On August 20, 1634, the Moscow publisher Vasily Burtsov published the first domestic edition of the "Primer of the Slovenian Language", and from 1872 to 1875 Leo Tolstoy "refined" his "ABC", postponing work on the novel "Anna Karenina".
The first Slavic "ABC" was printed in Lviv in 1574 Ivan Fedorov... But the edition was so limited that it never made it to the general public. Today, only one copy of this book has survived, kept in the library of Harvard University.
A more accessible printed Primer of Slavic languages \u200b\u200bwas born in the Lithuanian Vilna (modern Vilnius) in 1596 under the authorship of Lawrence Zizania... But it never became widespread, as did the subsequent edition of 1618. The reason is banal - the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was part of the Polish Commonwealth, where they preferred to use the Latin alphabet for reading and writing, rather than the Slavic Cyrillic alphabet.
But the publication of the Primer in 1634 in Moscow hit the spot. Firstly, it turned out to be extremely popular among the Russian-speaking population, and secondly, the printer Burtzov created a real masterpiece that was interesting to read not only for adults, but also for children.
History does not know when Vasily Burtsov was born, and he died after 1648. But the Primer, created by this man, gave an incredible impetus to the development of Russian culture and the increase in the literacy of the population.
Orthodox book for everyone
The book contained the Slavic alphabet, numbers, punctuation marks and syllables, poems for memorizing words in alphabetical order, as well as the most important excerpts from the Old and New Testaments. Vasily Burtsov personally wrote a preface for adults and teachers, as well as a poetic message to students.
He highlighted the capital letters and sections of the Primer in red, and on the frontispiece (the figure located on the same spread with the title page) placed a picture in which the teacher punishes an insufficiently diligent student with rods.
In 1637, the second edition of Burtsov's Primer was still reduced in size (87/139 mm), becoming for many years the standard of the textbook for "first graders".
Primer for the nobles Karion Istomin
The next compiler of the primer was the teacher of the children of the royal family Karion Istomin... It was he who prepared and published in 1694 for the training of the prince Alexey (son PetraI) "Primer of Slavonic Russian letters ..."
True, it was not really a book, but a set of 46 copper plates, each of which was engraved with one of the letters of the alphabet, corresponding pictures and moral explanations. Pictures and texts taught to lead a correct lifestyle, not to sin, to love God and the king.
A total of 106 copies of this Primer were produced, and they instantly scattered among the Russian nobility.
People's "Alphabet" by Leo Tolstoy
According to one version, in childhood, the future classic of Russian literature Lev Tolstoy taught by ABC Burtsov and Istomin, which by that time were somewhat obsolete.
Already in adulthood, the famous writer drew attention to the general illiteracy of the population and decided to help the "peasants" get rid of it. In 1872, at his own expense, he published four large books, united by the common title "ABC".
Leading teachers of that time mercilessly criticized the “primitiveness” of her language, not realizing that the textbook was written specifically for commoners. From 1872 to 1875, Leo Tolstoy "brings to mind" his "ABC", postponing work on the novel Anna Karenina". The writer teaches children correct behavior, religious humility and rejection of revolutionary ideas.
And it gave stunning results. Until the Soviet reform of the alphabet in 1918 alone, Tolstoy's ABC withstood more than 30 reprints, and in many of today's textbooks you can find excerpts from it.
With the advent of Soviet power, it was decided to end illiteracy in the country forever. But it was necessary to teach not so much children as adults, and teach in accordance with the new ideology.
In the "Military Primer" of 1919 and "The ABC of the Red Army" in 1921, the pictures for the letters of the alphabet became ideologically literate and taught the soldiers to wage a merciless struggle against the White Guards.
In 1919, he took part in the design of the same propaganda "Soviet Alphabet" Vladimir Mayakovsky, mercilessly denouncing the bourgeoisie and their accomplices.
"Primer" by Nikolai Golovin (1937)
In the late 1930s - 1940s, the children of the vast Soviet Union learned to read and write on it. In the book Nikolai Golovin there was no more post-revolutionary aggression, and the students again began to present patterns of correct behavior.
Pictures became bright, simple and positive, and texts and poems told about childhood Lenin and Stalin... After the exposure of the personality cult of Stalin, the stories and poems about him were withdrawn, but the new editions of the Primers were still kept in the spirit of Soviet ideology.
"Primer" by Vseslav Goretsky (1971)
Representatives of the older generation call this publication the most understandable and kind. The author in a playful way taught schoolchildren letters, for the first time starting to use them with the widespread vowels A and O.
Schoolchildren learned to read together with fairy tale characters Buratino, Dunno and Murzilkoysolving funny riddles and puzzles, and easy to remember poems Alexandra Pushkin, Korney Chukovsky, Samuil Marshak and Agniya Barto helped develop memory.
Goretsky's primer went through more than 30 reprints. The book, which became a real bestseller, continued to be published even after the collapse of the USSR, until it was replaced by more modern, but far from so interesting textbooks.
In the new "Primer" and "ABCs" there is no longer any mention of Soviet ideology, but there are new words that have become part of our everyday life from Western culture.
Publications of the section Literature
Primer in the service of educational program
On October 10, 1918, the decree “On the introduction of a new spelling” was signed, which excluded the letters Ѣ, Ѳ, I from the alphabet, canceled the spelling of b at the end of words - and, in general, brought the Russian spelling to the form in which we know it today. "Kultura.RF" tells about the main post-revolutionary primers of different years.
