Introduction 3
Introduction

The problem of petty theft has existed since time immemorial and, probably, will exist for quite a long time, since the principle "someone else's is always better" is more or less inherent in every person. And, given the modern polarization of society, when the well-being of some is much higher than that of others, kleptomaniac manifestations have increased significantly. And although the technical means of security, surveillance and signaling have colossal capabilities, they cannot protect your wallet from encroachment from a nearby employee. However, the problem of petty theft of personal and public property exists, and if there is a problem, then there must be methods for solving it. Forensic tools and methods play an important role in the fight against crime. They make it possible to detect and remove invisible and weakly visible traces, to obtain search and evidentiary information, facilitate the search for hiding places, provide a high degree of documentary recording of the situation in which the investigative action is carried out, and contribute to an increase in the productivity of the investigator. Recently, a number of fundamentally new technical means have appeared - devices for the preliminary study of material evidence in the production of investigative actions. Devices have appeared for working at the scene of an explosion, fire, road traffic accidents, for the differential search for non-ferrous and ferrous metals, for detecting counterfeit money and foreign currency, for detecting and removing dust particles left by shoes on carpets, for removing odor traces. The fleet of devices based on the use of invisible rays (ultraviolet, infrared, X-ray) has been almost completely renewed. Stereo installations began to be produced for photographing the places of incidents and for automated drawing of plans. A lot of other equipment also arrives on site. However, the changes that have taken place in the technical and forensic equipment of law enforcement agencies do not find adequate coverage in the literature.

Forensic tools and methods play an important role in the fight against crime. They make it possible to detect and remove invisible and weakly visible traces, to obtain search and evidentiary information, facilitate the search for hiding places, provide a high degree of documentary recording of the situation in which the investigative action is carried out, and contribute to an increase in the productivity of the investigator. Recently, a number of fundamentally new technical means have appeared - devices for the preliminary study of material evidence in the production of investigative actions.

However, chemical traps have not yet become widespread in practice, despite a wide range of potentially interested persons who are ready to use the mentioned means. Due to the insufficient legal framework regulating the circulation of chemical safety products, consumers often cannot find answers to the following questions: what are chemical traps and what are their types; whether their production is legalized in the country; where such traps can be placed; does the use of such tools violate human rights?

1. Legal regulation

Investigators do not use forensic markers on their own, but they often encounter them when investigating thefts from retail outlets, warehouses, pharmacies, change houses at enterprises, office desks in institutions, as well as bribery.

The use of forensic markers is provided for by the law "On the police" (clause 9 of article 11), where they are called "special coloring agents". 1 To date, the only regulatory document that regulates in detail the issues related to chemical traps is an instruction on the procedure for using chemical traps in disclosing theft of property in state, municipal, private property and property of public associations (organizations), approved by the Order The Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation of September 11, 1993, No. 423, entered into force on October 15, 1993. However, this Instruction is intended as a guide for law enforcement officials rather than potential consumers. Therefore, when interpreting its provisions, it must be borne in mind that they are not direct norms. 2

Thus, the Federal Law “On Licensing Certain Types of Activities” dated August 8, 2002 No. 128-FZ, as an activity associated with the manufacture of chemical traps, for the implementation of which a license is required, names only the production of pyrotechnic products. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of February 22, 1992 No. 179 (as amended on December 30, 2000) approved a list of types of products (works, services) and production waste, the free sale of which is prohibited. Works on the manufacture of chemical traps and services for their installation are not included in this list. Their circulation is not prohibited and Federal law "On Operational Investigative Activity" dated 12.08.95 No. 144-FZ (as amended on 30 June 2003). Responsibility for the “artisanal” production and distribution of chemical traps is not directly stipulated by the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation or the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The Instruction on the procedure for using chemical traps also does not say that the tasks of law enforcement agencies include the identification of objects blocked in violation of the rules established by the Instruction, and the removal of "counterfeit" traps.

In any case, if any bureaucratic difficulties arise at the stage of initiation of a case related to the "unauthorized" installation of traps and their "uncoordinated" use, it must be remembered that a criminal case or a case on an administrative offense is initiated upon the fact of committing an unlawful act or misdemeanor, and not on the fact that the trap was triggered. 3

However, the non-compliance of traps with the quality criteria that the manufacturer declares or that were agreed in advance with the customer may entail consequences for their manufacturer (distributor) in the form of liability, including for non-fulfillment of obligations and violation of consumer rights. The liability of these persons may also arise in the following cases:

• if the trap was triggered at the wrong moment and it was not an intruder at all in the spray area;
• if the trap caused harm to health.

The problem of causing harm to the rights and interests of the individual is important in the use of chemical traps. If we do not take into account the cases when the physical condition of a person is caused by a low-quality chemical trap, and consider violations of other personal non-property rights, then the answer to this question lies in the mode of action of the dye contained in the chemical traps. For the most part, the principle of action is simple: once it gets on the attacker's skin, the substance is not washed off for several days. Therefore, if a damaged (triggered) trap is detected at the scene of the theft and, at the same time, it is obvious that a dye was released, then suspicion of the theft can easily fall on any employee who did not go to work after the incident. In practice, there are cases when law enforcement officers visited to "ask a couple of questions" about a recent theft in the organization to persons who did not come to work, allegedly due to malaise, and found them with traces of chemical traps on their faces or hands. 4

The main purpose of forensic markers is to form on the offender at the time of the commission of a crime, difficult to wash off, well visible to the surrounding traces, facilitating his hot pursuit and subsequent exposure. 5 The development and use of forensic markers turns random successes into a pattern, since drugs of forensic markers, when they get on a person's body and clothing, paint them in bright colors that are easily conspicuous to citizens, which contributes to the arrest of a criminal. The colorants used in trace-forming agents are quite persistent. They can be washed off only with the use of effective detergents, however, even after removing the stained spots, the dye particles remain for a long time under the nails, in the folds of the skin and are easily detected in ultraviolet rays, under the influence of which they luminesce. As for the clothes, the drug that got on it can be completely removed only by dry cleaning. During the time until the criminal has washed off the dye that got on him, he meets with colleagues, sellers, catering workers and other citizens, who inevitably pay attention to the painted parts of the body, clothes, which greatly facilitates the identification of his identity. In regions where the case with the use of trace-forming means is well established, they contribute to the disclosure of up to 25% of various thefts. Forensic markers help not only reveal, but also prevent theft. After all, a large number of persons from among the criminal element become aware of their use.

The requirements for forensic markers are:

1. They should not be dangerous to human life and health.
2. The design of forensic markers must constantly change. By using the same forensic marker designs, criminals will quickly learn to recognize them and will not touch them when committing theft. The use of different types of markers avoids this.
3. Forensic markers must be reliable in operation, designed for long-term use in various climatic zones.
4. In a constructive sense, forensic markers should be simple, designed for the use of improvised materials and unskilled labor for their manufacture (cadets of police schools, etc.). In the factory, only ejection devices are manufactured - pyro cartridges, mechanical devices, basic mixtures of dyes. They form the basis for any field-developed design. This provides a huge variety of forensic markers that prevent criminals from recognizing them when they commit crimes.
5. Forensic markers should be cheap. This requirement is put forward due to the fact that a huge number of objects are blocked by these means, and if they are expensive, then significant funds will be required for their manufacture.

