The culture of our speech is the message. The value of speech culture in the life of society

Plan

INTRODUCTION

1. SPEECH CULTURE

1.1 The task of speech culture

1.2 Types of speech culture

2.1 Main directions

CONCLUSION

LIST OF USED LITERATURE SOURCES

Introduction

As a branch of the science of language, the culture of speech was formed relatively recently. The reason for its occurrence can be considered the social changes that have taken place and are taking place in the country. The participation of the masses in the public activities of the state demanded increased attention to the level of their speech culture.

1. Culture of speech

There are 2 levels of speech culture - lower and higher. For the lower level, it is sufficient to comply with the norms of the Russian literary language. There are lexical, phonetic, grammatical, morphological and syntactic norms. Lexical norms, that is, the meanings of words can be found in explanatory dictionaries, other norms are explained in various textbooks on grammar, spelling, etc.

Speech is called correct if the speaker pronounces words correctly, uses word forms correctly, and builds sentences correctly. Although this may not be enough. Speech may be correct, but not consistent with communication goals. Good speech contains at least the following attributes: variety, richness, expressiveness, and accuracy in the use of words. The richness of speech is characterized by the use of a huge vocabulary, various morphological forms. The use of complex syntactic structures also indicates the diversity of speech. Expressiveness of speech is achieved by searching and selecting language means that correspond to the goals and conditions of communication. The choice of means that help to best reflect the content of the utterance, which reveal its main idea, characterize the accuracy of speech. A cultured person is distinguished by a high level of speech culture. You need to improve your speech. Nowadays the mass media are gaining immense popularity. For many, this is the primary source of information. Radio announcers, TV presenters should be a kind of example, since to some extent they are responsible for the cultural level of the broad masses. The spiritual component of human culture is associated with speech in its various forms. The inner world of an individual is manifested in speech: it is intellect, feelings, emotions, imagination, and fantasy, and a moral attitude, faith. All diversity is associated with internal and external speech, with the culture of speech. The leading position in speech has always been occupied by language material. The choice of words and phrases, grammatically and logically correct construction of sentences, a variety of linguistic means and techniques are characteristic both for the orator's speech and for scientific reports. The main indicator of the level of education and culture was correct speech.

1.1 The task of speech culture

Currently, the ability to speak correctly, clearly and beautifully express your thoughts is important for various spheres of social life. That is why we can talk about the connection between the literary language and the concept of speech culture. There are 3 main aspects of the concept of speech culture: communicative, normative, ethical. Speech culture is, first of all, correct speech, it is compliance with the norms of the literary language. The task of the culture of speech is to ensure that these norms are fixed and monitored, in order to monitor their changes in the future. One of the most important components of speech culture is the normative component. However, the definition of "correctness" or "incorrectness" of speech culture is not basic. Another function of the culture of speech is the definition of the communicative tasks of the language. The importance of the communicative side can be considered the main category of speech culture. Here you can consider such qualities of speech as its diversity, richness, accuracy and intelligibility of speech, expressiveness. Another aspect of speech culture is etiquette as the outer shell of the utterance. Etiquette implies the correct use of lexical units and compliance with a particular style. Emotionally colored vocabulary does not go well with scientific or formal business style. When choosing a particular word, it is necessary to take into account not only its lexical meaning, but also its stylistic fixation, as well as expressive coloration. People of different age and professional categories perceive and use the ethical side of speech culture in different ways. Etiquette also monitors the use of specific vocabulary (eg obscene language). It is unacceptable that certain, special lexical units of one style are mixed with units of another style. The normativity of the culture of speech connects the communicative function and the ethical component of the culture of speech. Language is a constantly changing system. The vocabulary that was offensive can change its position over time, becoming more or less used in accordance with the norms of the literary language. Thus, the task of the theory of speech culture is to record any changes in the language. Also, the culture of speech should draw attention to the use of words that are partly incomprehensible to the general public. These include the use of foreign words, professionalism.

The correctness of speech, its richness, clarity and accuracy of expression of thought, the use of various techniques make the spoken word more effective and efficient.

1.2 Types of speech culture

Various types of speech, types of eloquence arose gradually. Speech types can be classified according to the field of activity of the speaker and audience of listeners. There are eight to ten types of speech.

1. The political type of speech includes slogans, appeals, propaganda and agitation speeches, reports of party leaders at meetings, media genres.

2. The military type of communication (or military eloquence) implies orders, appeals, memoirs. This type of speech can also include letters from the commander to the relatives of the dead soldiers, radio communications.

3. Communication of diplomats is based on diplomatic etiquette in compliance with the norms. This type of speech includes negotiations, correspondence. For this type, the ability to properly, legally correct the drafting of documents, the ability to smooth out the situation is mandatory.

4. Business meetings, business documents (financial statements, legal acts, plans and programs), telephone contacts refer to business speech.

5. The eloquence of university lecturers, professors and academicians is found at lectures, seminars, conferences. It is also used when writing creative works, research, abstracts, when defending term papers and theses.

6. The sphere of jurisprudence and court case includes the texts of various laws, statutes, codes. This type of speech includes legal advice, interrogation of witnesses, defense and prosecution speech, and trial.

7. The pedagogical type of communication is various explanations, conversations, teacher comments, students' answers, compositions, presentations and essays as literary creativity, stages of the lesson.

8. The type of speech associated with the spiritual and moral side of life is various sermons, confessions, prayers.

9. Everyday communication is manifested in the conversations of friends, acquaintances, relatives, discussion of the problem of interest by parents and children, correspondence.

10. Inner speech (or speech to oneself) represents memories, reasoning, argument, dreams and fantasies, mental planning of the statement.

These types of speech require comprehension, control, which is directly the culture of speech. Some types of speech and eloquence have developed over many years and even centuries. Some types, such as inner speech, have appeared recently. It should be noted that dialogue with oneself is of great importance in a person's life, the culture of inner speech, a mental appeal to one's second “I” is a guarantee of successful external speech, that is, sounding or writing.

1.3 Oral and written variety of the Russian language

Any language, including Russian, exists in two forms - oral and written. To build a written text, you must follow two types of rules:

1) the rules of reference;

2) predication rules.

Oral speech is sounding speech, it is created in the process of conversation. For her

Verbal improvisation and some linguistic features are characteristic:

1) freedom in the choice of vocabulary;

2) using simple sentences;

3) the use of incentive, interrogative, exclamation sentences of various kinds;

4) repetitions;

5) incomplete expression of thought.

The oral form is presented in two of its varieties, such as:

1) colloquial speech;

2) codified speech. Spoken language allows for ease of communication; informality of relations between speakers; unprepared speech; the use of non-verbal means of communication (gestures and facial expressions); the ability to change the roles of speaker and listener. Codified speech is used in formal areas of communication (at conferences, meetings, etc.).

Written speech is a graphically fixed speech, thought out and corrected in advance. It is characterized by the predominance of book vocabulary, the presence of complex prepositions, strict adherence to linguistic norms, the absence of extra-linguistic elements. Written speech is usually directed towards visual perception. The design of predicativity and reference is associated with the actual division of the sentence, with the allocation of a "topic" or "new" in the message. The first two differences in the oral form combine it with written speech spoken aloud. The third difference characterizes speech produced orally. Oral speech is divided into spoken and non-spoken. Conversational is divided into scientific, journalistic, business, and artistic. Oral speech has its own specifics. It takes place in conditions of territorial and temporal proximity of the interlocutors. Therefore, in oral speech, not only language means play an important role, but also intonation, gestures, facial expressions. Intonation is created by the melody of speech, the place of logical stress, its strength, the degree of pronunciation, the presence or absence of pauses. Written speech is not able to convey intonation.

