Social project "Jargonisms in the speech of students of our school" (within the framework of the regional stage of the republican competition of research projects "I am a citizen of Russia"
From work experience,
literature of higher qualification
I am a citizen of Russia. We speak these words with pride. We know how much time demands from us, young citizens of Russia. Life is gaining momentum every year, and in no way can one stay away from public affairs: from politics, economics, social problems and, of course, from everything that makes up the spiritual sphere of the life of our society. And this is, first of all, language.
Language is the main means of communication between people. It arose in ancient times in the process of their joint labor activity. He helped people understand each other, work together, exchange knowledge and information.
Much attention is paid to the protection and development of the language in our state: in 2002 in our republic an educational campaign "Clean Word" was announced and continues to operate, 2007 in the Russian Federation was declared the Year of the Russian language, on May 20, 2005 the State Duma adopted the Federal Law on State the language of the Russian Federation, in which Article 1, paragraph 5 says: "The protection and support of the Russian language as the state language of the Russian Federation contributes to the multiplication and mutual enrichment of the spiritual culture of the peoples of the Russian Federation."
Human speech is the embodiment, the realization of language. The more different words the speaker uses, the more beautiful and richer his speech. Conversely, if the vocabulary is poor, then the speech of such a person is clumsy, poor, primitive. But along with the clumsy and primitiveness of speech, we increasingly began to meet such phenomena in the speech of young people as illiteracy, incoherence, rudeness, foul language, jargon, with which, unfortunately, we all got used to. But it was noticed that speech contamination can provoke spiritual coarsening, denial of the spiritual values \u200b\u200bof our society. This is what determines the relevance of the project "Jargonisms in the speech of students of our school", which was carried out by members of the association of additional education "Art of the Word" under the guidance of students in grades 9 B and 9 C.
The goal of the project is to analyze the speech quality of schoolchildren from the point of view of the quantitative use of jargon in speech.
Project objectives:
· Define the concept of "jargon";
· Define the functions of jargon;
· To conduct a survey in order to identify the frequency and reason for the use of jargon, the attitude of schoolchildren towards them;
· Stimulate the active citizenship of students in relation to language problems.
Having decided on the topic, goal, tasks of the project, we put forward a hypothesis: jargon is a frequently used lexical variety, the reason for using which is to attract the attention of others and speech scarcity. And also, having discussed, determined the research methods. We had to select and analyze the literature on the problem, observe the speech of schoolchildren and adults, conduct interviews with them and questionnaires among schoolchildren.
We were divided into creative groups, each of which had its own task:
- analyze the literature on the project problem; study the concept of "jargon", its functions; think over the questions of the questionnaire and conduct a survey; process the results of the survey; sum up the research work - project presentation.
So what have we learned about jargon and its functions.
Jargon is the second name for objects, phenomena that already have a generally accepted literary name, for example, "buza" instead of "disorder", "shamat" instead of "is." Jargon is outside the literary language; it is a stylistically limited vocabulary. The function of jargon is the use in fiction for the purpose of characterizing a character's speech or creating the desired color . The source of jargon is professional speech (for example, pilots, sailors, doctors, prisoners, etc.). Slang words make up a negligible percentage in relation to the vocabulary of the common language. They clog the tongue.
At one of the lessons of the circle, we thought over the questions of the questionnaire. They were next.
Do you use slang words in your speech? Do you often use them? In what setting, situation do you use them?
4. How do you feel about the use of slang words by your peers?
5. Do you hear jargon in adult speech?
6. Why do you think you (your peers) use slang words?
Then we conducted a survey, in which 150 schoolchildren from grades 6 to 11 took part, and processed the questionnaires. The results were as follows:
- They use jargon in different situations, situations:
a) at home - 28%;
b) in communication with peers on the street, at school - 83%;
c) at home and at school - 5% of schoolchildren.
The following numbers make you think about the attitude of the guys to the use of jargon:
Hear jargon in the speech of adults - 88%, no - 7%. These are also alarming numbers. And, finally, the reasons for using jargon in speech were indicated as follows:
Desire to seem like an adult - 17.3%;
Attract the attention of others - 16%;
Lean vocabulary - 16.6%;
3% indicated bad manners;
3% believe that it is impossible to survive without them now, life is like that;
3% for a bunch of words.
Thus, the results of the survey confirmed our hypothesis that jargon is a frequent occurrence in the speech of our schoolchildren, and also confirmed the alleged reasons for its use: this is the desire to seem adults, and the desire to attract the attention of others, and the scarcity of vocabulary. After all, a poor vocabulary forces a person to abuse slang words. And the desire of young people to attract the attention of others is explained by the desire of young men and women to be speechless, to move away from stereotypes in expressing thoughts and feelings, by imposing jargon as a means of communication that corresponds to their age and distinguishes them from adults as a social group.
After analyzing the results of our activities during the implementation of the project, we came to the following conclusions:
1) jargon clogs our speech, complicates understanding between people, is not able to express the diversity of human thoughts and feelings;
2) it is necessary to “fight” for the purity of the word, not to allow an indifferent attitude, because jargon is accompanied by a special worldview and demeanor leading to spiritual poverty. After all, as K. Paustovsky said: "We learn the language and must learn until the last days of our life";
3) we have acquired research skills.
The final stage of our work on the project was to determine the prospects:
· Hold a number of events, contests, essays at school dedicated to the purity of the word;
· To carry out the action "Clean Word" on the scale of the village;
· To carry out a new research project "Nicknames".
References:
Once again about the culture of speech. // Red Star. - 19 .., Czech for Russian language classes in high school. - M .: education, 2003 On the culture of speech. // Education of schoolchildren. - 1989. - №3 From an abusive word - to the corrosion of the spirit. // Republic of Tatarstan . - 2001 .-- 22.11. Let's talk about the purity of the language. // Oil news. - 2007. - No. 12
Writers and journalists sometimes use jargon and argotic vocabulary as one of the means of the hero's speech characteristics, to show the characteristics and mores of a particular environment. Thus, the use by N. G. Pomyalovsky in his “Sketches of the Bursa” of Bursak jargon, often explained in detail, helped the writer to convey the gloomy flavor of the Bursak atmosphere. Game of habit, get into lean, pfimfa.
Professional jargon, along with terms and professionalisms, can participate in the reproduction of a specific professional environment, acquainting with the special realities of this environment and, at the same time, with the common colloquial designations of special explanations. So, for example, the story "In August of the forty-fourth" the writer V. Bogomolov introduced readers to some military jargon: props (to portray something for some purpose), scab (agent-paprashutist), etc.