"Alphabet" by Vladimir Konashevich, 1918
Vladimir Konashevich's ABC (cover). Petersburg, publishing house of the R. Golike and A. Vilborg Partnership. 1918
Alphabet of Vladimir Konashevich. Petersburg, publishing house of R. Golike and A. Vilborg Partnership. 1918
The illustrated "ABC" by the Soviet artist Vladimir Konashevich became one of the first textbooks of the new spelling (without the letter "yat"). The idea of \u200b\u200bthe book was born during the artist's correspondence with his family, stuck in the Urals cut off by Kolchak's army from the Soviet Republic. “Dad wrote letters to mom, and he sent me pictures for each letter of the alphabet- recalled the daughter of Konashevich Olga Chaiko. - I was already four years old, and, obviously, he thought it was time to already know the letters "... Later, Konashevich, on the advice of friends, decided to publish these drawings - and in 1918 the "ABC" was published. It included 36 pictures painted with watercolors. Objects and phenomena in "Azbuka" were very different, from animals and plants to vehicles and toys. They were portrayed simply, without perspective distortions, since Vladimir Konashevich believed that "a child should understand the picture at first sight."
Vladimir Mayakovsky. Soviet alphabet (cover). Moscow, 1919
Vladimir Mayakovsky. Soviet alphabet. Moscow, 1919
“The intellectual doesn't like risk. / And moderately red, like a radish " - and so on from "A" to "Z". This topical alphabet was published for the first time in 1919, and Vladimir Mayakovsky was the author not only of its epigrams, but also of cartoon illustrations for each of the letters of the alphabet.
The main audience of this primer was the Red Army, whom Mayakovsky wanted to teach to the poetic language with the help of such a satirical publication. "There were such jokes that were not very suitable for the salon, but which went very well for the trenches."- he recalled. Mayakovsky personally painted about five thousand copies of the alphabet, printed in the empty Stroganov printing house, when the Central Printing Office refused the poet to publish the book. Later, Mayakovsky transferred many couplets from Sovetskaya Azbuka to the cult Windows ROSTA.
Down with Illiteracy, 1920
Dora Elkina. Down with illiteracy! (Primer for adults). Moscow, Extracurricular subdivision of MONO, 1920
Dora Elkina. Down with illiteracy! (Primer for adults). Moscow, Extracurricular subdivision of MONO, 1920
The first editions of the Soviet primer for adults, developed by Dora Elkina and a team of co-authors, were published under this name in 1919-1920. These manuals taught the basics of reading and writing on the basis of political slogans: for example, students had to read the phrases “Councils of the people's alarm”, “We bring freedom to the world” and the famous palindrome “We are not slaves, slaves are not us”. The first Soviet alphabets were illustrated by bright propaganda posters and scenes from the life of the proletariat.
A few years later, the society "Down with Illiteracy" was created, whose goal was to eliminate mass illiteracy. His work was supervised by prominent statesmen: Mikhail Kalinin, Nadezhda Krupskaya, Anatoly Lunacharsky. Under the leadership of the society, not only textbooks were published, but also cultural and educational magazines, such as "Kultpohod" and "Let's Increase Literacy". According to historians, over the 13 years of its existence, the Down with Illiteracy Society has trained about 5 million Soviet citizens.
Primer "Pioneer", 1925
Ivan Sverchkov. Pioneer. Children's ABC book (cover and title page). Leningrad, GIZ, 1925
Ivan Sverchkov. Pioneer. Children's ABC book. Leningrad, GIZ, 1925
The purpose of this manual was to teach schoolchildren not only the basics of literacy, but also the structure of the world around them and Soviet life. "Pioneer" told young readers about life in cities and villages, about various proletarian professions, about domestic and wild animals, about measurements of length, weight and time using illustrations in an engraving style. Of course, the ideological component was also strong in the book. One of the main images of the primer was the October Revolution and Vladimir Lenin: many of the primer's poems were dedicated to them.
And the very childhood in the young Soviet country "Pioneer" inextricably linked with the concept of "our": the general depicted gardens, schools, camps and even the revolution.
"Primer" by Nikolai Golovin, 1937
Nikolay Golovin. Primer (cover). Moscow, Uchpedgiz, 1937
Nikolay Golovin. Primer. Moscow, Uchpedgiz, 1937
"Children were taught by the whole country / According to Golovin's alphabet", - they said in the Soviet Union, and not without exaggeration. Perhaps there was no school in the late 1930s - early 1940s where this textbook, compiled by the honored teacher of the RSFSR Nikolai Golovin, was not read. The material in the book ranged from simple to complex: from reading by syllables to words, from short stories about ordinary children's activities to poems dedicated to Lenin and Stalin, with clear political overtones.
A distinctive feature of "Primer" were illustrations, to which the editorial board made special demands. The images were bright, positive and simple, not overloaded with details, and also had an extremely clear didactic and educational tone, showing readers the patterns of correct behavior.
"Primer" by Alexandra Voskresenskaya, 1944
Alexandra Voskresenskaya. Primer (cover). Moscow, Uchpedgiz, 1956
Alexandra Voskresenskaya. Primer. Moscow, Uchpedgiz, 1956
The Primer, authored by the methodologist and Russian language teacher Alexandra Voskresenskaya, was one of the most successful textbooks for elementary schools: it was reprinted twenty times. The secret of the primer's success was a successful combination of tasks for developing memory, imagination and training in writing and reading skills. The material in the manual became more complicated gradually and gradually: from a combination of sounds to syllables, from them - to short words, small phrases, and so on. The main motive of the illustrations in the book was the measured and happy village life (initially, they studied in village schools according to Voskresenskaya's Primer).