1.4 Normative, communicative, ethical aspects of speaking and writing

“High culture of speech is not only about following the norms of the language. It also consists in the ability to find not only the exact means for expressing one's thoughts, but also the most intelligible (that is, the most expressive) and the most appropriate (that is, the most suitable for a given case and, therefore, stylistically justified) ", - wrote Professor S. I. Ozhegov.

The norm is the assessment by native speakers of certain facts as correct or incorrect, acceptable or unacceptable, appropriate or inappropriate. The system of norms of the literary language is generally binding, codified (fixed).

This system includes private norms:

1) pronunciation;

2) word usage;

3) writing;

4) shaping;

At the same time, literary norms are recognized as mandatory.

The generally accepted communication rules are determined by the very nature of human society and constitute a set of conditions without which human life ceases to be normal.

One of the theorists of the culture of speech, Professor B. N. Golovin, distinguishes five levels of the communicative circle.

The first level is from reality to the consciousness of the author. Here the intention of the statement arises, the communicative task manifests itself.

At the second level, the intention of the utterances is combined with the linguistic data of the author.

At the third level, the "speech execution" of the concept takes place.

At the fourth level, the addressee perceives the utterance. The addressee is required to understand the transmitted information.

At the fifth level, the recipient correlates the information received during perception with reality, with previously accumulated knowledge and draws appropriate conclusions. According to linguists, the main units of the communicative circle in the transition of language to speech are the word and utterance

1.5 Features of oral public speech

Public speech is at the heart of oratory. The speaker should have the following knowledge and skills:

1) self-confidence during public speaking;

2) the ability to continuously speak on a specific topic;

3) the ability to clearly express their thoughts and build them in an exact sequence;

4) the ability to attract the attention of the audience;

5) expressiveness and brightness during performances;

6) artistry;

7) the ability to persuade, etc .;

The speaker's ability to answer any question asked, to demonstrate his personal interest in this issue is also important. It is important to remember some basic points while giving a speech.

2. Improving the skills of literate writing and speaking

It is no secret that if a person can speak correctly, speak beautifully, write competently, he is considered educated. Language as an independent system lives, develops and changes under the influence of time. The structure of language has been the object of attention of scientists for a long time. In language, everything obeys laws. Learning them allows linguists to create grammar rules, including spelling and pronunciation rules. It is not always possible to express thoughts clearly, clearly, figuratively. This skill must be learned patiently and persistently. A.N. Tolstoy said: "To handle the language somehow means, and to think somehow: inaccurate, approximately, incorrect."

2.1 Main directions

What is meant by the ability to "write competently" and "speak competently"? Competent spelling is not only knowledge of the rules for using consonants and vowels, knowledge of syntactic structures and their correct use, but also knowledge of the use of the necessary lexical units, compliance with stylistic norms. It must be remembered that when choosing a word, not only its lexical meaning is taken into account, but also its stylistic "fixedness", expressive coloring.

The question of correct speaking is also important. In the literary language, pronunciation is subject to certain rules and regulations, as well as the choice of words or the use of certain grammatical forms. For example, in Russian, the sound [o] is not pronounced in an unstressed position. After hard consonants in the first pre-stressed syllable, as well as at the beginning of the word, instead of the letter o, [a] is pronounced: k [a] zA - k [O] zy. Or, in some combinations of consonants stn, zdn a sound falls out, although the letter is written in the letter: ladder, rider, feeling. In foreign words, double consonants are often written: cash, chord, gram. It is necessary to correctly emphasize the words: belt, briefcase, part.

In any case, correct writing is based on literate speech skills, compliance with the norms of the literary language. Speaking correctly is a skill. First of all, you need to determine what you want to say. The ability to accurately and clearly formulate your thoughts needs to be improved. After all, before thoughts, ideas are expressed on paper, you need to think over and formulate what will be discussed in your head.

Conclusion

The word is the most important unit of language. The Russian language has a huge vocabulary. With the help of words, one can name not only various phenomena, objects, actions, but also signs, various shades of meanings. The word has a certain meaning. The more vocabulary, the more educated and erudite a person is, the richer and more interesting his language becomes, the freer his speech becomes.

List of used literature sources

1. Culture of Russian speech: Textbook for universities / Otv. ed. L.K. Graudin and E.N. Shiryaev. - M .: NORMA - INFRA. M, 1999 .-- 560 p.

2. Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook / Ed. IN AND. Maximova. - M .: Gardariki, 2002 .-- 411 p .; Russian language and culture of speech: Workshop / Ed. IN AND. Maksimova, Moscow: Gardariki, 2002, 412 p.

3. Vvedenskaya A.N., Pavlova L.G., Kashaeva E.Yu. Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook for universities. Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2000.

4. Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook for university students studying in pedagogical specialties / Ed. ON. Ippolitova. M .: TK Welby, publishing house Prospect, 2004.

Beautiful speech attracts attention and helps to convey the speaker's thought in accessible words. In the communicative process, an important place is given to linguistic norms and communication ethics. A person who is actually familiar with the concept of speech culture has an abundant vocabulary, his speech is distinguished by purity, expressiveness, clarity and correctness.

• Content:

The culture of speech cannot be talked about in isolation from culture of language, although there is a terminological distinction between them. The richer and more multifaceted the culture of the language, the better it will be speech impact... There will be more options for building speech structures. Let's clarify these two concepts a little. Let's consider what is language and speech in order to better understand their relationship.

Culture of speech and language

Concept a culture of speech quite versatile and directly related to tongue... We convey our thoughts and feelings to the interlocutor with the help of words familiar to both. In this case, the language is iconic mechanism to express the essence of the transmitted information.

In another sense, language also appears way of thinking... If you think about it, you will understand that a person has no other thoughts than those formed with the help of familiar words of one or several languages.

The implementation of mental activity is carried out through speecheswhich represents the language in action. This can be oral communication, recording on paper or other media.

Two definitions of speech culture

1. A set of linguistic means and qualities that allow you to effectively influence the addressee in order to solve communication problems.
2. The ability to best influence the interlocutor or a group of people in a certain situation, demonstrating good command of the literary language.

Sound culture of speech and its development

The sound component of speech at all times was relevant, its practical significance is undeniable today.

Exploring aspects sound culture of speech at the physical, physiological and linguistic levels, it promotes the disclosure of the natural principles of its formation and development. Each language has its own set of sounds and has a number of features. For example, the Russian language has the following distinctive qualities:

• melodiousness of vowels;
• consonants have a peculiar pronunciation and are often pronounced softly;
• variety of intonation.

Sound culture of speech provides for the correct selection and pronunciation of sounds, training for clear diction and expressiveness. She obeys all phonetic and orthoepic rules. The following main sections are distinguished in its structure:

1. Culture of speech pronunciation - competent reproduction of sounds and clear articulation, which is formed on the basis of delivered speech breathing and training of the vocal apparatus;
2. Speech hearing is a complex of phonemic, rhythmic and pitch-hearing.

Proceeding from this, in the sound culture of speech, effective work should be carried out in 2 directions: the development of speech perception and the speech motor apparatus. In the educational process, special attention should be paid to the formulation of orthoepically correct speech, its distinctness and expressiveness. In general, the culture of verbal communication should be considered part of etiquette.

For a normal existence, a person needs communication. It permeates the spiritual world, provides material activities and social adaptation. Spending a long time in solitude or confinement is a real test. Communication is the main need of humanity. It gives rise to the reproduction, organization and expression of personality. Communication hunger is deadly for babies.