This function is also used by professional jargon in the newspaper (introduced, as a rule, into the speech of the heroes, in the speech of the journalist, highlighted graphically): Then someone shouted: -Pistols did not forget? This surprised me. About what “pistols ”Is there a conversation? It turns out that this is the name of the tackle for catching gobies in the sea; I press the brake pedal, I take the levers. Too harsh - the machine "bite ”.
As for the use of other types of jargon, they are usually used as a means of speech characterization.
In the author's speech (in addition to those cases when they are necessary for a realistic display of any environment), jargon can be used as a means of ridicule, ionium, etc.: He needs a manuscript, as an experienced autogenous apparatus needsshnifer for opening fireproof cash registers; Unfortunately for us, there was a philanthropist nearby who needed to drive a shaft of talents. And my friend and I fell into the category of young talents. Or in modern terms,into the vein .
7 Computer jargon
Computer technologies, which have been developing rapidly since the second half of our century, and, especially, the massive invasion of our personal computer market in the mid-80s, introduced into the language a huge number of special words and expressions, rich branched terminology, for example: network card, microprocessor, operating system, formatting, installation, hard drive, pixels, dialog box, object (objectDelphi3.0 for example)etc. Many of these terms are Anglicisms, but there are also a considerable number of words of "domestic" origin.
Along with science and production related to computers, virtual entertainment also entered the market: computer games. A well-made game is a complex organism that requires a certain level of professionalism from the player. Games are divided into types that receive specific names, often require many special terms and rules to denote various game processes (especially those with network capabilities, that is, the simultaneous participation of several people in the game): Quest, Strategy game, Flight simulator, multiplayer, deathmatch, fragetc.
As in any professional "language" among people, one way or another connected with computers, there are also unofficial designations of certain concepts, what can be called professional "argo" (or jargon).
Ways to form jargon:
A very common method (inherent in all jargon that stands next to a certain terminology) is the transformation of a term, usually large in volume or difficult to pronounce. Here we can distinguish 1) reduction: computer - computer, hard drive - screw, mac - poppy.
2) Universalization: motherboard - mother, strategy game - strategy, role-playing game - role-player, inkjet printer - inkjet,
Zd studio max – max (the word is the name of the most popular program, which has not yet been grammatically formed).
As in the professional language of computer scientists, there are many English loanwords in the jargon. Often these are borrowings from English computer jargon:
Word Gamer - from the English. jargon Gamer (Professional computer game player). Smiley - a funny face, which is a sequence of punctuation marks (: - |). From English. jarg. smily.
Doumer -Doomer (a fan of the Doom game).
The “fathers” of jargon can also be professional terms of English origin, which already have an equivalent in Russian: hard drive, hard drive, hard drive -hard drive (hard drive), connect -to connect (join),programmer - programmer (programmer),user - user (user)to click - to click (to click. Although now “clicking” begins to compete with “clicking”). The grammatical mastering of some borrowings by the Russian language is accompanied by their word-formation Russification. Zip (zip) - s zip, zip, zip, User (user) - user-defined.
Interestingly, there is also the opposite phenomenon. A synonym for the term jargon appears, formed from the word that has long been entrenched in the Russian language: Window vents - a contemptuous name for the operating systemWindows.
Borrowings, however, are by no means the only source of replenishment of the lexicon of this lexical system. Some words come from the jargon of other professional groups, such as motorists: kettle (novice user), engine (core, "engine", programs.This word is also semantically equivalent to its English counterpart. engine).Sometimes the computer's processor is called motor,and the computer itself - by car.Word glitchand word formation from him - widely used in youth jargon, gets here the meaning of "unforeseen errors in the program or incorrect operation of equipment." Wed “I have a printer
buggy ”or“ Windows98 is a pretty buggy product ”.
The method of metophorization (which is widely used in all jargon systems) is very productive. With his help, words such as:
Pancake -CD disk (already obsolete).
Rat -soviet-made mouse.
Reanimator -a specialist or a set of special programs for “calling from a coma” of a computer, the software of which is seriously damaged and it is not able to function normally.
Numerous verbal metaphors: to brake - extremely slow operation of a program or computer, demolish or kill - delete information from disk.
An interesting number of synonyms associated with the process of disrupting the normal operation of the computer, when it does not respond to any commands, except for the reset button. They talk about such a computer, then it hung, hung, got up, fell, collapsed.Although the word freeze (there was a freeze, in case of a freeze) now it can already be excluded from jargon - it is officially used as a term. This is not the only example of synonyms in jargon vocabulary, it is also worth noting: komputer-wheelbarrow-apparatus -comp-machine, screw - hard drive - hard drive - hard drive.
You can also find a method of metonymy in the formation of jargon using the example of the word iron -in the meaning of "computer that make up a computer". Buttons -in the meaning "keyboard".
You can find examples of phraseological units, the motivation of the meaning in which is understandable only to the initiate: blue screen of death (error message textWindows on a blue background before hovering), a combination of three fingers or send to three fingers (Ctrl- alt- delete - emergency removal of any running program), trample loaves (work on the keyboardbutton - buttons).
A special place in computer jargon is occupied by words that do not have semantic motivation. They are in a relation of partial homonymy with some common words (morphophonetic coincidences).
Lazarus - Laser Printer(Lazarus and laser)
Wax - operating systemVAX.
Pentyukh -Pentium.
Kwak - gameQuake
Many words of computer jargon are formed according to derivational models adopted in the Russian language. The affix way - quite common - is the suffix k.
Flewka
Shot ka
wanderedka
(Subsequently, these words were supplanted by the terms simulator, quest, 3D action).
In the words "sidyuk" (compact disk or CD-ROM device) or pisyuk - (PC) there is a suffix -yuk, characteristic of common parlance.
The peculiar folklore of computer scientists is interesting, in which terminological vocabulary is used in a broad figurative sense. (data from 1992).
Cant’ open - refusal to fulfill any request. (Computer message stating that a file cannot be retrieved).
And here is an example of a transcription of a famous work:
As the Old Man saw the Old Woman -
The argument was worse than system massage:
“You fool, you fool!
Begged OS, fool,
I don't want to be a systems programmer
I want to do whatever my heart desires
So as not to mess with the assembler,
And write in pure Pascal
Various beautiful things ...
