26.09.202027.05.2017

Crime markers Investigators do not apply independently, but they are often with them

fight in order to investigate theft from outlets, warehouses, pharmacies, cabins on

enterprises, business tables in institutions, as well as bribery.

The use of criminalistic markers is provided for by the Law "On the Militia" (paragraph 9 of Art. 11), where

they are referred to as "Special Coloring Tools." The main purpose of forensic markers is to form a criminal at the moment of committing a crime difficult to wash, well-visible for those surrounding traces that facilitate his search for hot pursuit and after-

insertion. The development and use of criminalistic markers turns random luck into patterns, since drugs of criminal markers when entering

the body of man and his clothes are painted them in bright colors, easily striking citizens as

promotes the detention of the criminal. Used in the following dyes are quite persistent. They can be washed only when using effective detergents, however

and after removing the painted stains, the dye particles remain under the nails, in the skin folds

his personality. In the regions where it is well delivered using the following tools, they contribute to the disclosure of up to 25% of different thefts. Criminalist markers contribute not only

disclosure, but also the prevention of theft. After all, their use becomes a large number of people from

the number of the criminal element.

Forensic markers are divided into two groups to be for applying labels and to block objects with material values.

To apply labels on money, securities, various objects (for example, transmitted in

the quality of bribes) are currently produced:

- a set of reagents and devices "Rhododendron" (Fig. 31). It is designed to apply

labels on cash bills. The hidden inscription made is not detected using household illuminators and ultraviolet devices;

- Special remedy in the aerosol packaging "Firefly" (Fig. 32) is intended for application

thin layer of luminescent substance

possessing increased adhesion to human skin and invisible under normal conditions, on

monetary signs, documents and other objects. When contacting your fingers with different surfaces,

on which there is a drug (for example, on the door handle) traces of fingers visible under the action of ultraviolet radiation with a wavelength of 365 nm remain. Surface area processed

from one aerosol packing 1.5 m2;

- Marking markers "M" and "K" (Fig. 33) are designed to apply labels, inscriptions on various subjects and documents for the purpose of identifying or eliminating fake. The marks of the brand M "M" are used to apply labels on paper materials, and marks of the brand "K" - for applying labels for items made of metals, plastics, leather, fabrics, etc. In the ultraviolet rays, Fomasters "M" give a blue glow, and the markers "K" - green.

Crime markers designed to block objects with material values \u200b\u200bare divided into active and passive.

Active criminalistic markers are those that have a device for throwing out the coloring substance into space and thus ensure its clothes on the clothes and the open parts of the human body that contained this device. The dye emission can be performed both when the mechanical devices are triggered, such as spring, and when the explosive is triggered in special pyropatrons.

Passive criminalistic markers have no triggerating devices. Their design is designed for direct contact with him committing a crime. In passive criminalistic markers, the coloring agent in the form of powdered mixtures or ointments is applied either directly on the subject, which can attract the attention of the criminal, either prevents packets, paraffin capsules or other packaging and is masked among such items.

The following requirements are presented to criminalistic markers.

1 They should not be dangerous to human life and health.

2 The design of criminalistic markers must constantly change. When applying the same designs of forensic markers, criminals will quickly learn them to recognize them and when making thefts will not touch them. The use of differential markers avoids this.

3 criminalistic markers should be reliable in operation designed for

uses in various climatic zones.

Four criminalistic markers in constructive respect should be simple, designed to use prudent materials and unqualified labor force in their manufacture (cadets of police schools, etc.). In factory conditions, only emitting devices are manufactured - sinopathrots, mechanical devices, basic mixtures of coloring substances. They are the basis for any design being developed directly on the ground. This ensures a huge variety of forensic markers, which does not allow criminals to recognize them when committing crimes.

5 Criminalist markers should be cheap. This requirement is extended due to the fact that it is blocked by these means a huge number of objects and if they are expensive, there will be significant funds for their manufacture.

Practice has developed the following procedure for the use of the following funds. Criminal wanted employees determine the type of objects to be blocked by these means and their number.

In accordance with this, together with employees of expert and criminalistic divisions, the design of criminalistic markers is being developed, their manufacture is organized. The composition of the coloring agent determines a chemical specialist based on the supplied base mixtures in relation to a separate territorial zone. The latter is important, inspired by the detention of a suspect based on the substance found on it, an area where a crime was committed.

the objects blocked by these means are stored in the duty unit of the internal affairs organ and

it is used to inform the investigative-operational group that goes to the scene upon receipt of the confrontation of theft. The fact of the triggering of the criminalistic marker is reflected in the protocol of the inspection of the scene and about this by the radio, the urgent information is given to operational outfits for the search for a criminal for hot trails. To protocol

a sample of the coloring substance is acquainted, if as a result of criminalistic

marker it partially woke up.

Often there are facts when a forensic marker (often passive) criminals

clean with you. In such cases, the investigator in the inspection protocol indicates that due to the material

a responsible person who participates in the inspection, in such a place on the eve of theft was a forensic marker, which at the time of inspection was not found. This is fixed in more detail in

the interrogation protocol of this person. The act of blocking an object by a criminalistic marker and an applied sample of the coloring substance is requested from the police organ and is attached to the criminal

In case of detection of a suspect, its immediate examination and inspection is carried out

clothes, personal search, search at the place of residence and work. In all cases, ultraviolet illuminator is used. When a substance can be found on the body that could be formed by a substance of a criminalistic marker, it is covered with a gauze tampon, and clothing with traces of such

substances are packaged and sent to physico-chemical expertise.

Crime markers investigators do not apply independently, but they often face with them when investigating thefts from outlets, warehouses, pharmacies, households at enterprises, office tables in institutions, as well as bribery.

The use of criminalistic markers is provided for by the law "On the Police" (p.

9 tbsp. 11), where they are referred to as "special coloring means." The main appointment of forensic markers is to form a crime on the criminal at the time of committing a crime difficult to wash, well-visible for those surrounding traces that facilitate his search for hot trails and subsequent exposure. The development and use of criminalistic markers turns random good luck into patterns, since the preparations of criminalist markers when a person gets into the body and its clothes are painted them in bright colors, easily striking to citizens, which contributes to the detention of the criminal. Used in the following dyes are quite persistent. They can be washed only when using effective detergents, however, after removing painted stains, the dye particles remain under the nails, in the folds of the skin and are easily detected in ultraviolet rays, under the action of which they are luminescent. As for clothing, the drug that fell on it can be completely removed only by the use of chemical cleaning. During the time, until the criminal displays the dye on him, he meets with colleagues, vendors, catering workers and other citizens who inevitably pay attention to the painted parts of the body, clothes, which greatly facilitates the establishment of his personality. In the regions where it is well delivered using the following tools, they contribute to the disclosure of up to 25% of different thefts. Crime markers contribute not only to the disclosure, but also the prevention of theft. After all, their use becomes known to a large number of people from among the criminal element.

