Insurance and self-insurance in physical education lessons

The safety of any physical education lesson is ensured by 3 components:

1. conformity of the form;
2. discipline;
3. availability of insurance withinsurance.

Insurance - a set of measures aimed at ensuring the safety of those involved in the process of educational activities. Distinguish between individual and group insurance:

• individual insurance - carried out by a teacher or one of the students.
• Group insurance - carried out by 2 or more people, while each insurer is located in his place and has no right to rely on another insured.

Help consists in the physical effort made by the teacher or student to correctly and successfully complete part or all of the exercise being studied. The main types of physical assistance include:

• Guiding is a form of help from the beginning of the exercise to the end.
• Support is one of the most important methodological techniques for helping students. Support is used when the student is in the initial, intermediate and final positions, and the ability to exert one's efforts is not yet sufficiently developed.
• Fixation - the trainee's delay at a certain point of movement.
• A nudge is a short-term assistance provided by a nursing teacher to the execution of individual, most critical phases of the movement.
• A twist is a short-term aid in a rotary motion.

As you master the exercises, help decreases and then stops and is replaced by insurance. It is impossible to abuse the help, because you can deprive the students of self-confidence, at a certain stage it is necessary to achieve self-fulfillment.

The insured is obliged:

It is good to know the technique of the exercise and, depending on the situation, choose the right place for providing insurance and assistance;

Skillfully use a variety of insurance, without interfering with the occupant to perform exercises;

Know the individual characteristics of those involved.

It is important to remember that one of the causes of injury is insufficient general and special warm-up. In the classroom, you should not get too carried away with jumping and dismounting from a great height.

Self-belay, a very important element of the educational process, when the student correctly evaluates his own capabilities.

This is the ability of the occupant to make decisions in a timely manner and independently get out of dangerous situations that may arise during the performance of various exercises.

The higher the level of coordination abilities and the development of dexterity, the easier it is for the student to master the techniques of self-insurance. Each teacher from the very beginning of physical education classes should educate these skills in teachers. Self-insurance significantly increases the responsibility of those involved and is a reliable protection against injury.

Self-belaying skills are acquired by learning the exercise and improving while doing it.

Sports insurance

A child's insurance for sports dancing is required when entering a professional dance school. It is required for training sessions, away competitions and similar events.

You can issue an insurance policy for a child using the appropriate services, for example.

During the session, complex exercises and movements are used that can lead to certain injuries. These can include sprains, tears, and fractures. They are the insured events.

We have developed two types of insurance for children:

• For sports only
• Universal package - "24/7 coverage"

A package of insurance services with coverage 24/7 covers any emergency, regardless of the time and place of their occurrence.

Child insurance for the sports section

Training involves constant active movement and stubborn physical activity. Not fully warmed up muscles, collisions and falls - all these are the causes of injuries among children.

Insurance for a child for sports dances is required both for training at school, in a section, and for outdoor demonstration performances, competitions, camps. Such insurance can be issued for one year or for one event, as well as for any selected period.

The first case is more preferable, because in this case children get the opportunity to participate in competitions, contests throughout the year. Fully meets all the requirements of the organizers of the performances.

Speed \u200b\u200band strength exercises include those that require the practitioners to show maximum effort in a relatively short period of time. As an example, let us name such exercises as standing jump with both legs, long jump, sprinting, throwing a medicine ball from behind the head with two hands, turning point-blank on a high bar, etc.

For the development of speed-strength abilities, various weights are most often used (barbell, dumbbells, a belt with sand, weighted objects fixed on the upper or lower limbs, etc.), as well as changing the conditions for performing exercises (running uphill, on the sand , up the steps, etc.)

The basic rules for self-fulfillment of speed-strength exercises are stated as necessary:

♦ perform exercises that correspond to the physical fitness of the body;

♦ use weights depending on age and level of preparedness;

♦ use dumbbells, training rods, stuffed balls, resistance bands, rubber shock absorbers, exercise equipment in accordance with height, weight, physical fitness;

♦ systematically, using the pulse and external signs, to exercise self-control over the state of the body;

♦ rationally select the exercises and the mode of their implementation with the aim of uniform work of the main muscle-ligamentous groups.

