Commodity lossesrepresent a decrease in the quantity and decrease in the quality of inventory items caused by the physical and chemical properties of goods and other reasons.
The organization of accounting for commodity losses at wholesale enterprises is due to their classification. The choice of the main signs of the classification of commodity losses is due to the goals and objectives of their management: timely and complete identification, documenting and reflection in the accounting of arising commodity losses, reducing standardized commodity losses and preventing overhead costs and commodity losses. For this, trade enterprises are obliged to systematically implement measures aimed at reducing the loss of goods in trade, strictly control the quality of goods, and prevent violations of the established regimes and terms of storage and sale of goods.
Commodity losses of trade enterprises vary:
* on a natural-material basis -quantitative loss of goods and losses from a decrease in the quality of goods;
* in relation to the established norms -standardized and non-standardized commodity losses;
* by the moment (stage) of occurrence:losses arising from transportation, storage, packing of goods, processing, sorting of agricultural products and sale of goods;
* at the time of detection:losses revealed during the acceptance of goods, during their inventory in storage places, during control checks of trade enterprises;
* on the subject of compensation:losses reimbursed by partners of a trading company (suppliers, transport companies) and buyers (wholesale base);
* by source of coverage:losses attributable to the costs of circulation, non-operating losses or profits remaining at the disposal of the trading enterprise (organization) and losses reimbursed by financially responsible persons.
TO standardized loss of goodsattribute the natural loss of goods; battle, scrap of goods due to their fragility; damage to goods or damage to consumer packaging in which the goods are packed, which in turn causes the loss of their consumer properties; breaking of empty glassware; technological waste generated during the preparation of certain types of goods for sale.
Natural declinerepresents a loss of goods (a decrease in its weight while maintaining quality within the requirements of regulatory documents), which are a consequence of the physical and chemical properties of goods, the impact of meteorological factors and imperfections of the currently used means of protecting products from losses during transportation, storage and sale. The norms of commodity losses during transportation, storage of goods of the trade network and norms of technological waste and loss of goods are developed and periodically updated by research institutes. The norms of commodity losses, the calculation methodology and the procedure for recording in the accounting were approved by a joint decision of the Ministry of Trade and Belcoopsoyuz in agreement with the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Belarus on April 2, 1997, No. 42/3 5.
Norms of natural loss are not established for goods recorded in units that differ from the mass, and do not apply: to prepackaged goods; to goods released in containers or packaging of the first seller without weighing (by invoice or stencil); to goods sold in transit; as well as to goods with manufacturing defects specified in the relevant regulatory and technical documentation (GOST, OST, RTU, TU). Natural loss does not include losses caused by violation of the requirements of standards, technical conditions, rules for the carriage of goods, losses due to damage to containers and changes in product quality. The rates of natural loss are set as a percentage of the value or weight of the received cargo, the goods in storage or the goods sold. They are differentiated by types (groups) of goods and their packaging, types of transport and distance of transportation, season, conditions and storage periods.
TO irregular commodity lossesinclude damage and shortage of goods in excess of the established norms and shortages of goods for which such norms have not been established.
Commodity losseswithin and above the norms of natural loss, arising when storing and selling goods,identified only during inventory. Actual commodity losses are established in a collation statement for each item of goods by comparing the actual availability indicated in the inventory list with the balance according to accounting data in physical value terms - upon receipt of negative deviations. The natural loss of goods is calculated according to those positions of the comparative statement of the results of the inventory of goods, for which, after the offset of misgrades, the shortage of goods is indicated.
The method of calculating the natural loss of goods in the wholesale trade depends on the group of goods, the method of technological processing, the conditions and terms of storage of food products and requires careful study and compliance with the instructions for applying the established norms of natural loss.
The calculation of the natural loss of goods with the batch method of accounting is carried out for each batch of goods received from the volume of goods released (sold) and their balance on the date of inventory according to the established norms for the actual period of their storage based on the date of receipt and date of release (inventory dates) goods. The number of goods sold, their balances and storage periods are established on the basis of accounting data in physical value terms (batch cards). The established monthly norms of natural loss are adjusted for the actual storage period of goods in days by summing them up for a full month and 1/30 of the monthly rate for each day of storage of an incomplete month. When varietalthe method of accounting for goods, the norms of their natural loss are determined based on the average shelf life of these goods. The latter is determined on the basis of the data of physical-cost accounting by dividing the average daily balance of the goods by its one-day turnover (or the total number of daily balances for the inter-inventory period by the amount of goods sold for the same period). Correction of the rate of natural loss for the average shelf life is carried out in the same way as with the batch method of accounting for goods, and the calculation of natural loss is made not for each release, but on the total volume of goods released (sold) from the warehouse for the inter-inventory period.
Commodity losses from battle, scrap, damage to goods or damage to consumer packaging,arising at wholesale enterprises during storage and sale, are drawn up by an act of a standard form at the time of their occurrence. The act of damage, battle, scrap of goods in two copies is drawn up by a commission appointed by the head of the enterprise, consisting of representatives of the administration of the enterprise, financially responsible persons. When writing off food products, the commission must include a commodity expert.
The head of the enterprise decides at whose expense to write off the losses, and approves the act. The second copy of the act is transferred to the accounting department.