Built on the basis of the following principles:

1. Instrumental principle - possession of skills, forms and methods of communication for expressing thoughts and establishing the communication process;
2. The principle of expediency - the ability to build communication in such a way as to achieve maximum effect in accordance with personal and social goals;
3. The ethical principle is the ability to share views, respect the interests of the interlocutor, and not only adhere to your own opinion and defend exclusively your position;
4. The aesthetic principle is the ability to focus on communication as an important process that needs constant improvement and mastering new forms.

This is an important element of the general culture of a person, which must be instilled from an early age, properly educated and improved all the time. Each person in the subconscious should form an ideal image, in accordance with which there will be a desire to express himself beautifully, to build speech correctly, to communicate culturally.

Key aspects of speech culture

The culture of speech has its own aspects that help to reveal its essence. The fundamental ones are:

1. Regulatory aspect;
2. Ethical aspect;
3. The communicative aspect.

The centerpiece is regulatory aspect... It is customary to understand the norm as a set of correct language means that act as ideal models. It is mandatory and affects the language comprehensively. It prescribes the rules fixed by the language system as a whole.

Ethical component gives a justification for the word in a moral and ethical context. rules of communication are established in accordance with moral norms and cultural traditions. Requirements such as clarity, clarity and intelligibility are prescribed for the expression of thoughts.

Parity, being the most important ethical principle, is present at different stages of the conversation. At the same time, great importance is given to the look, facial expressions, gestures and a smile. Attention signals can also be manifested through regulatory cues. A good interlocutor can not only keep the conversation going, he is able to suggest an interesting topic and set the right tone for the conversation. He knows how to win over from the first minutes of communication.

Communication aspectbeing in close connection with the function of the language, imposes its own requirements on the quality of speech interaction. A high culture of speech is a set of communicative qualities that are reflected in the field of communication. Compliance with language norms is important, but not sufficient. You need to be able to find accurate means for expressing thoughts. At the same time, they must be expressive, logical and appropriate for the effective implementation of the assigned communication tasks. Communicative expediency is an important theoretical category of speech culture.

The norms of the culture of speech

The culture of speech obliges each individual to adhere to certain norms. They are needed in order to preserve the integrity of the literary language and its intelligibility for all native speakers.

The main norms of speech culture are:

• Lexical norms - correct word usage, without going beyond the literary language. The difference between words that are close in meaning can be understood by referring to dictionaries and reference books. Compliance with such rules will exclude lexical errors;
• Grammar norms - word formation, morphology and syntax. They are described in textbooks and grammar references;
• Stylistic norms - are prescribed by genre laws and follow from the features of the functional style. These norms can be found in the explanatory dictionary, textbooks on stylistics and speech culture. Examples of stylistic mistakes: lexical insufficiency and redundancy, stylistic irrelevance, ambiguity.

Spelling and punctuation norms apply to written speech. The norms of pronunciation, intonation and stress are established separately for oral speech. Compliance with key or minor norms has a great impact on the quality of speech culture in general. The slightest violation of them can form an unpleasant impression on the addressee. The listener is easily distracted and speech “flies deaf ear”.

Writing can be viewed as an independent system of the communicative process. Written speech encompasses statistical space, not temporal space. This allows the writer to think over his speech, return to what was written, correct and rebuild the text, and make the necessary clarifications. Finding a form of presentation and effective expression of thoughts can take a long time.

Reflects the thoughts of a person using graphic signs. The presentation of the text is carried out through the use of the literary language. If necessary, technical terms, business vocabulary, or colloquial expressions can be used.

As a rule, such a culture of speech provides for a high level of human education. He must skillfully use words to:

• building complex structures;
• reporting the subtlest mood;
• reproduction of speech intonation;
• expressions of emotional shades of transmitted information.

Having these qualities and abilities, you can convey the essence, convey the desired mood and feelings to any listener. The masters of this craft are able to describe the sound of music, display shades of colors, depict natural phenomena and immerse the reader in a world of fantasy.

The culture of speech of modern children

The cultural image of a modern child is far from ideal. The reason for the violation of the speech culture of children is non-compliance with literary norms and the influence of distorted language forms. The Russian language in the information age is under serious pressure, changing beyond recognition.

The culture of speech of modern children is a rather plastic environment that instantly reacts to all changes, including unfavorable ones. That is why the state of speech culture is under close scrutiny today. Measures are being taken against the clogging of speech coming from the mouth of children. Unfortunately, now it is “not fashionable” to speak a normal language among young people.

Formation and education of the culture of speech

The most important intellectual indicator of a person and his culture is speech. In general, it is valuable for society that each person strives to improve it. The richer and more imaginative speech, the more significant a person looks and feels.

Alas, not all families pay enough attention to cultural communication. Every child needs to be informed that speech culture is a reflection of a person's spiritual culture. The beauty and greatness of the native word ennoble the senses and put thoughts in order.

The work of educators and speech therapists in kindergarten and school is focused on correcting the pronunciation of sounds and the correct word stress. It's not enough for formation of beautiful and correct speech... Sound culture is only part of the general culture of speech. Sound pronunciation classes are important, but this is only a small part of the vast science. The school program is a continuation of the formation of a culture of speech in children. Here, a large number of hours are devoted to both speaking and writing.

The educational process is always the most fruitful when children are taught not only at school, but also at home. Parents by their own example should show that the culture of verbal communication beautifies interpersonal relationships and facilitates mutual understanding. The jewels of the richest treasury of the Russian language can be found with the help of a living word that children should hear from adults every day.

1 Introduction ……………………………………… ... ………………………. ……… 3

2 Subject of study of speech culture …………………………………. ……… 4

3 Basic speech qualities ………………………………………………… ...... 7

3.1 The richness and diversity of the speaker's vocabulary ....... ………………… .7

3.2 Speech should be bright, figurative, expressive ... ……………… .8

3.3 Clarity, comprehensibility - an essential feature of the culture of speech ......................................... .................................................. ................................8

3.4 Accuracy - Required Speech Quality ……………………………… 9

3.5 Correctness is the central concept of speech culture ... .. ………… .11

4 Culture of speech as a culture of speech activity ………… .. …………… ..11

5 Levels and types of speech culture ……………………………… ... …………… ... 14

6 Conclusion …………………………………………………………………… ..18

7 List of used literature ………………………… .. …………… ..19

1. Introduction

"What is the culture of speech?" - this is the main question, the answer to which this essay is devoted.

The doctrine of the culture of speech originated in ancient Greece within the framework of rhetoric as a doctrine of the merits and demerits of speech. In rhetorical treatises, instructions were given on what speech should be and what should be avoided in it. These writings contained recommendations for maintaining correctness, purity, clarity, accuracy, consistency and expressiveness of speech, as well as advice on how to achieve this. In addition, even Aristotle urged not to forget about the addressee of speech: "Speech consists of three elements: the speaker himself, the object he is talking about, and the person to whom he refers and which is, in fact, the ultimate goal of everything (I mean the listener ) ". Thus, Aristotle and other rhetoricians drew the readers' attention to the fact that rhetorical heights, the art of speech can be achieved only on the basis of mastering the basics of speech mastery.

It should be emphasized that for ancient scholars of speech, correct pronunciation is not an end in itself. Cicero summed it up superbly: "... No one has ever admired an orator just because he speaks Latin correctly. If he does not know how to do this, he is simply ridiculed and not only as an orator, but as a person, they do not think ..."