You can often come across jokes, anecdotes, puns specific to computer scientists: here are examples from the well-known game GEG: corporationMacrohard (pomeranian antonym of the word Microsoft), Gell Bates - (inversion of the first and last name of the head of Microprose Bill Gates), "Harry was asleep, but he knew he would wake up on the first click of the mouse."
Computer slang vocabulary is an actively developing dynamic system (which is due to the unusually rapid progress in computer technology). This is one of the ways of penetration into the Russian language of Anglicisms, (sometimes completely unjustified). Many words from computer jargon are moving into official terminology. Slangs exist not only in oral speech, not only in numerous electronic documents of letters and virtual conferences, they can also be found in print, they often come across in reputable computer publications: “... There are monitors with a diagonal of at least 17 inches, with a" motor "not weaker than pentium120 ... The world of the PC (A. Orlov, 1997 December). And they can be found in abundance in magazines devoted to computer games, for example: “And the monsters are there strafeno worse than any doomera ”. (italics - mine. Navigator of the game world March 1998, article - Underlight). A considerable component of the vocabulary, characterized by colloquial, coarse colloquial coloring, expressiveness characteristic of youth slang, indicates that there are a lot of young people among computer scientists.
Research work in the Russian language on the topic:
"Jargon in our speech."
Completed by: Egorova Sofia, a student of the 9th grade MBOU "Ust-Altanskaya secondary school"
Project manager: Elena Samsonovna Malakshinova,
teacher of Russian language and literature
Subject: Russian
The aim of the project: to analyze the speech of modern schoolchildren from the point of view of their use of common and limited in use vocabulary and to identify ways to replenish the vocabulary of students in my school.
Project objectives:
Determine what place is occupied by non-common vocabulary in the speech of students.
Define the concepts of "jargon" and "slang".
Conduct a sociological study (questionnaire survey) among middle school students in order to determine: the range of the most common slang words,
reasons for the use of jargon by schoolchildren.
Organize the material.
Hypothesis: limited use of vocabulary prevails in the speech of students: slang, jargon are often used means in the speech of schoolchildren, their use is associated with the desire to stand out among people, to be modern; slang words make up semantic groups associated with the life and work of schoolchildren.
Methods and techniques of work: reading and analysis of scientific literature, questionnaires, analysis of questionnaires, collection of frequently used profanity. The research results will be presented in the form of a report at the Russian language lesson.
Object of research: students of grades 5-9 MBOU "Ust-Altan secondary school"
.
Content
Introduction 1. Explanatory note 1.1. Research area, research object. 1.2. Relevance of the topic.
1.3. Formulation of the goal and objectives of the study. 1.4. Research stages. Research methods.
2. Theoretical research 2.1. What is slang?
2.2. Youth slang.
2.3. Reasons for using slang.
3. Practical research 3.1. Conducting a survey of students in order to determine: the range of the most common slang words,
the frequency of the use of jargon,
clarification of the attitude of schoolchildren to youth slang.
4. Conclusion
5. List of used literature
6.. Applications
Introduction
We study Russian from the first to the eleventh grade. This is one of the most difficult school subjects. But no one doubts that it is necessary to study Russian. Who needs? Me, my fellow classmates, those who come to school after us. To my children, grandchildren. I sincerely believe that the Russian language is “great and mighty”, because it is the language of Pushkin, Gogol, Chekhov and other classics of Russian literature.
However, what do we hear today from the lips of today's youth?
"You have a cool outfit", "Great we hung out today." What is the “greatness” and “power” of the language of modern youth and schoolchildren? Fight them or accept them? This contradiction and contributed to the emergence of interest in the study of vocabulary of students, determined the problem of my research.
1. Explanatory note
1.1. The area of \u200b\u200bresearch is jargon and youth slang as a layer of vocabulary closely related to the life of a modern student. The object of the study is the oral speech of students of my school. The base of the study is students of grades 5-9
MBOU "Ust-Altanskaya secondary school"
1.2. Relevance: - limited vocabulary is widespread among schoolchildren, but its origin is not sufficiently represented in school textbooks of the Russian language; - youth slang and jargon - expressions that are present everywhere, and acquaintance with them will help expand knowledge about the lexical composition of the language and deepen knowledge of the Russian language in general ; - the study of limited-use vocabulary allows you to connect linguistic knowledge with life, increases observation and teaches you to find interesting and unexplored next to yourself; - work on the topic allows you to find out the attitude of schoolchildren to youth slang, as well as identify the reasons for the use of such vocabulary by students. 1.3. Purpose of the research: to analyze the speech of modern schoolchildren from the point of view of their use of common and limited in use vocabulary and to determine ways to replenish the vocabulary of students in my school.
Hypothesis:
limited use of vocabulary prevails in the speech of students: slang, jargon are frequently used means in the speech of schoolchildren, their use is associated with the desire to stand out among people, to be modern; slang words make up semantic groups associated with the life and work of schoolchildren. Is it so?
Tasks:
Determine the composition of groups of common vocabulary in the speech of schoolchildren.
Define "slang".
Conduct a sociological study (questioning) among students in grades 5-9 of the school in order to determine:
- the circle of the most common words of youth slang and slang words;
- the reasons for the use of slang and jargon by schoolchildren.
Analyze survey results and place conclusions in diagrams.
Draw conclusions on the research topic.
Perform a computer presentation.
1.4. Research stages:
-Study of scientific literature, selection of theoretical material.
-Conducting questionnaires, processing the results.
-Writing a project.
-Create a computer presentation
Research methods: - method of collecting information (study of popular science literature, observation);
- collection of vocabulary; - questioning; - analysis, comparison; - statistical studies (counting, calculations).
2. Theoretical research.
VOCABULARY
The vocabulary of the Russian language in terms of the scope of its use can be displayed in the table:
If the word in modern Russian
used freely,
unlimited
not included freely
used vocabulary
used in a certain field of activity (science, office work, etc.): hyphen, rasp, overlap., scalpel, easel is used by a certain group of people to name objects that have their names in the literary language: packed (rich), wheelbarrow (car ), comp (computer)
used in a certain area:
golitsy (mittens), beetroot (beetroot), guy (forest)
Common vocabulary
Professional vocabulary
Dialect vocabulary
Slang vocabulary
Many words of the Russian language are known to all people and are used by everyone. These words are commonly used, for example: water, earth, sky, bird; green, blue, long; go, think, speak. But there are words in the Russian language that not everyone knows and uses in their speech. These are uncommon words. Non-common vocabulary includes dialectal, professional, slang words and words of youth slang.