If the corresponding norms are established for commodity losses (battle) during the storage and sale of goods, then the first copy of the drawn up and duly executed act for actual losses remains with the materially responsible person and is transferred to the accounting department along with the inventory description. These losses are written off when the results of the inventory are displayed within the established norms and the amount of shortage of goods. If there are no norms established for commodity losses (scrap, damage) during storage and sale of goods, then the financially responsible person shall attach the first copy of the act to the report. Excessive losses of goods from damage, damage and scrap, as a rule, are recovered from the perpetrators at sales prices with value added tax. In cases where specific culprits are not known, then with the consent of the team, by decision of the head of the enterprise, the losses can be written off from the profit remaining at the disposal of the enterprise, at purchase prices.
In accounting for commodity losses, the following principles are adhered to:
* norms of natural loss and norms of losses from battle, scrap, damage are maximum and are applied only in case of revealing an actual shortage;
* write-off of natural loss and loss of goods within the limits of the norms is carried out on the basis of an appropriate calculation drawn up by an accountant with a materially responsible person and approved by the head of the enterprise
* natural loss of goods and commodity losses within the limits of the norms are written off from the materially responsible persons in the amount of actual losses, but not higher than the established norms;
* the shortage of goods from financially responsible persons is written off at discount prices, and at distribution costs or at the expense of a reserve for natural loss - at purchase prices without value added tax. The difference between the discount and purchase prices is written off at the expense of the trade markup;
* The commodity losses revealed during the inventory in excess of the established norms of natural loss of goods and the norms of losses from battle, scrap and damage to goods are attributed to materially responsible persons at retail (selling prices), unless otherwise provided by the relevant regulatory enactments. In exceptional cases, when marriage, battle, scrap, damage to goods occurs for other reasons in the absence of the fault of the financially responsible person, such losses are written off with the consent of the work collective by decision of the head of the organization (enterprise) at the expense of the profit: the reporting year uncompensated commodity losses due to natural disasters; remaining at the disposal of the enterprise - commodity losses due to mismanagement;
* Compensation in case of shortage, theft, damage to material assets is subject to value added tax. Its amount for the benefit of the budget is charged at the established or calculated rate;
* for shortages (damage) of goods in excess of the norms of natural loss, written off at the expense of the enterprise, the input value added tax is not accepted for offset and is written off at the expense of the profit remaining at the disposal of the enterprise or other own sources.
To summarize the accounting information on the presence at the enterprise of the amounts of shortages, thefts, losses from damage to values, identified during their receipt, storage and sale, regardless of their type and source of compensation, account 84 "Shortages and losses from damage to values" is used. According to the debit of this account, commodity losses are reflected at the price of occurrence (purchase or sale prices) at the time of their detection, and on a loan they are written off based on the decision made by the head of the enterprise in accordance with the legislation and constituent documents. Analytical accounting of shortages and losses from damage to values \u200b\u200bis carried out according to their types and financially responsible persons.
1 ... Types of commodity losses and the reasons for their occurrence
2. Documenting the loss of goods
3. Accounting for commodity losses in trade organizations
4. Accounting for loss of goods due to "forgetfulness of buyers"
1. In the economic practice of tradingorganizations, it is not uncommon for them, for various reasons, to suffer losses from damage to goods, their shortage or marriage. Commodity losses are understood as a decrease in the quantity and decrease in the quality of goods caused by the physical and chemical properties of goods and other reasons.
When accounting for product losses, the following principles should be adhered to:
1) the rates of natural loss (NEU) and rates of losses from battle, scrap, damage are maximum and are applied only in cases of revealing an actual shortage.
2) write-off of natural loss and loss of goods within the limits, is made on the basis of a calculation drawn up by an accountant and approved by the head of the organization.
3) natural loss and other commodity losses - are written off from the financially responsible person in the amount actual losses. But not higher than the established norms.
4) the shortage of goods within the established norms is written off from the materially responsible person at the prices at which the goods were recorded. The attribution of commodity losses to sales costs (costs) is made according to purchasedprices.
5) the identification during the inventory of commodity losses in excess of the established norms of natural loss, breakage, scrap, damage to consumer packaging are attributed to the materially responsible person at retail prices.
Commodity losses are divided into: standardized and non-standardized. This subdivision follows from section 1 of the Norms of commodity losses, the calculation methodology and the order of reflection in the accounting. Approved by the order of the Ministry of Trade of the Republic of Belarus dated 02.04.1997. No. 42.
Normalized losses are:
1) natural loss of goods
2) battle, scrap of goods due to their fragility
3) damage to goods or damage to consumer packaging in which the goods are packed, which in turn causes the loss of its consumer properties.
4) breaking of empty glassware
5) technological waste generated during the preparation of certain types of goods for sale.
To include losses in this group, it is necessary that the following should be established by the normative:
1) rate setting
2) method of calculation for it
Standardized technological waste and trade losses are:
1) waste generated during the preparation for retail sale of pure mass sausages and meat smoked products
2) waste and loss of meat, meat products during machine cutting in stores
3) losses from stripping the butter monolith, etc.
The most common type of loss of goods is natural loss, which is a loss of goods (a decrease in its weight while maintaining quality within the requirements of regulatory documents) resulting from the physical and chemical properties of goods, the impact of meteorological factors, imperfection of the applied means of protecting products from possible losses during transportation, storage and implementation.