When performing gymnastic exercises, remember that some of them are associated with a certain risk. The presence of risk fosters such positive qualities as the will and desire to win, but the risk should not lead to injuries, and even more so to accidents. To avoid this, insurance for the student performing the exercise, teacher or students applies.

Only someone who knows the technique of the exercises being studied and the rules for performing insurance can successfully insure during training. It is very important to choose the right place for insurance. The belayer must be where the trainee can break or fall. He is obliged to follow the student during the exercise. The methods of insurance are predetermined by the technique of the exercise, its structural peculiarity, complexity, as well as the preparedness of the exerciser. One of the insurance techniques is assistance, in which the belayer directly assists (physically) the trainee to perform the exercise. During support (also one of the methods of insurance), the belayer touches the practitioner, but does not provide physical assistance to the exercise, does not restrict his movements. The basic rules of insurance include the knowledge of the most difficult and dangerous moments in the exercise. The belayer should be positioned so as to help the trainee at any time and at the same time not to interfere with the exercise. If the practitioner is in danger during the further exercise, he must be stopped. Do not belay while standing on any support. This is dangerous, and it also makes it difficult for the belayer to move. Do not place your hands between the body of the exerciser and the gymnastic apparatus (for example, when doing exercises on the uneven bars). With the support of a gymnast, it is not always necessary to make every effort. Sometimes a slight push or light support is enough to warn the student against a fall or unsuccessful landing. In the process of rendering assistance, it is necessary to take into account the specifics of belaying on the crossbar, uneven bars, log, rope, when performing a vault, acrobatic exercises. When insuring girls, it is important to carefully monitor so that they do not hit the gymnastic apparatus with their chest or lower abdomen while doing the exercises. For the best implementation of the insurance, it is necessary to systematically monitor the correctness of preparation for classes on various apparatus.

Self-insurance is a very important element of the educational process. It is the ability of the student to make decisions in a timely manner and independently get out of dangerous situations that may arise during the performance of various exercises. The student can stop or modify the exercise to prevent injury or to relieve the force of a fall. In gymnastics lessons, special attention should be paid to mastering the technique of somersaults forward and backward from any position. This will make it possible to facilitate the landing during an unsuccessful dismount from a gymnastic apparatus or fall.

During the lessons of athletics, it is important to conduct high-quality training of the main muscle-ligamentous groups. Experience shows that lower limb injuries prevail during athletics. When running, special attention should be paid to the correct positioning of the foot; it is necessary to land in jumps on the legs bent at the knees.

During training games in basketball, handball, volleyball, wrist bruises are most often exposed. Therefore, during the warm-up, it is necessary to warm up the wrist joints, fingers, phalanges of the fingers well.

Insurance and assistance in performing exercises on gymnastic apparatus

Insurance and assistance in gymnastics helps you avoid injury from falls and falls. Insurance is understood as the readiness of the teacher or student to timely support the exercise performer in case of an unsuccessful attempt to prevent him from falling. In the same way, insurance assistance provides for support, pushing, "escorting" the student. Her goals:

1) prevent falling or falling off the projectile;

2) make it easier for the student to perform the exercises;

3) help to choose the right way to perform this or that movement.

Self-belaying: the ability to land with shock absorption by the legs, rolls and tuck during a fall without support by hands. Falls forward followed by somersault or soft shock absorption with arms and legs, backward, sideways with rolls in tuck.

Safety regulations:

♦ fulfillment of all commands and orders of the teacher;

♦ observe the intervals and distance when performing drill exercises;

♦ mats must lie near each projectile, keep a distance when performing somersaults, coups;

♦ land in the vault and when dismounting on shells only on mats;

♦ check the serviceability and fastening of shells;

♦ do not stand near the landing site when jumping, do not interfere with the runner up;

♦ do not slide along the rope when descending;

♦ warm up at the beginning of the lesson to warm up the muscles and ligaments.

", Designed to help those tourists who are moving in their development from the category of" easy trekking "to the category of" serious tourism "with elements of extreme tourism. If you already want to visit places with difficult terrain, overcome routes with elements of climbing on rocks, difficult crossings through rivers and ravines, go mountaineering, speleotourism into difficult caves, canyoning, then sooner rather than later you will face the need for insurance.

