselot P. J., Principes de phonetique experimentale, p. 1-3, P., 1897-1905; Scripture E. W., The elements of experimental phonetics, N. Y., 1902; Him, Anwendung der graphischen Methode auf Sprache und Gesang, Lpz., 1927; Millet A., Precis d'experimentation phonetique, Paris, 1926; Panconcelli-Calzia G., Die experimentelle Phonetik ..., 2 Aufl., B., 1924; Bogoroditsky VA, Phonetics of the Russian language in the light of experimental data, Kazan, 1930; Shcherba L.V., Russian vowels, St. Petersburg, 1912; His, East-Uzhitsk dialect, vol. I, Petrograd, 1915; Rzhevkin SN, Hearing and speech in the light of modern physical research, M. - L., 1928; 2nd ed., 1936. Specially about the concept of phonemes - Baudouin de Courtenay I., Introduction to linguistics (lit.), P., 1917, His, Versuch einer Theorie phonetischer Alternationen, Strassburg, 1895; Yakovlev N.F., Tables of the phonetics of the Kabardian language (lit.), Moscow, 1923; Sapir E., Language, M. - L., 1934; Bernshtein SI, Verse and declamation (in the collection "Russian speech", a new series in the 1st edition "Academia". L., 1927); articles in the collections "Travaux du Cercle linguistique de Prague". Prague, 1929 and gave. Specially about the problems of historical phonetics - Wechssler E., Giebt es Lautgesetze ?, Halle, 1900 (with bibl.); Baudouin de Courtenay J., O prawach glosowych (Rocznik slaw., Krakow, 1910); Hermann E., Lautgesetz und Analogie, B., 1931; Abaev V.I., On the phonetic law, in collection. "Language and Thinking". I, L., 1933; Marr N. Ya., Japhetic theory (Baku course - Selected works, volume II). Specialty magazines: Maitre phonetique, Bourg-la-Reine, P., from 1886; Phonetische Studien, Marburg in Hessen, from 1887, from 1893 under the name: Neuere Sprachen; La parole, P., 1891-1904, Revue de phonetique, P., 1911-1922; Vox, B., 1891-1922; Archives Neerlandaises de phonetique experimentale, La Haye, from 1927; Zeitschrift fur Experimentalphonetik, Organ der Internat. Gesellschaft fur Experiment. Phonetik, hrsg. v. E. W. Scripture, Lpz., From 1930 and given. Quarterly Journal of Speech Education. Chicago, since 1915. On phonetic transcription - Lautzeichen und ihre Anwendung in verschiedenen Sprachgebieten. Unter Schriftleitung von M. Heepe. Berlin, 1928. For works on the subject matter of individual languages \u200b\u200bsee. in the relevant articles.
Literary encyclopedia. - In 11 volumes; M .: Publishing House of the Communist Academy, Soviet Encyclopedia, Fiction. Edited by V.M. Fritsche, A.V. Lunacharsky. 1929-1939.
Phonetics 1) sound level of the language system: composition sounds, syllabus, stress and intonation; therefore they talk about the phonetics of sounds, words, phrases. Russian phonetics of sounds is characterized by the predominance consonants (37 consonants for 5 vowels); syllabic - only vowels, stress is power, mixed, mobile; intonation is represented by a series of constructions. The normative aspect of phonetics defines orthoepy.
2) Linguistic discipline that studies the phonetic level of the language system. Russian phonetics developed at the beginning of the 20th century. in the works of I.A. Baudouin de Courtenay, developed in the works of L.V. Shcherba, A.A. Reformed, M.V. Panova... Sections of the science of phonetics: acoustics, articulation (ways of pronouncing sounds) and phonology, which studies the systemic relationships of sounds (phonemes). Historical phonetics describes the current state of the sound structure of the language and its history (loss and appearance of sounds, changes in the relationship between them), dialect phonetics examines phonetic systems dialects.
Literature and language. A modern illustrated encyclopedia. - M .: Rosman. Edited by prof. A.P. Gorkina 2006.