Alexandra Voskresenskaya also paid special attention to the preparation for teaching preschoolers and created the famous "alphabet with a stork" for teaching children in a family.
"Primer" by Sergei Redozubov, 1945
Sergey Redozubov. Primer (cover). Moscow, Uchpedgiz, 1946
Sergey Redozubov. Primer (cover). Moscow, Uchpedgiz, 1956
Sergey Redozubov. Primer. Moscow, Uchpedgiz, 1950
The post-war primer was illustrated with scenes of peaceful work and rest: young pioneers were portrayed for extracurricular reading, games, sports and cleaning. Describing these pictures and relying on auxiliary ones, students learned to come up with short stories for each lesson. Towards the end of the Primer there were poems and stories to read, including revised Russian folk tales. True, the manual was difficult for the children: it did not always observe the gradual complication of phrases and texts for parsing, and each of its pages was overloaded with columns of words with the same or similar syllables.
Vseslav Goretsky. Primer. Moscow, publishing house "Education", 1993
Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences Vseslav Goretsky built his primer not according to the alphabet, but according to the frequency of the use of letters in speech and writing: they opened the book "a" and "o", and closed the "b" and "b". It was also the first primer to be released along with copycards and didactic material.
The peculiarity of the Primer was its play form. The journey to the "land of knowledge" was shared with the students by popular heroes: Buratino, Dunno and Murzilka, and the tasks were often funny riddles and puzzles. The book also contained many easy-to-memorize poems, including those by Alexander Pushkin, Vladimir Mayakovsky, Korney Chukovsky and Samuil Marshak.
Goretsky's "Primer" turned out to be so popular and beloved by children that it continued to be published and republished for 30 years, even after the collapse of the Soviet Union.
K niga is like an entrance ticket to the whole world - the world of children's literature. The first alphabet appeared in Russia in the 16th century. Together with Natalia Letnikova, we invite you to look into five pre-revolutionary books for teaching reading and find out their history.
"ABC" by Ivan Fedorov
The first primer was published by the printer in 1574 in Lvov. "For the sake of early infant learning," - written from the compiler. The alphabet is arranged in forward, reverse, and out-of-order. 40 sheets of 15 lines on each page are written in Old Church Slavonic with a black ornament of woven leaves, buds, flowers and cones typical of Fedorov's edition. Scientists are inclined to believe that this is "the first printed textbook of literacy for the Eastern Slavs." The only known copy of Fedorov's "ABC", preserved to this day, is in the library of Harvard University. It is assumed that the book once belonged to the collector of antiquities Grigory Stroganov, Sergei Diaghilev bought the rarity from the heirs of the count, and only then the book went overseas.
"Primer of the Slovenian language" by Vasily Burtsov
The first textbook for teaching literacy in Moscow was published in 1634. It changed the Psalter in this matter. The author was Vasily Burtsov, the "priest of the alphabet" of the Moscow Printing House. The printer retained the structure of the alphabet of his predecessor Ivan Fedorov, but collected under one cover the alphabet, syllables, reading texts, names of numbers and punctuation marks. The book teaches grammar and spelling.
The second part contains the prayers and parables of King Solomon. Burtsov's primer appeared before the readers in color: the publisher highlighted the letters, syllables and section titles in red. The book has become the main textbook for teaching literacy in the center of Russia. In the second edition, the printer added a didactic engraving. The first picture on a school theme in the primer is like in a pre-revolutionary school: the teacher punishes the student with rods. The original editions of Burtsov's primer are kept in the Russian State Library.
"Primer" by Karion Istomin
The first illustrated Russian alphabet with an ornate title: "A primer of Slavic Russian statutory and cursive letters, Greek, Latin and Polish with formations of things and with moralizing verses: To the glory of the All-Creator of the Lord God and in honor of the Most Pure Virgin Mary and All Saints." The publisher and teacher of the children of the royal family Karion Istomin presented the first copies to the mother of Peter the Great - Tsarina Natalia Kirillovna - for the grandson of her Tsarevich Alexei. The design is in accordance with the status - the manuscript book is painted with gold and paints. The print edition was published in 1694 in 106 copies. 43 sheets engraved on copper, on each - a letter of human figures, objects for this letter and moral explanations. The drawings were made by Leonty Bunin, a student of the Dutch engraver of the Schonebeck Armory. One of the copies of Istomin's Primer is kept in the St. Petersburg Public Library.
"ABC" by Leo Tolstoy
More than ABC. Not only acquaintance with the alphabet, but also moralizing stories for reading, learning to count, stories about history, natural history, about life in exotic countries. Four great books. Lev Nikolaevich made the first sketches in 1868. The classic initially did not intend to limit himself only to "lettering", he sought to make the textbook for "little peasants" interesting. I checked how clearly the material was presented - at home school. Thirty students learned the basics of literacy under the guidance of Tolstoy, his wife Sofia Andreevna and older children. The ABC was published in 1872 and caused controversy among teachers. They criticized the "nationality" of the language and methodological approaches. The reaction forced Tolstoy to postpone work on "Anna Karenina" and in 1875 to release "New alphabet", even during the life of the classic, the manual withstood over thirty reprints. The very "Azbuka" leaves the printing house in the 21st century, Lev Nikolaevich's children's stories are an integral part of children's reading books. For already what generation of "little peasants" shed tears over the story of a lion and a dog and worries about Filipka.