2.1 What is slang?
There are several definitions of slang.
Slang is the speech of any group united by common interests, containing many words and expressions that differ from the common language and are not fully understood by others.
Slang is a variant of colloquial speech that does not coincide with the norm of the literary language. What is slang for?
Slang makes speech more concise, emotionally expressive, the speaker can most fully and freely express his feelings and emotions. (Let's compare the two expressions. In a bookish, literary language: “I have a strong pleasant feeling from this song.” In slang: “I just trudge from this song!”) The most apt definition of slang, in my opinion, is this:
Slang - words that live a full life in the modern language, but are considered undesirable for use in the literary language.
2.2 youth slang
Youth slang is a social dialect of people aged 13-30, which arose from opposing oneself to the older generation and the official system, and is distinguished by a colloquial and sometimes rude familiar coloration
In my opinion, the concept of school slang is a kind of speech that does not coincide with the norm of the literary language, used by a narrow circle of people united by a common interest, occupation, position in society. From this definition, it follows that slang refers to the vocabulary of a limited scope of use and is used mainly in oral communication. Slang was, is and will be in school vocabulary. It can neither be prohibited nor canceled. It changes over time, some words die, others appear, just like in any other language. Of course, it's bad if slang completely replaces normal speech for a person. But it is impossible to imagine a modern student without slang at all. The main advantages here are expressiveness and brevity.
It is no coincidence that slang is currently used in the press and even in literature (and not only in the detective genre) to make speech lively. Even high-ranking statesmen use slang expressions in their speeches. Therefore, one should not treat slang as something that only pollutes the Russian language. This is an integral part of our speech.
2.3 Reasons for using slang.
Slang is a kind of non-literary speech. Most often, teenagers and young people use slang.
Suppose that slang in students' speech is a means of everyday speech. The question arises: why do schoolchildren speak in this way, why is slang firmly established in everyday life?
To answer this question, I conducted a language research: I surveyed students, conducted observation (both in the classroom, and at breaks, and outside of school). I found out that students in grades 5-9 of my school actively use slang in their speech, which is characterized by a bright expressive and stylistic coloring, therefore it easily turns into colloquial everyday speech, into vernacular.
In the questionnaires, I asked to indicate the words that the guys use most often. Analysis of the research work and my observations made it possible to identify the following semantic slang groups in the students' speech:
Group name Examples
1 Body parts rake (hands), pack, tower (head), blinker (eyes), mitten (mouth), locators (ears); 2 Words denoting people by profession teacher (teacher), driver (driver), historian (teacher stories), cop (policeman);
3 Household appliances box, TV set (TV), mobile, sotik (mobile phone), computer (computer), laptop (laptop);
4 Transport motik, motak (motorcycle), bike (bike), car (car), nine, ten, ferret (car models) 5 Words denoting people by kinship ancestors, relatives, (parents), dad, folder (dad), maman (mother), sister (sister), lads (friends), brother, brother (brother), men (boyfriend) 6 Study homework (homework), deuce (score "2"), penny (score "5"), kontroshka7 Food hawka, hawka, havchik, zhrachka (food), boutiques, boutiques (shops), canteen (canteen)
8 Grandma's money, loot, bucks, piece, tweet 9 Valuation words are cool, cool, lafa, nishtyak, zashibis, buzz (good, excellent), cool (interesting), cool (excellent), one hundred pounds, specifically (exactly), by nature, really (true), vosche (admiration), shameful, dumb, lame (bad, ugly), luck (lucky), bullshit (very simple)
10 Verbs get off, get off, get off, get off (get off, get off), bazaar (talk), stick (joke), load (annoy), break off (failure), get crazy, stunned (surprised), stir up, chop (cheat), tear off (get it), hang out (rest), bastard, trudge (very good), slip away, reel (run away), gaze, stare (look), smile (smile), load (bother, pester), sew, hammer (kill), perish, fade (go away), run over (threaten); 11 Words denoting people according to their quality of character rat, ram, pig, dog, elk, goof, loshara, brake, six, woodpecker, goat, schmuck, bigot, cow, hulk
As a result of the study, it was found that students actively use slang in their speech. The use of non-literary vocabulary is most often observed when schoolchildren communicate with each other and when expressing some kind of feeling (surprise - cool !, delight - wow !, irritation - fuck off, etc.) But an interesting fact is that sometimes without context , very often these words and expressions are accompanied by facial expressions and gestures. Because without them it can be difficult to understand the meaning of the statement. This is confirmed by the fact that the 7th grade students could not find all the correspondences to slang words and expressions (for example, the word "get crazy" without being applied to some situation turned out to be difficult to explain). Depending on the situation, words can express various, up to the opposite, emotions: disappointment, irritation, surprise, joy. For example: Well, you fucking give! (surprise), Don't bother, damn it (irritation), Hey, damn it! (delight), etc. Pupils believe that emotions and feelings that overwhelm them cannot be expressed in literary language (one of the reasons for using slang).
3. Practical research
3.1. Conducting a survey of students in order to determine
It seemed logical to me the question that I asked the students: "Why do you use slang?" It turned out that the most popular answers were "It is fashionable, modern", "It helps to assert itself." I realized that the guys, using slang, follow the fashion, they are afraid to seem funny, "black sheep" if they start talking in literary language. In addition, there is an element of self-assertion, a kind of protest against the surrounding reality.
The second most popular answer: "Slang makes speech easier for friends." Several people responded that slang adds liveliness and humor to speech. To the question: “When you grow up, will you use slang?”, Many answered - no. This suggests that the use of slang by adults is unacceptable, in their opinion, and at the same time, it seems to confirm the thesis that slang is mostly a youth phenomenon. At the same time, it seemed interesting to me to observe the qualitative use of slang: fifth graders and sixth graders most often use words that express emotional assessment (cool, cool, cool) and words related to school life (physical training, liters), senior students expressed the idea that with unfamiliar people ( adults, teachers) try not to use slang in their speech.
From conversations with adults, I found out that earlier, when they were in school, slang was present. They named such words: pancake, state assessment, garbage, spur, but the use of these expressions was low, these words were not thrown in the open, it was considered shameful to say a non-literary word out loud in front of an adult. The teachers of our school know a lot of modern slang words, some sometimes use them as a joke.
4. Conclusion.
In my work, I tried to explain the reasons for using slang as an element of everyday speech of students. The guys in my school actively use non-literary vocabulary in their speech. The study of uncommon vocabulary in speech proves the presence of slang, slang words and expressions in the vocabulary of schoolchildren.