In Russia, it was originally comprehended and developed on the basis of public literature by M.V. Lomonosov. "Rhetoric" by Koshansky, one of the lyceum mentors of A.S. Pushkin, was limited, but not useless. Sharp and painful critical strikes by V.G. Belinsky was undermined by the theoretical foundations of the rhetoric of the first half of the 19th century. However, the interest in what was commonly called eloquence did not fade away in society, among leading writers, lawyers and scientists. The place of rhetoric was taken by stylistics, which also included elements of the culture of speech as a scientific discipline.

In the XX century V.I. Chernyshov, L.V. Shcherba, G.O. Vinokur, B.D. Tomashevsky, V.V. Vinogradov, S.I. Ozhegov and their numerous students gradually, more and more fully comprehended the totality of phenomena denoted by the term "speech culture", or "speech culture". This term has become firmly established in science and life. There was also a demarcation of this term, which speaks of the recognition of a new field of knowledge, the task of which is to study the culture of speech as a set of its real properties and characteristics.

Now we consider the culture of speech as part of the culture of communication and culture in general, because the culture of speech is determined by the level of language proficiency. The difficulty of describing the culture of speech lies in the heterogeneity, multi-level and multi-scale of its constituents.

Introduction

Nowadays, communication is one of the main factors of mutual understanding between people, therefore the culture of verbal behavior is important to all people whose activities, in one way or another, are connected with communication. By the way a person speaks or writes, one can judge the level of his spiritual development, his inner culture.

The culture of speech is a concept that combines the knowledge of the linguistic norm of the oral and written literary language, as well as the ability to use expressive language means in different communication conditions.

In addition, in the modern world, conditions have developed when the demand for a specialist in the labor market, his competitiveness largely depend on the availability of competent speech (both oral and written), the ability to communicate effectively, from knowledge of speech techniques, persuasion. The success of any professional activity depends on how skillfully speech activity is carried out.

Thus, the relevance of this topic is beyond doubt.

The purpose of the work is to consider the features of speech culture and its impact on the ethics of communication.

consider the history of the issue;

characterize the concept of "culture of speech";

analyze the features of a person's speech culture;

to reveal the process of interaction between the culture of speech and ethics of communication.

1. History of the culture of speech

communication culture speech psychological

The culture of speech as a special area of \u200b\u200blinguistics took shape gradually. The norms of the Russian language of the most ancient times were formed in Kievan Rus under the influence of oral poetry and the Church Slavonic language. Ancient handwritten and subsequent printed books kept and consolidated the traditions of written speech, but the code of laws "Russian Truth", which was formed orally and written down under Yaroslav the Wise in 1016, reflected the living speech.

The first attempts to consciously form the norms of written speech date back to the 18th century, when Russian society realized that the lack of unity in the spellings made communication difficult and created many inconveniences.

The work of V.K. Trediakovsky's "A Conversation Between a Stranger and a Russian About Spelling Old and New" (1748) is the first attempt to substantiate the rules of Russian spelling.

The theoretical normalization of the Russian language is associated with the compilation of the first grammars, rhetoric and dictionaries, with a description for educational purposes of the literary, exemplary language, its norms and styles.

M.V. Lomonosov - the creator of the first scientific grammar of the Russian language "Russian grammar" (1755) and "Rhetoric" (short - 1743 and "lengthy" - 1748) - laid the foundations of the normative grammar and stylistics of the Russian language.

In the 19th century, works on the rhetoric of N.F. Koshanskiy, A.F. Merzlyakova, A.I. Galich, K. Zelenetsky and others.

One of the main tasks of the culture of speech is the protection of the literary language, its norms. It should be emphasized that such protection is a matter of national importance, since the literary language is precisely what, linguistically, unites the nation.

One of the most important functions of a literary language is to be the language of the entire nation, to rise above individual local or social limited language formations. The literary language is what creates, naturally, along with economic, political and other factors, the unity of the nation. It is difficult to imagine a full-fledged nation without a developed literary language.

The famous modern linguist M.V. Panov, among the main features of the literary language, names such as the language of culture, the language of the educated part of the people, a consciously codified language, i.e. norms that all native speakers of the literary language must follow.

Any grammar of the modern Russian literary language, any dictionary of it is nothing more than a modification of it. However, the culture of speech begins where language, as it were, offers a choice for codification, and this choice is far from unambiguous. This indicates that the modern Russian literary language, although it can be considered as a language from Pushkin to the present day, does not remain unchanged. He constantly needs rationing. If we follow the established norms once and for all, then there is a danger that society will simply stop reckoning with them and will spontaneously establish its own norms. Spontaneity in such a matter is far from good, therefore constant monitoring of the development and change of norms is one of the main tasks of the linguistic science of the culture of speech.

This was well understood by Russian linguists of the pre-revolutionary period, as evidenced by the analysis of the norms of the Russian language in the book of V.I. Chernysheva “Purity and Correctness of Russian Speech. Experience of Russian stylistic grammar "(1911), which, according to V.V. Vinogradov, is a remarkable phenomenon in Russian philological literature and retains its significance to this day. He proposed a scientifically grounded view of the literary language as a complex interaction of whole categories of synonymous, but at the same time, stylistically heterogeneous grammatical forms and syntactic turns of speech.

The main sources of the best speech in the specified work are recognized: common modern use; works of exemplary Russian writers; better grammar and grammar studies. The book was awarded the Academy of Sciences Prize.

After 1917, the preservation of the norms of the literary language became especially relevant, since people who did not speak it were involved in social activities. A stream of vernacular, dialectal and slang vocabulary rushed into the literary language. Naturally, there was a threat of undermining the literary norm.

However, the concept of “culture of speech” and the concept of “culture of language”, close to it, emerged only in the 1920s in connection with the emergence of a new Soviet intelligentsia and with the general post-revolutionary attitude that the “masses” should “master the worker-peasant (proletarian) culture. ”, An important part of which was the struggle for“ the purity of the Russian language ”(usually based on the corresponding statements of Lenin).

The post-war years became a new stage in the development of the culture of speech as a scientific discipline. The largest figure of this period was S.I. Ozhegov, who has received the widest fame as the author of the most popular one-volume "Dictionary of the Russian language", which has become a reference book for more than one generation of people. In 1948 the book by E.S. Istrina "Norms of the Russian literary language and the culture of speech."

In the 50-60s, the scientific principles of the culture of speech were refined: an objective and normative point of view on language, the distinction between codification (as a normalizing activity) and norms (an objective historical phenomenon). The "Grammar of the Russian Language" of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1953-54) is published, the "Dictionary of the Russian Literary Language" is published in 17 volumes, which received the Lenin Prize, the collections "Questions of the Culture of Speech" are periodically published

In 1952, the speech culture sector of the Institute of the Russian Language of the USSR Academy of Sciences was created and it is headed by S.I. Ozhegov, under the editorship of which from 1955 to 1968 the collections "Questions of the culture of speech" were published.

The theoretical works of V.V. Vinogradov of the 1960s, D.E. Rosenthal and L.I. Skvortsov 1960-1970s; at the same time, there are attempts to distinguish it from the term “culture of language” (by which it is proposed to understand, first of all, the properties of exemplary literary texts).

The culture of speech has been becoming an independent discipline since the 70s of the twentieth century: it has its own subject and object of study, goals and objectives, methods and techniques of scientific research of the material. The following theoretical directions are being developed:

variability of norms;

functionality in regulatory assessments;

the ratio of outside - and intra-linguistic factors;

the place and role of literary normalized elements in modern Russian;

changes in norms.

Cultural and speech activity turns from “prohibition” into a positive program of linguistic education, development of linguistic flair, the ability to use language in the best way, its expressive means in accordance with speech tasks and the laws of the functioning of language in society.

