Buk installation: photo, firing range. Tactical and technical characteristics of the Buk air defense system

DATA FOR 2017 (in progress)
9K37 Buk complex, 9M38 missile - SA-11 GADFLY
Complex 9K37M1 "Buk-M1", missile 9M38 - SA-11 GADFLY
Complex 9K37M1-2 "Buk-M1-2", missiles 9M38 and 9M317 - SA-11 GADFLY

Medium-range anti-aircraft missile system / air defense system of the operational (army) air defense unit of the ground forces. The development of the complex was carried out by the V.V. Tikhomirov Research Institute of Instrumentation. The chief designer of the air defense system is A.A. Rastov.

The development of a complex to replace the military air defense system "Cube" began according to the Resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers of January 13, 1972 by almost the same composition of enterprises that created the air defense system "Cube":

• . Research Institute of Instrument Engineering named after V.V. Tikhomirov (former OKB-15 GKAT):
• - the complex as a whole (chief designer A.A. Rastov);
• - command post 9S470 (lead designer G.N. Valaev, later - V.I. Sokiran);
• - self-propelled firing systems 9A38 (leading designer V.V. Matyashev);
• - semi-active radar seeker 9E50 of the 9M38 missile (lead designer I.G. Akopyan);
• . Research Institute of Measuring Instruments (NIIIP) MRP - detection and target designation station 9S18 "Dome" (chief designer A.P. Vetoshko, later - Yu.P. Shchekotov);
• . OKB "Novator" - 9M38 rocket (chief designer L.V. Lyulev);
• . MKB "Start" (former OKB-203 GKAT) - launch-loading installation 9A39 (chief designer A.I. Yaskin);
• . OKB-40 Mytishchi Machine-Building Plant (MMZ) - chassis of the complex (chief designer N.A. Astrov);

Simultaneously with the creation of an air defense system for ground forces with the 9M38 missile, it was planned to create a naval air defense system M-22 "Hurricane".

Initially, it was planned to complete the development of the air defense system in the second quarter of 1975, but when it became clear that the task was somewhat more complicated than it seemed, it was decided to divide the development of the air defense system into two stages (by Resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers of May 22, 1974):

• . The first stage included the development of the 9M38 missile defense system and the 9A38 self-propelled firing system and their inclusion as the 9K37-1 Buk-1 air defense system in the 2K12 Kub-M3 air defense system. It was planned to include one 9A38 self-propelled firing system in each battery of the Kub-M3 air defense system. Joint testing of such an air defense system was planned to begin in September 1974. In this configuration, the air defense system became known as 2K12M4 "Kub-M4" and was put into service in 1978.
• . The second stage included the creation of the Buk air defense system itself, consisting of a 9S18 detection station, a 9S470 command post, a 9A310 self-propelled firing system, and a 9A39 launcher-loading system with 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missiles.

Tests of the 9K37-1 Buk-1 air defense system took place at the Emba test site from August 1975 to October 1976 as part of the 1S91M3 self-propelled reconnaissance and guidance system (SURN), the 9A38 self-propelled firing system (SOU), and the self-propelled launcher (SPU) ) 2P25M3, with 3M9M3 and 9M38 missiles, with a 9V881 maintenance vehicle (MTO). Under the name of the 2K12M4 "Kub-M4" air defense system, the complex was adopted by the air defense of the USSR ground forces in 1978. After the start of mass production, the new air defense system entered service with the troops.

Joint tests of the Buk air defense system in its entirety (without the Kub air defense system) were carried out at the Emba training ground from November 1977 to March 1979. In 1980, the full complement of the 9K37 Buk air defense system was put into service.

SAM 9K37M1. From left to right: command post 9S470M1, SOC 9S18M1 "Kupol-M1", SOU 9A310M1, PZU 9A39M1 and transport vehicle 9T229 on the KrAZ-255B chassis (photo by Leonid Yakutin, archive http://vpk-news.ru).

Production. After the Buk-1 air defense system was adopted into service in 1978 (as part of the Kub-M4 air defense system), serial production of 9A38 self-propelled firing systems began at the Ulyanovsk MRP Mechanical Plant. The production of the 9M38 missile defense system was carried out at the Dolgoprudnensky Machine-Building Plant. After the 9K37 Buk air defense system was adopted, serial production of the 9S470 KP, 9S18 SOC and 9A310 SOU was launched at the Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant. The production of ROM 9A39 was located at the Sverdlovsk Machine-Building Plant named after Kalinin.

The modernization of the 9K37 air defense system (9K37M1 "Buk-M1") was started according to the Resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers of November 30, 1979 with the aim of increasing the combat capabilities and protection of air defense systems from interference and anti-radar missiles. Tests of the modernized version of the 9K37M1 "Buk-M1" air defense system were carried out at the Emba test site from February to December 1982. It was found that the new air defense system has a larger kill zone, ensures the destruction of cruise missiles with a probability of at least 0.4 and helicopters with a higher probability than the 9K37. After testing in 1983, the new air defense system was adopted by the air defense of the USSR ground forces. Serial production was carried out by the same cooperation of enterprises that produced components of the Buk air defense system.

In 1994-1997 The cooperation of enterprises led by the V.V. Tikhomirov Research Institute carried out the modernization of the Buk-M1-2 air defense system using a new missile as part of the complex and giving the air defense system the ability to destroy Lance-type ballistic missiles, high-precision small-sized and ground targets.

SAM assignments:
9K37-1 "Buk-1" / 2K12M4 "Kub-M4" - the complex is designed to strengthen military air defense systems of the 2K12M3 "Kub-M3" type in terms of channel and missile ammunition. Each Kub air defense system battery was supplemented by one 9A28 self-propelled firing system, which could be used with both 9M38 and 3M9M3 missiles. The air defense system entered service in 1978.

SOU 9A38 with 3M9M3 missiles.

The 9K37 "Buk" air defense system is designed for air defense of troops and objects against modern aerodynamic targets flying at speeds of up to 830 m/s at medium and low altitudes and maneuvering with overloads of up to 10-12 G at a range of up to 30 km. It was assumed that the air defense system in the future would be able to hit tactical missiles of the Lance type.

9K37M1 "Buk-M1" air defense system - launched according to the Decree of the USSR Council of Ministers of November 30, 1979. The purpose of modernization is to increase the combat capabilities and protection of air defense systems from interference and anti-radar missiles. The air defense systems provide recognition of target types - airplanes, helicopters and ballistic missiles. The air defense system was put into service in 1983. Export name "Ganges".

The 9K37M1-2 "Buk-M1-2" air defense system is a modernized version of the "Buk-M1" air defense system. The complex is designed for air defense of troops and facilities against modern and future high-speed maneuvering aircraft of tactical and strategic aviation, fire support helicopters, including hovering helicopters, tactical ballistic, cruise and aircraft missiles, in conditions of a massive raid using intense radio and fire countermeasures, as well as destruction of surface and ground targets and can be used in air defense, missile defense and coastal defense systems. A modernized version of the Buk-M1 air defense system using new generation radio-electronic equipment and the possibility of using the new 9M317 missile.

Composition of the complex(divisional set):

	9K37-1 "Buk-1" / 2K12M4 "Kub-M4" (composition of the SAM battery)	9K37 "Buk"	9K37M1 "Buk-M1"	9K37M1-2 "Buk-M1-2" ( ist. - Anti-aircraft)
Command post (CP)		1 unit - 9С470	1 unit - 9С470М1	1 unit - 9S470M1-2
	1 unit SURN 1S91M3	1 unit - 9S18 "Dome"	1 unit - 9S18M1 "Dome-M1"	1 unit - 9S18M1-1 (in some sources 9S18M1-2)
	4 units SPU 2P25M3 air defense missile system "Cube" 1 unit SOU 9A38 (3 missiles each)	6 units - 9A310 (4 missiles each), organizationally - 3 batteries	6 units - 9A310M1 (4 missiles each), organizationally - 3 batteries	6 units - 9A310M1-2 (4 missiles each), organizationally - 3 batteries
Start-charging units (ROM)		3 units - 9A39 (8 missiles each, including 4 missiles on the launcher), organizational - 3 batteries	3 units - 9A39M1 (8 missiles each, including 4 missiles on the launcher), organizationally - 3 batteries	up to 6 units - 9A39M1-2 (8 missiles each, including 4 missiles on the launcher), organizationally - 3 batteries
Anti-aircraft guided missiles (SAM)	15 3M9M3 and 9M38 missiles	up to 48 units 9M38	up to 48 units 9M38	up to 72 units 9M38M1 9M317
Technical means of the complex	maintenance vehicle (MTO) 9V881	- maintenance vehicle (MTO) 9V881; - repair and maintenance machines 9V883, 9V884, 9V894; - automated control and testing mobile station (AKIPS) for a comprehensive check of the on-board equipment of the 9V95 missile defense system; - transport vehicle 9T229 with a set of technological equipment 9T319; - truck crane 9T31M.	- maintenance vehicle (MTO) 9V881 on the Ural-43203-1012 chassis; - repair and maintenance vehicles 9V883, 9V884, 9V894 on the Ural-43203-1012 chassis; - automated control and testing mobile station (AKIPS) for a comprehensive check of the on-board equipment of the 9V95M1 missile defense system on the ZIL-131 chassis and trailer; - transport vehicle 9T229 on the KrAZ-255B chassis (transportation of 8 missiles or 6 containers with missiles) with a set of technological equipment 9T319; - truck crane 9T31M; - maintenance workshop MTO-ATG-M1 on the ZIL-131 chassis.	- maintenance vehicle (MTO) 9V884M1 for routine repair and maintenance of gearboxes, SOU and ROM (1 unit); - maintenance workshop MTO-ATG-M1 or MTO-AG3-M1 for routine repair and maintenance of tracked chassis KP, SOTs, SOU and PZU (1 unit); - repair and maintenance vehicles (MRTO); - automated control and testing mobile station (AKIPS) for comprehensive testing of on-board missile defense equipment - 1 pc. for four complexes (AKIS 9V930M-1 can be supplied with the Buk-M1-2 air defense system); - transport vehicles (TM) 9T243 with a set of rigging equipment (KTO) 9T318-1 for loading and unloading operations - 12 pcs. into four complexes; - compressor station UKS - 400V-P4M; - mobile power station PES - 100-T/230-Ch/400-A1RK1; - operational training missile 9M317 UD; - 9M317 UR training missile; - overall weight mock-up 9M317GMM.