Insurance in the mountains involves the use of equipment that prevents your uncontrolled fall and reduces the likelihood of serious injury on difficult terrain. At the moment, there are both ways to overcome the most incredible at first glance obstacles, and equipment that facilitates this process. In this article, we will look at the most basic, basic equipment that is used in most types of extreme activities.

Also known as "harness", "system", "arbor". This is a structure, usually adjustable in size, that is worn over clothing and is sewn from a very strong webbing or alternative materials. Special buckles are used for adjustment. The belay system often has a soft eyelet for attaching a rope, lanyard, carabiner, as well as loops for securing “at hand” special equipment. These are the so-called "unloading loops". They ARE NOT power, designed for a load of about 10 kg and cannot be used for belaying!

The main task of the safety system is to reliably keep the user who has fallen off or resting from falling. This is achieved by securing a person with the help of special devices on a rope, cable, safety point (hook, safety eyelet, loop, handrail, etc.).

The concept of dynamic and static load.

Most special safety equipment is certified for 22kN or more. Why should our belay system be able to withstand a load of 2200kg when the user's weight is usually less than 100kg? It's all about the physical laws that were hammered into our heads with varying degrees of success in school. If we just hang on the rope, then the load on it and the system will be approximately equal to our weight. This is a static load. But during a stall, when the body is moving with acceleration, the jerk can exceed our weight many times. This is the dynamic load. This requires a substantial margin of safety for all safety elements.

The life and health of a person depends on the safety equipment, therefore, reliability is the first and main criterion in its manufacture and use. All means of insurance are subject to mandatory certification according to generally accepted international standards. So, buying equipment from a well-known company in a store, you no longer have to worry about its reliability. The main condition is to use the equipment for its intended purpose! Therefore, the main selection criterion can be made functionality, convenience, weight, compactness and, of course, price.

Types of safety systems.

By design, there are three main types.

Puts on and attaches to the waistband and upper thighs. This is currently the most common and versatile design. It is she who is used in most types of extreme activity and has many options. However, the basic design elements are similar for most models.

The most versatile are systems that have adjustments not only for the waist, but also for the leg loops with the help of special buckles. True, such designs are somewhat heavier and more expensive. So, if you choose the system only for yourself, you are not going to lose weight or gain 20 kg, then it makes sense to look at the simplified version without “foot” buckles. However, keep in mind that such a construction will be more difficult to put on / take off through boots and on high-rise warm clothes, for example, down and storm pants. So it makes sense to think about the scope.

Benefits : ease of use, lightness, compactness, simplicity of design, availability of budget models, prevalence.

disadvantages : in some cases, it cannot provide the required level of security, requires certain skills from the user.

What does this mean? Sometimes, in case of a breakdown, a person, as a result of a jerk in such a system, can tip over upside down, especially if he has a backpack on his shoulders. Also, in case of strong falls, only the lower harness cannot sufficiently compensate for the energy of the jerk, which often entails traumatic consequences for the user.

"Top system", "chest harness"

It is worn on the torso and, due to the specifics of the design and appearance, is often jokingly called "bra".

In the early days of mountaineering and mountain tourism, chest harness was the main, and often the only, method of belaying a climber. Do not believe me - watch the movie "Vertical". Nowadays, a chest harness is an addition to the lower system in conditions that present a real danger of serious breakdown for the user.

Benefits: compact, lighter than the bottom harness, increases safety, especially when traveling with a large backpack. Also, the upper system allows you to more comfortably accommodate the increased amount of special equipment on serious routes.

Disadvantages: usually not used independently, usually complements the lower one. Using in conjunction with the bottom rail requires some experience.

In fact, "two in one" - combines both options discussed above. It is used where the most reliable insurance is required - difficult mountaineering, speleology, industrial mountaineering, and many other types of extremely extreme activity.

The main advantage - greater ease of use, less cumbersome compared to the top + bottom combination. It is impossible to forget or leave some of the insurance at the camp. Provides maximum safety. Recommended for children.

disadvantages - more weight compared to only the lower system, it is more difficult to put on and take off, especially in combination with warm outerwear, say, on high-altitude ascents.