The communicative component of the culture of speech received some development (works by B.N. Golovin, A.N. Vasilyeva, and others) only in the 60s. 20th century in connection with the needs of teaching the culture of speech in higher education.

The normalizing activity of linguists has not weakened in the 90s. 20th century: works by D.E. Rosenthal, T.G. Vinokur, L.K. Graudina, L.I. Skvortsova, K.S. Gorbachevich, N.A. Eskova, V.L. Vorontsova, V.A. Itskovich, L.P. Krysina, B.S. Schwarzkopf, N.I. Formanovskaya and others.

The communicative component of speech culture is also receiving more and more attention.

The modern approach to the problems of speech culture establishes internal links between the improvement of the speech culture of society with the development of national culture; scientifically analyzes the processes occurring in modern speech practice; contributes to the improvement of the modern Russian literary language, taking into account the diverse social functions.

... Characteristics of the concept of "culture of speech"

Speech is an activity of communication - expression, impact, communication - through language, a form of existence of consciousness (thoughts, feelings, experiences) for another, serving as a means of communication with him, a form of generalized reflection of reality.

The culture of speech is such a set and such organization of linguistic means, which in a certain communication situation, subject to modern linguistic norms and communication ethics, can provide the greatest effect in achieving the set communication tasks.

Key indicators of speech culture:

vocabulary (excluding offensive (obscene), slang words, dialectisms).

vocabulary (the richer it is, the brighter, more expressive, more varied speech, the less it tires the listeners, the more it impresses, is remembered and carried away);

pronunciation (the old Moscow dialect is the norm of modern pronunciation in Russian);

grammar (business speech requires compliance with the general rules of grammar);

stylistics (such requirements as inadmissibility of unnecessary words, correct word order, consistency, accuracy, absence of standard, hackneyed expressions are imposed on a good style of speech).

The normative aspect of speech culture presupposes, first of all, the correctness of speech, i.e. observance of the norms of the literary language, which are perceived by its native speakers as a model.

The linguistic norm is the central concept of speech culture, and the normative aspect of the culture of speech is considered one of the most important.

This is a necessary, but insufficient regulator, the culture of speech cannot be reduced to a list of prohibitions and definitions "right-wrong".

The concept of "speech culture" is associated with the patterns and characteristics of the functioning of the language, as well as with speech activity in all its diversity. It is possible to cite a large number of texts of the most varied content, impeccable from the point of view of literary norms, but not reaching the goal. This is ensured by the fact that the norm regulates to a greater extent the purely structural, sign, linguistic side of speech, without affecting the most important relations of speech to reality, society, consciousness, and people's behavior.

The culture of speech develops the skills of selecting and using language means in the process of verbal communication, helps to form a conscious attitude to their use in speech practice in accordance with communicative tasks. The choice of language means necessary for this purpose - the basis of the communicative aspect of speech culture. As G.O. Vinokur, a well-known philologist, a major specialist in the culture of speech: "For each goal its own means, this should be the slogan of a linguistically cultured society." Therefore, the second important quality of speech culture is communicative expediency - the ability to find an adequate language form in the language system for expressing specific content in every real situation of speech communication. The choice of language means necessary for a given purpose and in a given situation is the basis of the communicative aspect of speech.

The communicative qualities of speech are, first of all, the accuracy of speech, intelligibility, purity, consistency of presentation, expressiveness, aesthetics and relevance. The clarity of formulations, the skillful use of terms, foreign words, the successful use of the visual and expressive means of the language, proverbs and sayings, winged words, phraseological expressions, of course, increase the level of professional communication of people.

The third, ethical aspect of speech culture is closely connected with communicative expediency. The rules of speech behavior, ethical standards of speech culture are one of the most important components of professional communication.

Ethical norms of communication are understood as speech etiquette: speech formulas for greetings, requests, questions, gratitude, congratulations, etc .; appeal to "you" and "you"; choice of full or abbreviated name, form of address, etc.

Communicative expediency as a criterion for the culture of speech concerns both the form of expression of thought and its content. The ethical aspect of the culture of speech prescribes the knowledge and application of the rules of linguistic behavior in specific situations so as not to humiliate the dignity of the participants in communication. Ethical norms of communication provide for adherence to speech etiquette. Speech etiquette is a system of means and ways of expressing the attitude of those communicating to each other.

The ethical component of the culture of speech imposes a strict prohibition on foul language in the process of communication and other forms that offend the dignity of participants in communication or people around them.

In this way, culture of speech is the observance in speech of the prevailing in society:

norms of the literary language (correct pronunciation, form formation, sentence structures, the use of words in their accepted meaning and accepted compatibility). Literary language is the highest form of the national language and the basis of the culture of speech. It serves various spheres of human activity: politics, culture, office work, legislation, verbal art, everyday communication, international communication;

norms of speech behavior, etiquette (say hello, say goodbye, apologize, be polite, do not be rude, do not offend, be tactful);

norms related to the ability to achieve the greatest efficiency of one's speech (rhetorical literacy);

norms related to the ability to switch from one sphere of communication to another, take into account who the speech is addressed to and who is present at the same time, in what conditions, in what setting and for what purpose the speech is being conducted (stylistic and stylistic norms).

All of the above allows us to accept the proposed by E.N. Shiryaev's definition of the culture of speech: "The culture of speech is such a choice and organization of linguistic means, which in a certain communication situation, subject to modern linguistic norms and communication ethics, can provide the greatest effect in achieving the set communicative tasks."

3. Human speech culture

A high level of speech culture is an integral feature of a cultured person. By speech, they judge the level of culture of the individual and the whole society.

Human speech culture is an attitude a person to knowledge of the language (and knowledge in general), the desire (or lack thereof) to expand them, the ability (or inability) to use the acquired knowledge .

The culture of speech affects not only the process of creating speech (speaking, writing), but also its perception (listening, reading). In order for the structure of speech to take the necessary communicative perfection, the author of the speech must possess a set of necessary skills and knowledge; at the same time, in order to acquire these skills and knowledge, you need to have samples of communicatively perfect speech, you need to know its signs and patterns of its construction.

Thus, speech culture reflects the degree of assimilation and observance of cultural norms in the process of transmission and perception of a speech message, the application of knowledge that contributes to the effectiveness of this process in situations of everyday communication. In the content aspect, it includes knowledge of perfect speech samples, knowledge of speech etiquette, knowledge of the psychological foundations of speech communication.

The culture of speech presupposes, first of all, the correctness of speech, i.e. observance of the norms of the literary language, which are perceived by its carriers as a model, therefore the concept of the type of speech culture seems to be extremely important for the modern state of society and its culture. Types of speech cultures (according to O.B.Sirotinina):

Fully functional (elite) - the native speaker uses the language capabilities as fully and expediently as possible, depending on the situation and the recipient of the speech, he freely moves from one style to another, always observes all kinds of norms of speech culture.

Incomplete - the carrier does not know how to use all functional styles, but they clearly distinguish two or three styles depending on the situation and their profession, and makes more mistakes than a representative of an elite culture.

The average literary speaker is “self-confidently illiterate”: speakers of this type, making a large number of mistakes, do not doubt their knowledge, are confident in the correctness of their speech, never check themselves in dictionaries and even “correct” specialists.

Literary slang - the carrier deliberately reduces and coarsens speech.

Everyday - the carrier always uses everyday literary speech, without switching from one stylistic register to another, depending on the communication situation.

Colloquial - the native speaker is not familiar with the style varieties of the language and makes a large number of gross errors.