Performance characteristics of the Buk type air defense system:

	TTZ on the 9K37 Buk air defense system	9K37-1 "Buk-1" (based on test data, unless otherwise stated)	9K37 "Buk"	9K37M1 "Buk-M1"	9K37M1-2 "Buk-M1-2"
Detection range of air targets by division means in centralized mode (SURN or SOC)		Aircraft: 44 km ((at altitudes above 3000 m) 21-28 km (at low altitudes 30-100 m) The lower performance of the mode was explained by the lower capabilities of SURN 1S91M2 / 1S91M3
Detection range of SAO air targets in autonomous mode		Aircraft: 65-77 km (at altitudes above 3000 m) 32-42 km (at low altitudes 30-100 m) Helicopters: 21-35 km (at low altitudes 30-100 m)
Range (fighter class aircraft)	up to 30 km	3.4 - 20.5 km (at altitudes above 3000 m according to test data) 5 - 15.4 km (at altitudes of about 30 m according to test data) 3.5 - 25-30 km (official performance characteristics)	3 - 25 km (according to test results) up to 30 km (at target speeds up to 300 m/s, according to test results)	3 - 32-35 km (official performance characteristics)	3 - 45 km (official performance characteristics)
Range (AGM-86/Tomahawk type CD)	-	-	20-25 km (official performance characteristics)	20-25 km (official performance characteristics)	20-25 km (official performance characteristics)
Range (OTR type "Lance", "HARM")	in perspective	-	-	-	up to 20 km (official performance characteristics)
Range (ground targets)			-	-	25 km (ships) 15 km (ground targets) 3 - 25 km (official performance characteristics)
Exchange rate parameter			18 km (based on test results)
Target engagement altitude (fighter class aircraft)		30 - 14000 m (according to test results) 25 - 18000-20000 m (official performance characteristics)	25 - 18000 m (according to test results)	15 - 22000 m (official performance characteristics)	15 - 25000 m (official performance characteristics)
Target engagement height (Lance type OTR)			-	-	2000 - 16000 m (official performance characteristics)
Target engagement altitude (HARM missiles)			-	-	100 - 15000 m (official performance characteristics)
Number of targets simultaneously fired by the complex			6 (divisional set with 1 command post and 6 fire control systems)	18	22
Maximum target speed	830 m/s		800 m/s (based on test results)	800 m/s	1100-1200 m/s
Overload target	up to 10-12G
Probability of hitting a target with one missile defense system (fighter class aircraft)		0.7-0.93 (9M38, according to test data)	0.7-0.8 (according to test results) 0.6 (when maneuvering targets with overloads up to 8G, according to test results)	0,8-0,95	0,9-0,95
Probability of hitting a target with one missile (helicopter)			0.3-0.6 (official performance characteristics)	0.6-0.7 (Hugh Cobra type helicopters, according to test results) 0.3-0.4 (hovering helicopters at a range of 3.5 - 6-10 km, according to test results)	0,3-0,6
Probability of hitting a target with one SAM (cruise missile)			0.25-0.5 (official performance characteristics)	0.4-0.6 (according to test results)	0,5-0,7

Command posts (CP) provides reception, display and processing of information about targets coming from the detection and target designation station (STS) and self-propelled firing systems (SFA), as well as from higher command posts - for example, from the command post of an anti-aircraft missile brigade (ASU "Polyana"). Provides target distribution between the JMA in automatic and manual mode and assignment of sectors of responsibility of the JMA. Records are kept and displayed of information about combat-ready missiles on the SOU and ROM, about the letters of the SOU target illumination transmitters, and about their operation on targets.

Information about targets was redistributed between the SDA, which tracked targets in their sectors and engaged targets as they entered the affected area. The missile division could simultaneously fire at 6 targets.

Detection and targeting station (SOC)- a self-propelled station with a three-dimensional coherent-pulse radar provides detection of air targets with the transmission of information about them to the division command post. Radar information from the SOC was transmitted to the command post via a telecode communication line. The SOC includes an antenna post (a truncated parabolic profile reflector, a feed unit), an antenna folding device, a transmitting device (power up to 3.5 kW), and a receiving device (noise factor no more than 8).

Detection and target designation station (SOC) 9S18 "Dome" TUBE ARM SAM 9K37 "Buk" (http://pvo.guns.ru).

Initially, the development of the SOC 9S18 "Dome" was carried out outside the framework of work on the Buk air defense system, but as a means of detecting air targets of the divisional air defense unit of the ground forces.

	9S18 "Dome" / 1RL135 / TUBE ARM	9S18M1 "Dome-M1"
SAM	9K37 "Buk"	9K37M1 "Buk-M1"
Main differences of the modification		New radar and equipment, new design solution
Chassis	"object 124" of the SU-100P family	GM-567M
Calculation	3 people
Length		9.59 m
Width		3.25 m
Height		3.25 m (8.02 m in working position)
Weight of SOC	28.5 t	35 t
Radar type	Three-dimensional coherent-pulse radar of the centimeter range with electronic scanning of the beam in the sector in elevation and mechanical electric rotation of the antenna in azimuth	Radar with flat elevation phased array
Sector of review	Horizontal - circular or specified sector Elevation angle - 30 or 40 degrees
Target detection range	110-120 km (flight altitude more than 3000 m) 45 km (flight altitude about 30 m) 50 km (fighter type target with noise interference)
Review speed	4.5 - 18 s with all-round viewing (depending on the sector in elevation) 2.5 - 4.5 s (when viewing in a sector of 30 degrees)
Information transfer rate	75 target marks per review period (4.5 sec)
Radar accuracy	Root mean square errors of target coordinates: - no more than 20 minutes in azimuth and elevation - no more than 130 m in range
Radar resolution	Range - no worse than 300 m In azimuth and elevation - no more than 4 degrees.
Anti-interference	To protect against targeted interference, frequency tuning was used from pulse to pulse. To protect against reciprocal interference, frequency tuning and blanking of range intervals along the auto-recording channel were also used, and against non-synchronous pulse interference, a change in the slope of linear frequency modulation and blanking of range sections was also used. Protection against anti-radar missiles was provided by software tuning the carrier frequency by 1.3 s and switching to circular polarization of sounding signals or to intermittent radiation mode.
Probability of tracking targets	not less than 0.5 against the background of local objects and in conditions of interference due to the moving target selection system with automatic wind speed compensation
Time to transfer from traveling to combat position	5 minutes
	20 s

Detection and target designation station (SOC) 9S18 "Dome" TUBE ARM SAM 9K37 "Buk" in stowed position (http://pvo.guns.ru).

Self-propelled firing systems (SOU): The SOU ensures the search for air targets in a designated sector, detection and acquisition of targets for tracking, guidance of missiles on the SLA itself and the associated SPU or ROM, the SOU receives target designation from the SURN (SOU 9A38) or from the division command post (9A310, etc.).

The SOU searched for and captured targets based on target designation from the complex's command post (with SURN in the case of the Buk-1 air defense system) and launched missiles at the captured target after the target entered the affected area. If the target was not hit, a second missile was launched at the target. The self-propelled gun could carry out a fire mission to hit a target independently - without target designation from the division command post.