Natural loss is a consequence of:
1) shrinkage, weathering and spraying.
2) leaks (melting and seeping)
3) spills during pumping and dispensing of liquid goods
It should be noted that 1) the norms of natural loss are not established for products transported or stored in a sealed container that easily absorbs moisture (when transported by water transport).
2) the norms of natural loss do not apply to goods that have manufacturing defects
3) natural loss does not include losses caused by violation of the rules of transportation. Losses caused by violation (damage) of containers, as well as caused by violation of the requirements of standards
4) non-standardized include damage and shortage of goods in excess of the established norms and shortage of goods for which such norms have not been established.
2. Receipt and sale of goods is carried outin accordance with sales contracts. When concluding sales contracts, one must be guided by the Civil Code of the Republic of Belarus, the provision on the supply of goods of the Republic of Belarus. According to article 445 of the Civil Code of the Republic of Belarus, if the defects of the goods were not agreed by the seller, the buyer, to whom the goods of inadequate quality were transferred, have the right, at his choice, to demand from the seller:
1) a commensurate decrease in the purchase price
2) gratuitous elimination of the lack of goods within a reasonable time
3) reimbursement of their costs, to eliminate deficiencies
In the event of a significant violation of the requirements for the quality of the goods (the presence of fatal deficiencies), deficiencies that are revealed repeatedly, or appear again after their elimination The elimination of which requires significant costs or investment of time, etc. the buyer has the right, at his choice:
1) refuse to execute the contract of sale
2) demand the amount paid for the goods
3) demand the replacement of goods of inadequate quality with goods that comply with the contract
In the event that, upon acceptance of the goods, a shortage or its inadequate quality is revealed, the results of acceptance are drawn up in an act, which is drawn up on the day of detection of violations in two copies. The act lists only those goods for which a discrepancy in quantity or quality is detected. At the end of the act, a note is made: "there are no discrepancies for the rest of the goods." The act is signed by all officials involved in the acceptance.
Mat-otv. The person who has expressed disagreement with the content of the act is obliged to express his opinion in writing, which is attached to the act. What is the corresponding note in the act itself. If there is a disagreement between the seller and the buyer about the nature of the identified defects, the reasons for the shortages, etc. the buyer is obliged to contact an expert.
In the event that the goods are transported by a carrier, i.e. third-party organization, then he is responsible for the non-safety of the cargo.
Before filing a claim with the supplier or carrier, it is mandatory to present a claim to him. If the shortage is established in the course of the inventory, then the documentary registration (see topic 15 question 2): an order to conduct an inventory, inventory lists and collation statements.
3. In accordance with the standard chart of accountsaccounting for accounting for commodity losses when they are detected, account 94 is used (by its structure - active).
According to the instructions for using the standard chart of accounts for D94, the shortage of goods is reflected: in wholesale organizations at the purchase price, in retail organizations at the retail price. (subject to keeping records at the above prices). For К94 - write-off of shortages at purchase prices is reflected.
Sources of coverage for identified shortages and damage to goods can be:
1) implementation costs (costs)
also organizations can use the reserve of upcoming payments
The reserve for future payments for natural loss depends on the results of previous inventories and the volume of retail trade. The monthly specified amount is credited to D44 K96. Thus, by the date of the mandatory inventory, the organization will already have accumulated a certain reserve to cover the amount of natural loss. The creation of a reserve must be necessarily provided for by the accounting policy.
In tax accounting, losses from shortages within the norms in accordance with Article 130 of the Tax Code of the Republic of Belarus are taken into account as part of the costs taken into account when taxing profits.
The fact of the shortage is reflected
D94 K41.2 at retail prices
Then, using the red cancellation method, the trade markup and VAT in the retail price are removed from account 94
The remaining purchase cost of the shortfall within the limits is written off
2) compensation for losses at the expense of the guilty financially responsible persons
When compensating for the shortfall from the salaries of the guilty persons, one should be guided by the norms of the Labor Code of the Republic of Belarus. Deduction from wages is carried out by a written order to the manager to pay off the employee's debt in case of damages in an amount not exceeding his average monthly salary. It should be borne in mind that for each salary payment, the total amount of all deductions should not exceed 50% of the salary.
Deficiencies in excess of the norms attributed to the materially responsible person are reflected according to D73.2 K94 for the difference between the retail price and the purchase price D73.2 K90.7.
In tax accounting, these incomes must be reflected no later than the date of deduction from wages or receipt at the cash desk.
Since 2012, turnovers on other disposal of goods (which include, and shortages are not subject to VAT). Consequently, the received other income in the form of the difference between the purchase and retail value of the goods should not be subject to VAT as of the current date.
4) the organization's own sources. In practice, there are cases when the person responsible for the shortage of goods cannot be identified; the court denied compensation from the guilty person, as well as as a result of "other" situations. Others mean emergency situations (fire, flooding, etc.) in this case, after investigating the causes of these situations, and confirming the absence of guilty persons, the amount of losses is written off at the expense of the organization's sources. It should be especially noted that the organization must have decisions of the investigating authorities, court decisions, etc. in accounting, the amount of shortages in the absence of specific culprits is written off to other expenses for current activities.