Forensic markers are divided into two groups to be for applying labels and to block objects with material values.

To apply labels on money, securities, various items (for example, transmitted as a bribe) are currently produced:

a set of reagents and devices "Rhododendron" (Fig. 31). It is designed to apply labels on cash bills. The hidden inscription made is not detected using household illuminators and ultraviolet devices;

a special means in aerosol packaging "Firefly" (Fig. 32) is intended for applying a thin layer of a luminescent substance,

having increased adhesion to the skin of a person and invisible under normal conditions, on monetary signs, documents and other objects. Upon contact of the fingers of the hands with different surfaces on which there is a drug (for example, on the door handle), traces of fingers visible under the action of ultraviolet radiation with a wavelength of 365 nm remain. Surface area treated from one aerosol packing 1.5 m2;

Marking markers "M" and "K" (Fig. 33) are designed to apply labels, inscriptions on various subjects and documents for the purpose of their identification or exclusion of fake. The marks of the brand M "M" are used to apply labels on paper materials, and marks of the brand "K" - for applying labels for items made of metals, plastics, leather, fabrics, etc. In the ultraviolet rays, Fomasters "M" give a blue glow, and the markers "K" - green.

Crime markers designed to block objects with material values \u200b\u200bare divided into active and passive.

Recently, liquid markers "Font" began to be produced (Fig. 34). They are designed to combat the theft of personal and state property. With the unauthorized opening of the object, the contact is closed and an instant release of a sprayed dye, preserving a bright red color for three days, as well as luminescence in ultraviolet rays. Dye emission range is at least 1.5 m. The volume of the dye is 1.5 ml. This marker can be used in a special device "Kern". The latter has a device for connecting two fonts to it. The trigger comes from the magnetic sensor signal or by means of mechanical contact. Dispersion area - 5 m.

Recently, chemical traps "Kukla-mg", "Wallet", "Credit" (Fig. 35 - 37) began to be made.

The chemical trap "Doll-mg" is made in the form of 100 sheets with a volume of 100 sheets. With its withdrawal from the scene, the coloring composition and spraying of a tear composition is released.

The "Wallet" trap has a type of wallet. When it is autopsy, there is a painting of the coloring substance and turns on the siren with a capacity of 80 dB, and the "Credit" trap is made in the form of a cash packaging out of ten bundles.

marker "Font" with electric charge challenger

marker "Doll-MG"

When robbery, the product is transmitted to robbers together with real money, and after 5 minutes from the moment of transmission, a tear composition is sprayed and an intensive separation of orange smoke, which greatly complicates criminals the possibility of flight.

For remote marking of various material objects and offenders, the "Capral" means is produced. Its package includes two capsules with a coloring matter, five pyrotechnic capsules with a tear substance and a flashlight to highlight the documents in the dark.

When opening such objects, the dye wakes up and the coloring agent falls on the body and clothes of the attacker. Often on the basis of Vaseline and coloring substances, ointments are prepared, which are processed by specially cooked mats. At the end of the working day, they are stacked at the door, on the windowsill and in the event of a criminal penetration through the doors or windows, its shoes are painted in a bright color and you can trace its route from the scene of the incident, and then use as proof of the case.

The "carpet" is used centrally. It consists of a tissue substrate with microcapsules glued to it with a smell of SP-80 ms. When exposed to human leg capsules, they are destroyed, the drug enters the sole of the shoes, which significantly improves the performance of service-search dogs.

The triggering of active criminalistic markers is accompanied by a certain noise (a shot of a sickness, a spring click) and is always obvious to the criminal. When the passive marker is triggered, the criminal may not know this fact and discovers it only after a while.

The same object can be blocked by both active and passive criminalistic markers. In this case, often, along with criminalistic markers, items are established, facilitating leaving traces of the criminal.

The following requirements are presented to criminalistic markers.

1 They should not be dangerous to human life and health.

3 Crime markers should be reliable in operation designed for long-term use in various climatic zones.

Forensic markers in constructive respect should be simple, designed for the use of submitted materials and the unqualified labor force in their manufacture (cadets of police schools, etc.). In factory conditions, only emitting devices are manufactured - sinopathrots, mechanical devices, basic mixtures of coloring substances. They are the basis for any design being developed directly on the ground. This ensures a huge variety of forensic markers, which does not allow criminals to recognize them when committing crimes.

Crime markers should be cheap. This requirement is extended due to the fact that it is blocked by these means a huge number of objects and if they are expensive, there will be significant funds for their manufacture.

Practice has developed the following procedure for the use of the following funds. Criminal wanted employees determine the type of objects to be blocked by these means and their number. In accordance with this, together with employees of expert and criminalistic divisions, the design of criminalistic markers is being developed, their manufacture is organized. The composition of the coloring agent determines a chemical specialist based on the supplied base mixtures in relation to a separate territorial zone. The latter is important, inspired by the detention of a suspect based on the substance found on it, an area where a crime was committed.

The fact of establishing on the object of criminalistic markers is issued as an act of an established form made by a criminal investigation worker or a precinct inspector. It indicates the name of a blocked facility, the position and surname of the police officer who has established a forensic marker. Surname, first name, patronymic of a materially responsible person, appearance of a criminalistic marker and used in it "predatory substance" (without exact name). Materially responsible persons are instructed in detail about the rules for handling a criminalistic marker and is preventing non-disclosure of its installation. The act is attached to a sealed bag with a sample of coloring agent. The list of all objects blocked by these means is stored in the duty unit of the internal affairs organ and is used to inform the investigative-operational group that goes to the scene upon receipt of the confrontation of theft. The fact of the triggering of the criminalistic marker is reflected in the protocol of the inspection of the scene and about this by the radio, the urgent information is given to operational outfits for the search for a criminal for hot trails. A sample of the coloring substance is acquired to the protocol, if, as a result of the triggering of a criminalistic marker it partially woke up.