Phonetics PHONETICS (Greek). The doctrine of the sound composition of individual languages \u200b\u200band phonetic changes (see) sounds in the history of these languages. F. is the most developed department of the science of language. Literature... For comparative F. Indo-European languages, see Comparative Linguistics. According to the F. of the current Russian language: 1) Radovan Kossuthi. Grammar of Ruskog Esik. 1. Glasowi. 1. Opshti deo. Petrogr. 1920 (in Serbian); 2) V. Chernyshov. Laws and rules of Russian pronunciation. 3rd ed. Petrogr. 1915 (elementary manual), as well as the corresponding departments in the general manuals of V. A. Bogoroditsky, V. K. Porzhezinsky, A. I. Tomson, D. N. Ushakov (see D. N. Ushakov. A Brief Introduction to the Science of language, list of manuals). Many scientists apply F.'s term also to acoustics and physiology of speech sounds (see). see also Experimental F.ND Literary encyclopedia: Dictionary of literary terms: In 2 volumes / Edited by N. Brodsky, A. Lavretsky, E. Lunin, V. Lvov-Rogachevsky, M. Rozanov, V. Cheshihin-Vetrinsky. - M .; L .: Publishing house of L. D. Frenkel, 1925
What is phonetics ??
Athena
A branch of linguistics that studies the sounds of speech and the sound structure of the language (syllables, sound combinations, patterns of combining sounds into a speech chain).
Phonetics subject
[edit]
2) acoustic (physical)
[edit]
History of phonetics as a science
Igor Krushinsky
ne], phonetics, pl. no, well. [from the Greek. phonetikos - sound] (lingual). 1. Department of Linguistics, studying the sound structure of the language. Experimental phonetics. Historical phonetics. 2. The sound side of speech, the sound composition of the language. The dialects differ from each other by phonetics.
Katya angel
Phonetics (from the Greek φωνή - "sound", φωνηεντικός - "sound") is a branch of linguistics that studies the sounds of speech and the sound structure of the language (syllables, sound combinations, patterns of combining sounds into a speech chain).
Phonetics subject
The subject of phonetics is the close connection between oral, internal and written speech. Unlike other linguistic disciplines, phonetics examines not only the linguistic function, but also the material side of its object: the work of the pronunciation apparatus, as well as the acoustic characteristics of sound phenomena and their perception by native speakers. Unlike non-linguistic disciplines, phonetics considers sound phenomena as elements of a language system that serve to translate words and sentences into a material sound form, without which communication is impossible. In accordance with the fact that the sound side of the language can be considered in the acoustic-articulatory and functional-linguistic aspects, phonetics and phonology are distinguished in phonetics.
Three aspects of phonetic research
1) anatomical and physiological (articulatory)
Examines the sound of speech in terms of its creation:
What organs of speech are involved in its pronunciation;
Active or passive vocal cords
Are the lips extended forward, etc.
2) acoustic (physical)
Considers sound as a vibration of air and fixes its physical characteristics: frequency (height), strength (amplitude), duration.
3) functional aspect (phonological)
He studies the functions of sounds in the language, operates with phonemes.
History of phonetics as a science
The beginning of studying the mechanism of formation of speech sounds dates back to the 17th century; it was caused by the needs of teaching the deaf and dumb (works of H. P. Bonet, J. Wallis, I. K. Amman). At the end of the 18th century H. Krazenshtein laid the foundation for the acoustic theory of vowels, which was developed in the middle of the 19th century by G. L. P. Helmholtz. By the middle of the 19th century, research in the anatomy and physiology of sound production was summarized in the works of E.V. Brücke. From a linguistic point of view, the doctrine of the sound side of language in all its sections was first presented in the work of E. Sievers and J. Schmidt "Grundzüge der Lautphysiologie (German)" (1872).
Phonetic research methods
Articulation aspect:
self-observation (introspection)
palatography
linguography
odontography
photographing
filming
X-ray photography.
Acoustic aspect:
oscillography - conversion of air vibrations into an acoustic signal
spectrography
intonography.
Basic phonetic units and means
Segment units are units that can be distinguished in the flow of speech: sounds, syllables, phonetic words (rhythmic structures, tact), phonetic phrases (syntagmas).
A phonetic phrase is a segment of speech, which is an intonational and semantic unity, highlighted on both sides by pauses.
Syntagma (speech tact) is a segment of a phonetic phrase, characterized by a special intonation and bar stress. Pauses between measures are not necessary (or short), bar stress is not very intense.
A phonetic word (rhythmic structure) is a part of a phrase united by one verbal stress.
A syllable is the smallest unit of a vocal chain.
Sound is the minimum phonetic unit.
Super-segmental units (intonation means) are units that are superimposed on segment ones: melodic units (tone), dynamic (stress) and temporal (tempo or duration).
Stress is the selection in speech of a certain unit in a series of homogeneous units using the intensity (energy) of sound.
Tone is a rhythmic-melodic pattern of speech, determined by a change in the frequency of a sound signal.