"ABC in Pictures" by Alexandre Benois
A whole entertaining world on the pages of books. Even the didactic statement "Learning is light and not learning is darkness" is written not on a slate board by the teacher, but on a piece of paper that is holding ... an owl in its paw. Alexander Benois, a Russian artist, art historian, illustrator with a world renown, left only letters and a few words in his alphabet, filling the children's book with inimitable images. It was no coincidence that Benoit took up a book for the little ones.
The artist believed that aesthetic taste should be brought up from childhood. The letters are just an organic addition to illustrations of a level unprecedented before in children's book publishing. Arap Iakinf travels with the little reader in the alphabet - and this is how the story goes from the first letter "a" to Izhitsa. "I learned to read and write in Russian", - the main character concludes at the end of the book. The author of the book, Alexandre Benois, taught his followers, book publishers, the fantasy that is so necessary when designing a children's book.
Its authors - philologist Katya Metelitsa and illustrator Victoria Fomina - explain the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating the "New Russian Primer" as follows: "New Russians" are people too, and they need to learn, like everyone else.
Publishing house "World of New Russians", 1998
Aa
Ha la ba la
ha la ba la
agu agu
ar-buz ar-ka ak-tsiz An-ta-li-I a-ba-zhur
a-na-sha author-tor a-u-dit A-le-na ab-styak
ab-zats ab-rek ava-netz Ar-nold ay-bo-lit
a-kyn art-tist a-ta-tuy a-gre-gat av-to-pi-lot
Alik brought in a watermelon. The watermelon is round. Alena is glad. Alik has a karat. Alik -
arnold, unit! Alik is a distinguished author. And who are you?
I'm a fucking goblin
Who the hell are you?
(S. Kolensky)
Al-ko-gol-na-i ab-sti-nen-qi-i. Abstyak. Astifigenically advance along
alcohol. Delirium tremens. Squirrel. Astifigenic protein. Askat. The soul asks
rest. Arbeiten und copyen. Atatuye A-di-das. A-di-ki. Apartments
(ap.) At-tbornye heifers!
Adequately. Behave adequately. Behave inappropriately. Archie leads
itself is inadequate. Archie is an abstract dude.
Say it quickly.
Avizovka at Aza. And the bonus is you-ku-si!
The nerds mumble. Brothers brown heats.
No boo-boo, no boo-ro-go-zish!
Bb
Boo boo boo boo
bae bae bae bae
be be be be bi
bik-sa brother-wa b-line bro-dil-ka b-da
ba-yan bi-mer gul-ka bel-ka bi-bi-ka
bab-ki bash-li boer-bon brie-ha-da bubble-gum
bak-sy tower bar-ter bar-set-ka ban der log
Drum. Bix on the drum. Tambourine. As empty as a shaman's tambourine. Watermelon-free!
Snipe without bucks. Not that beavers! Bori has a lot of attendants. Borya is a broker.
"Bro, your purse is smoking!" Borya is in the absence of andestende.
brother
bro bros bros bros bros brothello
bull
bulls bebychit "What are you doing, damn it ?!"
Bourbon und beefsteak. Baden-Baden, damn it!
Brigade. Brigadier. The foreman has a bulchik.
Barter to barter! (proverb)
Busya is making bourbon.
Bespontovaya walker. Crazy bratello.
Boo-gal-ter, my-my-my-my-my boo-gal-ter!
Words with the same meaning are called synonyms.
Baboon. Babtsa. Slut. Byks. Babina. Babentia.
Babeshnik. Ballerina. Barech. Young lady. Baton.
"- See that blonde? - Fresh loaf!"
BB
Wah wah woo woo
woo woo you you you
vya vya vya
vi-a-gra vis-kar vo-dya-ra va-gon-ka ban-co-me
boo-lo boo-hat boo-u-chet bar-ter bes-pont
Screw. With a screw. On the screw. Tasty whiskey! And the water is very tasty.
Bmw
beshka beamer beam
Volvo
Volvesnik Volvukha Volvan Volvets Sera!
Vitek took the volvesnik. I took Vovan too. Vovandos is all Versace. Vovandos
all in gold. What is Vovandos! In!
Pronounce it quickly.
Drove at Vovan's. At the carrier of the Volyn.
Hang. What are you hanging? Rub. What are you rubbing in? Shake. Well I fucking
butted. Vitek interjected not childishly. Vitek interjected in an adult way. Vitek
a workless banker.
VIP. HIV. RV. KVD. Ministry of Internal Affairs. ATC. SLE. Microwave. All-Russian Exhibition Center. SLE. The SKVors have arrived.
The SKVors flew away.
Yy
Ha ha ha ha
sure sure
gee gee gee gee gee gee gee gee
Glitch. Glyu-ka-lo-in. Ka-va-ler. Glitch. Go-shu glitch-cheat.
Galya and Gosha picked up a lot of mushrooms. Galia's basket contains boletus and mushrooms. AND
Gosha has toadstools. Mushroom. Rude. Gibons are rude. The mushrooms are delicious. GAI - traffic police.