Practice has developed the following procedure for the use of trace-forming agents. Criminal investigation officers determine the type of objects to be blocked by these means and their number. In accordance with this, together with the employees of the forensic departments, the design of forensic markers is being developed, and their production is organized. The composition of the coloring matter is determined by a specialist chemist on the basis of the supplied base mixtures in relation to a separate territorial zone. The latter is important, insofar as during the arrest of a suspect, using the substance found on him, it is possible to establish the area where the crime was committed. 6

The fact of the establishment of forensic markers at the facility is documented by an act of the established form drawn up by a criminal investigation officer or a district inspector. It contains the name of the blocked object, the position and surname of the police officer who set the forensic marker. Surname, name, patronymic of the financially responsible person, the appearance of the forensic marker and the "predatory substance" used in it (without its exact name). The financially responsible person is instructed in detail on the rules for handling the forensic marker and is warned about non-disclosure of the fact of its installation. A sealed bag with a sample of the dye is attached to the act. The list of all objects blocked by these means is stored in the duty department of the internal affairs body and is used to inform the investigative-operational group that leaves for the scene upon receipt of a message about the theft. The fact of triggering a forensic marker is reflected in the protocol of the inspection of the scene of the incident and urgent information is given to the operational squads via the walkie-talkie to search for the offender in hot pursuit. A sample of the dye is added to the protocol if it partially wakes up as a result of the triggering of the forensic marker.

Often there are facts when criminals take away a forensic marker (often passive) with them. In such cases, the investigator in the inspection report indicates that according to the words of the materially responsible person participating in the inspection, there was a forensic marker in such and such a place on the eve of the theft, which was not found at the time of the inspection. More details about this are recorded in the protocol of interrogation of this person. The act on blocking the object with a forensic marker and a sample of the coloring matter attached to it will be requested from the police and attached to the criminal case.

If a suspect is identified, his immediate examination and examination of clothing, a personal search, a search at the place of residence and work are carried out. In all cases, an ultraviolet illuminator is used. If a substance is found on the body that could have been formed by the substance of a forensic marker, it is seized with a gauze swab, and clothes with traces of such a substance are packed and sent for a physicochemical examination.

It is advisable to entrust the production of expertise to the forensic department of the local Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Internal Affairs Directorate, since the experts of this department are well aware of the methodology for researching substances used in forensic markers. Two questions are usually posed before the examination: 1) what is the composition of the substance that forms the stain on the clothes or body of the suspect, and 2) whether it coincides with the composition of the substance of the forensic marker installed on the object from which the theft was committed. For a comparative study, a sample of the substance attached to the act of blocking the object with a forensic marker is sent for examination along with the clothes (tampon). 7

2. Types of markers

Probably, there is no enterprise where there would be no internal security problems - from small thefts to large information leaks. And sometimes it turns out to be quite difficult to detect an intruder. Chemical traps will help to cope with this task.

The peak of the popularity of chemical traps in Russia fell on the 50-60s of the XX century. In an era of total struggle against all kinds of theft, they were placed literally everywhere: in shops, production workshops, in warehouses. This forced dishonest citizens to be constantly on their guard, which, in turn, led to a decrease in the effectiveness of traps and, as a consequence, to a decrease in the mass use of them. In addition, many employees of enterprises were not at all interested in detecting the attacker, since they concealed their own thefts behind his "exploits". Often, traps were disabled by the sellers themselves or other financially responsible persons. Today, in the era of private enterprises, chemical traps have begun to gain popularity again: production of old models is restored, new ones are developed and created.

Forensic fixation tools.

1. Photographic means (cameras, wide-angle lenses, extension rings, etc.).

2. Means of measurement. To determine the size of an object, you can use rulers, tape measures, calipers, etc.

3. Materials for making casts, copies. Used for fixing volume traces (for example, gypsum, paraffin, silicone paste "K").

4. Graphic methods of fixing (drawing plans, schemes, making sketches).

The main and obligatory way of fixing the traces of crimes is their reflection in the protocol of the investigative action (part 8 of article 164, article 166 of the Criminal Procedure Code).

Additional means of fixation: video recording, photography, drawing up plans, diagrams, sketching.

Forensic means of removal of traces of a crime.

1. Removal of traces together with the objects on which they are located.

2. Bulky traces (paraffin, gypsum, wax, silicone paste "K").

3. Surface traces (for example, a fingerprint on glass) are removed with a fingerprint film. Can be used tape "Scotch" (when removing traces from the hard surface of the object).

Scissors, screwdrivers, folding knives, pliers, tweezers, etc. can be used to seize and pack traces of crimes (material evidence).

When performing investigative actions, the investigator can use sets (sets) of forensic tools - both universal and specialized.

Universal kits are designed to solve common tasks at the scene of the incident (for example, an investigation suitcase).

Specialized kits serve to solve a narrow task at the scene of an incident (for example, detection, fixation and removal of micro-objects or odor traces).

The mobile forensic laboratory (PCL) has great capabilities.

For effective disclosure of thefts and their prevention, employees of internal affairs bodies use forensic markers... In practice, forensic markers are called chemical traps. The legal basis for their application is the Law "On Police", where they are called "special coloring agents". The purpose of forensic markers is to leave on the offender (on his body or clothing) at the time of the crime the traces that are difficult to wash off (from a dye of a bright color), which are easy to catch the eyes of citizens. Such traces facilitate hot pursuit of the criminal.

Additional

1. Belkin R.S. Forensic science: problems, trends, prospects. General and particular theories. M.: Jurid. lit., 1987.

2. Volynsky A.F. Gaiduk A.P. General Provisions forensic technology // Course of lectures on forensic science. Issue 2, M., Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, 1994.

3. Skorchenko P.T. Forensic science (technical and forensic support of crime investigation), Textbook. VOL. "Epic" M., 1999.

The development of forensic technology, as a whole science of forensic science, is initiated by the needs of the practice of combating crime.

At present, in our country, its surge is manifested, the level of its organization, technical equipment, and, in general, increasing public safety is increasing. These tendencies must be countered with adequate measures to combat crime.

1 question. The concept, content and purpose of forensic technology, its place in the system of technical and forensic support for the disclosure and investigation of crimes.

Under the forensic technique is understood, firstly: a set of instruments, apparatus, equipment, tools, gadgets, materials, as well as methods and techniques for their application in the process of solving and investigating crimes, and secondly, one of the sections of forensic science, within which they accumulate and systematize technical and forensic knowledge, appropriate methods, means, recommendations for their application for the specified purposes are being developed.

Forensic technology (as a section of forensic science) - a system of scientific provisions and developed on their basis technical (in a broad sense) means, techniques and methods intended for the collection, research and use of evidence and other measures of investigation and prevention of crimes.