Often there are facts when a forensic marker (often passive) criminals take care of them. In such cases, the investigator in the inspection protocol indicates that from the words of a materially responsible person who participates in the inspection, in such a place on the eve of the theft was the forensic marker, which at the time of inspection was not found. This is fixed in more detail in the interrogation protocol of this person. The act of blocking an object by a criminalistic marker and an applied sample of the coloring substance is requested from the police organ and is attached to the criminal

In the event of a detection of a suspect, its immediate examination and inspection of clothing, a personal search, search at the place of residence and work is carried out. In all cases, ultraviolet illuminator is used. When a substance can be found on the body that could be formed by a substance of a criminalistic marker, it is covered with a gauze tampon, and clothing with traces of such a substance is packaged and sent to physicochemical examination.

The production of expertise is advisable to entrust the Expert-Criminalist Department of the local Interior Ministry, ATC, since the experts of this department know well the methodology for the substances used in criminalistic markers. Before expertise, two questions are usually raised: 1) What is the composition of the substance that is formed by the stain on the clothes or the body of the suspect and 2) whether it coincides with the composition of the substance of a criminalistic marker installed on the facility from which theft has been committed. For a comparative study on examination together with clothing (tampon), a sample of a substance applied to the act of blocking an object by a criminalistic marker is directed.

Additional

1. Belkin R.S. Criminalistics: problems, trends, prospects. General and private theories. M.: Jurid. lit., 1987.

2. Volynsky A.F. Gaiduk A.P. General provisions criminalistic technology // course of crime lectures. Vol.2, M., Yui Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, 1994.

3. Skorbanko P.T. Criminalistics (technical and criminalistic provision of investigation of crimes), manual. Ed. "The epics" M., 1999.

The development of forensic techniques, as in general, science of criminalistics is initiated by the needs of the practice of combating crime.

Currently, its surge is shown in our country, its level of organization, technical equipment, and in general, increasing public safety increases. These trends need to oppose adequate measures to combat crime.

1 question. The concept, content and purpose of forensic equipment, its place in the system of technical and criminalistic provision of disclosure and investigation of crimes.

Under forensic technician Firstly, first: a set of devices, equipment, equipment, tools, devices, materials, as well as methods and methods of their application and the process of disclosure and investigation of crimes, and secondly, one of the sections of criminalistic science, which accumulates and systematized Technical and criminalistic knowledge, the relevant methods are developed, funds, recommendations for their application for these purposes.

Criminalistic technique (as a section of forensic) - a system of scientific provisions and developed on their basis of the technical (in a broad sense) of funds, receptions and methods intended for collecting, research and use of evidence and other measures of investigating and preventing crimes.

Criminalistics section Criminalistic machinery It consists of elements forming your own system, which includes:

General provisions, including the system and objectives of criminalistic equipment, elements of private criminalistic theories and exercises (for example, skills teachings, consecration mechanism, identification theory, etc.), overall characteristic technical and forensic means, the legal basis for their use;

Forensic photography, video and sound recording;

Tsusology (criminalistic study of traces);

Criminalistic study of weapons, ammunition, explosive devices and their traces of their use (criminalistic weaplation);

Habitoscopy (criminalistic study external signs man);

Criminalist study of documents in which:

Judicial handicraft;

Technical and criminal investigation of documents;

Criminalistic phososcopy (establishing a person by voice);

Criminalistic odorology (study of saint traces of man);

Criminalistic study of substances and materials;

Criminalistic registration.

Appointment of forensic technology It is to detect and study information about a committed crime, reflected in the form of traces in the situation, the investigated event.

The emergence of criminalistic technology And its development in a historic aspect is a kind of experience in a challenge of crime and objectively due to one party, the need for the practice of combating crime, and on the other - scientific and technical capabilities, its achievements (mainly natural and technical sciences), on the basis of which Existing forensic agents and methods are developed.

The concept of technical and forensic means, as well as the subject of forensic, its system, other essential theoretical issues, at different stages of the development of science were determined in different ways.

In the very first work on criminalistics published after 1917, all criminalistics were understood under criminalistic technique and sometimes called criminal appliances. In a row western countries It is so called it so much.

In 1950 prof. Vinberg In the textbook "Criminalistics for the highest educational institutions"It gives a narrower definition of criminalistic funds. He writes: "Under the means in criminalistics, it is implied: various equipment, materials, equipment specifically used to detect, collect, fixation and research of judicial evidence. Examples of funds can serve as a set of tools, apparatuses, materials used in the inspection of the scene of the incident (the investigative bag, the examination suitcase), and the equipment for the detection of traces, substances that are invisible during conventional lighting (traces of ink etching on documents, traces of the scrambled blood, etc.). Family objectives serves as a special design of photographic equipment, such as special chambers for photographing traces. The same goals are the magnifying optical instruments - microscopes for researching documents, a comparative microscope for the study of shooting bullets and sleeves, etc. " (Criminalistics M. 1950. p. 5).

As seen, prof. Vinberg A.I. Related to forensic means only the technique used to detect material evidence and with their expert study.

Repeatedly expressed his point of view on the concept of technical crime prof. Selivanov N.A. It is under criminal technology understands not only devices, equipment, tools, devices, materials, but also methods (methods, techniques, techniques) applied in criminalistic purposes.

The terms "method", "Method", "Reception" are words synonyms. In the dictionary "Russian language" S.I. Ozhegova M. 1960. "Method" is defined as a method of a theoretical research, a way to carry out something (p. 340). "Method" is a reception, action, method used in the execution of any work, when implementing anything (p. 747). "Reception" - separate action, movement (p. 580). As for the "techniques", then under this term means a set of practical implementation methods (p. 340).

From the point of view of prof. Selivanova N.A. Solidarizes prof. Belkin R.S. At the same time, he writes that since the concept of reception, the method, the method according to its content is not equivalent, as well as in order to unify terminology, then, in its opinion, it is better to use the following definition: "Technical and forensic means is a device, a device or material used to collect and research evidence or creating conditions that make a crime committing." As can be seen, prof. Belkin R.S. I fully agree with the assignment of techniques for techniques, "methods", "methods", but prefers not to be called in their definition.

Speaking about the definition of technical and criminalistic funds, it should be noted that prof. Belkin R.S. Prefers to use this particular term, and not gained widespread "scientific and technical means". The latter, in his opinion: 1) does not reflect specific, i.e. criminalistic purposes of the use of funds; 2) In general, it is unnecessary, because a number of technical and criminalistic agents cannot be called scientific (for example, a dipstick, a climbing hammer, a paint roller roller with dactylocopying, a dactyloscopic needle). The term "technical and criminalistic funds" also uses prof. Selivanov N.A.