D90.10 K94. In tax accounting, these expenses are taken into account when taxing profits.
Since the annual inventories are mandatory once a year. Organizations can add a natural loss provision.
If there is a reserve for natural loss, the shortage is written off:
D96 K94 (within the limits)
4. Increased competition, the need to improve the quality of service, the need to reduce sales costs and increase the volume of goods turnover necessitate the use of modern forms of trade, and with them the methods of selling goods. One of these methods is the sale of goods using the self-service method. However, the sale of goods with an open display gives rise to such a phenomenon as "forgetfulness of buyers." The document regulating the methodology for calculating and accounting for commodity losses in self-service stores and stores selling with an open display of goods are: Guidelines for calculating and accounting for losses of goods in self-service stores (departments, sections) and trading with open display of goods. Approved by the Ministry of Trade of the Republic of Belarus No. 113 of 27.10.1999. with rev. and add. write-off of actual losses due to the “forgetfulness” of buyers is made within the recommended rates or within the limits approved by the owner of the trade organization if the amount of shortage revealed during the inventory exceeds the loss of goods within the limits of natural loss.
These losses are above the norm, however, if the manager approves the norms as a percentage of the turnover for forgetfulness of buyers, then this amount of goods losses will be written off to other expenses on current activities. Also, organizations are not prohibited from creating a reserve for future payments for forgetfulness of buyers. There are 2 opinions regarding the reflection of this reserve in the accounting accounts. Either D44 or D90. 10. K96.
In the process of transportation, storage and sale of goods, losses occur. Commodity losses are an inevitable companion of commodity circulation. They are subdivided into standardized and non-standardized.
Normalized losses are associated with a change in the physical and chemical properties of goods (natural loss, loss of goods from breakage in glassware, etc.), the psychology of people (losses in self-service stores) and the action of other factors. Due to their objective nature, such losses are normalized, that is, their maximum sizes (norms) are established - the so-called norms of natural loss. Of particular importance when writing off the loss of goods is the correct calculation of natural loss resulting from changes in the physical and chemical properties of goods (shrinkage, shrinkage, spray, leakage, freezing, etc.). These losses are normalized for each type of product.
Irregular losses are mainly the result of mismanagement: damage to goods, shortages, waste, theft, etc.
The division of losses into standardized and non-standardized also predetermines the order of their write-off. Regardless of the reason for the loss of goods and their subsequent write-off, the initially identified shortages and losses are reflected at the discount prices on account 94 "Shortages and losses from damage to values" in correspondence with account 41 "Goods":
Dt 94 "Shortages and losses from damage to valuables" CT 41 "Goods"
But there are also exceptions. So, for shortages and losses from damage to values \u200b\u200bidentified during the acceptance of goods, formed through the fault of suppliers or transport organizations, claims are made (that is, these amounts are written off to the debit of account 76 "Settlements with debtors and creditors", subaccount "Settlements on claims "), and losses caused by extraordinary circumstances (natural disasters, fires, etc.) are charged directly to the debit of account 99" Profits and losses ".
Losses of goods within the limits of the norms approved in the prescribed manner by law are written off to distribution costs, and losses and shortages of goods in excess of the norms of loss are attributed to the perpetrators. In cases where the perpetrators are not identified or the court refused to recover the perpetrators, due to the groundlessness of the claims, shortages and losses are written off to the financial results through account 91 "Other income and expenses".
If the amount of shortage of goods during their transportation is within the limits of natural loss, then it is written off to distribution costs, and an entry is made on the accounting accounts:
Dt account 44 "Expenses for sale" (in terms of distribution costs) CT account 94 "Shortages and losses from damage to valuables"
The cost of the missing goods in excess of the norms of natural loss is recovered from the culprit. If found guilty of a shortage of a supplier of goods or a transport organization, a claim is made and an entry is made on the accounting accounts:
Dt acc.76 "Settlements with different debtors and creditors", subaccount 2 "Settlements on claims" CT sc.60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors"
The supplier's recognition of the penalties imposed on him can be reflected in the total amount by recording:
Dt sc. 76, subaccount 2 "Calculations on claims" Ct sc. 91 "Other income and expenses"
Commodity losses during storage of goods in a warehouse and sale due to natural loss are written off only during inventory. In order to evenly distribute such losses as part of distribution costs, a monthly reserve is charged to write off the natural loss of goods within the limits. The creation of such a reserve should be reflected in the accounting policy of the trading organization.
The accrual of a provision for writing off the loss of goods due to natural loss is reflected on a monthly basis by recording:
Dr account 44 "Expenses on sale" Cr account 96 "Provisions for future expenses"
After the inventory, the shortage of goods formed within the norms of natural loss is written off at the expense of the accrued reserve and the following is recorded on the accounting accounts:
Dt sc. 96 "Provisions for future expenses" CT sc. 94 "Shortages and losses from damage to valuables"
If goods are accounted for at sales prices, then the amount of the trade margin (discounts, capes) related to non-worthy goods due to natural loss is canceled and an entry is made on the accounting accounts:
Dt score 94 "Shortages and losses from damage to valuables" CT score 42 "Trade margin" (red storno)
Thus, only the purchase value of the missing goods due to natural loss will be written off from the reserve.