Section of forensic science forensic technique consists of elements that form its own system, which includes:

General provisions, including the system and tasks of forensic technology, elements of private forensic theories and teachings (for example, teachings about skills, about the mechanism of trace formation, the theory of identification, etc.), general characteristics technical and forensic tools, legal basis for their use;

Forensic photography, video and sound recording;

Trasology (forensic investigation of traces);

Forensic investigation of weapons, ammunition, explosive devices and traces of their use (forensic weapons science);

Habitoscopy (forensic research external signs person);

Forensic research of documents, which includes:

Forensic handwriting;

Technical and forensic examination of documents;

Forensic phonoscopy (identification of a person by voice);

Forensic odorology (study of human odor traces);

Forensic investigation of substances and materials;

Forensic registration.

Appointment of forensic technology consists in the detection and study of information about the committed crime, reflected in the form of traces in the situation, the event being investigated.

The birth of forensic technology and its development in the historical aspect is a kind of experience of society in the challenge of crime and is objectively determined, on the one hand, by the need for the practice of combating crime, and on the other, by scientific and technical capabilities, its achievements (mainly natural and technical sciences), on the basis of which available forensic tools and methods are being developed.

The concept of technical and forensic tools, like the subject of forensic science itself, its system, and other important theoretical issues, at different stages of the development of science were defined in different ways.

In the very first works on forensic science, published after 1917, forensic technology was understood as all forensic science and was sometimes called criminal technology. In a number western countries it is still called that way.

In 1950 g. prof. Winberg in the textbook “Forensic Science for Higher educational institutions”Gives a narrower definition of forensic tools. He writes: “By means in forensic science we mean: various equipment, materials, equipment, specially used for the detection, collection, fixation and examination of forensic evidence. Examples of tools include a set of tools, apparatus, materials used in the examination of the scene of an incident (investigation bag, investigation suitcase), and equipment specially designed for forensic purposes for detecting traces, substances invisible under normal lighting (traces of ink etching on documents, traces of washed out blood, etc.). For forensic purposes, photographic equipment serves special design, for example, special cameras for photographing traces. Magnifying optical devices serve the same purposes - microscopes for examining documents, a comparative microscope for examining fired bullets and cartridges, etc. " (Criminalistics M. 1950. p. 5).

As seen, prof. Vinberg A.I. classifies as forensic tools only the technique used to detect material evidence and in their expert examination.

Repeatedly expressed his point of view on the concept of technical and forensic means prof. Selivanov N.A. Under the forensic technique he understands not only devices, apparatus, tools, devices, materials, but also methods (methods, techniques, techniques) used for forensic purposes.

The terms “method”, “method”, “technique” are synonymous words. In the dictionary "Russian language" S.I. Ozhegova M. 1960. “method” is defined as a way of theoretical research, a way of doing something (p. 340). “Method” is a technique, action, method used in the performance of some work, in the implementation of something (p. 747). “Reception” is a separate action, movement (p. 580). With regard to "methodology", this term refers to a set of methods for the practical implementation of something (p. 340).

From the point of view of prof. Selivanova N.A. solidarizes prof. Belkin R.S. At the same time, he writes that since the concept of a technique, method, method is not equivalent in its content, and also in order to unify terminology, then, in his opinion, it is better to use the following definition: "Forensic equipment is a device, device or material used to collect and investigate evidence or create conditions that make it difficult to commit a crime." As you can see, prof. Belkin R.S. I fully agree with the attribution of "techniques", "methods", "methods" to technical and forensic means, but prefers not to name them in his definition.

Speaking about the definition of technical and forensic means, it should be noted that prof. Belkin R.S. prefers to use this very term, rather than the widespread "scientific and technical means". The latter, in his opinion: 1) does not reflect the specific, i.e. forensic purposes of the use of funds; 2) in general, it is too pretentious, because a number of technical and forensic tools cannot be called scientific (for example, a dipstick, a hammer for tapping, a roller for rolling paint during fingerprinting, a fingerprint needle). The term “technical and forensic means” is also used by prof. Selivanov N.A.

At the same time, it seems to us, it is impossible to completely abandon the use of the term “scientific and technical means”. It is widely used not only in forensic literature, but also in procedural literature. However, this should be the case when it comes to the complex use of the achievements of various branches of knowledge in the investigation. For example: of various kinds examinations: forensic, physico-chemical, forensic, etc.

Various points of view in the forensic literature exist not only regarding the concept of technical and forensic means, but also their classification. Many authors have different approaches to the grounds for such a classification and therefore classify them differently.

Prof. Selivanov N.A. technical and forensic tools are classified on two grounds: by origin and intended purpose.

By origin he divides technical and forensic means into two groups:

Means developed in relation to general equipment and adapted to special forensic tasks (means of photography and filming, sound recording, video recording and some others);

Created exclusively for forensic tasks (special cameras for forensic purposes, means for copying handprints with iodine vapor, etc.).

By intended purpose he also subdivides technical and forensic means into two groups:

Technique intended for investigators and forensic specialists and used to detect, seize and fix evidence (photography and for working with traces, sound recording and video recording equipment, etc.).

Technique used in the study of material evidence and, mainly, in the production of forensic examinations (means and methods of forensic photography, measuring equipment, analytical fluorescent lamps, magnifiers, microscopes, etc.).

Professors adhere to a similar classification of technical and forensic tools Vinberg A.I. and Kalmykov V.P., which subdivide them into equipment specially made for the purposes of forensic science, adapted for these purposes, universal or general technical use without alteration or adaptation.

Considering the issue of classification, prof. Belkin R.S. for the first time distinguishes such a group as "Field technical and forensic means". By them, he means those means and methods that are used or can be used not in the office of the investigator or in the laboratory of an expert, but directly in “ field conditions"- at the scene of the incident during its inspection or during the production of other investigative actions or research expert operations at this place (sets of technical and forensic tools for working in the" field conditions ", investigative suitcases, special sets of technical and forensic tools for prosecutors, criminologists, etc.) ...

In the literature, there is also another classification of technical and forensic tools. E.P. Ischenko divides these funds into four groups and divides them on the following grounds:

by occurrence:

a) funds created and used only in forensic practice;

b) funds borrowed from other fields of science and technology and adapted for forensic purposes;

c) funds borrowed from general technology and used without changes;

by look:a) devices, b) apparatus and equipment; c) tools and devices, d) accessories and materials, e) sets of scientific and technical means;

by the subject of application:a) an investigator to collect evidentiary information, b) experts in the conduct of expert research, c) specialists in the performance of investigative actions,

d) by operational workers in the production of operational-search measures;

for the intended purpose:a) means of detecting traces of a crime and objects - material evidence, b) means of fixing traces (in a broad sense) and evidentiary information obtained in the course of investigative actions , c) funds intended for securing and seizing traces - material evidence, d) funds intended for expert research, criminal court evidence, e) means of forensic accounting, search for criminals and stolen property, f) means scientific organization the work of the investigator; g) means used to prevent criminal offenses and capture criminal offenses at the crime scene.

In this way,

By origin, technical and forensic tools are usually divided into three groups:

one). Funds borrowed from general technology and used in forensic science without any changes. These are many measuring devices (rulers, tape measures, vernier calipers, micrometers, magnifiers, flashlights, cameras, sound recording, video recording equipment, etc.);

2). Funds borrowed from other fields of science and technology and adapted for forensic purposes (profilometer, redesigned for the study of traces, magnifiers, on which special grids are applied for the study of papillary patterns, etc.);

3). Tools specially designed for forensic purposes. There are a lot of them, for example, mobile forensic laboratories, special comparative forensic microscopes (MSK-1) and many others.