Tempo is the rate of speech, which is determined by the number of segment units spoken per unit of time.
Duration - sounding time segment
Ekaterina lebedeva
Phonetics (from the Greek φωνή - "sound", φωνηεντικός - "sound") is a branch of linguistics that studies the sounds of speech and the sound structure of the language (syllables, sound combinations, patterns of combining sounds into a speech chain).
Daniil ekhlakov
Sound science studies the influence of sounds on subjects and objects.
Contents [remove]
1Phonetics subject
2 Four Aspects of Phonetic Research
3History of phonetics as a science
4 Methods of phonetic research
5 Basic phonetic units and means
6 Sections of phonetics
7 Articulatory phonetics
8 Perceptual phonetics
9Classification of speech sounds
9.1 Acoustic signs
9.2 Articulation signs
9.3 Consent
9.3.1 Noisy
9.3.2Sonoring
9.3.3 Place of education
9.4 Vowels
10Phonetics of the Russian language
10.1 Alternations
11See also
12Notes
The subject of phonetics [edit | edit wiki text]
The subject of phonetics is the close connection between oral, internal and written speech. Unlike other linguistic disciplines, phonetics examines not only the linguistic function, but also the material side of its object: the work of the pronunciation apparatus, as well as the acoustic characteristics of sound phenomena and their perception by native speakers. Unlike non-linguistic disciplines, phonetics considers sound phenomena as elements of a language system that serve to translate words and sentences into a material sound form, without which communication is impossible. In accordance with the fact that the sound side of the language can be considered in the acoustical-articulatory and functional-linguistic aspects, phonetics and phonology proper are distinguished in phonetics.
Four Aspects of Phonetic Research [edit | edit wiki text]
1) anatomical and physiological (articulatory) - examines the sound of speech from the point of view of its creation: What organs of speech are involved in its pronunciation; active or passive vocal cords; etc
2) acoustic (physical) - considers sound as a vibration of air and fixes its physical characteristics: frequency (height), strength (amplitude), duration.
3) functional aspect (phonological) - studies the functions of sounds in the language, operates with phonemes.
4) perceptual - studies the perception of speech by the listener, establishes the relationship between the spoken and heard sounds.
History of phonetics as a science [edit | edit wiki text]
The beginning of studying the mechanism of formation of speech sounds dates back to the 17th century; it was caused by the needs of teaching the deaf and dumb (works of H. P. Bonet, J. Wallis, I. K. Amman). At the end of the 18th century, H. Kratzenstein laid the foundation for the acoustic theory of vowels, which was developed in the middle of the 19th century by G.L.F. Helmholtz. By the middle of the 19th century, research in the anatomy and physiology of sound production was summarized in the works of Ernst von Brücke. From a linguistic point of view, the doctrine of the sound side of language in all its sections was first presented in the work of E. Sievers and J. Schmidt "Grundzüge der Lautphysiologie (German)" (1872).
A great contribution to phonetics was made by such scientists as Panini, R. Rusk, J. Grimm, A. Schleicher, I. A. Baudouin de Courtenay, J. P. Russlo, P. Passy, \u200b\u200bJ. Gillieron, E. Sievers, M. . Grammon, D. Jones, V. A. Bogoroditsky, L. V. Shcherba, N. S. Trubetskoy, R. O. Yakobson, E. D. Polivanov, G. Fant, M. Halle, L. R. Zinder , R. I. Avanesov, M. V. Panov, L. L. Kasatkin, L. V. Bondarko, L. A. Verbitskaya, S. V. Kodzasov, O. F. Krivnova.
Methods of phonetic research [edit | edit wiki text]
Articulation aspect:
introspection (introspection)
palatography
linguography
odontography
photographing
filming
X-ray photography.
Acoustic aspect:
oscillography
spectrography
intonography.
Basic phonetic units and means [edit | edit wiki text]
All units of phonetics are divided into segment and super segment.
Segment units - units that can be allocated
Khadizhat Omarova
He studies the sound side of the language: speech sounds, methods of their formation, acoustic properties, patterns of sound changes, sound classification, stress, syllabic section.
Phonetic transcription is a special type of writing that conveys the sound of words.
Speech sound is the smallest unit of spoken speech.
Yazida gawazova
phonetics is the part of the science of language that studies the sounds that are part of words. Phonetics has a connection with such sections of the Russian language as spelling, speech culture, as well as word formation and many others.
So, let's start our conversation with what we say, what is phonetics. Phonetics is a part of the science of language that studies the sounds that are part of words. Phonetics has a connection with such sections of the Russian language as spelling, speech culture, as well as word formation and many others.