Most of all, the guys in my school use slang as an expressive means, considering it fashionable. Thus, they want to create their own world, different from the world of adults. It was also found that the use of slang is a kind of protest against the "gray" reality, it is an element of self-affirmation, striving for independence and independence. An important factor is the influence of the media on the speech of a student. In addition, it was found that schoolchildren refer to slang as a temporary phenomenon in their speech. Some of the students did not even think about how they spoke.
I found out that slang has existed for a long time (since the days of our mothers and grandmothers), but the degree of use of this phenomenon in the language has increased in our time. Therefore, the hypothesis that I put forward is correct - in the speech of students, limited in use vocabulary prevails. In the first place - slang, jargon, and dialectisms and professionalisms are very rare. This means that our task is to learn to use this vocabulary appropriately in accordance with the communication situation. To know about the impossibility of its application in normalized speech. To get rid of the negative influence of limited use of vocabulary, one must know well the norms of the literary language - the norms of pronunciation, stress, inflection, pronunciation.
6. List of used literature
S. I. Ozhegov. - Dictionary of the Russian language. - (edited by N. Yu. Shvedova), - M .: "Russian language", 1989
V.V. Volina I know the world, the Russian language.- M .: AST, 1998.
3. DE Rosenthal MA Telenkova - Dictionary of linguistic terms (electronic version).
4. L.I. Skvortsov. Jargons / Russian language: encyclopedia. - M., 1979.
5. OL Soboleva. Pupil's reference book. 5-11 grades. Russian language / M .: AST. 2003.
6. V.V. Sokolov. Culture of speech and culture of communication.- Moscow: Education, 1995.
7. Internet materials
7. Applications
Questionnaire for students:
What is youth slang?
Do you know the words of youth slang? (well no)
Do you use these words in your speech? (often, rarely, never)
Underline the ones you use the most.
For what purpose do you use them?
a) Think that it is fashionable, modern.
b) Are needed in speech for the connection of words. c) Help to overcome the lack of words in my speech.
d) Make speech easier to understand for friends.
e) Help to assert self.
f) Give your speech liveliness, humor.
7. Could you do without slang words and expressions?
a) Yes.
b) No.
c) I didn't think about it.
8. Do you try to do without them?
a) Yes.
b) No.
c) I didn't think about it.
Answer options Grade 5 Grade 6 Grade 7 Grade 8 Grade 9
yes 5% 8% 17% 50% 45%
No 10% 25% 30% - 25%
Didn't think about it 85% 67% 53% 50% 30%
The answers show that as they get older, the students realize that their speech is wrong and try to correct it. At the same time, students don't think about how they speak.
9. When you grow up, will you use slang?
a) Yes
b) No
c) Didn't think about it
A selective survey of students in grades 6 and 7 revealed their attitude to the use of jargon. A total of 14 people were interviewed.
When asked why students use jargon, the data presented in the table were obtained:
6th grade 7th grade total
A Fashionable, modern 4 3 7
B Needed in speech for communication of words 2 2 4
B Make speech easier to understand 1 1 2
D Something else 1 - 1
Having considered this issue, we can draw the following conclusion: the main reason for using jargon is to organize communication among peers, and also this is the "pursuit" of fashion and modernity. Everyday speech of schoolchildren is saturated with jargon and it is almost impossible to eliminate them. However, it must be remembered that slang vocabulary is not the vocabulary of a cultured, educated person, and one must always remember in which sphere of verbal communication it is permissible for use.
Reply left the guest
Jargonism is used in our colloquial speech quite often, but we must realize that jargon does not show our education. The same expressions as: "lit-ra", "mother", "fiz-ra" - all this is also a kind " school "jargon. Jargon does not expand our vocabulary, does not provoke the perception of a complete description of an object, action, but just liz shortens it or hides the full meaning behind a short expression that we still perceive.
Very often, in modern society, jargon is also used in household appliances: "telly", "computer", "vidic", etc.
Jargon should be used in moderation, and, if possible, should not be used at all, since this turns our society towards ignorance.
Nowadays, people do not think about the words with which they can injure another person, misrepresenting the name of his school subject, which he leads half his life ...
We can no longer live without jargon, since it has become the routine of our lived days.
(1) I have a good attitude towards slang and all kinds of jargon. (2) Active word-creation takes place in them, which the literary language cannot always afford. (3) In essence, they are proving grounds for possible language experiments. (4) The use of slang in in ordinary conversation, it creates a special effect and makes speech quite expressive. (5) And I even envy all of these "not childish sausage", "stopood" and "atomic" (I don't use them very much myself), because whatever you say to speak Russian means not only “to speak correctly”, as the “Culture” channel demands from time to time, but also with pleasure, and therefore emotionally and creatively. (6) After all, slang usually sounds more emotional than the literary language. (7) Sometimes slang words fill some lacuna in the literary language, that is, they express an important idea for which there was no separate word. (8) Such words became, for example, "to get" and "hitting". (9) They are very popular and are often found in oral communication, if only because one word cannot be more precise. (10) A lot of slang words are now generally used not only in colloquial speech, but also in written texts. (11) But all the same, I was surprised to read in the Foreign Ministry's statement the phrase “act of terrorist lawlessness.” (12) I was struck by how easily the dull word “lawlessness”, more recently “criminal jargon”, describing primarily the situation in the camp, overcame the borders zone and entered the official language. (13) Perhaps these examples are enough. (14) It seems that almost everyone who pays attention to their native language will have complaints about its current state - similar or, perhaps, some other (after all, we all have different tastes, including linguistic ones).
I am interested in one question.
So the author begins to seem to speak positively about slang and jargon, but what are the actual claims?
Is it that jargon and slang are starting to be used more and more and are starting to be used everywhere (including in official languages)? Or something different?
Preview:
Kirov regional state educational autonomous institution of secondary vocational education
"Vyatka electrical machine-building technical school"
abstract
on the topic "Why do people use jargon in speech?"
The work was completed by a student of the 1st course
Fedorov D.A.