This classification of technical and forensic tools is mainly of organizational importance. It only gives an idea of \u200b\u200bthe sources of replenishment of forensic technology, the directions in which work is being carried out to expand its range.

Concerning classification technical and forensic tools for intended purpose, then it has not only theoretical, but also great practical importance, since it allows an investigator, an investigator, any other law enforcement officer to get a fairly clear idea of \u200b\u200bthe technical and forensic tools available in service, and their capabilities. Without this, it is impossible to conduct any serious conversation about their widespread use in the investigation.

So, according to their intended purpose, in our opinion, technical and forensic, means can be classified as follows:

one). Fixation means. These are photographic equipment, tape recorders, video equipment used to capture the situation at the place of the investigative action (scene of an incident, search, investigative experiment, examination, verification and testimony on the spot, etc.), as well as various traces and objects that are significant for the case;

2). Means of detecting invisible and hardly visible traces and other objects. These include magnifiers, including special forensic magnifiers with backlighting, various powders, both conventional (aluminum, graphite, soot, zinc oxide, etc.) and on a magnetic basis (magnetic fingerprint black powder (PMD-Ch), magnetic fingerprint powder white (PMD-B), ruby, sapphire, agate), fingerprint films, kits for detecting fingerprints with iodine vapors, ninhydrin and nitric acid silver reagents. This group also includes devices and tools for identifying and removing micro-objects (micro-vacuum cleaners, micro-tweezers, sticky films, etc.). We would also include here means for removing odor traces (odorological suitcases).

3). Search aids for discovery various objects, which may have the value of material evidence (mine detectors such as IMP and UMIF, "Gamma", "Iris", magnetic lift, trawls, probes, ultraviolet illuminators, electro-optical converters, etc.).

4). Means for securing (copying) and removing traces (hands, feet, teeth, burglary tools, vehicles.). The most common: such means are: gypsum (for making casts of footprints, car protectors and other large objects), silicone pastes (KOS-2) for fixing small traces (hacking tools, small areas of shoe tracks), plasticine (for taking casts from burglary marks), aerosol varnishes for fixing marks on loose surfaces, such as sand.

5). Means for obtaining fingerprints from living persons and corpses: printing ink, fingerprint pad, board, rubber rollers and special plates for rolling out paint, fingerprint cards.

6). Means for making composite portraits. This is a computer system for composing compositional portraits, which is now being widely implemented in practice.

7). Means - markers. In practice, and even in the literature, these means are often called chemical traps, since they leave on the criminal the traces of their action that are difficult to remove and well noticeable. In our opinion, these means should be called technical and forensic markers, since their main purpose is not to lure a criminal into a trap, but to form additional traces on him in the event of a crime, facilitating the search, in hot pursuit and his exposure.

Technical and forensic markers include various dyes, mechanical and pyrotechnic devices for spraying them, as well as ointments installed on objects with material values \u200b\u200bthat are subject to the most frequent criminal encroachment. Their installation is done in advance, as they say "just in case."

8). Universal means: standardized suitcases and mobile forensic laboratories, designed for use when examining the scene of the incident and in the production of other investigative actions.

nine). Means for systematizing and issuing forensic information. These are various filing cabinets and collections (traces of hands, shoes, vehicles, burglary, counterfeit money and documents, and a number of others), as well as electronic computers used for their maintenance, if their use is justified (AFIS “Papillon”, AFIS “Arsenal ”).

ten). Means for laboratory examination of material evidence. They are very diverse. For example, these include: comparative forensic microscopes, chromatographs, a vacuum (cyanoacrylate) chamber, various devices (for example, Ultramag), an automated workplace "Espertiza", a "Speed" installation for shooting firearms, devices "Trasograf" - for obtaining experimental traces of burglary instruments, optical overlay devices "PON" - for examining banknotes, imprints of seals and stamps, devices "Regula" - for examining money and documents.

Speaking about the importance of technical and forensic tools, one should first of all point out their huge role in increasing the effectiveness of many investigative actions. Only thanks to them it is possible to detect invisible and little-visible fingerprints, micro-objects, crime instruments, jewelry hidden in hiding places, and other material evidence necessary to establish all the circumstances of the event under investigation and prove the suspect's guilt. Technical and forensic means allow more fully than the protocol to record the situation in which the investigative action is carried out. Investigator when drawing up a protocol of inspection of the scene , examination, investigative experiment, presentation for identification, search, etc. may not always pay attention to certain circumstances, which at first seem insignificant, but later, being recorded on film or videotape, may turn out to be significant in the analysis of the crime event. Models of vehicles, humans and corpses, which are armed with investigators, make it possible to better understand the details of the event being investigated when investigating road accidents, interrogating victims, eyewitnesses, suspects and accused persons, and to get a more complete picture of the nature and method of committing a crime.

Many technical and forensic tools have a very positive effect on increasing the productivity of investigators. The use of photographs, sound and video recordings accelerate the fixation of the situation in which the investigative action is carried out, the search technique reduces the time required to find material evidence, and special rulers facilitate the drawing up of plans and diagrams of the scene of the incident.

The importance of technical and forensic means for obtaining search information is great.With their use directly at the scene, a preliminary examination of the traces of hands, shoes, burglary weapons, vehicles is carried out and the data obtained allows in certain regions of the country, for example, in Moscow, to detain in hot pursuit up to 70-80% of persons committing theft , robberies, robberies.

It is impossible to overestimate the importance of technical and forensic tools used in laboratory research . Thanks to them, forensic experts solve numerous issues that are sometimes decisive for the event under investigation. For example, with the help of a forensic examination, the imperfection of the design of the so-called English locks was revealed, which were easily opened by criminals within two or three minutes with the help of plasticine, soap, and crumb of bread. At the suggestion of experts, sixteen factories that produced such locks have eliminated the design flaws of their products.

Technical and forensic means are widely used in the implementation of operational - search activities. Forensic records, devices for composing compositional portraits of wanted persons, other forensic techniques facilitate and accelerate the disclosure of crimes and the stolen.

A distinctive feature of forensic technology is its subordinate nature. It is applied when conducting investigative actions and operational-search measures in the manner prescribed by law and by-laws. The process and the result of its application are recorded and fixed procedurally. The source of evidence is not the results of the application of technology per se, but the protocols of investigative actions (expert opinions), in which they are reflected.

The history of forensic science shows that many technical means have been “punching” their way into its arsenal for decades. Until now, the issue remains controversial, and the possibilities of odorology, polygraph, etc. are questioned.

In the current criminal procedural legislation, contrary to the opinion of the majority of criminologists, the regulation is not of the principles of the use of forensic techniques, but of some of its means (photographing, measuring, making casts, diagrams, etc.), and in relation to certain investigative actions (examination , search, etc.), which clearly hinders scientific and technological progress in forensic science.