At the same time, it seems to us, it is impossible to completely abandon the use of the term "scientific and technical means". It is widely applied not only in criminalistic, but also in the procedural literature. However, this should take place in cases where it is a comprehensive use in the investigation of the achievements of various branches of knowledge. For example: of various types Examination: forensic, physico-chemical, forensic, etc.

Different points of view in criminalistic literature exist not only regarding the concept of technical and forensic funds, but also their classification. Many authors are somewhat suitable for the grounds for such a classification and, therefore, they are classified according to different ways.

Prof. Selivanov N.A. Technical and criminalistic means classifies two grounds: by origin and on targeted purpose.

By origin He divides technical and criminalistic funds into two groups:

Funds developed in relation to general technology and adapted to special criminalistic tasks (means of photo and filming, sound recording, video and some others);

Created exclusively for criminalistic tasks (special frames of criminalistic destination, means for copying traces of hands in pairs of iodine, etc.).

By intended purpose Technical and forensic funds, it also divides two groups:

The technique intended for investigators and forensic specialists and applied to detect, seizure and fix evidence (photographing means and to work with traces, recording and video recordings, etc.).

The technique used in the study of material evidence and, mainly in the production of criminalistic examinations (means and methods of forensic photography, measuring equipment, analytical fluorescent lamps, magnifiers, microscopes, etc.).

Similar classification of technical and forensic means adhere to Professor Vinberg A.I. and Kalmykov V.P., which divide them on the technique specifically manufactured for the purposes of criminalistics adapted for these purposes, universal or general use without alteration or device.

Considering the issue of classification, prof. Belkin R.S. for the first time allocates such a group as "Field technical and forensic means." Under them, he understands those means and methods that are used or can be used not in the investigator's office or in the expert laboratory, but directly in " field conditions"- at the scene during its inspection or in the production of other investigative actions or research experts at this site (sets of technical and criminalistic equipment for work in the" field conditions "investigative suitcases, special sets of technical and forensic means for criminalist prosecutors, etc.) .

The literature meets a different classification of technical and criminalistic funds. E.P. Ishchenko Shares these funds into four groups and divides them to the following, grounds:

by occurrence:

a) funds created and used only in forensic practice;

b) funds borrowed from other areas of science and technology and adapted for criminalistic purposes;

c) funds borrowed from general technology and used unchanged;

by appearance:a) devices, b) equipment, and equipment; c) tools and adaptations, d) accessories and materials, e) sets of scientific and technical means;

by Subject of Application:a) investigator for collecting evidence, b) experts in the production of expert research, c) specialists in the production of investigative actions,

d) operational employees in the production of operational search activities;

by intended purpose:a) means of detecting traces of crime and objects - material evidence, b) means of fixing traces (in a broad sense) and the proof information obtained during the investigative actions , c) means intended for fixing and removal of traces - material evidence, d) funds intended for expert research, criminal proof evidence, e) funds of criminalistic accounting, search for criminals and abducted property, e) funds scientific organization labor of the investigator; g) funds used to prevent criminal encroachments and imprinted criminal encroachments at the crime scene.

In this way,

By origin, technical and criminalistic funds are usually divided into three groups:

one). Funds borrowed from general technology and used in forensics without any changes. These are many measuring devices (rules, roulettes, caliper, micrometer, magnifucations, electrical equipment, cameras, recording, video recording equipment, etc.);

2). Funds borrowed from other areas of science and technology and adapted for criminalistic purposes (profilometer, reconstructed for the study of traces, magnifiers, on which special grids are applied to study papillary patterns, etc.);

3). Means specifically designed for criminalistic purposes. There are a lot of them, for example, mobile criminalistic laboratories, special comparative criminalistic microscopes (MSC-1) and many others.

Such a classification of technical and forensic agents has mainly organizational importance. It gives only an idea of \u200b\u200bthe sources of replenishment of forensic techniques, the directions in which work is carried out to expand its assortment.

Concerning classifications Technical and forensic means intended purpose It has not only theoretical, but also of great practical importance, because it allows the investigator, an employee of the inquiry, to any other employee of law enforcement agencies to obtain a fairly clear idea of \u200b\u200bthe ongoing technical and forensic agents, and their capabilities. Without this, it is impossible to keep any serious conversation about widespread use in the investigation.

So, by intended purpose, in our opinion, technical and criminalistic, funds can be classified as follows:

one). Fixation means. This is the camera, tape recorders, video equipment used to capture the situation at the venue of the investigative action (scene, search, investigative experiment, examination, inspection and testimony in place, etc.), as well as various traces and objects that are important for business;

2). Means of detection of invisible and low-profile traces and other objects. These include loupes, including special forensic illuminated, various powders, such as conventional (aluminum, graphite, soot, zinc oxide, etc.) and on a magnetic basis (Magnetic powder Dactylocopic black (PMD-H), Magnetic powder Dactylospic White (PMD-b), ruby, sapphire, agate), dactyloscopic films, sets of funds to detect traces of fingers of iodine couples, ningidrine reagents and nitro-acid silver. This group also includes devices and tools for identifying and removing microjects (microscopes, micropintstes, sticky films, etc.). Here, we would also attribute funds to withdraw the smell traces (odorological suitcases).

3). Search for detection various objectsmay have the importance of real evidence (MIND collens of type IMP and UMIF, "Gamma", "Iris", magnetic lift, trawls, probes, ultraviolet illuminators, electron-optical transducers, etc.).

four). Funds (copying) and seizures of traces (hands, legs, teeth, hacking guns, vehicles.). The most common: such means are: Gypsum (for the manufacture of casts from traces of shoes, vehicles of cars and other large objects), silicone pastes (KK-2) for fixing small traces (guns of hacking, small sections of footwear tracks), plasticine (for removing the cast From tracks of hacking), varnishes in aerosol execution to fix traces on bulk surfaces, for example, sand.

five). Means for obtaining fingerprints in living faces and corpses: typographic paint, dactylconus pillow, fee, rubber rollers and special plates for paint rolling, dactilocartes.

6). Means for the manufacture of composite portraits. This is a computer system for compiling composite portraits, which is widely implemented in practice.