Commodity losses arise during transportation, storage and release of goods, offsetting of some goods with surpluses of others, shortages, thefts, due to battle, scrap, damage, shrinkage, crumbling, spilling, freezing, etc.
Commodity losses in trade organizations are revealed mainly when checking the availability of goods by means of an inventory, the deviations revealed in accordance with the Law "On Accounting" should have been regulated as follows:
- - the loss of values \u200b\u200bwithin the norms approved in the manner prescribed by law is written off by order of the head of the organization to the costs of production and circulation;
- - losses in excess of the norms of natural attrition are attributed to the perpetrators.
In cases where the perpetrators are not identified or the court refused to recover the perpetrators, losses from shortages and damage are written off to financial results through account 91 "Other income and expenses", preliminarily collected on account 94 "Shortages and losses from damage to valuables."
The exception is shortages and losses from damage to valuables revealed during the acceptance of goods from suppliers and transport organizations, as well as losses from natural disasters. Normalized losses are taken into account when entering the final results of the inventory and only if a real shortage of goods is revealed. Offset of shortages of some goods by surpluses of others is possible only with the permission of the head of the organization.
The loss of values \u200b\u200bwithin the established norms is determined after offsetting the shortages of values \u200b\u200bby surplus for re-grading. The financially responsible person must give a written explanation about the allowed re-grading, as well as when shortages are found. In this case, the amount of shortages is determined based on the current prices for goods on the day of damage.
The procedure for the amounts of shortages, thefts and losses from damage to valuables, including goods, is regulated by legislation and constituent documents.
The write-off procedure is reflected in the Chart of accounts. Of particular importance when writing off shortages is the correct calculation of the natural loss of goods, that is, normalized losses.
The rate of natural loss during storage and sale depends on various factors: on the climatic zone, types of groups of goods, season, storage conditions. At the same time, deficiencies are identified in the inventory process. The amount of these losses depends on the rate of natural loss, the cost of goods sold for the period between inventories. This uses the selling value.
In warehouses, rates of natural loss also depend on the shelf life of goods.
Therefore, when calculating natural loss in warehouses, it becomes necessary to determine the shelf life of goods, as well as to correctly calculate and select the applicable rate of natural loss. If they are stored in the warehouse for more than a month, then the rates for the entire storage period are the sum of the rates established for the first month of storage and the rates for the subsequent months of storage.
Losses from damage, damage and scrap of goods are recorded in the accounting in accordance with the generally established procedure.
In the process of promoting goods from manufacturers to consumers, there is an irretrievable loss of some of the goods. This applies primarily to food products, chemical products, alcohol, petroleum products, some building materials, etc. Loss of goods is a decrease in the mass of a product while maintaining its quality. They can be identified as a result of inventory, in the process of procurement, storage and sale of goods, etc.
In the field of trade, there are many factors that lead to the loss of goods. Commodity losses are divided into two types:
- - standardized;
- - non-standardized (Fig. 1).
Quantitative losses are caused by natural processes inherent in specific product groups (drying, spraying, volatilization, breathing, fighting, etc.) or operations of preparing goods for sale (cutting, chopping, removing packaging materials and / or inedible parts of the product). Such losses occur mainly in bulk, bulk food products, and can also occur in non-food products (for example, light bulbs, mirrors, etc.).
Qualitative (non-standardized) losses are formed as a result of a decrease in the mass of goods in excess of the norms of natural loss, a decrease in quality compared to standards, the weight and volume of goods, as well as their damage due to violation of normal storage conditions, negligence of officials. Such losses are not standardized, since they are the result of mismanagement. Non-standard (above-standard) losses include:
- - from battle, marriage and damage to goods;
- - for shortages, waste and theft;
- - due to force majeure circumstances (natural disasters);
- - from stopping the production process;
- - costs associated with the prevention or elimination of the consequences of natural disasters;
- - uncompensated losses as a result of fires, accidents, etc .;
- - losses from embezzlement, the perpetrators of which have not been identified by court decisions.
Figure: one.
Commodity losses in trade organizations are identified when checking the availability of goods by means of an inventory. In accordance with the Law "On Accounting", the identified deviations should be regulated as follows:
- - the loss of values \u200b\u200bwithin the norms approved in the manner prescribed by law is written off by order of the head of the organization to the costs of production and circulation;
- - losses in excess of the norms of natural attrition are attributed to the guilty persons, while two options are possible: if the culprits are not identified or the court refused to recover the guilty persons. Losses from shortages and damage are written off to financial results as follows:
Debit 91/2 "Other expenses"
Credit 94 "Shortages and losses from damage to values".
These losses for the purpose of calculating corporate income tax in accordance with Art. 265 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation relate to non-operating expenses.
The exception is shortages and losses from damage to valuables identified during the acceptance of goods from suppliers and transport organizations and losses from natural disasters. In the first case, claims are made against suppliers and transport organizations and are reflected in the accounting as follows:
Debit 76/2 "Settlements on claims"
Credit 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors", and in the second - shortages are recognized as extraordinary expenses and are reflected as:
Debit 99 "Profit and Loss"
Credit 41 "Goods".
Quantitative (standardized) losses are taken into account when displaying the final results of the inventory only if a real shortage of goods is revealed.