The Criminal Procedure Law defines the principles for the use of technical and forensic means. They can be formulated as follows:

1. The independence of the investigator in deciding on the use of technical and forensic means.

Art. 164 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation - General rules for the production of sl actions:

Part 6. When performing investigative actions, technical means and methods of detecting, fixing and seizing traces of a crime and material evidence can be used.

The law establishes exceptions from the general rule for resolving the issue on the use of technical and forensic means.

Art. 178 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation - Inspection of the corpse. Exhumation:

Art. 82 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation Storage of material evidence:

part 2. Material evidence in the form:

1) items that, due to bulkiness or other reasons, cannot be stored in a criminal case, including large consignments of goods, the storage of which is difficult or the costs of providing special storage conditions for which are commensurate with their value:

a) are photographed or filmed on video or film, if possible, sealed and stored in the place indicated by the interrogating officer, the investigator. A document on the location of such material evidence is attached to the materials of the criminal case, and a sample of material evidence sufficient for a comparative study may also be attached.

As you can see, in this case, the use of TCS is mandatory and refusal to use them will be considered a violation of the law.

2. The admissibility of the use of technical and forensic tools, both by the investigator himself and on his behalf by a specialist.

As for the right of the investigator to attract a specialist for the use of technical and forensic means, it is enshrined in Art. 168 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation - Participation of a specialist:

part 1. The investigator has the right to involve a specialist in the investigative action in accordance with the requirements of part five of Article 164 of this Code.

Practice shows that investigators use this right very widely. There are several reasons for this. One of them is the weak technical and forensic training of investigators, especially those trained in civil law schools, which do not have sufficient technical equipment to impart practical skills to their graduates. Another reason is related to the heavy workload of investigators. Having several criminal cases in his production at the same time, he does not have the necessary time to process photographic materials, draw up a photographic table and perform other work related to the use of technical and forensic tools.

Finally, investigators are well aware that the most modern and most effective technology (search, video recording, etc.) is in the hands of forensic specialists.

It is no coincidence, therefore, now every third scene of the most dangerous crimes is examined with the participation of a forensic specialist, while the effectiveness of examinations increases several times, which has a positive effect on the detection of crimes.

The Criminal Procedure Law also resolves the issue of the admissibility of using certain types of equipment in an investigation. Several articles contain direct indicationwhat technique can be used in the production of an investigative action:

Art. 164 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation - General rules for the production of investigative actions:

part 6. When performing investigative actions, technical means and methods of detecting, fixing and seizing traces of a crime and material evidence can be used.

Art. 178 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation - Inspection of the corpse. Exhumation:

part 2. Unidentified corpses are subject to mandatory photographing and fingerprinting.

Art. 179 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation - Survey:

part 5. Photographing, video recording and filming in the cases provided for by part four of this article shall be carried out with the consent of the person being examined.

Art. 189 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation - General rules for interrogation:

part 4. At the initiative of the investigator or at the request of the person being interrogated during the interrogation, photographing, audio and (or) video recording, filming may be carried out, the materials of which are stored in the criminal case and are sealed at the end of the preliminary investigation.

Art. 166 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation - Protocol of investigative action:

part 2. The protocol can be handwritten or made using technical means. In the production of an investigative action, stenography, photographing, filming, audio and video recording may also be used. The transcript and stenographic record, photographic negatives and photographs, audio and video recordings are kept in the criminal case.

part 8. The protocol is accompanied by photographic negatives and photographs, films, transparencies, phonograms of interrogation, video cassettes, computer storage media, drawings, plans, diagrams, casts and prints of traces made during the investigation.

Art. 170 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation - Participation of attesting witnesses:

part 3. In hard-to-reach areas, in the absence of proper means of communication, as well as in cases where the conduct of an investigative action is associated with a danger to the life and health of people, the investigative actions provided for in part one of this article may be carried out without the participation of attesting witnesses, as indicated in the protocol the corresponding record is made. In the case of an investigative action without the participation of attesting witnesses, technical means of recording its progress and results are used. If in the course of an investigative action the use of technical means is impossible, then the investigator makes an appropriate entry in the protocol.

The use of certain types of technical and criminalistic means is provided not only in the Criminal Procedure Code, but also in some other legislative acts. For example, the Law on Militia (paragraph 15 of Art. 11) allows for registration, photography, film and video filming, fingerprinting and a number of other actions in relation to persons in custody, detained on suspicion of committing a crime or vagrancy, accused of intentional crimes subjected to administrative arrest, as well as suspected persons when it is impossible to establish their identity.

Some by-laws also regulate the use of technical and forensic tools. Thus, the maintenance and use of forensic records, the use of various devices, the use of scientific methods for the study of material evidence is determined by the departmental instructions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation No. 70 dated 02.10.2006 "On the organization of the use of forensic accounts of the Internal Affairs Department of the Russian Federation." Instructions for organizing the formation, maintenance and use of forensic records of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation ”, Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation No. 436 of May 21, 2008“ On Amending the Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia of February 10, 2006 No. 70 ”, Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs RF of January 11, 2009 No. 7 "On the approval of the Manual on the organization of forensic activities in the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia", Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia dated July 7, 2007 No. 612 dsp "On the approval of the manual on the formation and maintenance of centralized operational reference, forensic , search records of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation ”.

In principle, any technical means can be used to solve forensic problems, provided that they:

Safe for environment, health and life of people (using it and in relation to which they are applied);

Scientifically based, i.e. ensure reliability, reliability, efficiency and objectivity of the results obtained with their help.

3. Preliminary notification by the investigator of all participants in the investigative action about the use of technical and forensic means.

This principle is enshrined in Art. 166 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation - Protocol of investigative action:

part 5. The protocol must also indicate the technical means used in the production of the investigative action, the conditions and procedure for their use, the objects to which these means were applied, and the results obtained. It should be noted in the protocol that the persons participating in the investigative action were warned in advance about the use of technical means in the production of the investigative action.

The legislator's emphasis on the need to notify the participants of the investigative action in advance about the upcoming use of technical and forensic means during its implementation is aimed at ensuring procedural guarantees for the victim, witness, suspect, accused, since they can make various requests in connection with the use of technology. For example, a victim may ask to photograph some traces of a crime (furniture broken by a criminal, a broken wall, the remains of burnt things), to use a search technique to find objects hidden or thrown out by a criminal (a magnetic lift to extract metal objects from a well). The suspect or the accused may make a request to film the situation in his home after a search, during which some kind of destruction of walls, floors, storage facilities was made. They can also ask the investigator to photograph the injuries on their bodies, caused during a mutual fight with the victim or during arrest. Various requests and wishes in connection with the use of technology can also be expressed by other participants in the investigative action: attesting witnesses, representatives of the administration, operational workers. In general, this principle is aimed at more effective use of technical and forensic tools, completeness and comprehensiveness of the investigation.