	9A38	9A310	9A310M1
SAM	9K37-1 "Buk-1" / 2K12M4 "Kub-M4"	9K37 "Buk"	9K37M1 "Buk-M1"
Main differences of the modification			Ensured target acquisition for automatic tracking at longer ranges (25-30%), recognition of aircraft, helicopters and ballistic missiles is ensured with a probability of at least 0.6
Chassis	GM-569 developed by the Metrovagonmash plant Engine - multi-fuel liquid-cooled diesel with a power of 710-840 hp. Base - 4605 mm Ground clearance - 450 mm Chassis weight - 24 t Payload weight - 11.5 t Maximum speed on the highway - 65 km/h Fuel range - 500 km Operating temperature - from -50 degrees C to +50 degrees C	GM-569
Calculation	4 people	4 people
Length		9.3 m
Width		3.25 m (9.03 m in working position - swept area)
Height		3.8 m (7.72 m maximum height in working position)
Installation weight	34 t	32.4 t
Mated SPU / ROM	SPU 2P25M3	ROM 9A39 (standard 1 ROM per battery of 2 SDUs)
Rockets	3 x 3M9M3 or 3 x 9M38 on replaceable guides	4 x 9M38
Air target detection equipment	Radar 9S35 FIRE DOM centimeter range, a single antenna and two transmitters - pulsed (target detection and tracking) and continuous radiation (target illumination and missile defense). The sector search was carried out by rotating the antenna. Number of letter frequencies - 36 Target tracking in angular coordinates and range was carried out using the monopulse method; signals were processed by a digital computer. The beam width of the target tracking channel antenna is 1.3 degrees in azimuth and 2.5 degrees in elevation The beam width of the target illumination channel is 1.4 degrees in azimuth and 2.65 degrees in elevation Search sector - 120 degrees in azimuth and 6-7 degrees in elevation Search sector review time: - offline mode - 4 s - target designation mode (10 degrees in azimuth and 7 degrees in elevation) - 2 s The transmitter power of the target detection and tracking channel is average: - when using quasi-continuous signals - at least 1 kW - when using signals with linear frequency modulation - no less than 0.5 kW The power of the target illumination transmitter is average - at least 2 kW Noise figure of survey and direction-finding receivers - no more than 10 dB The time for transferring the radar from standby mode to combat mode is no more than 20 s Accuracy of target speed determination - 10-30 m/s Maximum range error - no more than 175 m Root mean square errors in determining angular coordinates - no more than 0.5 d.u. The radar is protected from active, passive and combined interference Launch blocking is provided when accompanied by “one’s own” aircraft TV-optical viewfinder	Radar 9S35 Number of letter frequencies - 36	Radar 9S35M1 Number of letter frequencies - 72
Number of target channels	1 target, 2 missiles	1 target, 2 missiles
avionics	BCVM Ground-based radar interrogator of the Password identification system Means of telecode communication with SURN Means of wired communication with the mating SPU
Starting equipment	Starting device with power servo drive
	Life supporting system
Operating time (from target detection to missile launch)	24-27 s
Time to transfer from traveling to combat position	no more than 5 minutes	no more than 5 minutes
Time to transfer from standby mode to working mode	no more than 20 s	no more than 20 s
	9 min (3 x 3M9M3 missiles or 3 x 9M38 missiles)	12 min (with ROM) 16 min (from a transport vehicle)

Start-charging installations(ROM) - intended for transportation, storage, reloading and launching of 9M38 missiles. The combat operation of the ROM was carried out under the control of the SOU 9A310. Self-charging was provided from a transport vehicle or from the ground using its own crane.

	9A39
SAM	9K37 "Buk"
Chassis	GM-577
Calculation	3 people
Length	9.96 m
Width	3.316 m
Height	3.8 m
Installation weight	35.5 t
Mated SDA	9A310
Rockets	4 x 9M38 on launcher 4 x 9M38 on ammunition carriers
Number of target channels	1 (provided by SOU)
avionics	BCVM Telecode communication means Wired communication means with mating control system Navigation, topographical and orientation equipment
Starting equipment	Starting device with power servo drive
Energy and other equipment	Autonomous power supply system with gas turbine generator Life supporting system
Time to transfer from traveling to combat position	no more than 5 minutes
Time to transfer from standby mode to working mode	no more than 20 s
Loading or discharging time of the self-propelled gun	26 min (from a transport vehicle)

Anti-aircraft guided missiles: The Buk missile system uses 9M38 missiles, created taking into account the experience of creating 3M9 Kub air defense missiles. In addition to the Buk air defense system, 9M38 and 9M317 missiles are also used in the M-22 Uragan naval air defense system.

	9M38	9M317 / 9M317E (export version)
Development	The rocket was developed by the Novator Design Bureau, chief designer L.V. Lyulev	The missile was developed by the design bureau of the Dolgoprudny Research and Production Enterprise, chief designer V.P. Entov
Design	The rocket is made according to a normal aerodynamic design with an X-shaped wing of low aspect ratio with a large wing chord length. Rocket layout: - semi-active seeker in the bow - rocket control system equipment (autopilot) - power supply - warhead - engine - tail section The rocket has no parts that separate during flight	The missile has a similar design, but is equipped with a wing with a significantly smaller chord.
Propulsion system	Dual-mode (starter, propulsion) solid propellant rocket engine with a long gas duct, the engine housing design is made using a metal alloy. Solid propellant motor operating time - approx. 15 s	Dual-mode (launch, propulsion) solid propellant rocket engine with a long gas duct
Control system	Autopilot with semi-active radar seeker, homing is carried out using the proportional navigation method with target acquisition by the missile seeker after launch, target illumination is carried out by the 9S35 SOU 9A38 radar The missile is equipped with a radio fuse, which was cocked when approaching the target and ensured the detonation of the warhead at a distance of 17 m from the target. If the radio fuse failed to operate, the missile self-destructed.	Inertial control system with radio correction combined with a semi-active radar seeker with an on-board computer with guidance using the proportional navigation method / The missile is equipped with a two-channel fuse - active pulse and semi-active radar, as well as a system of contact sensors.
TTX rockets:
Length	5500 mm	5550 mm
Aerodynamic rudder span	860 mm	860 mm
Case diameter	- front compartment - 330 mm	- front compartment - 330 mm - largest diameter - 400 mm
Rocket mass	685 kg	715 kg
Warhead mass	70 kg
Range	3.5 - 25-30 km
Target engagement height	25 - 18000-20000 m
Probability of an aircraft being hit by one missile defense system	0.7-0.93 (according to tests)
Maximum rocket speed	1000 m/s
Maximum overload when maneuvering	up to 19 G	up to 24 G
Warranty period of storage	10 years
Warhead		with semi-finished submunitions
Auxiliary equipment	transport container 9Я266

Modifications:
Complex 9K37-1 "Buk-1", missile 9M38 - SA-X-11 GADFLY - the first version of the complex, adopted for service in 1978 as part of the 2K121M4 "Kub-M4" air defense system. It included the 9A38 SOU and 9M38 missiles.

The 9K37 Buk complex, the 9M38 missile - SA-11 GADFLY - is the first full-fledged modification of the Buk air defense system. It included a command post, SOC, SOU, ROM, 9M38 missiles and maintenance equipment. The air defense system entered service in 1980.

Complex 9K37M1 "Buk-M1", missile 9M38 - SA-11 GADFLY - the first modification of the Buk air defense system. Started by Resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers of November 30, 1979. The air defense system was put into service in 1983.

The 9K37M1-2 Buk-M1-2 complex, 9M38 and 9M317 missiles - SA-11 GADFLY - is a variant of deep modernization of the Buk air defense system, bringing the capabilities of the Buk-M1 air defense system closer to the capabilities of the Buk-M2 air defense system. Entered into service in 1998.

Infrastructure:
The 9K37 "Buk" air defense missile system was organized organizationally into anti-aircraft missile brigades consisting of:
- command post / combat control point of the anti-aircraft missile brigade ACS "Polyana-D4";
- 4 anti-aircraft missile divisions of the 9K37 Buk complexes with their own communications platoons (2 batteries per division, each battery has 2 SOU 9A310 and 1 ROM 9A39);
- technical support and maintenance departments.

Organizationally, the anti-aircraft missile brigade was subordinate to the army air defense command post.

Status: USSR / Russia
- 1978 - the 2K12M4 "Kub-M4" air defense system was adopted, which included components of the 9K37-1 "Buk-1" air defense system.

1980 - the 9K37 Buk air defense system was put into service.

1983 - the 9K37M1 Buk-M1 air defense system was adopted.

1991 - about 300 SOU 9A310 and PZU 9A39 were transferred from the USSR Armed Forces to the armed forces of the CIS countries after the collapse of the USSR ( ist. - Beech).

2016 - at least 350 9K37 / 9K317 air defense systems in the ground forces, there are no 9K37 type air defense systems in other branches of the military.

Export: The Buk-M1 air defense system was offered for export under the name "Gang".

Azerbaijan:
- 2013 - 1 9K317 or 9K37MB air defense system and 100 9M317 missiles were delivered in 2013 from Belarus ( ist. - Beech).
- 2013 June 26 - at a military parade in Baku, equipment purchased from Belarus for the modernized Buk-MB air defense system is shown, in particular 6 SOU 9A310MB, 3 ROM 9A39MB, a combat control point 9S470MB and a radar station 80K6M. The complex is equipped with 9M317 missiles.

Belarus:
- May 2005 - the Belarusian version of the modernization of the 9K37 "Buk" complex - the 9K37MB "Buk-MB" air defense system was presented. Composition of the complex:
- 6 SOU 9A310MB
- 3 ROMs 9A39MB
- combat control point 9S470MB
- radar station 80K6M
The means of the complex have been modified for the use of 9M317 missiles (manufactured by OJSC Dolgoprudny Research and Production Enterprise). In addition, the standard radar of the Buk-M1 air defense system 9S18M1 was replaced by a mobile three-dimensional all-round radar 80K6M on the MZKT Volat wheeled chassis, a joint Belarusian-Ukrainian development.
- 2016 - in service with 12 batteries of 9K37 / 9K317 air defense systems ( ist. - Beech).

Georgia:
- 2008 - several 9K37 type air defense systems, previously supplied from Ukraine, were in service and took part in the Georgian-Ossetian armed conflict in August 2008.
- 2008 August 7-12 - Georgian air defense systems shot down several Russian Air Force aircraft - Tu-22MR (Tu-22M3R) - Buk-M1 air defense system was shot down, as well as several Su-25s.
- 2016 - in the armed forces of the 1-2 division of the Buk-M1 air defense system ( ist. - Beech).

Egypt:
- 1992 - shows interest in acquiring an air defense system.
- 2007 - 9K37M1-2 "Buk-M1-2" air defense system and 100 9M317 missiles were delivered ( ist. - Beech).
- 2016 - more than 40 units of 9K37 air defense systems (SOU + ROM) in service ( ist. - Beech).