In Russia, the majority of the population is carriers of types of speech culture, occupying different parts of the transition zone between the two poles: fully functional and everyday.

In recent years, within the framework of speech culture, a special direction has emerged - linguistics of good speech (ameliorative linguistics), associated with the study of the qualities of "good speech", which, in turn, depend on the communicative qualities of speech. These qualities are revealed on the basis of the ratio of speech with such "non-speech structures" as language itself as a device that generates speech, as well as the speaker's thinking and consciousness, the reality surrounding him, the person - the addressee of speech, the conditions of communication. Taking into account these “non-speech structures” determines the following essential qualities of good speech: correctness, purity, accuracy, consistency, expressiveness, imagery, accessibility, and relevance.

4. Ethics of speech communication

The culture of speech has a certain impact on the ethics of communication. Ethics prescribes the rules of moral behavior (including communication), etiquette presupposes certain manners of behavior and requires the use of external politeness formulas expressed in specific speech actions. Compliance with the requirements of etiquette in violation of ethical standards is hypocrisy and deception of others. On the other hand, completely ethical behavior, not accompanied by observance of the norms of etiquette, will inevitably make an unpleasant impression and cause people to doubt the moral qualities of the individual. When communicating, first of all, the features of speech etiquette are taken into account. The ethical component of the culture of speech manifests itself in speech acts - purposeful speech actions, such as the expression of a request, a question, gratitude, friendliness, congratulations, etc.

Thus, the ethics of communication, or speech etiquette, requires compliance with certain rules of linguistic behavior in certain situations.

In verbal communication, it is also necessary to observe a number of ethical and etiquette norms that are closely related to each other. Speech etiquette begins with compliance with the conditions for successful speech communication.

First, you need to be respectful and kind to your interlocutor. It is forbidden to insult the interlocutor with his speech, insult, express disdain. Direct negative assessments of the personality of the communication partner should be avoided; only specific actions can be assessed, while observing the necessary tact. Harsh words, a cheeky form of speech, an arrogant tone are unacceptable in intelligent communication. And from the practical point of view, such features of speech behavior are inappropriate, since never contribute to the achievement of the desired result in communication. Politeness in communication involves understanding the situation, taking into account the age, gender, official and social status of the communication partner. These factors determine the degree of formality of communication, the choice of etiquette formulas, the range of topics suitable for discussion.

Secondly, the speaker is instructed to be modest in self-assessments, not to impose his own opinions, and to avoid being overly categorical in speech. Moreover, it is necessary to put the communication partner in the center of attention, to show interest in his personality, opinion, to take into account his interest in a particular topic. It is also necessary to take into account the listener's ability to perceive the meaning of your statements, it is advisable to give him time to rest and concentrate. For this, you should avoid too long sentences, it is useful to make small pauses, use speech formulas for maintaining contact: you certainly know ...; you might be interested to know ...; as you can see ...; note…; it should be noted ... etc.

Speech etiquette is determined by the situation in which communication takes place. Any act of communication has a beginning, a main part and a final one. The main ethical principle of verbal communication - the observance of parity - finds its expression, starting with greeting and ending with goodbye throughout the conversation.

The greeting and address sets the tone for the entire conversation. If the addressee is unfamiliar to the subject of speech, then communication begins with acquaintance. Moreover, it can occur directly and indirectly. According to the rules of good form, it is not customary to enter into a conversation with a stranger and introduce yourself. However, there are times when this needs to be done. Etiquette prescribes the following formulas:

Allow (those) to get acquainted with you (with you).

Let (those) meet you (you).

Let's get to know each other.

It would be nice to meet you.

The appeal fulfills a contact-establishing function, is a means of intimization, therefore, throughout the entire speech situation, the appeal should be pronounced repeatedly - this indicates both good feelings for the interlocutor and attention to his words.

Depending on the social role of the interlocutors, the degree of their closeness, you are chosen-communication or you-communication and, accordingly, greetings hello or hello, good afternoon (evening, morning), hello, salute, greetings, etc. The communication situation also plays an important role.

Etiquette also determines the norm of behavior. It is customary to represent a man to a woman, the youngest to the older, and the employee to the boss.

Formal and informal meetings begin with a greeting. In Russian, the main greeting is hello. It goes back to the Old Church Slavonic verb to be healthy, which means "to be healthy", i.e. healthy. In addition, there are greetings indicating the time of the meeting:

Good morning! Good day! Good evening!

Communication presupposes the presence of another term, another component, which manifests itself throughout the communication, is an integral part of it, and, at the same time, the rate of use and the very form of the term have not been finally established. It's about conversion.

From time immemorial, conversion has served several functions. The main one is to attract the attention of the interlocutor. In addition, the appeal indicates a corresponding sign, it can be expressive and emotionally colored, contain an assessment. Thus, a distinctive feature of officially accepted appeals in Russia was a reflection of the social stratification of society, such a characteristic feature of it as reverence for rank. In Russia, until the twentieth century, the division of people into classes remained: noblemen, clergy, commoners, merchants, philistines, etc. Hence the appeal “ master "," mistress "- to people of privileged groups; "Sir", "madam"- for the middle class and the lack of a uniform appeal to the representatives of the lower class.

In the languages \u200b\u200bof other civilized countries, there were appeals that were used both to a person in a high position and to an ordinary citizen: Mr., Mrs., Miss; senor, senora, senorita, etc.

After the October Revolution in Russia, a special decree abolished all old ranks and titles. Instead, the appeals "comrade" and "citizen" are spreading. With the growth of the revolutionary movement, the word comrade acquires a social and political meaning: "like-minded person fighting for the interests of the people." In the first years after the revolution, this word becomes the main circulation in the new Russia. After World War II, the word comrade gradually begins to leave the everyday unofficial address of people to each other.

A problem arises: how to address a stranger? On the street, in a store, in public transport, one can hear more often the address of a man, woman, grandfather, father, grandmother, boyfriend, aunty, etc. Such messages are not neutral. They can be perceived by the addressee as disrespect for him, even an insult, unacceptable familiarity. The words man Woman violate the norm of speech etiquette, indicate insufficient culture of the speaker. In this case, it is preferable to start a conversation without calls, using etiquette formulas: be kind, be kind, sorry, forgive. Thus, the problem of common treatment in an informal setting remains open.

Etiquette formulas. Each language has fixed ways, expressions of the most frequent and socially significant communicative intentions. So, when making a request in forgiveness, an apology, it is customary to use a direct, literal form, for example, Sorry).

When making a request, it is customary to represent one's "interests" in an indirect, non-literal statement, softening the expression of one's interest and leaving the addressee the right to choose an action; eg: Could you go to the store now ?; Aren't you going to the store now? When asked How to get through.? Where is.? you should also preface your question with a request, could you tell ?; You will not say.?

There are etiquette formulas for congratulations: immediately after the appeal, the reason is indicated, then the wishes, then the assurances of the sincerity of feelings, the signature. Oral forms of some genres of colloquial speech also largely bear the stamp of ritualization, which is conditioned not only by speech canons, but also by the “rules” of life, which takes place in a multi-aspect, human “dimension”. This applies to such ritualized genres as toasts, gratitude, condolences, congratulations, invitations. Etiquette formulas, phrases for the case are an important part of communicative competence; their knowledge is an indicator of a high degree of language proficiency.

Euphemization of speech. Maintaining a cultural atmosphere of communication, the desire not to upset the interlocutor, not to offend him indirectly, not. cause a discomfort - all this obliges the speaker, firstly, to choose euphemistic nominations, and secondly, a softening, euphemistic way of expression.