In non-professional use, the most common are "lower systems". As a rule, in most cases, you will come across exactly them - both when buying in stores and at rental stores in all corners of the world.

Self-belay.

It should be understood that the fall arrest system alone will not provide you with safety while moving on difficult terrain. She is just one of the links in the safety chain designed to ensure arrest in the event of a breakdown and peace of mind during movement / rest.

In this article, we will take a closer look at another important element for a beginner - self-belay ... As a rule, the use of a self-belay mustache after a short training by the instructor (at best) is entrusted to the participant himself and is done by him at his own peril and risk. Therefore, it will be useful to learn more about it.

A self-belaying mustache is a small piece of rope, or slings with loops at the ends (sometimes also along the entire length) for the possibility of quick fastening to the power line (eyelet) of the belay system on one side and the belay point (hook, bracket, railing, rope, which something else) on the other. In other words, a lanyard is the most reliable safety bridge between you (in the belay system) and the anchor point. One of the main commands in mountaineering is short: "lanyard!" This means that the participant is safe and does not need to be insured.

The main types of safety mustache.

The easiest and most common for beginners (and not only) option. Can be made on site from any piece of certified climbing rope of suitable length.

The advantage its is the relative cheapness, simplicity, reliability, durability and the ability to adjust the length for specific tasks, and, if necessary, reduce it.

Disadvantage a relatively large weight and a large occupied volume can be considered. A certain amount of manipulation is also required - two high-quality nodes that are best entrusted to an expert. Of course, ready-made rope lanyards with fixed knots are sold. And even with the ability to change the length (even more bulky).

In a wide range of climbers there are so-called "power loops" in a number of fairly standard sizes (lengths). From a loop of a suitable size, you can make a self-belay mustache by simple (for the instructor) manipulations. Loops are now available in ultra-lightweight and ultra-strong materials such as Dyneema, which can significantly reduce the weight and volume of equipment.

Advantage - weight, compactness. Multifunctionality - if necessary, the loop can then be used as a loop)).

The most desirable option. Often it is the same loop, but already sewn in a necessary way and having power loops throughout its length, allowing you to arbitrarily change the length depending on the need, which is very convenient.

It is important to note that for many situations it is necessary to have two self-belay mustache - this is necessary in order to change the belay points alternately flipping the mustache - thus, not for a second be left without belay.

"Branded" self-belay belts often represent mustaches forked like a snake tongue. One is usually longer than the other for convenience.

Attaching the lanyard to the belay system and external belay elements.

Specialized lanyards made from a loop are usually attached to the system with a simple loop. It is as reliable as possible and does not require any additional elements.

Often, a self-belay is attached to the system using a special device used to fasten two (sometimes more) elements together. Also, carabiners are used to attach the mustache to external safety elements.

IMPORTANT! To secure the lanyard, it is allowed to use ONLY carabiners with a tongue locking with a special coupling preventing the possibility of unexpected disclosure!

Self belay for the Via Ferrata routes. Shock absorbers.

Little known in our country, but widespread in many countries of the world (mainly developed ones, since they require significant resources for the implementation), they require a special self-belay with a shock absorber to pass.

Via Ferrata - in Italian for "iron trail" - are specially equipped trails that go over very difficult terrain - often on vertical and smooth rocks. In fact, they allow people with minimal mountain training to climb into places accessible only to top-class professionals. In addition, these routes are some of the safest in the mountains with proper equipment use. This is achieved by equipping the entire route with reliable and frequent belay points; on difficult sections, the climber is belayed continuously. The routes of Via Ferrata have their own special division into difficulty levels.

Most of them are equipped not only with safety points, but also with special steps or metal (less often wooden) braces for a calm ascent.

For safe movement on such routes, you must have:

Helmets, belay system, special self-belay with two mustaches and shock absorber.

A snatch damper is absolutely necessary in case of short-distance breakdowns of the climber in relation to the belay point, as a rule, in the absence of a rope, which, when stretched, itself acts as a shock-absorbing element. The most common use of shock absorbers is in industrial mountaineering and on the Via Ferrata routes.