Iran:
- 1993 - according to the newspaper "Mond" (France), in 1992 there were the first deliveries of the SA-11 air defense system.

Myanmar:
- 2007 - negotiations were conducted with Rosoboronexport on the supply of the Buk-M1-2 air defense system ( ist. - Beech).

Syria:
- 1986 - first deliveries of air defense systems.
- 2008 - according to the Center for Analysis of World Arms Trade, 18 Buk-M2E air defense systems were delivered ( ist. - Beech).
- 2010-2013 - according to SIPRI, 8 Buk-M2E air defense systems and 160 9M317 missiles were to be delivered to Syria ( ist. - Beech).
- 2013 - in service with 6 to 20 Buk-M1 and Buk-M2 air defense systems with 9M317 missiles. According to The Military Balance, as of 2013, there were 20 units of Buk air defense systems in Syria ( ist. - Beech).

Ukraine:
- 1991 - a large number of air defense systems remained in the Ukrainian Armed Forces after the collapse of the USSR.
- 2016 - equipped with 72 Buk-M1 air defense systems ( ist. - Beech).

Finland:
- January 1997 - the first division of the Buk-M1 air defense system was delivered; by May 1997, 2 more divisions should be delivered. Deliveries are made to pay off the debts of the USSR to Finland. In total, 3 divisions (18 self-propelled guns and missile launchers, 288 9M38 missiles) of the Buk-M1 air defense system were delivered.
- 2008 - Buk air defense systems were removed from service. The air defense systems were on combat duty to guard Helsinki. The decision was made due to the fact that the air defense missile system control systems are subject to decryption.

Sources:
Angelsky R.D., Shestov I.V. Domestic anti-aircraft missile systems. M, Publishing house "Astrel", publishing house "AST", 2002
Buk (anti-aircraft missile system). 2017 (

Military SAM "Buk" (9K37) intended for combat in radio countermeasures against aerodynamic targets flying at speeds of up to 830 m/s, at medium and low altitudes, maneuvering with overloads of up to 10-12 units, at ranges of up to 30 km, and in the future - with Lance ballistic missiles ".

Development was started in accordance with the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated January 13, 1972 and provided for the use of cooperation between developers and manufacturers, the basic composition corresponding to that previously involved in the creation of the Kub air defense system. At the same time, the development of an air defense system was determined M-22 "Hurricane" for the Navy using the same missile defense system as the Buk complex.

Developers of the complex and its systems

The developer of the Buk air defense system as a whole was identified as the Research Institute of Instrument Engineering (NIIP) of the Research and Design Association (NKO) "Phazotron" (General Director V.K. Grishin) MRP (former OKB-15 GKAT). The chief designer of the 9K37 complex as a whole was appointed A.A. Rastov, the command post (CP) 9S470 - G.N. Valaev (then - V.I. Sokiran), the self-propelled firing systems (SOU) 9A38 - V.V. Matyashev, semi-active Doppler homing head 9E50 for missiles - I.G. Akopyan.

Start-charging units (ROM) 9A39 were created at the Mechanical Engineering Design Bureau (MKB) "Start" MAP (formerly SKB-203 GKAT) under the leadership of A.I. Yaskina. Unified tracked chassis for the complex's combat vehicles were created at OKB-40 of the Mytishchi Machine-Building Plant (MMZ) of the Ministry of Transport Engineering by a team headed by N.A. Astrov. Rocket development 9M38 assigned the Sverdlovsk Machine-Building Design Bureau (SMKB) "Novator" MAP (former OKB-8) headed by L.V. Lyulev, refusing to involve the design bureau of plant No. 134, which had previously developed the missile defense system for the "Cube" complex. Detection and targeting station (SOC) 9S18 ("Dome") was developed at the Research Institute of Measuring Instruments (NIIIP) MRP under the leadership of chief designer A.P. Vetoshko (then Yu.P. Shchekotov).

Completion of the development of the complex was planned for the second quarter. 1975

SAM "Buk-1" (9K37-1)

However, in order to quickly strengthen the air defense of the main striking force of the Ground Forces - tank divisions - with an increase in the combat capabilities of the "Cube" anti-aircraft missile regiments included in these divisions by doubling the channels for targets (and ensuring, if possible, complete autonomy of these channels during operation from detection to hitting the target). The resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated May 22, 1974 ordered the creation of the Buk air defense system in two stages. It was initially proposed to rapidly develop the missile defense system and the self-propelled firing system of the Buk air defense system, capable of launching both 9M38 and 3M9M3 missiles from the Kub-M3 complex. On this basis, using other means of the Kub-M3 complex, it was planned to create the Buk-1 (9K37-1) air defense system, ensuring its entry into joint testing in September 1974, maintaining the previously prescribed volumes and timing of work on the Buk complex "in full composition.

For the Buk-1 air defense system, it was envisaged that each of the five anti-aircraft missile batteries of the Kub-M3 regiment, in addition to one self-propelled reconnaissance and guidance installation and four self-propelled launchers, would have one self-propelled firing installation 9A38 from the Buk air defense system. Thus, due to the use of a self-propelled firing system with a cost of about 30% of the cost of all other battery assets in the Kub-MZ anti-aircraft missile regiment, the number of target channels increased from 5 to 10, and the number of combat-ready missiles - from 60 to 75.

In the period from August 1975 to October 1976, the Buk-1 air defense system included a 1S91M3 self-propelled reconnaissance and guidance system, a 9A38 self-propelled firing system, 2P25M3 self-propelled launchers, 3M9M2 and 9M38 missile defense systems, as well as a maintenance vehicle (MTO) 9B881 passed state tests at the Embensky training ground (head of the training ground B.I. Vashchenko) under the leadership of a commission headed by P.S. Bimbash.

As a result of the tests, the detection range of self-propelled firing system radar aircraft in autonomous mode was obtained from 65 to 77 km at altitudes of more than 3000 m, which at low altitudes (30-100 m) decreased to 32-41 km. Helicopters at low altitudes were detected at a distance of 21-35 km. In the centralized mode of operation, due to the limited capabilities of the 1S91M2 self-propelled reconnaissance and guidance unit, the aircraft detection range was reduced to 44 km for targets at altitudes of 3000-7000 m and to 21-28 km at low altitudes.

The operating time of the self-propelled firing system in autonomous mode (from target detection to missile launch) was 24-27 seconds. The charging and discharging time for three 3M9M3 or 9M38 missiles was about 9 minutes.

When firing the 9M38 missile defense system, the destruction of aircraft flying at altitudes of more than 3 km was ensured at a range of 3.4 to 20.5 km, and at an altitude of 3.1 m - from 5 to 15.4 km. The affected area ranged from 30 m to 14 km in height, and 18 km in terms of heading. The probability of an aircraft being hit by one 9M38 missile was 0.70-0.93.

The complex was put into service in 1978. Due to the fact that the 9A38 self-propelled firing system and the 9M38 missile defense system were means that only complemented the Kub-MZ air defense system, the complex was named "Kub-M4" (2K12M4).

The Kub-M4 complexes that appeared in the Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces made it possible to significantly increase the effectiveness of the air defense of tank divisions of the Ground Forces of the Soviet Army.

Especially for “Defend Russia,” the editor-in-chief of the website and blog “Vestnik PVO” Said Aminov delved into the analysis of generations of domestic air defense systems and talked about what types of Buk anti-aircraft missile systems there are.

Unfortunately, we did not see the newest Buk-M3 air defense system in person - self-propelled firing systems and launch-loading vehicles of the Buk-M2 air defense system were in the festive columns. But the image of the Buk-M3 complex has already officially appeared not only on the corporate calendar of the Almaz-Antey Aerospace Defense Concern, but also on the cover of the book “Tikhomirov’s Constellation”, published on the 60th anniversary of the NIIP named after V.V. Tikhomirov - the developer of anti-aircraft missiles medium-range complexes.

“Buk” is, indeed, a complex that consists of a number of elements: a self-propelled firing installation, a launcher-loading installation, an air target detection radar, a command post and a number of technical vehicles. It can function successfully in the complex of these machines and devices.

Cube

NIIP was the developer of one of the mass anti-aircraft missile systems of the ground forces, the “Cube,” which was not only actively exported to allied countries of the USSR, but also underwent a baptism of fire in the Middle East in the Arab-Israeli war of 1973. As its developers note, the “Cube” air defense system (aka “Kvadrat” for export) excellently demonstrated its capabilities in that war, but its shortcomings were also revealed. During the fighting between Israel and Lebanon in the Bekaa Valley in 1982, over several days of fighting, 9 self-propelled reconnaissance and missile guidance systems (SURN) of the Syrian Kub air defense systems were destroyed by controlled air bombs.

In 1970, the USSR Ministry of Defense issued an order for the creation of a new generation complex, called “Buk”. When shaping the appearance of the new air defense system, the experience of combat use of the Cubes was taken into account. Basically, the combat effectiveness of the Kubov battery depended on one SURN 1S91, which also had restrictions on target detection altitude - 7 km. If it malfunctioned or was disabled by the enemy, all four 2P25 launchers became useless. Taking this into account, the new Buk was equipped with a self-propelled firing system with four missiles and a radar station, which not only provided target illumination, but could also monitor the airspace. In addition, a separate powerful Kupol radar station was introduced into the new complex, which had twice the detection range of air targets than in the Kub air defense system.