Historically, the language system has developed ways of peripheral nomination of everything that offends taste and violates cultural stereotypes of communication. These are paraphrases regarding death, sexual relations, physiological functions; for example: he left us, died, passed away; the title of Shakhetjanyan's book “1001 questions about it” about intimate relationships. Softening methods of conducting a conversation are also indirect informing, allusions, hints, which make it clear to the addressee the true reasons for this form of expression. In addition, the mitigation of refusal or reprimand can be implemented by the "change of addressee" technique, in which a hint is made or the speech situation is projected onto the third party to the conversation.

In the traditions of Russian speech etiquette, it is forbidden to talk about those present in the third person (he, she, they), thus, all those present find themselves in the same "observed" deictic space of the speech situation "I - YOU (YOU) - HERE - NOW". This shows a respectful attitude towards all participants in the communication.

Interruption. Counter remarks. Polite behavior in verbal communication prescribes to listen to the interlocutor's remarks to the end. However, a high degree of emotionality of participants in communication, a demonstration of their solidarity, agreement, the introduction of their assessments "in the course" of a partner's speech is an ordinary phenomenon of dialogues and polylogues of idle speech genres, stories and stories-memories. According to the researchers' observations, interruptions are typical for men, more correct in a woman's conversation. In addition, interrupting the interlocutor is a signal of a non-cooperative strategy. This kind of interruption occurs when communicative interest is lost.

You are communication and You are communication. A feature of the Russian language is the presence in it of two pronouns you and you, which can be perceived as forms of the second person singular (Table 1). In general, the choice is dictated by a complex combination of external circumstances of communication and individual reactions of the interlocutors:

degree of acquaintance of partners ( you - to a friend, You - to a stranger);

formal communication environment ( you - unofficial, You - official);

the nature of the relationship ( you - friendly, "warm", You - emphatically polite or tense, aloof, "cold");

equality or inequality of role relationships (by age, position: you - equal and subordinate, You - equal and higher).

Table 1 - Choice of form You and you

VYTY1 To an unfamiliar, unfamiliar addressee1 To a well-known addressee2 In a formal setting of communication2 In an informal setting3 With an emphatically polite, reserved attitude to the addressee 3 With a friendly, familiar, intimate relationship to the addressee4 To an equal and older (in position, age) addressee4 To an equal and younger ( by position, age) to the addressee

The choice of the form depends on the social status of the interlocutors, the nature of their relationship, on the official-informal setting. So, in an official setting, when several people take part in a conversation, Russian speech etiquette recommends even with a well-known person with whom friendly relations and everyday life are established to you, to go to you.

In the Russian language, you-communication in informal speech is widespread. Superficial acquaintance in some cases and long-term long-term relationships of old acquaintances in others are shown by the use of a polite "you". In addition, you-communication indicates the respect of the participants in the dialogue; So, you-communication is typical for long-term, girlfriends who have deep feelings of respect and devotion for each other. More often you-communication with a long acquaintance or friendship is observed among women. Men of different social strata are "more inclined" to You-communication.

It is generally accepted that you-communication is always a manifestation of spiritual harmony and spiritual closeness, and that the transition to you-communication is an attempt to intimize relations (compare Pushkin's lines: “ You are empty with a heart You she, saying a word, replaced... ". But with Thou-communication, the feeling of the uniqueness of the personality and the phenomenality of interpersonal relations is often lost.

Parity relations as the main component of communication do not negate the possibility of choosing You-communication and You-communication, depending on the nuances of social roles and psychological distances. The same participants in communication in different situations can use the pronouns "you" and "you" in an informal setting.

Speech taboos - a ban on the use of certain words due to historical, cultural, ethical, socio-political or emotional factors. Socio-political taboos are characteristic of speech practice in societies with an authoritarian regime. They may relate to the names of some organizations, the mention of some persons objectionable to the ruling regime (for example, opposition politicians, writers, scientists), certain phenomena of public life officially recognized as non-existent in a given society. Cultural and ethical taboos exist in any society. It is clear that the use of obscene vocabulary, the mention of some physiological phenomena and parts of the body is prohibited. Disregard for ethical speech prohibitions is not only a gross violation of etiquette, but also a violation of the law.

The norms of ethics and etiquette also apply to writing. An important issue in business letter etiquette is the choice of address. For standard letters on formal or minor occasions, the appeal “ Dear Mr. Petrov! "For a letter to a superior manager, letter of invitation or any other letter on an important issue, it is advisable to use the word dear and call the addressee by name and patronymic. In business documents, it is necessary to skillfully use the capabilities of the grammatical system of the Russian language. In business correspondence, there is a tendency to avoid the pronoun "I".

Compliments. The culture of criticism in speech communication. An important component of speech etiquette is a compliment. Tactfully and on time said, it cheers up the addressee, sets him up for a positive attitude towards his opponent. A compliment is said at the beginning of a conversation, at a meeting, acquaintance or during a conversation, at parting. Tactfully and on time said, the compliment raises the addressee's mood, sets him up for a positive attitude towards the interlocutor, to his proposals, to the common cause. A compliment is said at the beginning of a conversation, when meeting, meeting, parting, or during a conversation. A compliment is always nice. Only an insincere or overly enthusiastic compliment is dangerous.

A compliment can refer to appearance, excellent professional ability, high morality, ability to communicate, contain an overall positive assessment:

You look good (great, great, great, great).

You are so (very) charming (smart, resourceful, reasonable, practical).

You are a good (excellent, wonderful, excellent) specialist (economist, manager, entrepreneur).

You run (your) economy well (excellent, excellent, excellent) (business, trade, construction).

You know how to manage (manage) people well (perfectly), organize them.

It's nice (good, excellent) to deal with (work, cooperate) with you.

The culture of criticism is needed so that critical statements do not spoil the relationship with the interlocutor and would allow him to explain his mistake. To do this, it is not the personality and qualities of the interlocutor that should be criticized, but specific mistakes in his work, the shortcomings of his proposals, the inaccuracy of conclusions.

In order for criticism not to affect the feelings of the interlocutor, it is advisable to formulate comments in the form of reasoning, drawing attention to the discrepancy between the tasks of the work and the results obtained. It is useful to build a critical discussion of work as a joint search for solutions to complex problems.

Criticism of the arguments of the opponent in a dispute should be a comparison of these arguments with general provisions that do not cause doubts in the interlocutor, reliable facts, experimentally verified conclusions, reliable statistical data.

Criticism of the opponent's statements should not relate to his personal qualities, abilities, character. Criticism of joint work by one of its participants should contain constructive suggestions, criticism of the same work by an outsider can be reduced to an indication of shortcomings, since the development of solutions is the business of specialists, and the assessment of the state of affairs, the effectiveness of the organization's work is the right of any citizen.

So, not only the culture of speech itself as a system of means, but also the culture of linguistic communication, communication belongs to the field of speech culture.

Among the phenomena designated by the term "culture of speech", one should distinguish, firstly, concern for the language, its culture and the level of communication, and, secondly, this level itself, i.e. elaboration of language or linguistic communication, individual acts and results.

The culture of language communication is distinguished by the following features:

it concerns statements (texts) and their perception and interpretation;

it connects the linguistic structure with the content-thematic side and style-forming factors, the situation, the personalities of the communicators, etc .;

the asymmetry between the culture of speech and the culture of communication lies in the fact that communication uses the entire national language as a whole.

Thus, the culture of speech acts as a part of the broader concept of "culture of communication", which includes both the culture of thinking and the psychological culture of influence and interaction.

Conclusion

Concluding our work, we note the following.