The gibons are prancing proudly.
Ge-ra. Ge-growl. Gerasim Petrovich. Number two.
GKO. Re-structure-tu-ri-za-qi-ya dol-ga on GKO.
The GKO badge on his chest,
no longer know anything about him.
Terrible Godzilla. Terrible and goose. Godzilla and Godzilla went out to them
spoke.
Gold. Gold. Generic! Hemorrhoids. Gimor. Gimor with greens.
Gopniks and gopnits. Galya is a gopnitsa. Gopniks and majors. Gopniks and
goblins.
Drive. Why are you persecuting? Gendos drives the gamut. Gendos is a racer. Shipping.
Gruzilovo.
Why are you loading me?
DD Her Yo
Unit unit unit
yes yes yes hell
oud oud oud doo
Keep your dose designer
Durdicella!
dope di-zain dem-ping dy-wing di-ler
do-for-doz-nyak pe-re-doz-nyak give-ve-ra dya-tel
trash do-ping dur-di-cel-la! e-ly e-ki
Customs takes the good. The state gives the go-ahead.
debit account
Dodik is a distributor. Dinara and Dasha are a dealer.
creditor
Woodpeckers did it before dumping!
Euro window. Euro porch. Eurogusli. Euro dry cleaning. Euromatryoshka.
Euro lining. Eurobeam.
E. B. Zh. - If we are alive (saying)
W. E.! Aunt Asya u-e-ha-la!
Hitting. Come on! This is a collision, right? Well, what arose, right?
The letter E in the new Russian language is always shock!
Yadrena Matryona! Ekarny babay!
EKLMN EKLMNOPRST
Lj Zz
Ms Ms Jo Jo
zhu zhu already
already!
Zyama, we ordered a bunny!
The bunny was filled up, sausage.
cat-tezhzh-zhin-tonic image exchange-za-kaz-chik
zhu-vachka same-wa, zhu-wa zha-lu-zya mar-zha clean-ka
Jeanne has yellow blinds. Zhorzhik beetle, beetle, beetle. Are you not fat
margin? Toad. Zhora. We must strangle the toad, Zhora.
Greed is not a vice!
(proverb)
Horror. Chase the horror. Do not go!
jeep
jeepar jeepulya jeepusik jeepets
Zheka has a jeep. Zheka's jeep. Zheka has an image. Jackpot. Black Jack. Zheka
got drunk in the ass.
You will answer for the market!
Throw in. Fascinating infection!
To score an arrow.
Notable customer.
Greens. Zelenka.
Borzet. Greyhound. Clean up.
Zero! No grease!
piece of green - green katya
Constipation hit the six hundredth ass.
Yi Yi
Ri ki ti ki
oh oh hey hey
her e-e-her!
In-ter-tein-cop. Investment. Invest-nut.
Treason. Sit down for treason. Sit on treason. May-y-yami! "Night flight",
Spain, Cyprus and Crete.
Y-th-th-oh!
Y-y-yahont you are mine!
Yes! Oh kay!
The buzz. High drinking. High-breaker. Krajnyak. Krutnyak. Cool. Steep.
Steepness. Extreme steepness. Unmeasured freak. It's cool!
On my loaf
Don't open your mouth!
(new russian
folk wisdom)
Image. Image of the image. Make-up stylist. Image maker. Impeachment. Interior.
Internal interior. As an image maker to an image maker.
Say it quickly.
An image maker will not peck out an image maker's eyes.
Irusik asks for caviar.
Kk
Kak k k k k k k k
ki ki ko ko
koo koo koo koo
kry-sha killer ku-ra-tor client ka-bak
kar-ma kix ki-ker krai-nyak ka-ban
roll del Ko-lyan crumb-ko-su-la ka-pus-ta
Ka-na-ry cru-of ko-kos ko-sha-chit ka-mu-flask
Kolya swirled. Kolya sausage on coke. Karina kumarit Nightmare kumar!
Christina was cloned - cool! Kisa took acid treatment. Oxide
non-acidic. Wheels. Roll the wheels.
credit for
cr-zo-yi cr-zo-nut-sya cr-zo-gon
Speak quickly.
Clara is clearing. Clara is clearing. Clara is clearing.
Clara has clearing, and Lisa has leasing.
Cool! just class! Kostya specifically credited himself. Heap. Spud.
I twist control. Kalashnikov. Biker jacket. Roe. Kosach. Oblique. Rat. Rat
you are mine! You are my painted rat! Rat girl. Kink.
Ratting. Cover up. Under-roofing.
Did you hide the oblique?
LL
La la la le le le lou lou lou
ole ole ole ole
woo-li
Lavender. Mow the lavender. Mow the lave. Easily. Easy. Scrap. Lomovo.
Fiercely. Fierce. Ksyusha is a fierce rat, a painted rat. Loch. Get laid out. Lokhov
must be taught and treated. Luis Albertovich got screwed. Leonardushko DiCaprio!
Throw. Ki-da-lo-vo. Fall on ki-da-lo. Ki-da-lo-in and
po-da-lo-in. And also le-chi-lo-in.
Courtly, damn it! Clinton. Damn Clinton. Wedge Blinton. First pancake
wedge. Lewinsky, damn it.
Love, brothers, love! Lube. Lyubochka. Love yz.
Blue skirt
ribbon in a braid.
Who doesn't know Lyubochka?