Usually it is a sling sewn in a special way "accordion". The specially calculated strength of the seam under high loads leads to its gradual tearing, which creates the necessary cushioning effect.

Naturally, with such a shock absorber design, after a serious breakdown, which entailed a rupture (partial or complete) of the shock absorbing seam, it must be replaced.

There are other options for shock absorbers, but they are less common.

When choosing a belay system, proceed primarily from the intended conditions of its use. If you find it difficult to choose the conditions, buy the most universal model. At the same time, remember - the more versatile a thing is, the more (as a rule) it will lose with a special application to specialized models.

The size. Check with the seller (rental worker) for the size of the system. There are separate designs made on the principle of "one size", yet most "serious" products are divided into several sizes, marked like clothes - S, M, XL. As a rule, smaller gradations in sizes are compensated by the adjustment possibilities.

The belay systems are adjustable with special buckles designed for high loads. Now it is already difficult to find on sale designs equipped with ordinary single buckles, mainly the so-called "double lock" - double buckles that facilitate adjustment.

It is advisable to choose a model with unloading loops for equipment - at least two - for the right and left hand. This can be very convenient.

In all safety-related devices, I propose to adhere to the principle - avoid new, untested, too innovative designs. Let others test them, use what you can be sure of.

If you expect a long (more than a few minutes) partial or complete freeze in the safety system, hang in it first in the store (rental) for a considerable time. Not all systems are created equal.

Try to choose products from well-known manufacturers. The cost savings must be reasonable.

Whenever possible, take your special equipment seriously. Remember to learn how to use it, preferably from a professional. Seek advice from experienced people, instructors, ask questions. Take care of yourself and the people around you, responsibly approach the topic of safety in your trips. Proceed in your "extreme growth" gradually, from simple to complex, and the world in your travels will reveal many more amazing and beautiful things.

Combat training of security personnel Zakharov Oleg Yurievich

Insurance and self-insurance

Insurance and self-insurance

Each security officer engaged in hand-to-hand combat, before starting to study throws, must well master the methods of self-belay for various falls and the methods of belaying his partner when carrying out throws on him. The insurance for throws is that the wrestler:

- supports the falling opponent, softening the impact of his body on the carpet;

- when the enemy falls, directs him to roll;

- when performing throws, he does not fall on the opponent and does not step on him if he loses his balance.

Self belay is a safe fall method. The ability to soften shocks during various falls protects against bruises and concussions. Each practitioner should automatically perform the appropriate action upon any fall. This skill is acquired in the process of performing special exercises, which are included in the preparatory part of each lesson.

It is necessary to study the methods of self-insurance according to the principle of their increasing difficulty. When carrying out a throw, the attacker most often remains in a stance, and his opponent has to roll over to one side or do a forward roll. All methods of self-belay, with the exception of forward falls, involve soft rolls from side to side or on a bent back.

Before starting to study the methods of self-belay, it is necessary to teach those involved in various rolls (on the back and diagonally), turns to the sides and performing groupings.

A FLIP FORWARD THROUGH THE HEAD

Put your feet together and sit down without spreading your knees. Place your hands in front of you, palms on the carpet, bend your back and press your chin to your chest. Leaning on bent arms and carrying your head between your hands, place it with the back of your head on the carpet. Push with toes forward - upward and roll on a bent back. At the moment when the shoulder blades touch the carpet, grab your shins with your hands and, pressing your heels to your buttocks, stand on your feet in a squat position.

Somersaults from the squat position can also be performed by falling backwards.

When the student learns to perform a forward roll from the squat position correctly, it can be done from the half-squat position, jump forward and gradually move on to jump over the obstacle.

FALL FORWARD

When falling forward, in order not to hit your face on the carpet, you need to soften the fall with bent arms, leaning on your hands.

From the drill stand, without bending, tilt the body forward and fall with the chest down. During the fall, stretch your arms forward and place your palms on the carpet. Stop the fall with a springy bend of the arms.

To train in self-belay for forward falls, you should complicate the exercises by performing forward jumps or throws with a grip of both legs from behind.