Kirov 2010
Introduction _________________________________________ 2
From the history of jargons _____________________________ 4
Types of social dialects: ______________________
- Thieves' slang ___________________________ 5
- Fenya _______________________________________ 6
- Argo _______________________________________7
- Slang ______________________________________ 8
- Professional jargon ___________________ 9
- Mat _______________________________________ 10
- Youth slang __________________________ 11
- Jargon of schoolchildren _________________________ 13
- Computer slang ________________________ 15
10. Padonian (Albanese) language _______________ 16
Is jargon “good” or “bad”? ___________________ 17
Conclusion ______________________________________ 19
References ______________________________ 20
INTRODUCTION
The last decade of the past century has been marked by dramatic changes in our language life. And one of them is a freer use of the word. This freedom is found not only in the speeches of rally orators and politicians, not only under the pen of a journalist, but also in the everyday speech practice of ordinary Russian speakers.
The literary norm has become more tolerant to the vernacular turnover, and to the slang word, and to new foreign language borrowings.
We often hear the words "argo", "jargon", "slang". And we often use jargon in our speech, which, in the opinion of some, we clog it, in the opinion of others, we transform the literary Russian language.
But what is called jargon, where did it come from and is it needed? I will try to answer these questions.
First, I would like to note that the word jargon is understood as:
- Jargon is an outdated name for the Yiddish language;
- Jargon - a gem, yellow zircon with a diamond sheen;
- Jargon is a social dialect.
Let's dwell on the latter. Each scientist dealing with this issue defines this concept in its own way. Here are the opinions of philologists on this score.
Jargon (French jargon, presumably from Gallo-Roman gargone - chatter)- social dialect; differs from the general spoken language in specific vocabulary and phraseology, expressiveness of turns and special use of word-formation means, but does not have its own phonetic and grammatical system (Great Encyclopedic Dictionary / Ed. V.N. Yartsev. - 2nd ed. -M .: Great Russian Encyclopedia ", 1998. - 685 p .: ill.).
"Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" edited by S.G. Barkhudarova interprets this term “as a conventional language of some small social group, which differs from the common language in vocabulary, but does not have its own phonetic and grammatical system, which does not allow jargon to become an independent language. Jargon is not recognized and not normative. And D.E. Rosenthal is of much the same opinion, but considers jargon to be an argot with a tinge of humiliation.
Jargon vocabulary is built on the basis of the literary language by means of rethinking, metaphorization, re-formatting, sound truncation, etc., as well as active assimilation of foreign words and morphemes.
The main function of jargon consists in the expression of belonging to a relatively autonomous social group through the use of specific words, forms and phrases.
FROM THE HISTORY OF JARGONS
All the different jargons have the same history. From the explanatory dictionary of Vladimir Dahl it is known that jargon arose from the language of peddlers-offeni:
Ofenya (afenya) - a wandering through the villages trader of trifles with haberdashery and manufactory goods, books, popular prints, mainly from the peasants of the Vladimir province, etc. (there is also an assumption that they arose from an almost extinct nation - the Athenians).And since they always had different goods and money, they were often attacked by robbers. Ofeni and invented a kind of language that only they could understand -ofhenskiy. This encrypted language was passed on to children, grandchildren, great-grandchildren. And so ordinary people liked it that gradually it began to be used by beggars, prostitutes, horse thieves and just robbers from the high road, against whom the language was first thought. This language was no longer only communicated, but also encrypted oral and written information, not wanting to divulge secrets and secrets. Jargon got into the gangs of thieves, went to Kalym in shackles. So thieves' jargon appeared. Hence another name for the jargon - fenya (chatting on a hairdryer).
- Thieves' jargon- a social dialect that has developed among the declassed elements of society, as a rule, criminals. It is a system of terms and expressions designed to initially identify members of a criminal community as a separate part of society, opposing itself to a law-abiding society. The use of terms and expressions also aims to make it difficult for the uninitiated to understand the meaning of a conversation or communication between declassed elements. Thieves' jargon, as a rule, reflects the internal hierarchy of the underworld, fixing the most offensive and offensive words, nicknames, etc. for those who are at the lowest level of the hierarchy, and the most respectful words and expressions for those who have the greatest power and influence.
During the USSR, many writers and poets (for example, Alexander Solzhenitsyn) were repressed and ended up in prison. They described the prison life, and many words of thieves' jargon became literary.
Examples:
Ara is the face of Armenian nationality.
Balamut is an instigator to quarrels.
Cormorant - 1) an inexperienced thief; 2) a bully; 3) a petty speculator;4) a man lured into a brothel in order to steal money or valuables from him.
The Jew is an intelligent convict.
Forge - mark cards.
Lie is the location of the offender.
The baby is a minor thief, a student of an experienced criminal.
Teddy bear is a small safe.
Congratulate - strike an unexpected blow.
A hard worker is an honest working man.
- Fenya - a language that was formed in Russia during the Middle Ages and was originally used by wandering traders of the osen. The Ofeni created a new language, invented new roots and left the traditional Russian morphology and used the language to communicate "not for the ears of others." Subsequently, the language was adopted by the criminal environment, and now Feney is called thieves' jargon.
Babay is an old man; usurer; Asian.
The wolf is a law enforcement officer.
Nit - 1) insignificance; 2) a prisoner who does not know how to stand up for himself.
Give it to the teeth so that the smoke goes - give it to light.
Zhigan is a recurrent thief; desperate thief.
To hammer in clothes - to sell stolen goods.
Kaperka is a gathering of thieves.
Limiting - not returning the lost.
Malinka –1) sleeping pills; 2) a mixture of various drugs.
A pin is an imperceptible mark on a map that can only be detected by touch.
Salty is Armenian.
Scare a sparrow - break the lock.
Solid - experienced, reliable.
Left to the left - shot.
Violets are money.
Fryer - 1) an inexperienced criminal; 2) money man; 3) a well-dressed person.
The seagull is a white cap.
The devil from muddy water - 1) suspicious; 2) an experienced employee is a threat.
P.S. Now Fenya is perceived as thieves' jargon.
- Argo (from the French argot) - the language of any socially closed group of persons, characterized by the specificity of the lexicon used, the originality of its use, but not having its own phonetic and grammatical system.
Jargon and argot should not be confused. Jargon usually has a professional attachment, while argot can be used regardless of the profession. For example, in modern French, many of the words argo are used by both young people from poor neighborhoods and managers with higher education.
Often, "argo" refers to the language of declassed groups of society, the language of thieves, vagrants and beggars. In fact, Argo has become synonymous with the word "fenya". Argo does not constitute an independent system and is reduced to specific word usage within a common language. Argo interacts with jargon and vernacular, forming a special lexical layer - slang. Often argo is identified with the concept of a secret language.
Common words from narcotic argo:
Astral - a strange and unusual state of intoxication. Most often applied to intoxication with LSD or hallucinogenic mushrooms. Used in combinations: go to the astral plane, get stuck in the astral plane.