Another lesson from the combat use of the Kub air defense system was the fact that a Kub battery of four launchers with 12 missiles was destroyed by the enemy during the battle after the ammunition was used up, and reloading launchers with TZM2T7 in battle conditions was impossible. Therefore, as part of the new complex, it was decided to provide the ability to fire directly from the means of transporting reserve ammunition - this is how a new unit of the complex, a launch-loading vehicle, appeared. There are no analogues to it abroad. The ROM provided not only the reloading of two SDAs, but also, if necessary, could launch four missiles from its launcher, and then replenish it with four other missiles from the lower tier.

Photo: Air Defense Bulletin

The resolution on the development of the 9K37 Buk complex was adopted on January 13, 1972. At the same time, NPO Altair was given the task of creating a ship-based air defense system M-22 Uragan for the Navy using a single anti-aircraft missile with the Buk complex.

The development of the complex was carried out by NIIP. The chief designer of the Buk air defense system as a whole was A.A. Rastov, G.N. Valaev (later V.A. Rastov, then V.I. Sokiran) was responsible for the creation of the 9S470 command post, V.V. .Matyashev (hereinafter Yu.I. Kozlov), semi-active homing head 9E50 - I.G. Akopyan, missile control circuit - L.G. Voloshin, maintenance and repair vehicles - V.A. Roslov.

The launch-loading installation was created at the Start design bureau of the USSR Ministry of Aviation Industry under the leadership of A.I. Yaskin (hereinafter referred to as G.M. Murtashin). A unified tracked chassis for combat units of the complex was developed at OKB-40 of the Mytishchi Machine Plant under the leadership of N.A. Astrov (hereinafter referred to as V.V. Egorkin). The 9S18 detection and target designation radar was created at NIIIP (Novosibirsk) under the leadership of A.P. Vetoshko (then Yu.P. Shchekotov).

At the beginning, the developer of the 3M9 missile of the Kub air defense missile system, Vympel Design Bureau, carried out work on the 3 M9-M40 solid-fuel missile (chief designer A.L. Lyapin). In a short time, design and technical documentation was released, 10 missiles and a launch container mounted on an all-terrain vehicle were produced. In October-December 1965, five missile launches were carried out at site No. 1 in Faustovo (Moscow region, now GKNIPAS) with self-destruction within the test site. However, the Vympel design bureau focused its efforts on creating air-to-air missiles, and the task of creating the 9M38 missile defense system for the Buk was assigned to the Sverdlovsk Design Bureau Novator under the leadership of L.V. Lyulev. OKB Novator had experience in creating missiles for army air defense systems - the long-range (for its time) Krug air defense system was equipped with a missile created by L.V. Lyulev.

It was planned to complete work on the creation of the Buk complex in the second quarter of 1975. However, it was not possible to meet the deadline. The development of a self-propelled firing system was ahead of work on other air defense systems and on the missile. Taking into account the actual state of work on the complex, as well as the need to strengthen the air defense of the Ground Forces, it was decided to split the work on the Buk air defense system into two stages. Initially, it was planned to rapidly develop an anti-aircraft guided missile and a self-propelled firing system capable of using both the new 9M38 missiles and the old 3M9M3 missiles from the Kub-M3 complex. On this base, using other means of the Kub-M3 complex, it was planned to create a “transitional” 9K37−1 Buk-1 air defense system, which was planned to be transferred for joint testing in September 1974. The second stage involved the creation of a full-fledged Buk air defense system.

For the Buk-1 complex, it was envisaged that each of the five anti-aircraft batteries of the Kub-M3 regiment, in addition to one self-propelled reconnaissance and guidance unit and four self-propelled launchers, would have one 9A38 self-propelled firing unit. Thus, due to the introduction of a self-propelled gun into the complex, the number of target channels of the regiment increased from 5 to 10, and the number of combat-ready missiles increased from 60 to 75.

The SOU included a launching device with power tracking drives, a 9S35 radar station, supplemented by a television-optical sight with a ground-based radar interrogator, a digital computer system, telecode communication equipment with the SURN from the Kub-M3 air defense system and wired communication with the SPU. The 9A38 self-propelled firing system had a launcher with interchangeable guides for either three 3 M9 M³ missiles or three 9M38 missiles. The mass of the self-propelled gun with a combat crew of four people was 35 tons.

Technical progress in the field of microwave devices, element base, as well as digital computers made it possible to create the 9S35 radar with the functions of a detection, tracking and target illumination station. The station operated in the centimeter radio wave range.

The 9E50 radar homing head was developed for the anti-aircraft missile.

From August 1975 to October 1976, the Buk-1 complex underwent state tests at the test site near Emba. The tests were supervised by a commission headed by P.S. Bimbash.

Tests of the autonomous operating mode of a self-propelled firing system confirmed the detection range of aircraft from 65 to 77 km at altitudes above 3000 m. At low altitudes, the detection range was reduced to a range from 32 to 41 km. Helicopters located at low altitudes were detected from a distance of 21 to 35 km.

In a centralized operating mode, due to limitations in the operation of the 1S91M3 self-propelled reconnaissance and guidance system, the aircraft detection range was reduced to 44 km for altitudes from 3000 to 7000 m and to 21-28 km for low altitudes.

The operating time (the period from target detection to missile launch) of the self-propelled firing system in autonomous mode was 15-20 seconds. Reloading the complex with three 9M38 missiles takes about 15 minutes.

The destruction of aircraft at altitudes above 3000 m was ensured at a range of 3.4 to 20.5 km. The affected area ranged from 30 m to 14 km in height, and 18 km in terms of heading. The probability of an aircraft being hit by one 9M38 missile is from 0.70 to 0.93.

The complex was put into service in 1978 under the designation 2K12M4 “Kub-M4”, replacing the previously used name “Buk-1”. The reason was the fact that the SOU 9A38 and the 9M38 missile defense system are only additions to the Kub-M3 air defense system.

The Kub-M4 complexes that appeared in military air defense significantly increased the effectiveness of air defense of tank divisions of the Soviet Army Ground Forces.

Serial production of the 9A38 SOU was launched at the Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant, and 9A38 missiles at the Dolgoprudnensky Machine-Building Plant, which previously produced 3M9 missiles.

Beech

Joint tests of the Buk complex in its regular composition were carried out from November 1977 to March 1979 at the Emba training ground. It should be noted that careful testing of the complex’s equipment during the period of autonomous testing, as well as a significant degree of continuity with the Kub-M4 air defense system, led to the fact that during the period of factory tests, as well as joint tests with the Ministry of Defense, no fundamental problems were identified. The complex fully met the specified tactical and technical requirements. In 1979, the Buk complex was adopted by the Soviet army. In 1980, the development was awarded the USSR State Prize.

The command post of the 9S470 complex, part of the Buk air defense system and located on the GM-579 chassis, ensured the reception and processing of information about targets coming from the 9S18 detection and target designation station, as well as from six 9A310 self-propelled firing systems, and from the command post of the anti-aircraft missile brigade. Beech" (" "). The command post processed messages about 46 targets moving at altitudes of up to 20 km in a zone with a radius of 100 km, per review cycle of the detection and target designation station. It provided self-propelled firing systems with up to six target indications with an accuracy of 1 degree in angular coordinates and 400-700 m in range. The work of the command post was extremely automated. All information was processed by the Argon-15 digital computer. The weight of a self-propelled command post with a combat crew of six people did not exceed 28 tons.

Three-coordinate coherent-pulse detection and target designation station (SOC) 9S18 “Dome” centimeter range with electronic scanning of the beam in a given sector by elevation angle (30 or 40 degrees) and mechanical (circular or in a given sector) rotation of the antenna in azimuth (via electrical - or hydraulic drive) was intended for detection and identification of air targets at ranges of up to 110-120 km (45 km at a target flight altitude of 30 m). The SOC ensured the transmission of radar information about the air situation to the 9S470 command post.

The 9A310 self-propelled firing system, located on the GM-568, differed in its purpose and design from the 9A38 self-propelled gun of the Kub-M4 (Buk-1) air defense system in that it was interfaced with the 9S470 CP and the 9A39 launcher-loader using a telecode line , and not with the 1S91M2 and 2P25M2 self-propelled guns developed for the Kub complex. And most importantly, the new self-propelled firing system carried not three, but already four 9M38 missiles. The time for transferring the self-propelled gun from the traveling to the combat position did not exceed 5 minutes, and from standby mode to working mode (for example, after changing position with the equipment turned on) - no more than 20 seconds. The weight of a self-propelled firing system with missiles and a crew of four did not exceed 35 tons.

The 9A39 launcher-loading unit (PZU) located on the GM-577 chassis served to transport and store eight missiles (four each on the launcher and on fixed cradle); launch of four missiles; self-loading of its launcher with four missiles from the cradle; self-loading with eight missiles from a transport vehicle; loading and unloading a self-propelled firing system with four missiles. The mass of the ROM with a crew of three people was 35.5 tons.

Compared to its predecessors Kub-MZ and Kub-M4 (Buk-1), the Buk complex achieved a significant improvement in combat and operational characteristics:

• the division simultaneously fired at six targets and could carry out up to six independent combat missions with the autonomous use of self-propelled firing systems;
• the joint operation of the detection and target designation station with the division’s self-propelled firing systems increased the reliability of target detection;
• a new on-board computer for the homing head and an algorithm for generating the illumination signal have increased noise immunity;
• The missile defense system received a warhead of increased power.