7). Means - markers. These funds in practice, and in the literature are often called chemical traps, as they leave the criminals difficult to disappear and well-notable traces of their impact. In our opinion, these funds should be called technical and criminalistic markers, since their main appointment does not take off the criminal trap, and to form an additional tracks, facilitating the wanted, on hot trails and its exposure to the crime.

The technical and criminalistic markers include various dyes, mechanical and pyrotechnic devices for spraying them, as well as ointments, installed on objects with material values \u200b\u200bsubjected to the most frequent criminal encroachment. Installing them is made in advance, as they say "just in case."

eight). Universal means: Unified suitcases and mobile forensic laboratories intended for use when inspection of the scene and in the production of other investigative actions.

nine). Means for systematization and issuance of criminalistic information. These are various card files and collections (traces of hands, shoes, vehicles, hacking, fake money and documents and a number of others), as well as electronic computing machines used to keep them if their application is justified (Adis Papillon, Adis "Arsenal ").

10). Means for laboratory research of material evidence. They are very diverse. These include: microscopes Comparative criminalistic, chromatographs, vacuum (cyanoacrylate) chamber, various devices (for example, "ultramag), AWS" ESPERTIZA ", installation" Speed \u200b\u200b"for shooting firearms," \u200b\u200bTsusograph "devices - to obtain experimental traces Hacking tools, optical imposition devices "Pon" - to study monetary signs, prints of seals and stamps, instruments "Regula" - for researching money and documents.

Speaking of the meaning of technical and forensic funds, first of all, to point out their huge role in improving the effectiveness of many investigative actions. Only due to it, it seems possible to find invisible and few visible traces of fingers, micro-lectures, tools for committing a crime, jewels hidden in caches, and other material evidence necessary to establish all the circumstances of the event of the investigated event and proving the guilt of the suspect. Technical and forensic means allow you to more fully, than the protocol to fix the situation in which the investigative action is carried out. Investigator when drawing up a protocol inspection of the scene , examination, investigative experiment, presentation for identification, search, etc. It does not always be paid to individual circumstances, which first seem insignificant, but in the future, being fixed on a film or video film, may be significant when analyzing the crime event. Having an investigators of the model of vehicles, humans and corpses in service with the study of road accidents, interrogation of victims, eyewitnesses, suspected and accused is better to understand the details of the investigated event, to obtain a more complete picture of the nature and method of committing a crime.

Many technical and criminalistic funds are very positively affected by improving the labor productivity of investigators. The use of photos, sound and videos accelerate the fixation of the situation in which the investigative action is carried out, the search engine will reduce the time for finding material evidence, the special rules facilitate the preparation of plans and schemes of the scene.

The value of technical and forensic means to get search information is great.With their use directly at the scene of the incident, a preliminary study of traces of hands, shoes, hacking guns, vehicles and received data are allowed in individual regions of the country, for example in Moscow, delay when searching for hot traces to 70-80% of the steal , robbery, robbery attacks.

It is impossible to overestimate the importance of technical and forensic agents used in laboratory studies. . Thanks to them, criminal experts solve numerous questions that are sometimes crucial for the investigated event. For example, with the help of a forensic examination, the imperfection of the design of the so-called English locks, which criminals for two or three minutes were easily opened with plasticine, soap, bread crumbs. At the suggestion of experts, sixteen plants produced such castles, eliminated the design disadvantages of their products.

Technical and criminalistic funds are widely used in the implementation of operational search activities. Crime Accounting, devices for compiling composite portraits of wanted persons, other forensic technique makes it easier and accelerates the disclosure of crimes and abducted.

A distinctive feature of forensic technology is its consequence. It is applied during investigative actions and operational search activities in the manner prescribed by law and subtituine acts. The process and the result of its use are recorded and fixed procedurally. The source of evidence is not themselves the results of the use of technology, and the protocols of investigative actions (expert opinions), in which they are reflected.

The history of criminals shows that many technical means for decades "punched" their own way to her arsenal. Until now, the question remains, and the possibilities of oborology, polygraph, etc. are questioned.

In the current criminal procedure legislation, it is still preserved, contrary to the opinion of the majority of criminologists, the regulation of non-principles for the use of forensic techniques, and some of its funds (photographing, measurement, the manufacture of blinds, schemes, etc.), and in relation to the conduct of individual investigative actions (inspection , search, etc.), which clearly prevents scientific and technical progress in forensic.

The criminal procedural law defines the principles of applying technical and criminalistic funds. They can be formulated as follows:

1. Independence of the investigator in making a decision on the application of technical and criminalistic funds.

Art. 164 Code of Criminal Procedure - General rules for production. Actions:

Part 6. In the production of investigative actions, technical means and methods for detecting, fixing and removing traces of crime and physical evidence can be applied.

Of the general rules for solving the issue, the application of technical and criminetics law establishes exceptions.

Art. 178 Code of Criminal Procedure - inspection of the corpse. Exhumation:

Art. 82 Code of Criminal Procedure Storage of material evidence:

part 2. Real evidence in the form:

1) subjects that, due to cumbersome, or other reasons, cannot be kept in criminal case, including large batch of goods, the storage of which is difficult or costs to ensure special storage conditions of which are commensurate with their value:

a) take pictures or removed on video or film, whenever possible are sealed and stored in the place indicated by the investigator, the investigator. The case of a criminal case includes a document on the place of finding such material evidence, as well as a sample of material evidence, sufficient for comparative study, can also be attached.

As can be seen, in this case, the use of TCS is mandatory and refusal to use them will be considered a violation of the law.

2. The admissibility of the application of technical and forensic means, both by the investigator itself, and on his instructions by a specialist.

As for the right of the investigator to attract a specialist for the application of technical and forensic funds, it is fixed in Art. 168 Code of Criminal Procedure - Participation of a specialist:

part 1. The investigator has the right to attract a specialist to participate in the investigative action in accordance with the requirements of part of the fifth of Article 164 of this Code.

Practice shows that investigators are their right to use very widely. There are several reasons here. One, of these, weak technical and forensic preparation of investigators, especially those who studied in civil law schools, which do not have sufficient technical equipment to attract practical skills to their graduates. Another reason is related to the large loading of investigators. Having in its production at the same time several criminal cases, it does not have the necessary time for processing photographic materials, preparation of phototable and performing other works related to the use of technical and criminalistic funds.