4. Obligation of procedural consolidation of the fact of the use of technical and forensic means and the results obtained during their use:

a) each fact of the use of technical and forensic means in the production of an investigative action must be reflected in the protocol (part 5 of article 166 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation);

b) it must contain an indication that on the eve of the use of technical and forensic means, all participants in the investigative action were notified of this (part 5 of article 166 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation);

c) the protocol must indicate which technical and forensic means were used, the conditions and procedure for use (part 5 of article 166, paragraph 2 of part 4 of article 190 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation);

d) it should record the results obtained when using technical and forensic means (part 5 of article 166 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation);

e) the results of the application of technical and forensic negatives and photographs, films, transparencies, phonograms of interrogation, plans, diagrams, casts and prints of traces are subject to attachment to the protocol (part 8 of article 166 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation).

In addition, in paragraph 2 of part 4 of Art. 190 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation name some additional requirements for the protocol drawn up when using the TCS during interrogation.

If during the interrogation photographing, audio and (or) video recording, filming were carried out, the protocol must also contain:

1) a record of photographing, audio and (or) video recording, filming;

2) information about technical means, about the conditions of photography, audio and (or) video recording, filming and the fact of suspension of audio and (or) video recording, filming, the reason and duration of the stop of their recording.

All these requirements are aimed at compliance with the rule of law in the use of technical and forensic tools, guaranteeing the rights and interests of persons involved in the investigative action. If at least one of these requirements is not met, the results obtained using these means may lose procedural significance.

Forensic Techniques in their practical expression, it is a set of techniques and methods of collecting and researching, i.e. cognition of traces of crimes as carriers of forensic information. Some of them are specially designed. And most are borrowed from physics, chemistry, medicine, biology and other sciences and are adapted to solve forensic problems.

In the practice of solving and investigating crimes, the means of the scientific organization of labor, communications, transport, etc. are widely used. However, only those means that are specially developed or methodically and constructively adapted for solving forensic tasks related to the disclosure and investigation of crimes are considered to be actually forensic. At the same time, data from technical and natural sciences are used creatively.

With the help of forensic techniques in the practice of disclosing and investigating crimes, three main groups of tasks:

Detection, fixation, seizure and preliminary investigation of traces of a crime;

Expert investigation of traces of a crime;

Accumulation, processing and use of forensic information contained in the traces of crimes.

At the same time, the goals are pursued to detect and fix traces of a crime - sources of forensic information, to investigate them in order to obtain and consolidate such information, and finally to ensure its use in time and space in the process of solving and investigating crimes.

The tasks of identifying, fixing and seizing traces of crimes are covered by a single concept - collecting evidence. This is one of the key tasks in the work on solving and investigating crimes, since evidence is the only means of establishing objective truth in a criminal case.

At the same time, it is very important that the traces of crimes and other evidence are fully identified, recorded accurately and clearly, with a reflection of their location, condition, individualizing signs and properties, and other circumstances that are important for the disclosure and investigation of crimes; in order to guarantee the safety of the traces of crimes for a relatively long time, the possibility of their expert examination, and then direct perception by the court and other participants in the process, is not excluded.

Our law enforcement agencies have a fairly large arsenal of technical and forensic tools. If we take into account the scale of our country, the number of investigative bodies, operational units and forensic units, it is not difficult to imagine that the state spends many millions of rubles on their technical equipment. Of course, these costs must be justified. Forensic technology must effectively influence the state of the fight against crime. At the same time, as practice shows, in matters of providing law enforcement agencies with technical and forensic means, their introduction into practical activities, the analysis of their use lag significantly behind the requirements.

By technical and forensic support, we mean a system of legal, scientific, organizational measures for the development, implementation and practical use of technical and forensic tools and scientific methods in order to successfully disclose, investigate and prevent crimes. Thus, the technical and forensic support includes the following elements:

1. Legal support;

2. Scientific support;

3. Organizational support.

These elements will be considered in more detail later in the study of forensic science.

Investigators do not use forensic markers on their own, but they often encounter them when investigating thefts from retail outlets, warehouses, pharmacies, change houses at enterprises, office desks in institutions, as well as bribery.

The main purpose of forensic markers is to form on the offender at the time of the commission of a crime, difficult to wash off, well visible to the surrounding traces, facilitating his hot pursuit and subsequent exposure. The development and use of forensic markers turns random successes into a pattern, since drugs of forensic markers, when they get on a person's body and clothes, paint them in bright colors that are easily conspicuous to citizens, which contributes to the arrest of a criminal. The colorants used in trace-forming agents are quite persistent. They can be washed off only with the use of effective detergents, however, even after removing the stained spots, the dye particles remain for a long time under the nails, in the folds of the skin and are easily detected in ultraviolet rays, under the influence of which they luminesce. As for the clothes, the drug that got on it can be completely removed only by dry cleaning. During the time until the criminal has washed off the dye that got on him, he meets with colleagues, sellers, catering workers and other citizens, who inevitably pay attention to the painted parts of the body, clothes, which greatly facilitates the identification of his identity. In regions where the case with the use of trace-forming means is well established, they contribute to the disclosure of up to 25% of various thefts. Forensic markers help not only reveal, but also prevent theft. After all, a large number of persons from among the criminal element become aware of their use.

Forensic markers are divided according to their purpose into two groups: for marking and for blocking objects with material values.

Forensic markers designed to block objects with material values \u200b\u200bare divided into active and passive.
Active forensic markers are those that have a device for ejecting the colorant into space and thus ensure that it reaches the clothing and exposed parts of the body of the person who activated the device. The dye can be ejected both when mechanical devices, for example, a spring device, are triggered, and when an explosive is triggered in special pyrotechnical cartridges.

Recently, liquid markers "Kupel" began to be produced. They are designed to combat theft of personal and state property. In case of unauthorized opening of the object, the contact closes and an instant release of the sprayed dye, which retains a bright red color for three days, as well as luminescence in ultraviolet rays, is produced. Dye ejection range is not less than 1.5 m. Dye volume - 1.5 ml. This marker can be used in a special "Kern" device. The latter has a device for connecting two "Kupel" products to it. Triggering occurs from a magnetic sensor signal or through a mechanical contact. Dispersion area - 5 m.

List of used literature

1. The Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation. - U26 Moscow: Prospect, 2016 - 288 p.

2. Averyanova T.V., Belkin R.S., Korukhov Yu.G., Rossiyskaya E.R. Forensic Science: Textbook / Under. ed. R.S. Belkin. 3rd ed., Rev. and add. M., 2008.

3. Vander MB Forensic examination of materials, substances, products. SPb., 2001.

4. Drapkin L.Ya., Karagodin V.N. Forensics: A Textbook. M., 2007.

5. Egorov N.N., Ishchenko E.P. Forensic science for investigators and interrogators: Scientific and practical guide / Under total. ed. A.V. Anichina. M., 2010. Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation. - U26 Moscow: Prospect, 2016 - 288 p.

6. Ishchenko E.P. Sound films and video recording in the fight against crime. Frunze, 1974. The Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation. - U26 Moscow: Prospect, 2016 - 288 p.

7. Forensic science: Textbook for universities / Ed. E.P. Ishchenko. M., 2008

8. Forensic video recording / Ed. B.N. Morozov, P.A. Golikova. Saratov, 2001. Povreznyuk G.I. Forensic methods and means of identification in the process of investigating crimes. M., 2005.

9. Povreznyuk G.I. Forensic methods and means of identification in the process of investigating crimes. M., 2005.

10. Skorchenko P.T. Forensic science. Technical and forensic support of crime investigation: Textbook. pos. for universities. M .: Bylina, 1999.272 p.