Serial production of the Buk air defense systems was carried out by the same cooperation as in the case of the Kub-M4 complex. Launch-loading installations 9A39 were produced at the Sverdlovsk Machine-Building Plant named after. M.I. Kalinin, and self-propelled firing systems 9A310, detection and target designation stations 9S18 and KP9S470 - at the Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant.

Buk-M1

Simultaneously with the adoption of the Buk complex, its modernization began. In accordance with the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated November 30, 1979, work was carried out to increase its combat capabilities, the protection of its electronic equipment from interference and anti-radar missiles. The new complex was supposed to have increased destruction limits, an expanded range of targets to be hit, among which were low-altitude cruise missiles such as ALCM and Tomahawk, and hovering attack helicopters.

For the new complex, the Dolgoprudnensky Research and Production Enterprise Design Bureau has developed an improved 9M38M1 missile. At the same time, an increased flight range was provided, the duration of the inertial segment was increased, and the accuracy of guidance on a maneuvering target was improved. The 9E50M1 homing head was better adapted to flight conditions, interference conditions, and the type of target being fired upon.

A fundamentally new system for recognizing the type of target (airplane, helicopter, ballistic missile) was developed and introduced into the improved SOU 9A310M1 with the transfer of relevant information to the missile’s radio fuse to ensure the moment of optimal detonation of the warhead.

In relation to the Buk-M1, a set of measures was developed to effectively combat hovering helicopters - a very difficult target for both air defense systems and fighter aircraft. During field tests carried out in February-December 1982, it was found that the modernized Buk-M1 complex, compared to the Buk, provides a larger area of ​​destruction of aircraft, is capable of shooting down ALCM and Tomahawk cruise missiles with the probability of hitting one a missile of at least 0.4, and highly maneuverable, relatively “compact” and well-protected combat helicopters of the Hugh-Cobra type - with a probability of 0.6-0.7 at a range from 3.5 to 6-10 km.

The radar of the modernized air defense system received 32 letter frequencies of illumination (instead of 16 for the Buk), which contributed to increased protection from mutual and intentional interference.

Compared to the previous one, the SOU 9A310M1 provided target detection and acquisition at a range of up to 85 km, and automatic tracking at a range of 75 km.

The complex included a more advanced detection and target designation station 9S18M1 “Kupol-M1” with a flat angular phased array, located on the GM-567 M tracked chassis, of the same type (unlike the “Kupol” station) with other tracked vehicles of the division.

The Buk-M1 was put into service in 1983, and its mass production began in 1985.

Buk-M2 and Buk-M1−2

Simultaneously with the start of work on the minor modernization of the complex, which was implemented in the Buk-M1 air defense system, NIIP began work on a more advanced version of the Buk-M2 complex. The third generation complex provided for the creation of a multi-channel air defense system capable of simultaneously firing at up to 24 targets. This required the introduction of a radar complex with a phased antenna array (PAR) into combat equipment and the provision of intermittent illumination mode.

The new complex achieved a significant expansion of the target engagement zone in range and altitude. Thanks to the use of a phased array antenna, one self-propelled gun could simultaneously hit four targets (the Buk-M1 self-propelled gun could hit only one). The air defense missile system had greater information content, increased noise immunity and a number of other advantages that ensured its significant superiority over foreign analogues.

In addition to the improved 9M317 missile, created at the DNPP Design Bureau, and a self-propelled firing system with phased array, the complex also received a new combat weapon - a target illumination and missile guidance radar (RPN). The transmitting and receiving module of this station, also located on the GM-562 self-propelled gun, in the working position, through a special telescopic mast, rose to a height of 21 m, which significantly expanded the capabilities of the complex to combat low-flying aircraft, helicopters and cruise missiles. The range of destruction of targets flying at extremely low altitudes has increased by 1.5-2 times.

By a resolution of the Central Committee of October 18, 1990, the Buk-M2 air defense system on a tracked chassis was put into service, and the time frame for its serial development was established.

Almost immediately after, joint tests of the modernized Buk-M2−1-Ural complex, placed on a wheelbase (KrAZ all-terrain vehicles and Chelyabinsk-made trailers), intended for the country's air defense forces, were completed. According to the plan of the then Air Defense Commander-in-Chief I.M. Tretyak, the towed Ural air defense system was supposed to be integrated with type air defense systems, which was supposed to form a very effective layered system designed for the defense of large government facilities (Moscow, Leningrad and other key political and economic centers of the country) . Unfortunately, the collapse of the USSR and the sharp reduction in funding for the armed forces and industry did not allow new complexes to be launched into series.

Of the entire range of combat assets of the Buk-M2 air defense system, in the 90s only the 9M317 missile defense system was mass-produced. The missile was developed and manufactured by the Dolgoprudny Research and Production Enterprise as an interspecific missile: for the SV air defense system and for the Shtil-1 ship-based air defense system. The presence of a new missile allowed IIP to initiate the modernization of the Buk-M1 air defense system by introducing a new missile from the Buk-M2 complex. The Main Missile and Artillery Directorate of the Ministry of Defense supported the idea: carrying out such R&D with minimal use of budgetary funds made it possible to obtain a significant increase in the performance characteristics of the complex - in particular, the possibility of use not only in air defense systems, but also in tactical missile defense systems and in coastal defense.

The complex, called "Buk-M1−2", was created in the most difficult years for the defense industry, when the main task for almost all enterprises was not development and technical re-equipment, but survival in the current conditions.

Photo: Said Aminov

R&D work on the Buk-M1−2 was carried out by the previous cooperation: NIIP (General Director - V.V. Matyashev, at the final stage of development Yu.I. Bely, chief designer of the air defense system - E.A. Pigin), Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant (General Director - V.V. Abanin), DNPP (General Director - G.P. Ezhov, General Designer - V.P. Ektov), ​​M Research Institute "Agat" (General Director and General Designer - I.G. Akopyan), NPP " Start" (general director - G. M. Muratshin), MZiK (general director - N. V. Klein).

Considering the meager state funding, the co-executing enterprises created a new complex using export proceeds from contracts for the supply of the Buk-M1 air defense system to Finland and the modernization of the Kvadrat air defense system (export name of the Kub air defense system) in Egypt. As a result, in the most difficult years for the domestic defense industry, an air defense system that was unique in its characteristics was created, which at that time had no analogues in world practice in terms of combat use capabilities. Having retained the composition of combat weapons similar to the Buk-M1 complex, the Buk-M1−2 air defense system, unlike its predecessor, ensures the destruction of tactical, ballistic and aircraft missiles, as well as firing at surface and radio-contrast ground targets.

The affected area of ​​the aerodynamic targets of the modernized air defense system has been expanded to 25 km in height and up to 42-45 km in range. The channel capacity has been doubled when hitting a target in the “coordination support” mode. The probability of hitting enemy aircraft increased from 0.80-0.85 to 0.90-0.95. The command post of the Buk-M1−2 air defense system was integrated with the control point of the short-range air defense system "", which significantly increased the effectiveness of the mixed anti-aircraft group.

It is important to note that the documentation for the modernization was made in such a way that factory brigades directly in the troops could modify the Buk-M1 to the Buk-M1−2 with a minimum of costs. In 1998, by order of the Minister of Defense No. 515 of November 21, 1998, the Buk-M1−2 air defense system was adopted by the Russian army.

Only in the early 2000s, when the defense industry began to receive the first orders, the question of mass production of the third generation Buk-M2 air defense system again arose. Unfortunately, over the past 15 years after its development, many component supply companies have ceased to exist or ended up abroad, and the element base has changed significantly. NIIP and the main manufacturer Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant have done a tremendous amount of work to establish new cooperation, replace components and introduce new technologies and materials. For example, the basis of the complex's computing facilities was replaced from the now foreign supplier of the Argon-15 digital computer (Chisinau) to domestic Baguette-type digital computers.

As a result, the Buk-M2 air defense system began to enter service with the Russian army. Since 2008, the complex has taken part in parades on Red Square. At the same time, the Buk-M2E air defense system received high international recognition. An export contract for the supply of a complex on a tracked chassis to Syria is currently being implemented. In the process of Rosoboronexport carrying out marketing work to promote the Buk-M2E air defense system to the foreign market, several foreign customers expressed a desire to purchase systems, but not on a tracked base, but on a wheeled one. This work was carried out by NIIP jointly with UMP and NPP Start. A tractor produced by the Minsk Wheel Tractor Plant (MZKT) was chosen as the base wheeled vehicle. The wheeled version of the air defense system passed all types of tests and was delivered to the first customer - Venezuela. A number of non-CIS countries are next in line.

In 2013, the serial development of the Buk-M2 air defense system was awarded a prize from the government of the Russian Federation.

Photo: Said Aminov

Buk-M3

The decision to create a new modification of the complex, which received the Buk-M3 designation, was made by the Ministry of Defense in 1990. Defense industry enterprises were left to their own devices, and only those who could find export contracts survived. NIIP's products were well known in the world, which helped the institute survive a long period of reforms and continue new developments. The Ministry of Defense and GRAU did not stop funding, although it was insufficient. The main thing was that there was an understanding of the need to preserve a unique school, which had half a century of experience in developing medium-range air defense systems for the air defense of the Ground Forces.

Despite the difficult conditions that made the development of the Buk-M3 air defense system the longest in the history of NIIP, in 2011 the work was completed with successful launches as part of state tests. Currently, the complex is being finalized according to a plan to eliminate comments received during the GSI process, and the State Armament Program provides for its serial launch. According to media reports, the Buk-M3 air defense system should begin to enter service with the troops from the end of 2015.