The loss of values \u200b\u200bwithin the established norms is determined after offsetting the shortages of values \u200b\u200bby surplus for re-grading. If, after the set-off carried out in the prescribed manner, there is still a shortage, then the norms of natural loss should apply only to the name of values \u200b\u200bfor which it is established. In the absence of norms, loss is considered as a shortage in excess of the norms.
Financially responsible persons should give written explanations both about the allowed re-grading and if a shortage is found. In this case, the amount of shortages is determined based on the current prices for goods on the day of damage. If the specific culprits for misgrading are not identified, then the amount differences are considered as shortages in excess of the rate of loss. In the event of a shortage from a re-grading that was formed through no fault of materially responsible persons, the minutes of the inventory commission must provide comprehensive explanations about the reasons why such a difference is not attributed to the guilty persons.
Commodity losses are included in sales expenses, for this account 44 "Sales expenses" is used. Reflection for this expense item is shown in Fig. 2 (Appendix 5).
In accounting, there are currently peculiarities in the reflection of commodity losses obtained in the following ways (Fig. 2).
Figure: 2
The rates of natural loss are in force on the basis of the Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 12, 2002 N 814 "On the procedure for approving the rates of natural loss during storage and transportation of inventories." By orders of the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia dated August 16 and 28, 2006, new norms of natural loss of food products were approved (Appendix 6)
The trade organization must fix the procedure for writing off goods losses in the accounting policy.
Information on the presence of amounts of shortages, thefts and losses from damage to valuables identified in the process of their procurement, storage and sale (regardless of whether they are to be attributed to accounts for accounting for production (circulation) costs, financial results or perpetrators) is initially reflected in discount prices. Balance sheet account 94 "Shortages and losses from damage to valuables" is intended for their accounting.
The debit of account 94 "Shortages and losses from damage to valuables" reflects:
- - the book value (in purchase or sale prices) for missing and completely damaged goods;
- - the sum of the determined losses for partially damaged goods.
The procedure for writing off shortages is reflected in the Chart of accounts. On the credit of account 94 "Shortages and losses from damage to valuables" are written off:
- - shortages and losses from damage to valuables within the limits stipulated in the contract to the accounts of material assets (when they are revealed during procurement) or within the norms of natural loss (if there are rates) - costs of production and sales costs (when they are revealed during storage or implementation);
- - shortage of values \u200b\u200bin excess of the norms of loss (if there are norms) and losses from damage and stolen values.
Losses from the veil of containers. Tare curtains is the difference between the actual empty tare weight and its marking weight. Tare curtain occurs when, when posting some goods (for example, fruits in cardboard boxes), the net weight of goods (net weight) is determined as the difference between the gross weight and the tare weight by marking. After the sale of the goods, the released containers are hung. Its mass may turn out to be more than the mass in terms of marking due to the absorption of goods into it. Consequently, a situation arises when the goods sold by weight are less than capitalized.
In this case, the loss of goods occurs for objective reasons, therefore, excessively capitalized goods in the amount of the curtain of packaging are written off from the financially responsible person and included in sales costs.
The container curtains are drawn up with an act in the form of TORG-6. A mark is made on the container with the date and number of the act.
Accounting for the veil of containers will differ depending on how the trade organization keeps records of goods:
- - at purchase prices.
- - at selling prices.
Losses when preparing goods for sale. The rules for the sale of certain types of goods approved by the Resolution of the Council of Ministers - the Government of the Russian Federation of January 19, 1998 N 55 (as amended by the RF Government Resolution of February 1, 2005 N 49) reflect the conditions for preparing goods for sale.
The goods entering the sales area are carefully checked for quality and sorted. The goods, prior to their submission to the trading floor or other place of sale, must be released from packaging, wrapping and binding materials, metal clips. Contaminated surfaces or parts of the product must be removed. The seller is obliged to check the quality of the goods (by external signs), the availability of the necessary documentation and information on them, to reject and sort the goods. This naturally generates waste to be written off.
A number of goods can be received minus waste according to established norms (poultry without packaging, sausages without ropes). In this case, the amount of waste is calculated and recorded in the receipt documents. Waste is written off in the following ways:
- - at the expense of a discount provided by the supplier;
- - at the expense of the trade organization itself, while if the organization accounts for the goods at sales prices, then the waste is written off at the expense of its own trade markup in the organizations, and if the organization accounts for the goods at purchase prices, then at the expense of selling costs. In the latter case, waste should be written off after the sale of the goods by hanging and recording the actual amount of waste. The trade organization independently establishes in the administrative document the procedure and frequency of waste disposal.
In accordance with Art. 254 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, losses from shortage and (or) damage during storage and transportation of inventories within the limits of natural loss rates approved in the manner established by the Government of the Russian Federation, for tax purposes are equated to material costs (which relate to costs associated with production and implementation). In the absence of rules, losses are not excluded from taxable profit.
Waste writing off at the expense of a discount provided by the supplier is as follows.
Credit 60/1 - goods received from the supplier are capitalized;
Credit 42 - Reflected a discount provided by a supplier;
Debit 19/4 "VAT on purchased goods"
Credit 60/1 - reflected VAT charged by the supplier;
Credit 41/2 - Waste written off at the expense of a trade discount provided by the supplier;
Credit 94 - the cost of waste was written off at the expense of a discount provided by the supplier;
Credit 42 - the trade markup for the goods received is reflected.