Everyone knows Lyuba!
(A. Barto)
Love yyz is not a potato - you can't throw it out the window.
Love yyz not sighs on the bench!
And not walking in the moonlight.
It will come unexpectedly when you don't expect it at all.
Love yz all ages are submissive.
Her impulses are beneficial.
To love these legs
need a white cadillac!
Yes, anyway!
Mm nn oo
Ma me mu am
not well
oh ho!
Masha's stamps?
Tags on my mobile, Motya.
Mers ma-butt-ka mer-zo-ta nu-hal-shchik
me-rin mo-bi-la mark-ke-ting nish-tyak
ma-za mo-bai-la mo-del-ki nish-trick
men-you ma-karov ma-ne-ken-ki no-ut-buk
Speak right.
On-to-re!
Know the problems. Cash burbot. Cop. Mint. Double mints. Open up orbits without
Sahara. Olways with wings. Oh bi - oh kay! Opening, I trust. Trusting
I open it. I am discovering for myself. Image of the image. Objectively. Oleg is objective
bastard. Turnover. Orik has a reverse - oh!
Oh, the guards get up early!
(Yu Entin)
Memorize words with the combination -oro-!
scumbag, frostbitten, cow, crow, motorola, revolver, in short
Memorize the synonyms.
sheep \u003d shrimp \u003d swans \u003d heifers \u003d radishes
PP
Pa pa pa up up
by by by by op op op
oo oo up oo poo poo
Shoot my pager, baby!
oh-lazy na-lich-ka na-jo-ri-hundred Pu-ha-che-va
Sheep ob-na-lich-ka o-pi-ro-gen-but pr-tch-ka
o-fis or-ha-nai-zer one-to-one gingerbread
ot-pad ot-move-nyak ot-beat-Xia paid-ger
Pack. Pack correctly. Polina has the right packaging.
Daddy was showing his fingers.
Climb. Raise the lave. Daddy got up right. Substitute. Popadalovo.
Get on the money. Paraffin the protocols - reptile popes. Not by concept.
Shuffle. Pasha rushing. Pasha is the right kid.
Remember!
In the right way. Like a kid. By concepts.
show off
bang show-off show-off limit just show off
Synonymous words.
pepper \u003d pretzel
for the very tomatoes \u003d for the very cucarach \u003d for the most do not indulge
PP
R-r-r-r-r-r-r
-r-r-r-r-r-r-r-r
r-r-r-r-yyyyyyy
push finger disassembly
the arrival of the races-fingers-ka-bi-rat-Xia
pa-tsang pa-ra-dig-ma raz-cool
pa-tsan-va pa-yal-nick rass-twist-Xia
disassembly legible
And no showdown!
rams to rock rams
breed rams
divorce
breeding
divorced
talk talk talk
talk by concepts
handbrake tightened on the handbrake
Take off the parking brake, tyuta!
Rockers. Rollers. Rolexes. Rublyovka. Rublevich.
Customs clearance. Homeland. River.
Ss
Sa sa sa as as as
co co co os os os
su su su us us
Sema, I'm putting it on the counter!
Memorize words and expressions.
Arrow. To score an arrow. Translate arrows. Switchman. Sema famous
switchman.
Strem. Jump off. Sponsor. Trunk. C / n. Es-peh. Joint partner. Machine.
Mug did not come out, but the machine compensates. System. Systemic. Sit on the system. Suffer bullshit. Suffer from hemorrhoids. Sonya. Soldi. Super!
Superb. Super trunk. S-HOUR-S-S!
Remember the meanings of the words.
Play the bank \u003d cheat, cheat.
Synonymous expressions.
Pushkin! \u003d Super!
Tt uu
That, that, that, that, for,
uh uh uh uh uh
poo poo poo well
Cars. Tachili. Cars and heifers. Titanic is drowning. Trumpet Tuziku! The tender is bursting.
Hang around, junkies, junkies. Torchalovo! Tolyan is a lifelong junkie. Torch.
Brake. Brakes. To brake. Blunt. Fly away! Boa. "- What are you stupid about? -
I'm drowning quietly. "
Dance floor. Unique dance floor. Heifers - woo! Gone freaks.
Urla. Umat. Smart. Iron. Ultrasound. Ttrussarddi. Stabbed.
I'm not afraid of the injection
if necessary - I will inject!
And soccer tickets
I would gladly change
for an additional injection.
(S. Marshak)
To drag
I trudge like a boa constrictor, Dusya!
Taki that "ski!
I trudge like a moth on mothballs.
I'll tear like a hot water bottle Tuzik!
Memorize the synonyms.
Ton \u003d Piece
Ff xx
Fa fa ha ha ha
fi fi hee hee hee
fu fu hu hu hu
Plywood fonite. The lantern fouls. The fromov have fig fennecs. Futures - Whew!
Fanfare in the final.
"Fellini". Office. Fazenda. Skoda-Feklitsia. Force Majeure. Fatal
Force Majeure! Default. The default is not bullshit.
Fax, fax, fax. Fedor faxes after the fact.
Speak it right!
Chip. How the chip will fall.
Khor is cunning. Sly ferret. A frail ferret. Hanka. Holding. Freebie. Struck on
hawku. It struck haha. Typical crap.
Charisma. Charismatics and charismatic women.
The further into the forest, the thicker the charisma.
Fima, filter the bazaar!