Finally, the investigators understand perfectly well that the most modern and most effective technique (search, video recording, etc.) is from criminal specialists.

It is not by chance that, so now every third place of the incident in the most dangerous crimes is inspected with the participation of a forensic specialist, while the effectiveness of inspections increases several times, which has a positive effect on the disclosures of crimes.

The Criminal Procedure Law also solves the issue of admissibility to investigate certain types of equipment. In a number of articles contain direct indicationwhich technique in the production of investigative action can be applied:

Art. 164 Code of Criminal Procedure - General rules for the production of investigative actions:

part 6. In the production of investigative actions, technical means and methods for detecting, fixing and removing traces of crime and physical evidence can be applied.

Art. 178 Code of Criminal Procedure - inspection of the corpse. Exhumation:

part 2. Unidentified corpses are subject to compulsory photographing and fingerprint.

Art. 179 Code of Criminal Procedure - Examination:

part 5. Photographing, video and filming in cases provided by part of the fourth of this article are carried out with the consent of the inspected person.

Art. 189 Code of Criminal Procedure - General Rules for Interrogation:

part 4. At the initiative of the investigator or at the request of the interrogated person during the interrogation, photographing, audio and (or) video recording, filming, whose materials are stored during criminal cases and are sealed at the end of the preliminary investigation.

Art. 166 Code of Criminal Procedure - Protocol of Investigative Action:

part 2. The protocol can be written from hand or manufactured using technical means. In the production of investigative action, stenograph, photographing, filming, audio and video can also be used. Transcript and stenographic recording, photographic negatives and pictures, materials of audio and video are stored in a criminal case.

part 8. Photographic negatives and snapshots, films, diapositives, interrogation-phonograms, video cassettes, computer information cassettes, drawings, plans, schemes, castors, and trace prints, made in the production of investigative action, are attached to the protocol.

Art. 170 Code of Criminal Procedure - the participation of witnesses:

h. 3. In the hard-to-reach area, in the absence of appropriate means of the message, as well as in cases involving investigative effects, due to the danger to the life and health of people, the investigative actions provided for by part of the first article can be carried out without the participation of those who are understood as in the protocol The investigative action is made by the relevant entry. In the case of investigative action without the participation of the understood, technical means of fixing its strokes and results are applied. If, during the investigative action, the use of technical means is impossible, the investigator does the corresponding entry in the protocol.

The use of certain types of technical and criminalistic funds is provided for not only in the Criminal Procedure Code, but in some other legislation. For example, the law on the police (paragraph 15 of Art. 11) allows you to register, photographing, movies and video shooting, dactylocopying and a number of other actions against persons who are detained on suspicion of committing a crime or study of the vagabilities accused of committing intentional Crimes subjected to administrative arrest, as well as suspected persons with the impossibility of establishing their personality.

We regulate the use of technical and forensic agents and some registered acts. So, the maintenance and use of criminalistic accounting, the use of various devices, the use of scientific methods of research of material evidence is determined by departmental instructions of the Ministry of the Interior (Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs No. 70 of February 10, 2006 "On the organization of the use of expert and forensic accounting of the Russian ATS". Approved " Instructions for organizing the formation, maintenance and use of expert-criminalistic accounting of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation ", Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs No. 436 of 21.05.2008" On Amendments to the Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia of February 10, 2006 No. 70 ", Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs Of the Russian Federation of January 11, 2009 No. 7 "On approval of the instructions on the organization of expert and forensic activities in the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia", Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia dated July 7, 2007 No. 612 of the chipboard "On approval of instructions on the formation and maintenance of centralized operational reference, criminalistic , search results of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation. "

In principle, any technical means can be applied to solve criminalistic tasks under the conditions that they:

Safe for the environment, health and lives of people (using it and in respect of which they are applied);

Scientific are justified, i.e. Provide reliability, reliability efficiency and objectivity of the results obtained with their help.

3. Preliminary notification by the investigator of all participants in the investigative action on the application of technical and forensic funds.

This principle is fixed in Art. 166 Code of Criminal Procedure - Protocol of Investigative Action:

5. The protocol also should also indicate the technical means used in the production of investigative action, the conditions and procedure for their use, objects to which these funds were applied and the results obtained. The protocol should not be noted that persons involved in the investigative action were pre-warned about the use of the investigative effects of technical means.

Stressing the legislator of the need for the advance notification of participants in the investigative action on the upcoming application of technical and criminalistic funds in its implementation is aimed at ensuring the procedural guarantees of the victim, a witness suspected of the accused, as they can express various requests in connection with the use of technology. For example, the victim may ask to take a picture of some traces of a crime (broken by the criminal furniture, hacked wall, the remains of burned things), apply the search equipment to detect objects hidden or discharged (magnetic lift to extract metal objects). The suspect or the accused can express the request to capture the situation in his dwelling after the search conducted, in the production of which were made some destruction of the walls, gender, storages. They may also ask the investigator to photograph the body damage caused by mutual fights with the victim or during the arrest. Different requests and wishes in connection with the use of technology can also be expressed by other participants in the investigative action: understood, representatives of the administration, operational workers. In general, this principle is aimed at a more effective application of technical and forensic funds, completeness and comprehensiveness of the investigation.

4. The obligation to procedurally consolidate the fact of the application of technical and forensic agents and results obtained when using them:

a) every fact of the use of technical and criminalistic agents in the production of investigative action should be reflected in the Protocol (part 5 of Article 166 of the Code of Criminal Procedure);

b) It should contain an indication that on the eve of the application of technical and criminalistic funds, all participants in the investigative effect on this were notified (part 5 of Article 166 of the Code of Criminal Procedure);

c) the protocol should indicate exactly what kind of technical and criminalistic funds are used, the conditions and procedures for use (Part 5 of article 166, paragraph 2 of Article 190 of the Code of Criminal Procedure);

d) the results obtained in the application of technical and criminalized funds must be recorded (Part 5 of Article 166 of the Code of Criminal Procedure);

e) the results of the use of technical and criminalistic negatives and snapshots, films, diapositions, interrogation phonograms, plans, schemes, castors and trace prints are subject to admission to the protocol (part 8 of Article 166 of the Code of Criminal Procedure).

In addition, paragraph 2 of Part 4 of Art. 190 Code of Criminal Procedure refer to some additional requirements for the protocol compiled when using TCS during interrogation.

If photographing, audio and (or) video recording, filming, the protocol should also be photographed during the interrogation.