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There are different points of view in the forensic literature not only regarding the concept of technical and forensic means, but also their classification.

ON. By origin Selivanov divides them into two groups: 1. Developed in relation to general technology and adapted to special, forensic tasks. 2. Created exclusively for the solution of forensic problems. Further N.A. Selivanov proposes to classify technical and forensic tools and methods by their intended purpose into two types. The first type includes funds intended for investigators, operatives and forensic specialists and used to detect, seize and fix evidence, i.e. means for photographing and video recording, sound recording, working with traces, etc., as well as for detecting and quickly solving crimes, searching for and arresting criminals, etc. To the second type, he refers to the means used in the study of material evidence and mainly in the production of forensic examinations (for example, protractors, photometers, microscopes, etc.).

The point of view of N.A. Selivanova received recognition and was reflected in a number of forensic textbooks. R.S. Belkin proposed only to single out the so-called "field technical means" into an independent group.

A more detailed classification of technical and forensic means was proposed by E.P. Ishchenko. He classifies them into four groups and subdivides them on the following grounds: 1. By origin (a) specially created for forensic purposes and (b) borrowed; 2. By type (devices, apparatus, tools, fixtures, accessories and materials, complete scientific and technical means); 3. By the subject of application (a) an investigator, an expert, (b) a forensic specialist, (c) operational workers in the production of operational measures; 4. For the intended purpose (a) means of fixation, (b) means for fixing and removing traces, (c) means for expert research, (d) means of scientific organization of labor, (e) means of forensic accounting, (f) means used to prevent and capture criminal attacks at the crime scene.

It seems that this classification is not entirely successful. This, in particular, concerns the division of technical and forensic means into instruments, apparatus, equipment and instruments is very unclear. After all, there is essentially no difference between instruments and apparatus. An instrument can also be called a device (for example, a measuring magnifier can be called both a device and a tool). The validity of dividing technical and forensic funds into funds intended for an investigator and an expert is questionable, since the same means can be used with equal success by both an investigator and an expert (photographic equipment, powders for detecting fingerprints, impression materials, etc.) ...

Some authors have an objection to referring to the technical and forensic means of means of scientific organization of labor - office equipment, communications, cars, motorcycles and other vehicles, photo and video equipment installed at protected facilities.

To distinguish technical and forensic means from other technical means used in the fight against crime, it seems that one should be guided by the following criteria: a) the purpose of the technical means; b) what category of subjects the application of this technical means is intended for. These criteria make it easy to distinguish technical and forensic tools from other types of technology.

So, the purpose of technical and forensic means is to ensure the maximum efficiency of investigative actions, forensic studies of material evidence to establish all the circumstances of the event being investigated, to identify the conditions that contributed to the commission of a crime and to develop recommendations to prevent similar crimes in the future.

According to the emergence of technical and forensic means are divided into three groups. The first one is created and used only in forensic practice, that is, the actual forensic means: various tracing films, iodine tubes, magnetic brushes, photofits, bullet traps, modern kits for fingerprinting, working with micro-objects, express analysis of potent, narcotic substances, etc. Second - funds borrowed from other areas of science and technology and adapted for solving forensic problems. These are microscopes, metal detectors, flashlights with special attachments, specialized cameras. The third is funds borrowed from general technology and used without changes. This includes video, general-purpose photographic equipment, silicone pastes, sound recording media, projection devices, personal computers, etc.

When grouping by type, one should distinguish between devices, apparatus and equipment, tools and devices, accessories and materials, as well as sets of technical and forensic tools. The last concept needs additional clarification. These are kits, usually consisting of four adjacent groups. The collection of forensic tools, as a rule, is carried out by creating sets of a universal type: an investigation suitcase, an operational bag. These are compact and relatively light sets, including technical and forensic tools of several functional purposes: photographic equipment, accessories for drawing a plan of the scene of the incident, powders and chemicals for working with traces, various auxiliary technical substances.

The content of such kits is oriented towards the use of an investigator or an operative officer when examining the scene of an incident, a search or other investigative action. Specialized sets are created, designed for use by a specific specialist or focused on certain types of crimes: an expert suitcase, a set for working with micro-objects, a suitcase for a criminal prosecutor, sets for traffic police officers, etc. These sets include technical tools that allow you to perform an express analysis of traces, documents, substances, materials.

A special type of set of technical and forensic tools - mobile forensic laboratories for work on the scene and preliminary research of traces and material evidence found there. Mobile forensic laboratory cars have also been developed and started to be used for investigating crashes and accidents on railway transport.

If we analyze what scientific and technical means are studied by forensic technology as a section of the science of forensic science, then they can be divided into 4 groups: 1. Devices and tools, devices taken without modification from various technical and natural sciences. At the same time, the methods of using them do not differ from the methods of using technical means in other areas of human activity (for example, scales, microscope, vernier caliper, video camera, etc.); 2. Scientific and technical means, taken into service from various technical and natural sciences, but used according to special forensic techniques. The specificity of the tasks of forensic science, the features of objects and the conditions for their study led to the need to develop special forensic techniques for their use (for example, for the study of fired bullets, special methods of studying them using the MC-51 comparative microscope were developed); 3. Devices, instruments and other technical means that are used in various branches of science and technology, but for solving problems facing forensic science, which have undergone certain modifications (for example, metal detectors, specialized cameras, flashlights with special attachments, etc.); 4. Devices, instruments and devices specially designed for forensic purposes (for example, the RF-1 apparatus for photographic scanning of bullets, an optical overlay device - PON-1, MSK-2, etc.).

Despite the fact that the possibilities of using all these groups of scientific and technical means in the fight against crime are being studied by forensic technology, there is no reason to attribute all these means to it. Properly forensic should be considered those technical means that are constructively adapted for the solution of a particular forensic problem. Thus, a car that delivers an investigator or an operative to the scene, a first aid kit, a biomicroscope used to examine material evidence are not forensic tools. On the other hand, a mobile forensic laboratory, an investigative suitcase, etc., constructively adapted to solve the problems of disclosing, investigating or preventing crimes, thereby become forensic means.

The classification of technical and forensic tools according to their purpose seems to be very significant (Fig. 1 in Appendix 1).

By designation Chernyshov V.N., Sysoev E.V., Seleznev A.V., Terekhov A.V. technical and forensic tools are classified as follows:

1. Fixation means. These are photographic equipment, filming equipment, film projectors, tape recorders, video equipment used to capture the situation at the scene of an investigative action (scene of an incident, search, investigative experiment, examination, verification and clarification of testimony on the spot, etc.), as well as various traces and objects, relevant to the business.

2. Means of detecting invisible and little visible traces and other objects. These include magnifiers, including special forensic magnifiers with backlighting, various powders, both conventional (aluminum, graphite, soot, zinc oxide, etc.) and magnetic-based (hydrogen-reduced iron, ruby, sapphire, agate), tool kits for detecting fingerprints with iodine vapors, ninhydrin reagents and nitric acid silver. This group also includes devices and tools for detecting and removing micro-objects (micro-vacuum cleaners, micro-tweezers, sticky films, etc.). These authors also included the means for removing odor traces (odorological suitcases) here.