Weight - a waxed piece of paper with 1 gram of heroin.
Messenger - a small drug dealer.
Wilted, unfolded - characteristics of an epileptic seizure, loss of consciousness or death associated with drug use (“... Kolya caught up and wilted”).
Yogi - lSD addict, tech disco visitor.
Music, Mouzon - in prison jargon meant strong tea, chifir. Today, after drugs became the "domain" of nightclubs, this word can refer to any psychoactive substance.
- Slang (from English slang) - a terminological field, a set of special words or new meanings of already existing words used in various human associations (professional, social, age groups).
Examples:
Pilot (tight release)- Demo material presenting a new project. As a rule, it has a finished look and format similar to a new project.
Luber - a representative of the punks of a bodybuilding-aggressive orientation from the city of Lyubertsy.
Carlson - Cooling fan for 486-586 processor.
Waste - the state of a drug hangover.
Synopsis - A summary of the script. Presentation of the main story, plot.
Exclusive - 1) For the agency - exclusive rights to represent the interests of the actor; 2) For the relationship between the advertising customer and the actor - a temporary restriction for the actor in the right to shoot advertising on a particular topic. Paid separately. Exclusive fees usually exceed filming fees.
- Professional jargon
It is a set of simplified (shortened or figurative) words to denote concepts that are often used by people of a certain range of occupations (generally accepted terms are usually long and inconvenient for conversation, or do not exist at all). It exists in almost all professional groups. In terms of word formation, it is similar to "ordinary" jargon, but serves not so much to express belonging to a group as to ease communication.
The reasons for creating conditional professional languages \u200b\u200bare as follows:
- People want to communicate with each other in the presence of strangers, while remaining incomprehensible;
- The desire to hide the secrets of their craft and trade;
- The need for isolation from hostile forces;
- Striving for speech expressiveness.
Examples:
Dural is the abbreviated name for the aluminum alloy "Duralumin".
Chief accountant - chief accountant.
Subwoofer - separate speaker system for reproducing the lowest frequencies.
Portfolio - a set of demonstration materials.
Sketch (English sketch, literally - a sketch, sketch, sketch), in the XIX - early XX centuries. a short play with two, rarely three characters. The sketch is most popular on the stage. On Russian television ("Our Russia", "Six frames", "Give youth!"
- Mat (swearing, obscene language) - a kind of profanity in Russian and other Slavic languages. According to the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation, public use of a mat can be regarded as petty hooliganism (Article 20.1), punishable by a fine or administrative arrest. However, at present, the use of mat is not uncommon in all strata and age and gender groups of society. It is also widespread in modern literature. Earlier cases of the use (in the form of "puzzles" with dots) of mat in literature are known, in particular, in the works of classical authors: Pushkin, Mayakovsky and others. and a small boat bend.
Examples:
A.S. Pushkin "The Cart of Life":
In the morning we sit down in the cart;
We're glad to break our heads
And, despising laziness and bliss,
We shout: let's go! fuck your mother.
ON. Nekrasov "Contemporaries":
Frightened by Dernitsyn's project;
Sings about public benefit,
And in the soul - the ideals of Plotitsyn!
Gape - fuck.
V.V. Mayakovsky "You":
Do you, who love women and dishes,
Give life to please?
I'd rather be a whore in a bar
serve pineapple water.
- Youth slang- a social dialect of people aged 13-23, which arose from opposing oneself not so much to the older generation as to the official system. Occurs among urban student youth and individual closed groups.
Features:
Youth slang, like any other, is only a lexicon based on the phonetic and grammatical basis of the national language, and is distinguished by a colloquial and sometimes rude familiar coloring. The most developed semantic fields are “Person”, “Appearance”, “Clothes”, “Dwelling”, “Leisure”. Most of the elements are various abbreviations and derivatives from them, as well as English borrowings or phonetic associations. A characteristic feature that distinguishes youth slang from other types is its rapid variability due to generational change.
History
There are three stormy waves in the development of youth slang in Russia.
- 20s. The first wave is associated with the emergence of a huge number of street children in connection with the revolution and civil war. The speech of students, adolescents and young people was colored with a multitude of "thieves" words, gleaned from them.
- 50s. The second wave is associated with the emergence of "dudes".
- 70-80s. The third wave is associated with a period of stagnation, which gave rise to various informal youth movements and "hippie" young people created their own "systemic" slang as a linguistic gesture of opposition to the official ideology.
Currently, the development of youth slang is greatly influenced by computerization (the transfer of meaning, idea, image, when a computer appeared, received additional capabilities in comparison with writing and printing).
I decided to ask the students of our technical school what words from youth slang they use in their speech. Here's what happened:
To plump is to get drunk.
Google - search the Internet using the Google search engine.
Hanging - to be (rest) somewhere.
To stir up - to organize.
Klaha is a class teacher.
To screw up - to mess up.
Nepröt is bad luck.
Omit - humiliate.
Fuck off - leave me alone.
Rodaks are parents.
Sigi are cigarettes.
Jelly - student ID.
The brake is stupid; slow.
To hang around is to be.
Uchaga is an initial vocational educational institution.
Havat - eat.
Clearly - praise.
- School jargon
The vocabulary of the jargon of schoolchildren presents words that are thematically related to the following four areas: the sphere of the school; leisure sphere; the sphere of everyday life; scope of assessment.
1. Jargon of schoolchildren and school sphere.
The words of the first sphere can be divided into the following groups:
Names of teachers: algebroid, physicist, hysterical woman, chymosis.
Names of subjects: Physics, Liters, Pinglish (English), Geos (Geometry), etc.
Names of other realities of the educational process: spur (cheat sheet), crammed, shamovka (canteen), Kamchatka, Chukotka (back desks).
2. Jargon of schoolchildren and the sphere of leisure.
The sphere of leisure in the jargon of schoolchildren can be attributed to such words as: vidac, mafon, clip, disc, disc, pop, rock, pop, hop-company, vodyar, sidekick, get-together, cheat, soak, swing, etc. The words of this group are characterized by the predominance of words borrowed from other jargons, in particular the jargon of musicians (to a lesser extent) and informal groups (to a greater extent, since the lexemes of this group are most influenced by fashion and are a variable component of the student's jargon).