The main features of the complex in comparison with its predecessor: increased channeling, increased destruction range, significant increase in noise immunity, placement of missiles in transport and launch containers, increase in 1.5 times the ammunition capacity of missiles on self-propelled guns (now there are 6 of them). According to media reports, a new 9M317ME missile was developed at the Dolgoprudny Research and Production Enterprise, unified for the Buk-M3 land-based complex and the Shtil-1 ship-based air defense system with a vertical launch system. The missile in these complexes will be placed in transport and launch containers. In the ship version, the missile launch will be vertical, in the land version - inclined.

The Buk-M3 complex will hit air targets operating at speeds of up to 3 thousand meters per second and at altitudes of 0.015-35 km. In addition, the Buk-M3 anti-aircraft division will have 36 target channels. These data were cited by the head of the Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces, Lieutenant General Alexander Leonov, in his interview with the Ekho Moskvy radio station in December 2013.

The new complex will have significantly increased firepower. NPP Start created a new system of the complex - a self-propelled launcher with 12 missiles. There are no analogues among the Buk-M3 medium-range air defense systems abroad.

Based on materials:
“Tikhomirov constellation. 60 years of the Research Institute of Instrument Engineering named after V.V.Tikhomirova . LLC Publishing Group "Bedretdinov and Co" , M., 2014
“Anti-aircraft missile systems of the SV air defense. Equipment and weapons" No. 5−6, 1999.

Said Aminov

The development of the Buk complex was started according to the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated January 13, 1972 and provided for the use of cooperation between developers and manufacturers, the basic composition corresponding to that previously involved in the creation of the Kub air defense system. At the same time, the development of the M-22 Uragan air defense system for the Navy was determined using a missile defense system common to the Buk complex.

The military air defense system "Buk" was intended to fight in radio countermeasures against aerodynamic targets flying at speeds up to 830 m/s, at medium and low altitudes, maneuvering with overloads of up to 10-12 units, at ranges up to 30 km, and in the future - with Lance ballistic missiles.

Developers of the complex and its systems

The developer of the Buk air defense system as a whole was identified as the Research Institute of Instrument Engineering (General Director V.K. Grishin). The chief designer of the 9K37 complex as a whole was appointed A.A. Rastov, the command post (CP) 9S470 - G.N. Valaev (then - V.I. Sokiran), the self-propelled firing systems (SOU) 9A38 - V.V. Matyashev, semi-active Doppler homing head 9E50 for missiles - I.G. Akopyan.

Launch-loading units (PZU) 9A39 were created at the Start Machine-Building Design Bureau (MCB) under the leadership of A.I. Yaskina. Unified tracked chassis for the complex's combat vehicles were created at OKB-40 of the Mytishchi Machine-Building Plant by a team headed by N.A. Astrov. The development of 9M38 missiles was entrusted to the Sverdlovsk machine-building design bureau "Novator" headed by L.V. Lyulev. The detection and target designation station (SOTs) 9S18 (“Dome”) was developed at the Research Institute of Measuring Instruments under the leadership of chief designer A.P. Vetoshko (then Yu.P. Shchekotov).

In the west the complex received the designation SA-11 "Gadfly".

Compound

The Buk air defense system includes the following combat weapons:

• SAM 9M38;
• Command post 9S470;
• Detection and target designation station 9S18 "Dome";
• Self-propelled firing system 9A310;
• Start-loading installation 9A39.

SAM 9M38

The 9M38 anti-aircraft missile is made using a dual-mode solid fuel engine (total operating time is about 15 seconds), according to a normal aerodynamic configuration with “X” placement of low aspect ratio wings.

In the front part of the missile, a semi-active homing head, autopilot equipment, power supplies and a warhead are successively located. To reduce the dispersion of alignment over flight time, the combustion chamber of the solid propellant rocket engine is located closer to the middle of the rocket and the nozzle block includes an elongated gas duct, around which the steering drive elements are located. The rocket has no parts that separate during flight. A new seeker with a combined control system was developed for the rocket. The complex implemented homing missiles using the proportional navigation method. The warhead is a high-explosive fragmentation type.

Command post 9С470

The 9S470 command post located on the GM-579 chassis provided:

• receiving, displaying and processing information about targets received from the 9S18 detection and target designation station and six self-propelled firing systems, as well as from higher command posts;
• selection of dangerous targets and their distribution between self-propelled firing installations in manual and automatic modes, setting their sectors of responsibility, displaying information about the presence of missiles on them and on launch-loading installations, about the letters of the illumination transmitters of self-propelled firing installations, about their work on targets, about operating modes of the detection and target designation station;
• organizing the operation of the complex in conditions of interference and the enemy’s use of anti-radar missiles;
• documentation of work and training in calculation of CP.

The command post processed messages about 46 targets at altitudes of up to 20 km in a zone with a radius of 100 km per review cycle of the detection and target designation station and issued up to 6 target designations to self-propelled firing systems with an accuracy of 1° in azimuth and elevation, 400-700 m in range.
The weight of the command post with a combat crew of 6 people did not exceed 28 tons.

Detection and target designation station 9S18 ("Dome")

Three-coordinate coherent-pulse detection and target designation station 9S18 (“Dome”) of the centimeter range with electronic scanning of the beam in a sector according to the elevation angle (set to 30° or 40°) and mechanical (circular or in a given sector) rotation of the antenna in azimuth (using an electric drive or hydraulic drive) was designed to detect and identify air targets at ranges of up to 110-120 km (45 km at a flight altitude of 30 m) and transmit information about the air situation to the 9S470 control post.

The rate of viewing the space, depending on the established sector in elevation and the presence of interference, ranged from 4.5 to 18 s for all-round viewing and from 2.5 to 4.5 s for viewing in a 30° sector. Radar information was transmitted via telecode line to the 9S470 control panel in the amount of 75 marks during the review period (4.5 s). The root mean square errors (RMS) of measuring target coordinates were: no more than 20" - in azimuth and elevation, no more than 130m - in range, range resolution no worse than 300m, in azimuth and elevation - 4°.

To protect against targeted interference, we used tuning of the carrier frequency from pulse to pulse, from response ones - the same and blanking of range intervals along the auto-recording channel, from non-synchronous pulses - changing the slope of linear-frequency modulation and blanking of range sections. With noise barrage interference from self-cover and external cover at specified levels, the detection and target designation station ensured detection of a fighter aircraft at a distance of at least 50 km. The station ensured tracking of targets with a probability of at least 0.5 against the background of local objects and in passive interference using a moving target selection circuit with automatic wind speed compensation. The station was protected from anti-radar missiles by implementing a software tuning of the carrier frequency in 1.3 s, switching to circular polarization of the sounding signals or to the intermittent radiation (flicker) mode.

The station included an antenna post consisting of a reflector with a truncated parabolic profile, a feed in the form of a full-flow line that provides electronic scanning of the beam in the elevation plane, a rotating device, a device for folding the antenna into the stowed position; transmitting device (with an average power of up to 3.5 kW); receiving device (with a noise figure of no more than 8) and other systems.

The time for transferring the station from the traveling position to the combat position was no more than 5 minutes, and from standby mode to working mode - no more than 20 seconds. The mass of the station with a crew of 3 people is no more than 28.5 tons.

Self-propelled firing system 9A310

The transfer time from traveling to combat position was no more than 5 minutes. The time for transferring the installation from standby mode to operating mode, in particular, after changing the position with the equipment turned on, was no more than 20 s. Loading a 9A310 self-propelled firing system with four missiles from a launcher-loading installation was carried out in 12 minutes, and from a transport vehicle in 16 minutes.

The weight of a self-propelled firing system with a combat crew of 4 people did not exceed 32.4 tons. The length of the self-propelled firing system was 9.3 m, width - 3.25 m (9.03 m in working position), height - 3.8 m (7.72 m).

Launch-loading installation 9A39

The 9A39 launcher-loading unit, located on the GM-577 chassis, was intended for transporting and storing eight missiles (4 each on the launcher and on fixed cradle), launching 4 missiles, self-loading its launcher with four missiles from the cradle, self-loading with eight missiles from a transport vehicle ( in 26 minutes), from ground cradles and from transport containers, loading and unloading a self-propelled firing system with four missiles. In addition to the launching device with a power servo drive, a crane and cradle, the launch-loading installation included a digital computer, navigation, topographical and orientation equipment, telecode communication, energy supply and power supply units. The mass of the installation with a combat crew of 3 people is no more than 35.5 tons.
The length of the launch-loading installation was 9.96 m, width - 3.316 m, height - 3.8 m.

Performance characteristics

Damage zone, km: - by range - in height - by parameter	3,5..25-30 0,025..18-20 before 18
Probability of hitting a target with one missile - fighter type - helicopter type - cruise missile type	0,8..0,9 0,3..0,6 0,25..0,5
Maximum speed of targets hit m/s	800
Reaction time, s:	22
SAM flight speed, m/s	850
Rocket mass, kg	685
Weight of warhead, kg	70
Rocket length, m	5.55
Case diameter, m	0.4
Starting weight, kg	685
Warhead weight, kg;	70
Channel by target	2
SAM channel	3
Expansion (collapse) time, min	5
Number of missiles on a combat vehicle	4

Testing and operation

Joint tests of the Buk complex with its full set of equipment were carried out from November 1977 to March 1979 at the Emben test site (head of the test site V.V. Zubarev) under the leadership of a commission headed by Yu.N. Pervov.