3. Search means for detecting various objects that may have the value of material evidence (mine detectors such as IMP and UMIF, "Gamma", "Iris", magnetic lift, trawls, probes, ultraviolet illuminators, electro-optical converters, etc.).

Thus, in the murder case, the investigator received information that the body was buried in the suspect's garden. The location was indicated accurately enough. Excavations were carried out with shovels throughout almost the entire daylight hours, but no results were obtained. The investigator decided to continue work the next day. However, when he arrived in the infield in the morning, he discovered a trench of considerable depth. As it turned out, an excavator was working on this site late in the evening. The main reason for the investigator's failure was the failure to use technical means, and not elementary ones, but search instruments and devices that allow detecting deep burials, for example, metal probes of various designs and equipment (Oko georadar, etc.).

4. Means for securing (copying) and removing traces (hands, feet, teeth, burglary tools, vehicles). The most common among these means are: gypsum (for making casts of footprints, car protectors and other large objects), silicone pastes for fixing small traces (burglary tools, small areas of shoe marks), plasticine (for taking casts from burglary marks) , aerosol varnishes for fixing marks on loose surfaces such as sand.

5. Means for obtaining fingerprints from living persons and corpses: printing ink, fingerprint pad, board, rubber rollers and special plates for rolling paint, fingerprints, fingerprint cards.

6. Means for making composite portraits. This is an IKR-2 device and a computer system for composing compositional portraits "Kadr", which is now being widely introduced into practice.

7. Means-markers. These agents are often called chemical traps, because they leave hard-to-remove and highly visible traces of their effects on the offender. Technical and forensic markers include various dyes, mechanical and pyrotechnic devices for spraying them, as well as ointments installed on objects with material values \u200b\u200bthat are subject to the most frequent criminal encroachment. Their installation is done in advance.

8. Universal means: standardized suitcases and mobile forensic laboratories for use in the inspection of the scene of the incident and in the production of other investigative actions.

9. Means for systematizing and issuing forensic information. These are various filing cabinets and collections (traces of hands, shoes, vehicles, burglaries, counterfeit money and documents, and a number of others), as well as electronic computers used for their maintenance, if their use is justified.

10. Means for laboratory research of material evidence. They are very diverse. These include, for example, comparative forensic microscopes, macro-reproduction installations (MRK), universal laboratory reproduction installations (ULARUS), the "Speed" installation for shooting firearms, "Trasograf" devices - for obtaining experimental traces of burglary weapons, "PON" optical overlay devices - for the study of banknotes, imprints of seals and stamps, devices "Regula" - for the study of money and documents.

Above are just some of the technical and forensic tools. There are many more of them in service with law enforcement agencies.

Forensic tools and methods by the origin of G.I. Gramovich divides into four groups and proposes to classify scientific and technical means, depending on the functions performed with their help, into the following groups: to detect traces and other objects; for fixation; for withdrawal; to investigate evidence; for the prevention of crimes; to organize the fight against crime. This classification corresponds to modern concepts.

When developing or borrowing technical means, forensic experts strive to use them to solve several problems. Such a tendency towards universality is fully justified, as a result of which it is not always possible to accurately attribute a particular device or device to a certain classification subgroup. The criterion here should be the function for which a particular tool is intended, therefore, the classification of technical and forensic tools according to their intended purpose, disclosed in the 2nd chapter of this work, has the greatest practical value.

The main directions of improving the means of forensic technology under the influence of scientific and technological progress are as follows:

1) the use of fundamentally new materials and the improvement of the properties of traditional ones; a gradual transition from passive selection of the required substances to active design and creation of materials with optimal properties. This can be illustrated by the example of the transition from traditional impression materials to artificially created polymer compounds that ensure the accuracy of copying the smallest details of the relief. Characteristic in this regard is the replacement of simple powders for detecting fingerprints with new substances and their mixtures with a set of specified properties: the ability to fluoresce or luminesce, better adhesion with sweat secretions, magnetic properties, etc .;

2) the use of new sources of energy, processes, forms of motion of matter. In investigative practice, color photography and video recording, digital photography and holography are increasingly being used; biological, physicochemical, electronic processes; thermal imagers, introscopes, etc .;

3) a sharp improvement in the parameters of the operation of technical systems and devices, which is evident from the example of the introduction of more sensitive photographic and video films, which make it possible to shoot in low light conditions with a sufficient depth of field; devices that allow observing and fixing criminal objects in complete darkness; computers that multiply the amount of processed forensic information, etc .;

4) a qualitative change in the elements and structure of technical systems used in forensic practice, complication of the design and elemental composition of technical means. In many forensic devices, nodes of increased complexity have been introduced: converters, indicators, displays, etc., as well as circuits that perform logical functions. On the basis of computers, branched networks have been created and are being operated, solving complexes of various forensic tasks;

5) a fundamental change in the functions of forensic technology.

If earlier various technical means only made it easier for the investigator to perform any mechanical work, then with the advent of high-speed personal computers, the planning of the investigation, including the network one, the advancement of investigative versions, the preparation of procedural documents, especially the final ones related to the analysis of the obtained evidence, that is intellectual, logical, heuristic tasks are being solved.

It is impossible to refer to the technical and forensic means of communication. The purpose of these means is to transmit information. They are used in various fields of human activity, and the fact that they are used for negotiations between members of an investigative-operational group does not yet give grounds for classifying them as forensic techniques. It is also impossible to agree with the attribution of cars, helicopters, and other vehicles to technical and forensic means, with the exception of specially equipped mobile forensic laboratories. From the fact that investigators or investigators use them to travel to the place of investigative actions, transport material evidence, or other objects related to the investigated cases, they do not change their purpose as vehicles and do not become a forensic tool.

As for computers, those that are used in automated methods for investigating certain types of crimes, composing compositional portraits of wanted persons, keeping forensic records, and for other purely forensic purposes, then they can really be considered forensic tools. The opinion of those scientists who consider computers as a forensic tool, even in those cases when they are used for the analysis of statistical data or control of lower-level prosecutors and for some other purposes, raises doubts. as office equipment not directly related to the detection and investigation of crimes.

So, the classification of technical and forensic tools gives a clear idea of \u200b\u200bthe structure of the types of tools of forensic technology. The classification of technical and forensic tools can be carried out on various grounds. The most reasonable classification seems to be based on the appointment of these funds. On this basis, the following groups can be distinguished: 1. Forensic search tools; 2. Forensic means of fixation and seizure; 3. Fingerprints; 4. Means and methods for preliminary research of forensic objects; 5. Means for making composite portraits; 6. Forensic tools - markers; 7. Universal (complete) forensic tools; 8. Means for conducting forensic records; 9. Means for laboratory research of forensic objects. This classification of technical and forensic tools gives a clear idea of \u200b\u200bthe equipment available to law enforcement agencies and greatly facilitates its study. The proposed classification of technical and forensic tools used in the detection, investigation and prevention of crimes will help to tactically correctly conduct investigative actions using the most appropriate techniques, depending on the objective and subjective factors acting in this case.