FALL ON THE BACK

Bending your knees, sit on the carpet as close to your heels as possible, stretch your arms forward, press your chin to your chest. Without changing the position of the arms, legs and head, make a roll on a bent back and, touching the shoulder blades to the carpet, with a sharp movement of the hands down - back - to the sides, hitting them on the carpet, stop the roll. At the moment of hitting the carpet, the arms should be extended and slightly parted to the sides so that an angle of 45-50 ° is formed between the body and each arm. Fingers are connected, palms are pressed to the carpet, legs are bent, pelvis is raised above the carpet.

As you master the exercise, it is performed from more complex positions. Starting with complicating the starting positions, one must later move on to falls back over an obstacle or through a partner on all fours, or carry out the simplest throws.

FALL ON SIDE

From the starting position, roll on your back towards the right shoulder blade. As soon as your legs come off the carpet, press the heel of your left leg to the instep of your right leg, knees apart.

As soon as the right shoulder blade touches the carpet, with a strong blow of the right outstretched hand downward - backward - to the right, stop the roll movement. Turn the pelvis to the right, put the right bent leg on the carpet, and the left leg, continuing to press the heel on the rise of the right leg, put it on the whole foot. Keep the left hand raised up - forward so that the left hand is above the right hand. Press the head to the left shoulder.

Gradually complicating the exercises in falls on the side, they should be performed from the semi-squat position, the main stance, by falling through a partner on all fours, and by turning over his arm.

ROLLING FROM ONE SIDE TO THE OTHER

Roll on your back and cross your shins, put the heel of your left leg on the lift of your right leg and, pressing the heel of your right leg to the buttock with your left leg, spread your legs to the sides to a right angle. Roll onto your right side and, with a blow of your right hand, stopping the roll movement, take the final position, as if you fell on your side. From this position, roll onto your left side. At the moment the back touches the carpet, change the position of the shins: put the heel of the right foot on the lift of the left leg. Simultaneously with the blow with your left hand on the carpet, put your left foot on the carpet, and put your right foot in front of it on the entire foot.

FALLING ON SIDE THROUGH PARTNER STANDING ON QUADS

Stand with your back to your partner on all fours, from the side of his right side. With your left hand, grab the clothes on your partner's left shoulder. Take a squat position and extend your right arm in front of you. Bending your back, pressing your chin to your chest and, as it were, sitting past your partner's left side, start falling back. When the fall is determined, bending the left hand with a simultaneous swing of the straightened right hand down - back - to the right, forcefully hit the carpet with the entire plane of the hand. Then, turning the pelvis to the right, lower your feet onto the carpet and take the final position, as you would when falling on your right side.

When falling on the left side, stand near the partner's left side, and with your right hand grab his clothes on the right shoulder.

FLIP THROUGH A PARTNER'S HAND

Partner is in the right pillar.

Stand facing the partner's right side so that the toe of the left leg is at the toe of the partner's right leg. The partner bends his right hand and holds it with the palm up. With your right hand from above, grab the partner's right wrist from the inside; the partner grabs the right hand of the person performing the fall in the same way. Lean forward, pressing your partner's right hand to your stomach, extend your left hand forward through your partner's right hand, palm down. Pushing your legs forward - upward, roll over through your joined right hands and fall on your left side in the same way as when you roll over your shoulder.

When training in falls on the right side, stand at the partner's left side and connect the left hand with his left hand.

FLIP OVER THE SHOULDER (DIAGONALLY)

Get on the knee of your right leg and place your left hand on the carpet. Sliding your palm across the carpet, bring your right hand towards the foot of your left foot and, leaning forward, place your right shoulder on the carpet between your left hand and the knee of your right leg. Turn your head to the left and press your chin to your chest. Push off with your left foot and roll on your back from your right shoulder to your left buttock. With a strong blow of the left outstretched hand on the carpet, stop the roll movement and take the position, as in the case of falling on the left side.

From the stand, a roll over the shoulder is performed in motion. Take a step with your right foot forward and, bending forward, place your right hand with your palm on the carpet so that your toes are directed to the foot of your left foot. Get down on the elbow of your right hand and, rolling onto your right shoulder, swing your left leg backwards - direct your torso upward to roll from the right shoulder to the left buttock. Finish the roll in the same way as with the knee roll.

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