1) record of photographing, audio - and (or) video recordings, filming;

2) information about technical means, on photography conditions, audio - and (or) video recordings, film and about the fact of suspension of audio - and (or) video recordings, filming, cause and duration of stopping their recording.

All these requirements are aimed at compliance with the legality in the application of technical and forensic agents, guaranteeing the rights and interests of persons participating in the investigative action. If at least one of these requirements is fulfilled, the results obtained using these funds can lose procedural significance.

Methods of forensic technology In their practical terms, this is a combination of techniques and methods of collecting and researching, i.e. Knowledge of the traces of crimes as media of criminalistic information. Some of them are designed specifically. And most are borrowed from physics, chemistry, medicine, biology and other sciences and adapt to solve criminalistic tasks.

In the practice of disclosure and investigation of crimes, the means of scientific organization of labor, communications, transport, etc. are widely used. However, only those funds that are specifically designed or methodically and are designed to solve criminalistic tasks related to the disclosure and investigation of crimes are considered actually criminalistic. At the same time, these technical and natural sciences are used creatively.

With the help of criminalistic technology in the practice of disclosure and investigation of crimes are solved three main tasks groups:

Detection, fixation, seizure and preliminary study of the crime traces;

Expert study of the traces of the crime;

Accumulation, processing and use of criminalistic information contained in the trace of crimes.

At the same time, the goals to detect and fix the traces of the crime - sources of forensic information, to investigate them to obtain and consolidate such information, finally ensure its use in time and space in the process of disclosure and investigation of crimes.

The tasks of identifying, fixing and removing traces of crimes are covered by a single concept - collecting evidence. This is one of the key tasks in the work on the disclosure and investigation of crimes, since evidence is the only means of establishing objective truth in a criminal case.

It is very important that traces of crimes and other evidence to be detected completely, fixed accurately and clearly, with a reflection of their locations, states, individualizing features and properties, other circumstances that are important for disclosure and investigation of crimes; In order for a relatively long time to guarantee the safety of traces of crime, the possibility of their expert research was not excluded, and then direct perception by the court and other participants in the process.

Our law enforcement agencies have a fairly large arsenal of technical and forensic funds. If you consider the scale of our country, the number of investigative organs, operational apparatus and expert and forensic divisions, it is not difficult to submit that the state spends many millions of rubles to their technical equipment. Of course, these costs should justify themselves. Forensic technique should effectively influence the state of combating crime. At the same time, as practice shows, in matters of law enforcement agencies, technical and forensic means, introducing them into practical activities, the analysis of their use is significantly lagging behind the claims.

Under technical and criminalistic support, we understand the system of legal, scientific, organizational measures to develop, introduce and practical use of technical and forensic means and scientific methods in order to successfully disclose, investigate and prevent crimes. Thus, technical and forensic support includes the following elements:

1. Legal support;

2. Scientific support;

3. Organizational support.

These elements will be discussed in more detail later in the study of forensic.

Criminalistic fixation means.

1. Photographic means (cameras, wide-angle lenses, extension rings, etc.).

2. Measurement tools. To determine the size of the object, rules, roulettes, calipers, etc. can be used.

3. Materials for the manufacture of casts, copies. Apply for fixing volumetric traces (for example, plaster, paraffin, silicone paste "K").

4. Graphic methods of fixation (drawing plans, schemes, sketches).

The main and obligatory way to fix the traces of crimes is their reflection in the protocol of the investigative action (Part 8 of Art. 164, Art. 166 of the Code of Criminal Procedure).

Additional means of fixation: video recording, photography, compilation of plans, schemes, sketching.

Criminalistic means of removal of traces of a crime.

1. Severe traces along with the objects on which they are.

2. Volumetric traces (paraffin, gypsum, wax, silicone paste "K").

3. Surface trails (for example, the finger trail on the glass) are made with a dactyloscopic film. A tape "Scotch" can be used (when removing traces with a solid surface of the object).

For seizures and packaging traces of crimes (material evidence), scissors, screwdrivers, folding knives, pliers, tweezers, etc. can be used.

In the production of investigative actions, the investigator can use kits (sets) of forensic means - both universal and specialized.

Universal sets are designed to solve common tasks At the scene (for example, the investigative suitcase).

Specialized kits serve to solve a narrow task at the scene of the incident (for example, detection, fixation and removal of microjects or smell traces).

Large possibilities have a mobile criminalistic laboratory (PPC).

For effective disclosure of theft and their prevention, criminalistic markers are applied by employees of the internal affairs bodies. Crime markers in practice are called chemical traps. The legal basis for their application is the law "On the police", where they are called "special painting means." The appointment of forensic markers - to leave on the criminal (on his body or clothing) at the time of the crime, it is difficult to wash the traces (from the painting of bright color), which are easily striking to citizens. Such traces facilitate the wanted of the criminal on hot footprints.

Fig. 24 computer-	Fig. 22 Device for identifying	Fig. 23 set for ex-
		narcotic press analysis

	marking changes	species
compilation system
	data vehicles	"POLITEST"
composite

vOM. However, over time, it changes its color from dark red, brown to dark gray, and when driving, it acquires a greenish color. In addition, many substances are externally similar to blood (rust, dyes, juices, wine, ink, etc.). Therefore, suspicious spots found in the inspection of the scene, examination, the search is often subjected to pre-examination. In the forensic set of the investigator of the prosecutor's office for this, there are drugs: hydrophyroidism, Voskoboinikov reagent, luminol.

Hydropic is designed to study fresh blood traces. Two tablets of this preparation are dissolved in 100 ml of boiled water, and the solution drop is applied to the object under study. In the presence of blood drops, the liquid strongly boils, which is well-markedly naked eye or through a magnifying glass.

The Voskoboinikov reagent consists of three components: benzidine, barium and citric acid peroxide, taken in a 1: 4: 10 ratio.

Upon receipt of the investigative suitcase from the warehouse, all components are mixed and stored in one bottle. Before use of 0.1 ... 0.2 g of the preparation dissolves in 2 ... 5 ml (1 teaspoon) of boiled water. The solution with a piece of wool, wound on the match, is transferred to the object under study (pieces of fabric, individual villi, etc.). In the positive case, cotton shines. However, the conclusion about the presence of blood can be made only presumably, since some other substances cause the formation. The reaction is very sensitive and washing, boiling, ironing the hot iron, processing gasoline, acetone, soda, the ammonic alcohol affects the effectiveness of this sample.