The command post of the complex received information about the air situation from the command post of the anti-aircraft missile system "Buk" (ASU "Polyana-D4") and from the detection and target designation station, processed it and issued it to self-propelled firing units, which searched and captured targets for automatic tracking. Upon entry The missiles were launched into the affected area. The missiles were guided using the proportional navigation method, which ensures high accuracy of pointing at the target. When approaching the target, the seeker issued a command to the radio fuse for close arming. When approaching the target at a distance of 17 m, the warhead was detonated on command. If the radio fuse did not activate, the missile defense system self-destructed, and if the target was not hit, a second missile defense system was launched at it.

Compared to previous systems of similar purposes (Kub-M3 and Kub-M4 air defense systems), the Buk complex had higher combat and operational characteristics and provided:

• simultaneous firing by a division of up to six targets, and, if necessary, carrying out up to six independent combat missions with the autonomous use of self-propelled firing systems;
• greater reliability of target detection due to the organization of a joint survey of space by a detection and target designation station and six self-propelled firing systems;
• increased noise immunity due to the use of an on-board seeker computer and a special type of illumination signal;
• greater efficiency in hitting a target due to the increased power of the missile defense warhead.

Based on the results of firing tests and modeling, it was determined that the Buk air defense system provides fire at non-maneuvering targets flying at speeds of up to 800 m/s at altitudes from 25 m to 18 km, at ranges from 3 to 25 km (up to 30 km at target speeds up to 300 m/s) with a course parameter of up to 18 km with a probability of hitting one missile defense equal to 0.7-0.8. When firing at targets maneuvering with overloads of up to 8 units, the probability of defeat was reduced to 0.6.

Organizationally, the Buk air defense missile systems were consolidated into anti-aircraft missile brigades, which included: a command post (the brigade's combat control point from the Polyana-D4 automated control system), four anti-aircraft missile divisions with their own 9S470 command posts, a 9S18 detection and target designation station, a communications platoon and three anti-aircraft missile batteries with two 9A310 self-propelled firing systems and one 9A39 launcher-loader each, as well as technical support and maintenance units.

The Buk anti-aircraft missile brigade was to be controlled from the army's air defense command post.

The Buk complex was adopted by the Air Defense Forces of the North in 1980.

Cooperation of enterprises led by "NIIP named after V.V. Tikhonravov" in 1994-1997. Work was carried out to create a modernized Buk-M1-2 complex based on the 9K37 Buk air defense system. At the same time, the complex turned into a universal fire weapon.

Through the use of the new 9M317 missile and the modernization of other means of the complex, for the first time it is possible to destroy tactical ballistic missiles of the "Lance" type, aircraft missiles at ranges of up to 20 km, elements of precision weapons, surface ships at ranges of up to 25 km and ground targets (aircraft at airfields, launch installations, large command posts) at ranges up to 15 km. The effectiveness of defeating aircraft, helicopters and cruise missiles has been increased. The boundaries of the affected zones have been increased to 45 km in range and up to 25 km in altitude.

The uniqueness of the Buk complex and all its modifications lies in the fact that, with a significant size of the affected area in terms of range, height and parameters, the combat mission can be carried out by the autonomous use of only one ground-based fire weapon - a self-propelled firing system. This quality makes it possible to ensure surprise in the firing of air targets from ambushes, and autonomous operational change of combat position, which significantly increases the survivability of the installation.

Currently, the developers are proposing a new version of the family, designated Buk-M2.

Compound

The Buk-M1-2 complex differs from its predecessor the Buk-M1 air defense system primarily in the use of the new 9M317 missile (see photo). In addition to the use of an improved missile, it is planned to introduce a new tool into the complex - a radar for target illumination and missile guidance with the antenna placed in the working position at a height of up to 22 m using a telescopic device (see photo).

With the introduction of target illumination and guidance radars, the complex's combat capabilities to engage low-flying targets, in particular modern cruise missiles, are significantly expanded.

Composition of the complex:

• command post 9S470M1-2 (see photo , , , , )
• six self-propelled firing systems 9A310M1-2 (see photo)
• three launch-loading installations 9A39M1 (see photo)
• target detection station 9S18M1 (see photo)
• maintenance vehicle (MTO) 9V881M1-2 with spare parts trailer 9T456
• maintenance workshop (MTO) AGZ-M1
• repair and maintenance machines (MRTO):
  • MRTO-1 9V883M1
  • MRTO-2 9V884M1
  • MRTO-3 9V894M1
• transport vehicle 9T243 with a set of technological equipment (KTO) 9T3184
• automated control and testing mobile station (AKIPS) 9V95M1
• missile repair machine (workshop) 9T458
• unified compressor station UKS-400V
• mobile power station PES-100-T/400-AKR1 (see photo).

The complex is offered in two versions - mobile on tracked vehicles of the GM-569 family, similar to those used in previous modifications of the Buk complex, and also transported on road trains with semi-trailers and KrAZ vehicles. In the latter option, with a slight reduction in cost, the maneuverability indicators deteriorate and the deployment time of the air defense system from the march increases from 5 to 10-15 minutes.

The 9A310M1-2 self-propelled firing system includes:

• radar station (radar)
• launcher with four missiles
• digital computing system,
• television-optical viewer,
• laser rangefinder,
• navigation and communication equipment,
• radio interrogator "friend or foe",
• built-in trainer,
• documentation equipment.

The location of the radar and launcher with missiles on one rigid platform allows, using an electro-hydraulic drive, their simultaneous rotation in azimuth with the raising and lowering of the artillery unit. In the process of combat operation, the SOU carries out detection, identification, auto-tracking and recognition of the type of target, development of a flight mission, solution of the launch problem, launch of a missile, illumination of the target and transmission of radio correction commands to the missile, evaluation of firing results. The self-propelled gun can fire at targets both as part of an anti-aircraft missile system with target designation from a command post, and autonomously in a predetermined sector of responsibility. Firing of targets can be carried out both from the self-propelled gun itself and from the launch-loading unit (PZU) attached to it.

The 9A310M1-2 SOU can be equipped with both the standard 9M38M1 missile and the newly developed 9M317 missile.

The 9M317 anti-aircraft guided missile was developed as a single anti-aircraft missile for the air defense of the ground forces and the air defense of naval ships (the Ezh air defense system). It hits tactical ballistic missiles, strategic and tactical aircraft, including those maneuvering with an overload of up to 12 units, cruise missiles, fire support helicopters (including those hovering at low altitudes), remotely piloted aircraft, anti-ship missiles in intense conditions. radio countermeasures, as well as radio-contrast surface and ground targets.

The 9M317 missile, compared to the 9M38M1, has an expanded destruction zone of up to 45 km in range and up to 25 km in height and parameters, as well as a larger range of targets to be hit.

Externally it differs from the 9M38M1 by a significantly shorter wing chord length; it provides for the use of an inertial-corrected control system with a semi-active radar seeker 9B-1103M with guidance using the proportional navigation method.

The technical solutions contained in it made it possible, based on recognition results, to adapt the control system and combat equipment of the missile to the type of target (ballistic target, aerodynamic target, helicopter, small target, surface (ground) target) and increase the probability of destruction. Due to the technical solutions implemented in the missile’s onboard equipment and the complex’s equipment, it is possible to fire at radio-contrast surface and ground targets and defeat them through a direct hit. The missile can hit targets flying at ultra-low altitudes. Target acquisition range with EPR = 5 m² - 40 km.

A fully assembled and equipped rocket is explosion-proof and does not require checks and adjustments during its entire service life. The missile has a high level of reliability. Its service life is 10 years and can be extended after special work.

The high efficiency, versatility and possibility of using the 9M317 missile defense system have been confirmed during military exercises and firing.

The secrecy of the operation of the SDA has been improved due to the introduction of a laser rangefinder, which, paired with a television-optical sighting device, provides passive direction finding of ground (NGTs) and surface (NVTS) targets. The modified software of the digital computer system provides optimal angles of missile flight to the target, at which the influence of the underlying surface on the missile homing head is minimized. To increase the effectiveness of the missile warhead when working against surface (ground) targets, the radio fuse is turned off and a contact fuse is connected. To improve the noise immunity of the complex, a new mode has been introduced - “coordinate support”. In this mode, range coordinates from other means of the complex are used to fire at the active jammer. Thus, compared to the previously used “Triangulation” mode, in which two SDA were involved, the number of firing channels for the active jammer doubles.

SOU 9A310M1-2 can be interfaced with the means of the "Cube" complex. Moreover, the “Cube” complex can simultaneously fire at two targets instead of one. One target channel is the SOU 9A310M1-2 with an attached self-propelled launcher (SPU) 2P25, the second is a standard channel, that is, a reconnaissance and guidance control station (SURN) 1S91 with a SPU 2P25.

In recent years, the Research Institute of Instrument Engineering and related organizations have successfully completed a number of development work on further modernization of the anti-aircraft missile system as a whole and its individual elements.

Main directions of modernization:

• increasing the number of simultaneously fired targets through the use of a phased antenna array (PAR);
• improving noise immunity by adapting the phased array beam to the tactical and jamming environment.
• increasing the efficiency of the radar by increasing the transmitter power and the sensitivity of the microwave receiver (new electronic devices);
• the use of high-speed computers and modern digital signal processing.

A modernized self-propelled gun with phased array can be interfaced with the BUK-M1-2 complex, as a result of which the number of targets simultaneously fired by it can be increased from 6 to 10 - 12.