More details on Elhow: http://elhow.ru/ucheba/russkij-jazyk/fonetika/chto-takoe-fonetika?utm_source\u003dusers&utm_medium\u003dct&utm_campaign\u003dct
Ivan korolev
Phonetics is the section of language (science) that studies sounds (sound composition of a language). All deaf sounds are contained in the following phrase: "Styopka, do you want shchets? -Fi!" (S, t, n, k, h, x, w, w, c, f). Paired consonants for deafness / voicedness: b, p, c, f, k, d, d, t, g, w, h, s. ALWAYS SOFT: h, n, y. ALWAYS SOLID: w, w, c.
Marina sigaeva
Phonetics (from the Greek φωνή - "sound", φωνηεντικός - "sound") is a branch of linguistics that studies the sounds of speech and the sound structure of the language (syllables, sound combinations, patterns of combining sounds into a speech chain).
Sound science studies the influence of sounds on subjects and objects.
Chugaeva tatiana
Phonetics is a branch of linguistics that studies the sound side of language, that is, the ways of forming and changing sounds in speech, as well as their acoustic properties.
Sound as a unit of language.
Sound is the smallest indivisible unit of speech, which is the result of human articulation.
Vowel and consonant sounds.
All sounds in Russian are divided into vowels and consonants. Vowel sounds (6 pcs.) Are speech sounds, during the formation of which the air stream passes freely through the vocal cords, they consist mainly of a voice tone with a complete absence of noise.
a) physical (acoustic)
b) physiological (biological)
c) social (linguistic)
The ratio of sounds and letters
Classification of sounds
a) Signs that distinguish vowels from consonants
b) Classification of vowel sounds.
c) Classification of consonants.
1. Definition of phonetics, various sections of phonetics
Phonetics- This is a branch of linguistics that studies the sound side of the language. It includes all the sound means of the language, that is, not only sounds and their combinations, but also stress and intonation.
Phonetics- this is the science of the "sound material" of language, the use of this material in the meaningful units of language and speech, about the historical changes in this material.
Depending on the amount of material that is the subject of direct research of phoneticians, general phonetics and comparative phonetics and private phonetics of individual languages \u200b\u200bdiffer.
General phonetics explores the patterns characteristic of the sound side of any language. Comparative phonetics deals with the identification of the common and special in the sound side of two or more compared or compared languages. Phonetics of individual languages studies the features of the sound side of a separate language to the fullest extent possible.
In turn, the phonetics of individual languages \u200b\u200bdiffer historical phonetics and descriptive phonetics ... The historical phonetics of a particular language studies the history of the sound means of a given language to the extent that it is reflected in the monuments of writing in this language, dialect speech, etc. Descriptive phonetics examines the sound means of a particular language at a certain period of its history or in its present state.
In phonetics, such special disciplines are distinguished as articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, perceptual phonetics, functional phonetics, or phonology, accentology, or the doctrine of word stress, intonology, or the doctrine of intonation.
Articulatory phoneticsexplores the activity of the human speech apparatus, as a result of which sounds are produced.
Acoustic phoneticsexplores purely physical features (characteristics, parameters) of speech sounds in individual languages.
Perceptual phoneticsexamines the features of the perception of speech sounds by the human organ of hearing.
Functional phonetics, or phonology, studies the functions that the sounds of speech perform in the composition of sounds that form the material, perceived side of the significant units of the language: morphemes, words and their forms. Thus, an equal sign cannot be put between the terms phonetics and phonology: phonology is only a part of phonetics, a special discipline that studies the functions that are sounds of speech, phonemes.
In the circle of other linguistic units - grammar, lexicology - phonetics occupies an equal position with them as an independent science. It interacts primarily with grammar. This interaction is due to the fact that the same sound features of the sound form of linguistic phenomena are essential not only for the sound side of the language, but also for some areas of its grammatical structure. For example, certain types of alternations are morphologized, that is, they are used in the formation of different forms of the same words or different words from the same root morphemes. (Wed in Russian: wake up - I wake up, drive - I drive, friend-friend, or in German: sprechen-sprach, stechen-stach.)
Such morphologized alternations of sounds are studied by the discipline that emerged at the junction of phonetics and morphology, called morphonology.
Both for phonetics and for syntax, the rules of phrasal intonation of specific languages \u200b\u200bare very important, since each specific sentence is characterized by a certain intonation design. Therefore, the data obtained in intonological studies proper find the most direct application in works on descriptive syntax.