If the supplier of the goods does not provide a discount on waste, then the trade organization must write off them on its own.
Of particular importance when writing off shortages is the correct calculation of the natural loss of goods, that is, normalized losses.
The rates of natural loss are marginal, they are applied when, when checking the actual availability of goods, a shortage is revealed. Natural loss is written off in the amount actually found, but not higher than the established norms.
The amount of natural loss for a retail organization as a whole or for its department (section) is determined for the time between two adjacent inventories (reporting period). For this, the accounting department makes a special calculation with the participation of financially responsible persons, which is approved by the head of the organization.
The amount of natural loss of goods in retail trade is determined by the formula:
Y \u003d Un + Up - Uv - Uk, (1)
where Ун - natural loss for actual balances of goods at the beginning of the reporting period;
Yn - the amount of natural loss for goods received in the reporting period (calculated according to receipts for goods received);
Uv - the amount of natural loss for retired goods returned to suppliers, handed over for processing, sold in small wholesale to other organizations, transferred to tents, stalls, shops, store branches, other retail outlets within the same organization, if these points carry out independent accounting of goods written off by acts due to scrap, damage, deterioration in quality, curtain and damage to containers;
Ук - natural loss for the actual balance of goods at the end of the reporting period.
In this case, there are two options for accounting for the shortage:
- - the shortage is completely written off from the financially responsible person, if the actual shortage of the goods is less than the calculated amount of natural loss;
- - a shortage within the limits of the norms of natural loss is written off from the materially responsible person, and the shortage in excess of the norms is subject to withholding from the materially responsible person, if the actual shortage of goods is more than the amount of natural loss.
Natural loss rates apply only to goods sold during the reporting period, regardless of the period of their storage in a trade organization.
The norms of natural loss are not applied to piece goods, as well as to goods entering a trade organization in packaged form.
Commodity losses during storage and sale due to natural loss should be written off in the month when the inventory was carried out, and since it is not carried out monthly, the inclusion of the amount of losses in sales costs should be made not at a time, but by months of the inter-inventory period. Therefore, on a monthly basis, the planned amount of losses should be written off to selling expenses by calculating a reserve for natural loss, which is charged within the current norms. The creation of a reserve must be reflected in the order on the accounting policy of the organization.
To determine the amount for which to create a reserve, you can calculate the average percentage of loss of goods in relation to the turnover of the previous period and apply this percentage to the turnover of the reporting period.
When carrying out economic activities, retailers have a need to change the selling price of a product, that is, to revalue it. This may be caused by changes in prices in the region, a decrease in the quality and consumer properties of goods and other circumstances. The revaluation changes the sales value of the goods. Revaluation of goods can be made for several reasons (Fig. 3).
A revaluation, that is, a change in the price of a product, can be carried out both upward (revaluation) and downward (markdown). The markdown (revaluation) amount is the difference between the value of the remaining goods at the previous and newly established sales prices. As a result of the markdown, the new selling price may be lower than the purchase price.
The procedure for revaluation of goods is considered in the Methodological Recommendations for the accounting and execution of operations for receiving, storing and dispensing goods in trade organizations, approved by the Letter of Roskomtorg dated 10.07.1996 N 1-794 / 32-5.
Figure: 3.
Each inventory-act is drawn up simultaneously in 3 copies (and when referring the revaluation results to settlements with the budget - in 4 copies): one copy is filled in by the financially responsible person, the rest under a carbon copy - by one of the commission members. Revaluation can be carried out:
- - during the reporting period: mandatory or voluntary revaluation of the cost of goods (tab. 1);
- - as of the balance sheet date.
The revaluation of goods at the balance sheet date is aimed at a fair reflection of the value of inventories in the financial statements.
Table 1
Comparative characteristics of the types of markdowns carried out during the reporting period
|
Revaluation |
Reasons for revaluation during the reporting period |
|
Mandatory |
|
|
Markdown (according to Regulation N 120) |
partial loss of the original qualities of the goods; lack of demand for goods for more than 3 months. At the same time, it is not specified from what date the countdown should start - from the date the seller acquired the goods or from the date the goods were put up for sale. |
|
Permitted |
|
|
Additional assessment (according to Order No. 07) |
subject to changes in the prices of suppliers and transport organizations (if, under supply contracts, the cost of delivery of goods is borne by the buyer) |
|
Unprohibited |
|
|
decrease in demand for a product (regardless of how long ago it was bought and / or put up for sale); approaching the end of the sale of goods; sale of obsolete models before newer ones appear, etc. |
|
|
Revaluation by increasing the trade margin |
with an increase in supplier prices; with an increase in competitors' prices, etc. |
The main feature is that the basis of the revaluation is the principle of accounting - prudence.
Prudence - application of valuation methods in accounting, which should prevent underestimation of liabilities and expenses and overestimation of assets and income of the enterprise.
Therefore, in the balance sheet of the enterprise, goods should be reflected at the lowest cost:
- - cost price;
- - net realizable value.
Net realizable value refers to the expected selling price of each unit of the product less expected distribution costs.
The procedure for revaluation and its reflection in accounting depend on the method of accounting for goods adopted at the trade enterprise - at purchase or sale prices.