The culture of speech is the mastery of the norms of the literary language in its oral and written form, in which the choice and organization of linguistic means is carried out, allowing in a certain communication situation and subject to the ethics of communication to provide the necessary effect in achieving the set communication goals.

When characterizing the totality of knowledge, skills and speech abilities of a person, the culture of his speech is defined as follows: it is such a choice and such an organization of linguistic means that, in a certain communication situation, subject to modern linguistic norms and communication ethics, can provide the greatest effect in achieving the set communicative tasks.

The definition emphasizes three aspects of speech culture: normative; ethical; communicative.

The ethics of verbal communication requires the speaker and listener to create a favorable tone of conversation, which leads to agreement and a successful dialogue.

The culture of speech is, first of all, its real signs and properties, the totality and systems of which speak of its communicative perfection:

accuracy of speech ("Who thinks clearly, clearly expresses");

consistency, mastery of the logic of reasoning;

purity, i.e. the absence of elements alien to the literary language and rejected by moral norms;

expressiveness - features of the structure of speech that maintain attention and interest in the listener or reader;

wealth - a variety of speech, the absence of the same signs and chains of signs;

the appropriateness of speech - such a selection, such an organization of language means that make speech meet the goals and conditions of communication. Appropriate speech corresponds to the topic of the message, its logical and emotional content, the composition of listeners or readers, informational, educational, aesthetic and other tasks of the speeches.

Thus, the correctness of speech, the richness of the individual vocabulary increases the effectiveness of communication, enhances the effectiveness of the spoken word.

Human speech activity is the most complex and most common. It forms the basis of any other human activity: industrial, commercial, scientific and others.

It is important to master the culture of speech for everyone who, by the nature of their activities, is associated with people, organizes and directs their work, conducts business negotiations, educates, takes care of health, provides people with various services.

So, the culture of speech is the most important condition for communication. And mastering the basics of speech culture for each person is not only a necessity, but also a duty. Communicating culturally, people make the right choice in the direction of achieving communication tasks.

Bibliography

1. Benediktova V.I. About business ethics and etiquette. - M .: Bustard, 2004.

Vasilyeva D.N. Foundations of the culture of speech. M .: OLMA-PRESS, 2006.

3. Valgina N.S. Modern Russian language / N.S. Valgina, D.E. Rosenthal, M.I. Fomina. - M .: Logos, 2005 .-- 527 p.

4. Golovin B.N. Foundations of the culture of speech. - M .: YUNITI Publishing House, 2008.

Golub I.B., Rosenthal D.E. Secrets of good speech. - M., 2003.

6. Golub I.B. Russian language and culture of speech. Study guide / I.B. Golub. - M .: Logos, 2002 .-- 432 p.

Dantsev A.A. Russian language and speech culture for technical universities / A.A. Dantsev, N.V. Nefedova. - Rostov n / a .: Phoenix, 2004 .-- 320 p.

The culture of Russian speech and the effectiveness of communication / Under. ed. L.K. Graudina, E.N. Shiryaev. - M .: Norma, 2000 .-- 560 p.

9. Kolesov V.V. Culture of speech - culture of behavior. - M .: Education, 2008.

10. Krysin L. P. Language in modern society. - M .: Nauka, 1977.

11. Sternin I.A. Russian speech etiquette. - Voronezh, 2007.

Shiryaev E.N. The culture of Russian speech and the effectiveness of communication. - M .: Bustard, 2006.

Tutoring

Need help exploring a topic?

Our experts will advise or provide tutoring services on topics of interest to you.
Send a request with the indication of the topic right now to find out about the possibility of obtaining a consultation.

Updated date: 24.10.2017

In essence, the general culture of a person can already be judged by the way he speaks and writes. Even 100 years ago, by the cultural manner of communication, it was possible to distinguish an aristocrat from a commoner - the difference was too huge. Social status was easy to determine. But with the development of universal literacy in the 20s of the twentieth century, a huge number of people joined the books and were able to break out of their social stratum. It was thanks to education, the development of reading and writing skills that at that time it was possible to rise from the bottom and break out into the people.

But in our time in terms of the requirements for the quality of speech have not changed. Perhaps in society, the bar of claims has dropped somewhat, but this in no way means that the norms of etiquette are outdated. For people of high culture, a beautiful developed speech without verbal garbage has remained the standard below which they will never fall.

The culture of speech can be considered the most important indicator of culture in general. Therefore, there are no limits to the perfection of speech and manners. It is not enough to learn to avoid speech mistakes, you need to constantly expand your vocabulary, be able to hear your opponent, understand him, respect his opinion, and master the skill of choosing the right words for each situation.

Communication culture

By that, one can judge the nature of the personality. The general manner of communication creates a certain impression of us. It's good if she's attractive. But speech can also alienate the interlocutor. Therefore, the concept of a culture of communication is more multifaceted than just a beautiful speech. This also includes the ability to listen and follow the rules of etiquette.

The ability to listen

Often, being carried away by conversation, we forget about good manners. We are in a hurry to impose our understanding of the issue, we do not delve into the arguments of our counterpart, we do not hear, we do not follow our words.

The rules of etiquette are strictly forbidden to put pressure on the interlocutor. And to impose your opinion is not only ugly, but also has no effect. Chances are, your partner will become defensive and the conversation won't work.

And if you do not listen to the interlocutor and interrupt all the time, this speaks of disrespect for his person, absence. A good interlocutor shows sincere attention to the speaker, respects other people's opinions, and listens carefully. Such a skill can be developed and become a very pleasant highly cultured person who is well accepted in any society.

It can happen the other way around - when they don't listen to you and interrupt, impose their opinion. Then start your conversation with the common cliché "Don't you think that ..."

If a dispute ensued and you turned out to be wrong, then, as a cultured person, admit your mistake, not leading the dispute to conflict.

Speech culture

Many people think that speech is just thoughts expressed in words. In fact, speech and etiquette associated with it are a complex tool that helps to establish communication, establish contact (especially in business circles), increase the productivity of the conversation, and attract a mass audience to your side during a public speech.

The culture of speech is directly related to the behavior of the speaker. The choice of words and manner of speaking tune the interlocutor in the necessary mood and build our behavior. It happens that you need to monitor every spoken word and weigh them before pronouncing.

By the speech of the interlocutor, they will judge not only himself, but also the company he represents. Therefore, speech etiquette in such situations will either help make a career or destroy it.

Public speaking - rules:

• Prepare an outline of your speech in advance and outline the thesis.
• Avoid an instructive tone.
• Speak emotionally, but not overly. Speech should be simple, competent, with the correct intonation.
• Use comparative statistics - you will be more convincing.
• Don't use hackneyed cliches - it lulls the audience.
• End your talk by re-emphasizing the problem that you raised at the beginning - this will make your presentation very effective.

• Be as short as possible so as not to confuse the other person with unnecessary words. Be precise, clear and concise.
• Before starting the conversation, decide for what purpose you are entering the conversation.
• Be varied in your speech by telling the same story to different people in a way that you approach them. That's where an extended vocabulary comes in! This contributes to understanding and establishing contacts, finding a common language in different people.
• It is better to ignore rudeness than respond to it. A cultured person will not stoop to answer in the same rude manner, he will not stoop to the level of the interlocutor. When a question is deliberately not answered, it is also considered a violation of speech etiquette.
• Self-control and self-control are very necessary in conversation and in public speaking, so that emotions do not get out of control, do not dominate the mind.
• The culture of speech has nothing to do with obscene language.
• If you are with the interlocutor, try not to adopt his manner, keep your positive speech habits. People who imitate the speech of their opponent lose their individuality.