Tsts
Ac ac ec ec
ots ots uts uts yts yts
lan tsa dr tsa tsa tsa tsa
Tsereteli. King. Down with the king! Presentation. Pi-ar action. As a PR man
PR man!
dcl. Detsel. Let's catch up with deathsel. Good business! "Chel, death ram
without lavender! "
Concept. Principle upon principle! Options and auctions.
TSEPURA!
We learned a lot of letters,
We got to the letter C.
There are words where C is at the beginning.
There are words where C is at the end ...
Synonymous words.
Vmazazza \u003d Instavitza \u003d Tresnuzza \u003d Bachnuzza \u003d Uporozza \u003d Ugaliza
Forget them!
Hochezza - and rings (proverb)
Hh
Che che che chi chi
cha cha cha choo choo choo
ich ich ich ıch ıch
Man to man dollar (proverb)
Chench. Your people at the chencha. The black
cash Black cash. Payment in black cash. Chernyashka. Plague! Chumovoy. "You
Why skid, chuvyrla! "Monster. Chilnyashka. Cherokee.
Speak right.
Chumovo. Chicks.
New Russian numbers and numbers:
Number one.
Number two.
Five Stars.
At the extreme - four.
Katya, Piece (\u003d Thousand \u003d Ton),
Lemon, Dump.
Wildlife. Halibut. Green's tweet.
Six hundredth.
Seven!
One hundred per cent.
By deathsel.
Cherry nine.
Ten. 99.
One hundred poods.
Unmeasured.
Shsh Shshch b y b
CAPTURED THE MOUSE - ESHNESPESHA!
Sharakhnem, Shurik, shampusika! Shampoo is effervescent. Shura is wide. Sharash.
Rustle. Expand. Shiryalovo. Thing. Bayonet. Anasha. Anasha is not good. And hashish
not better. As empty as a shaman's tambourine. Cache. Extras. Webovki. Jurasik Park.
Ace of base. Rave. Humor. Humorous. Funny shnyaga. Yamaha guy. Julia
skirt from Yamamoto. Unique exclusive!
Synonymous words.
Shnyaga \u003d bullshit. Shaw for shnyaga?
HAPPINESS IS! Shcha. How! SchA as in the butt! Control. Control shot.
I'll buy you a new life
Give it up, give it up!
COUNT? !!!
Eh, grass grass!
Eh, grass-ant!
Eh mushrooms-berries
Yes, buttercups flowers!
Eh birch trees!
Yes, bumps, needles!
(F. Chistyakov)
Ee Yuyu Yaya
Eh eh eh
bye bye bye
Oh no no no
NES - Newest economic situation.
The newest Russian is the ruined New Russian.
Pelevin's theorem
(the basic economic law of the post-socialist formation):
When property rights are specified in terms of concepts under the liberal model, the gross national product (GNP) asymptotically approaches the total amount of transaction costs, regardless of resource allocation and golimy bazaars.
Eat jail, Yasha!
I'm shocked! I'm on the verge of a nervous breakdown!
A primer or an alphabet with pictures is a completely natural phenomenon for us. It is difficult for us to imagine that a book for acquaintance with letters may not have any illustrations at all. Meanwhile, it was precisely such books - with single illustrations, but numerous sketches of letters, exercise-writing and reading texts - that prevailed in the 18th-19th centuries. Illustrated primers were rather the exception to the rule.
The first Russian primer with pictures (“faces,” as they said at the time) was published at the very end of the 17th century. And although the compiler of this front primer was the hieromonk of the Chudov Monastery Karion Istomin, this is the first book that clearly states: mastering the literacy is necessary not only for comprehending the divine, but also for completely secular needs. Therefore, Istomin fills the pages of his alphabet not with prayers, as was customary before, but with images of animals, plants, household utensils. The letter itself is, as it were, “made up” of people standing in different poses, depicted in different fonts and even in different languages \u200b\u200b(Slavic, Greek, Latin, Polish).
For almost a century, the primer of Istomin remained the only illustrated Russian primer: in numerous alphabets of the 18th century, illustrations were used only as headpieces, vignettes, and page decor elements. But the 19th century can rightfully be called the “golden age” of illustrated alphabet books and primers. This row opens with the alphabet "Gift to children in memory of 1812", created by the artist Ivan Terebenev. True, only the most persistent can learn to read and write from this book; rather, it is the first and very striking example of a politically engaged alphabet. Terebenev draws 34 cards with caricatures of the defeated Frenchmen and mocking signatures, each of which begins with a certain letter of the Russian alphabet. For example with D: “It's time to go home! March! March! Enough of our stay! Without a nose, arms or legs, in caps, they let us go. "
After Terebenev's alphabet, sheet-like presentation of the alphabet material comes into fashion: from beautifully bound books, the alphabet turns into folders with large sheets or sets of small cards. The addressee of such publications is not necessarily a child (it is no coincidence that many Russian pre-revolutionary alphabets are kept in European libraries, where foreign travelers took them), and their primary task is not teaching literacy, but acquaintance with various aspects of the surrounding life. Two themes are especially popular among the creators of the alphabet: all kinds of menageries and "scenes from Russian life." Since no standards and "sanpin" (sanitary and hygienic requirements) existed at that time, virtually any person with the desire and means could publish the alphabet. Even the anecdotal "anti-alphabet" of 1875, written with gross spelling errors, has come down to us. The unnamed author of this alphabet left an unusual autograph, accompanying the illustration for the letter I with the signature: "I am with hot kolachi."