3. Jargon of schoolchildren and the sphere of everyday life.
Words related to the sphere of everyday life can be divided into several groups:
Lexemes for body parts: visa, melon, card - face; pakshas, \u200b\u200bstumps, rakes, claws, wings - hands; kettle, head of cabbage, booth, kettle - head; skis, chassis, bast shoes, brakes - legs; these words are characterized by the greatest tradition.
Lexemes that name clothes, shoes and accessories: jops, gins - jeans; skin, leather jacket, bomber - jacket; sweatshirts - socks. These lexemes were widespread in the slang of young people belonging to informal groups.
Lexemes that name various household appliances: computer - computer; keyboard - keyboard; throw, throw - copy to a floppy disk; mouse, mice - mouse. These lexemes are innovations in the jargon of schoolchildren. Words: vidac, mafon, player are much more common.
4. Scope of assessment in student jargon.
The words of the scope of assessment can be divided into two groups: vocatives and the actual assessment vocabulary. Vocatives are attributed to the sphere of evaluation because slang calls are always expressive and express an attitude towards the one they call.
A rather large number of words belong to the group of vocatives. Here you can trace the interaction of student youth with all social strata and all age categories: from small (trifle, puppies,) to large (father, father, dyapan). Curiously this treatment as lohidze - person of Caucasian nationality, who is also black, nigger. Among the youth, the appeal is popular - Nike, after the name of a company that produces sportswear with stripes of this word in English: nike. Calls such as: kents, peppers, dude, hockey stick, brother, brother - are used by schoolchildren when communicating with each other and therefore are used most often. As for the evaluative vocabulary itself, it is characterized by the presence of lexemes with a pronounced positive or negative assessment.
Expressive vocabulary is represented in the jargon of schoolchildren mainly by adverbs, words of the category of condition and, to a lesser extent, adjectives. For example: chic, shine, awesome, cool, super, crowned, brutal, cool, monstrous, awesome, nishtyak - a positive assessment; primato, sucks, groovy, left, dregs, mura - negative assessment.
- Computer slangis a type of slang used by both a professional group of IT specialists and other computer users.
Entering slang into the language
As in the professional language of computer scientists, there are many English loanwords in the jargon. Often these are borrowings from English computer jargon. An example is the word "gamer" - from the English jargon gamer, where a gamer is a computer game player, or "doomer" - from doomer - a fan of the Doom game.
Examples:
Unlim - unlimited tariff (for Internet access).
Asya - ICQ program (used for communication on the network).
Bot is short for Robot.
Vidyuha is a video card.
Toad - Java (programming language).
Ignore is a state assigned to an unwanted interlocutor (in online communication programs, forums, chats).
Lamer is a bad player, a teapot.
Lag - the delay in the passage of information between the user's computer and the server (often in computer online games).
Stump is a computer with an Intel Pentium processor.
Shooter is a genre of computer games.
- "Padonkovsky", or Albany- the style of using the Russian language that spread in Runet at the beginning of the 21st century with phonetically almost correct, but deliberately incorrect spelling of words (the so-called errativ), frequent use of mat and certain stamps characteristic of slang. Most often used when writing comments on texts in blogs, chat rooms and web forums. Slang has spawned many stereotypical expressions and Internet memes, in particular, the "hello" meme is associated with it.
Examples:
Bayan - "bearded" anecdote, stale joke or message (derived from the old anecdote "they buried their mother-in-law - they broke two button accordions").
To Babruisk, animal! - away, creature!
Creo - creativity, creativity.
Lulz is funny, joke.
NZCHT - not at all.
Fuck off, down with smb.'s low score.
Horror - horror, nightmare (an expression of horror, often parodies of horror).
This five! - expression of admiration (for example, the work of the author).
I have not touched on many types of jargons, less known but no less interesting popular and just emerging. For example, cell phone jargon, army jargon,nautical jargon, junkie slang, soldier slang, student slang, gaming jargon, network jargon, intellectual game slang, soccer hooligan slang, diving slang,slang of businessmen, drug addicts, fans of Japanese painting - anime, slang of beggars, even representatives of non-traditional sexual orientation.I have told you only about a small number of social dialects, this is a drop in the ocean. In fact, there are as many dialects as there are groups.
Is jargon “good” or “bad”?
Social dialects develop among more or less closed groups: schoolchildren, students, military personnel, and various professional groups. These jargons should not be confused with professional languages, which are characterized by a highly developed and rather accurate terminology of a particular craft, a branch of technology, as well as from "thieves' jargons", the language of declassed, criminal elements of society. Jargons are lexically and stylistically heterogeneous, characterized by instability and rapidity of the most common vocabulary.
Over time (especially in the 20th century), the pace of life accelerates. Accordingly, the vocabulary is growing, because each new concept must correspond to at least one word. The slang vocabulary is expanding accordingly. Slang reflects the tendency of ‘compactness’ in the word faster than other language layers.
New words also appear in order to refresh old concepts. Also, jargons penetrate fiction for a more colorful characterization of the characters. But at the same time, the jargon merges with the literary language, mixes with it, and sometimes we cannot distinguish the “correct” word from the “peppery” one. A significant role in the emergence of new words is played not only by democratization, but also by the ‘vulgarization’ of public life, and the media (especially television, which everyone watches) is particularly conducive to this. Jargon crowds out respectable speech and, thanks to popular culture, leaves its mark on the language of the entire nation.
In addition to the jargons that arise on the basis of the common language, there are those appearing as a result of communication of a multilingual population in border areas or in places of concentration of a multi-ethnic population, for example, in seaports.
But everything in this life is needed for something. So why, for what, who, and in what situations might need jargon?
1) When a person seeks to destroy formality for easier understanding or when you want closer communication. For example, such a phrase belongs to the owner of a large company: “Why are you pressing in the corners there? Let's grunt a hundred grams? "
2) When you want to demonstrate the breadth of knowledge: "As knowledgeable people say", etc.
H) When you want to achieve the maximum effect of the spoken.
CONCLUSION
Jargons unite people of the same occupation, and in the case of youth jargon, of the same age. Although studying at a school or institute is also an activity. But schoolchildren grow up - and it is quite possible that in a few decades "lace" or "hawala" will become the usual words of "great and mighty." I believe that everything should be in moderation and in place.
Here, it seemed 6y, a decent word - "laz". But no, it was once as informal and had the same meaning as the current word "brake". Slightly deviating from the Russian language, I will say that similar transformations also exist in some languages. So, the French word tete (head) comes from the Latin testa. But in Latin the head was called caput, and teata meant "hard shell." So in modern Russian, the head is called either a filly or a skull.