When accounting for goods at sales prices, the accounting department does not have data on the availability of a specific product in the store, therefore, in the event of a revaluation, it is necessary to determine the remainder of the goods subject to revaluation (markdown) by conducting an inventory.
To carry out the inventory, a commission is created, which includes the chairman of the commission, financially responsible persons and specialists (accountants, commodity specialists, economists, etc.). The commission removes the remains of the revalued goods and draws up an inventory list-act, which indicates the name of the goods, its article, quantity, old and new prices, the amount of deviation (markdown or revaluation).
When goods are recorded in a store at sales prices, the revaluation results are reflected in the accounting accounts, since the book price of the goods is its sales value.
To summarize the information on the results of the revaluation of goods, as well as data on the deviations of the value of these goods in new market prices from the value determined in the accounting accounts, account 14 "Revaluation of material values" is intended.
The difference between the cost of goods at the old and new prices, calculated on the basis of inventory records-acts, is reflected on account 14 "Revaluation of tangible assets" (the amount of the markdown is by debit, and the amount of revaluation is by credit) in correspondence with account 41 "Goods":
In the event of an increase in retail prices, the cost of goods increases by the revaluation amount:
Debit 41 "Goods"
In the event of a decrease in retail prices, the cost of goods is reduced by the amount of the markdown:
Credit 41 "Goods".
After checking by the accounting department and approval by the head of the inventory statements, the amount recorded on account 14 "Revaluation of tangible assets" is written off in the following order:
- - to account 42 "Trade markup" in case of revaluation and markdown within the limits of the trade markup. Since an increase or decrease in retail prices entails a change in the trade margin, the following entries are made in accounting:
- - in the event of an increase in retail prices, the markup on the revalued product increases by the revaluation amount:
Debit 14 "Revaluation of tangible assets"
Credit 42 "Trade margin";
In the event of a decrease in retail prices, the mark-up on the revalued product is reduced by the amount of the markdown within the trade margin:
Debit 42 "Trade margin"
Credit 14 "Revaluation of tangible assets";
To account 91 "Other income and expenses", when the losses from the markdown exceed the trade margin established at the time of posting for the amount of the excess of the cost of goods at purchase prices over their cost at prices of possible sale:
The amount of the markdown of goods in terms of the excess of the purchase value over the newly established value by an amount exceeding the trade margin was included in the financial results.
The costs associated with the write-off of goods due to the expired period of their sale can be attributed to other operating costs, the composition of these costs is not closed (clause 11 of the Accounting Regulations "Organization costs" PBU 10/99, approved by the Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 06.05.1999 N 33n). These expenses are to be credited to the profit and loss account of the organization in the reporting period in which they took place, regardless of the time of the actual payment of funds and other form of implementation (assumption of temporary certainty of the facts of economic activity).
Written-off materials, the use of which is possible for economic purposes or subject to delivery in the form of waste (scrap, rags, etc.), are sent to the warehouse (storeroom) of the organization on the basis of a write-off act and an invoice for the internal movement of material assets. An invoice for the internal movement of material assets, as a rule, is issued in 3 copies, of which one copy remains in the department that writes off the materials, the second copy is transferred to the department that accepts the values, the third copy is transferred to the accounting department. Invoices for the internal movement of material assets are signed by the heads of the transmitting and receiving divisions of the organization.
All primary accounting documents on the movement of material assets in the warehouses (pantries) of the organization's divisions must be submitted to the accounting service within the time frame established in the organization. The accounting service of the organization accepts and verifies the primary accounting documents from the point of view of the correctness of their execution and the legality of the transactions.
The write-off is made out by the following transactions:
The actual cost of goods with expired sales has been written off:
Debit 91/2 "Other expenses"
Credit 41 "Goods";
At the end of the month, the balance of other income and expenses was determined, corresponding to the loss from writing off goods with expired sales (in the absence of other income):
Debit 91/9 "Balance of other income and expenses"
Credit 91/2 "Other expenses";
The balance of other income and expenses for the reporting month was written off to losses:
Debit 99 "Profit and Loss"
Credit 91/9 "Balance of other income and expenses".
the organization needs to draw up a revised VAT tax return for the tax period in which the tax deduction was applied for goods (overdue to date). In this case, the following postings are made out in the accounting:
Debit 68 subaccount "VAT"
Credit 19 "Value added tax on acquired values" - reversal;
Debit 91 "Other income and expenses"
Credit 19 "Value added tax on acquired values".
In some cases, low-quality goods are sold. In order to attract buyers, the price of second-rate products is usually reduced. For example, when decorating a sales area, the lacquer surface of a furniture set is damaged. In this case, the amount of damage must be recorded in the inventory record, the reduced price and the amount of markdown for the spoiled goods - in the act of damage to inventory (form N TORG-15).
Revenue from the sale of goods at discounted prices is reflected including the discount. This is indicated in clause 6.5 of PBU 9/99 "Income of the organization". Such an operation is documented by records:
Reflected the proceeds from the sale of goods, taking into account the discount:
Debit 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers"
Credit 90-1 "Revenue";
Written off the cost of goods:
Debit 90-2 "Cost of sales"
Credit 41 "Goods";
VAT charged on goods sold:
Debit 90-3 "VAT"
Credit 68 subaccount "VAT calculations".