We do not know whether such primers were used in government education; but the likelihood of this is small - in schools, colleges, gymnasiums, much more boring and cheap prescriptions were in use. But here is the most unique example of the author's alphabet designed specifically for classroom work. This is the book “Learning is light. Russian alphabet for visual teaching ". It was composed by the teacher Alexander Radonezhsky, one of the participants in the powerful social movement for the renewal of education. He considered the task of the alphabet not only to teach "the basics and skills", but, mainly, the mental development of the child, awakening his thoughts and curiosity, creating an integral picture of the world. The drawings for the alphabet were made by the artist Pavel Markov. All images of letters in the alphabet are "inscribed" in the drawing, and the theme of the drawing itself is closely related to the second part of the alphabet - an anthology from the texts of Russian classics (Krylov, Pushkin, Lermontov, Nekrasov, etc.).
The famous alphabet of Alexander Benois (1905) was also intended for private, home teaching - a folder with large-format sheets (32x26 cm). Each drawing of the alphabet is a full-fledged picture, saturated, as the poet Mikhail Kuzmin noted, "with the poetry of St. Petersburg children's rooms." Probably, this is the only alphabet in the world whose characters took to the stage (Arap appeared in Igor Stravinsky's ballet Petrushka) and became the heroes of a musical work (composer Nikolai Cherepnin wrote Fourteen Sketches for Piano to the Alphabet by Alexander Benois).
Following Benoit, many artists turn to the elementary theme. In 1911, Elizaveta Boehm's "ABC" was published, in which the artist recreates the handwritten textbook of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich "Initial letter". She scrupulously redraws the outlines of old letters and accompanies them with images of objects and phenomena of the 17th century.
We know of two home alphabets of Russian artists, created by them for their children. The first is the alphabet of Vladimir Konashevich, which is a folder with 36 separate colored sheets. This is one of the first textbooks to be printed in the new spelling, without "eras" and "yatey". Konashevich's alphabet was born from correspondence with his wife and daughter: after the revolution, his family got stuck in the Urals, cut off from Petrograd by Kolchak's army. “Dad wrote letters to mom, and he sent me pictures. For each letter of the alphabet, - recalled the artist's daughter Olga Chaiko. "I was already four years old, and obviously he thought it was time to already know the letters."
Unlike many other publications, “ABC in drawings by Vl. Konashevich "is really intended for learning to read and write: on the second page of the cover there are even printed some kind of rules for using the publication:" As a general rule, in the words explaining the image on each page, the first letter is the letter for the study of which the image is intended. " Particularly distinguished were the letters that were abolished by the new spelling rules (they were printed in red paint).
Konashevich's Azbuka was published in 1918, and in 1919 Vladimir Mayakovsky created his Sovetskaya Azbuka. He writes short poems for the alphabet and draws all the illustrations, and even paints 5000 copies with his own hand. Of course, you won't give children such an alphabet - Mayakovsky intended it to the illiterate Red Army men from the "trenches". 
The artist Mstislav Dobuzhinsky, a friend of Alexander Benois, has illustrated the alphabet more than once. In 1911 he painted "The Alphabet of Steva and Dodi" for his sons Rostislav and Vsevolod, and dedicated the "Merry Alphabet" in 1925 to his adopted nephew Valerik. The letters in the "Merry Alphabet" are both heroes of the book and elements of book decor. They are constantly changing their styles and, as it were, dancing all over the page. And the letters "yat", "and" decimal, "fit", abolished in 1917, took pride of place under a glass museum dome on a vignette at the end of the book.
Another famous book illustrator, Vladimir Lebedev, creates two whole alphabets. In 1925, the "ABC" was published, containing images of letters and objects, and a little later - "Living Letters", where Lebedev's illustrations were accompanied by poems by Samuil Marshak.
Rhymed lines are dedicated to working professions; the name of each profession begins with a specific letter of the alphabet. The name of the child depicted in the picture, who dreams of mastering this profession, begins with her. Marshak showed a rare ingenuity, choosing the necessary professions: he got the grenade launcher Gleb, the zincographer Caesar, the linguist Yakov ...
"Living Letters" attract attention with an unusual typographic solution. It is a large folder (29 x 22 cm) containing 28 separate sheets of pictures and poetry, an eight-page brochure with recommendations for adults, two tablets and two cardboard cutouts for letters. Here is how the authors themselves recommend using these materials: “Ask the elders to read you poetry, and yourself carefully examine the drawings and try to remember the letters. To help you learn to read quickly, we have printed 134 letters and 10 numbers on separate sheets. 
Cut them out neatly and try to fold the letters into words. To prevent the cardboard letters from getting lost, we glued two sheets with slotted pockets to the folder. Letters can be inserted into these pockets to form a word. When real books are printed in a printing house, typesetters also form words from individual letters. Only their letters are not cardboard, but lead. First, make up the words shorter, simpler, and then you can take on the words longer and more difficult. We wish you to learn to read as soon as possible! "
Well, at the end of our brief acquaintance with the pictures in the primers, let's take a look at Tatyana Mavrina's “Fairy-tale alphabet”. Each letter of its alphabet becomes a "home" for numerous fairy-tale characters, whose names contain this letter. Duck and Udalts live on a page with the letter U, Bear - on b, Turnip - on R.
Anna Rapoport