Luminol is used to determine the signs of blood in the stains of high prescription (up to 10 years) who have been in unfavorable conditions (sun, rain, snow). Washing, ironing hot iron, dry cleaning on luminol sample influence slightly. It should be taken into account however, that a number of substances (beet juice, carrots, wines, ink, bile and some others) cause a reaction like blood. Therefore, samples for blood are carried out with a small part of stains or individual Villages in order to have an opportunity to submit an expert-biologist with an unprocessed material with a reagent.

For preliminary research, a number of other technical and forensic funds have been developed, but they are mainly calculated for the use of criminal specialists.

Equipment for compiling composite portraits of criminals. When examining cases of incident, it is often possible to identify witnesses who have seen persons who have committed a crime. In these cases, measures are often taken to create their photographers for wanted wanted on hot pursuit. For these purposes, the "Identification set of drawings" (ICR) is used. It consists of an album with the patterns of individual parts of the face and the head remove, the ranges of these drawings, the devices for consideration of the diapositives and photographs obtained by the image of a wanted criminal obtained at the same time. CFR is currently actively replaced by a computer system for composing composite portraits "Frame" (Fig. 24). The system includes a PEVM, a display, a matrix printer. The full set also includes a laser printer and scanner. The system contains in its memory the elements of real photographic images of the face. In addition to the compilation of a composite portrait, the system allows you to conduct a photo lot and exercise in it searching for persons on a given set of features. Program for this system supplies places Expert and criminalistic Center of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia.

2.4 Tools for packaging of material evidence

Articles 81 and 82 of the Code of Criminal Procedure require that the objects of the incident and search are inspected when the necessary cases are packaged and sealed. The same need often occurs in the production of other investigative actions: examination, checking the testimony in place, etc.

The packaging requirement of the objects of the objects is dictated by the need to preserve the traces available on them. Unfortunately in practice, this requirement is often not fulfilled, which leads to the loss of important material evidence, adversely affects the disclosure of crimes.

Technical and forensic means supplied by investigative apparatus packaging of material evidence are concentrated in a suitcase for inspection of the scene and in a movable forensic laboratory.

In the suitcase for inspection of the scene are:

Postal envelopes and painting paper- Designed for packaging notes, puffs, crushers, bullets, sleeves, fabric scraps from clothes, hair beams, pieces of wood formed during hacking, cigarette and other small objects.

Glass test tubes.They are used for packaging micro-objects: individual hair, fibers of clothing, scraping from blood and other spots, the smallest particles of peeling paint detected during the inspection of traces of hacking guns, vehicles, as well as other smallest objects.

Polyethylene bags of various sizes. They are packaged weapons, separate

meta clothing, shoes, objects with footprints and other similar objects.

The glass cutter is used to reduce the dimensions of glass fragments with traces of fingers. Plumbing tool(hammer, saw, screwdriver, etc.) - applied in the manufacture of containers for

large, heavy items with traces of fingers, such as ax, fomes, etc. Spaden, Plasticine, Scissors- Used when typing with the withmed objects.

In addition to the listed funds in the mobile forensic laboratory there is an instrument for burning on a tree, welding the film used for packaging various objects.

The most difficulty when packing of material evidence causes objects with traces of hands: bottles, glasses, glass cans, electrical bulbs, dishes, cutlery, etc. It is not happening, therefore, they are delivered to the examination either in general in unpaid form, which does not guarantee the safety of traces, or when Their packaging is made or adapting bulky wooden boxes or cardboard boxes. Naturally, in such cases, much time is spent on packaging, and its quality often does not meet the requirements.

In each investigative unit and the inquiry authority, it is advisable to equip the workplace for packaging material evidence or create a special set for these purposes. It should include: dense wrapping paper, sheets of cardboard for the manufacture of boxes, scissors, scalpel, folder, paper clips, sticky film, plastic bags of various sizes or film, device for burning wood or soldering iron for welding film, seer, needles, severe threads , twine, glue, postal envelopes, surgucic, plasticine, set of glass tubes. It is highly desirable to supplement the perforator for punching holes in the cardboard tape used when packing the window glass shards with traces of fingers. With the help of such a perforator, in the middle of the cardboard ribbon in advanced places that coincide with the protruding parts of the glass fragment, there are oblong holes. They are then inserted with a fragment and the ribbon framed around it is fastened with a clip or folder. Several fragments can be invested in one box. The tape can have a width of 30 ... 35 mm. The packaging is obtained reliable, not cumbersome, it can be easily sealed. Holes in the tape can also be done by a scalpel or a safe razor blade, but it is less convenient and requires more time.

Most objects with traces of fingers can be packaged in cardboard boxes that can easily make the investigator directly at the scene. Several sheets of cardboard, folder and paper clips should always be in the remand suitcase and the mobile forensic laboratory. The manufacture of boxes with reference to individual objects is clearly shown in Fig. 25 - 28.

For packaging heavy items with traces of fingers (ax, weapons), wooden boxes should be made.

2.5 Complete technical and criminalistic

Complete technical and criminalistic agents are considered to be such that include funds for various purposes. They are created for use in field conditions mainly when inspection of the scene, search and in some other cases. Complete technological forecasters are usually attributed to criminalistic suitcases and mobile forensic laboratories.

IN currently, law enforcement agencies are in service with law enforcement agencies, there are several varieties of criminalistic suitcases, differing in the appointment, configuration, name.

IN the internal affairs bodies are the most widespread the unified suitcase. It is named so because it is intended for the use of investigators, employees of inquiry, Criminlass cyalianists. In recent years, it is modified and enters the authorities called the unified suitcase "Rusken-M1", "Rusken-M2" (Fig. 29). It has:

− funds for detection, fixation and seizure of traces of hands: powders PMD-H, PMD-B, PMDL-C, Flyce Brush, Magnetic Tassel, Dactyloscopic Film Black and Bright;

− means for detecting and removing microparticles: Magnifier criminalistic, sticky film, tweezers, scalpel, glass tubes;

− means for making copies of volumetric traces: Gypsum, bowl elastic for gypsum dilution, spatula for placing plaster, synthetic paste with hardener, plasticine; Varnish "Charm";

− dactylocopying agents: Typographic paint, paint roller roller, Dactyloscopic maps;

− measuring instruments: Roulette 10 m, caliper, ruler;

− tools: hammer, screwdrivers different, chisel, saw on metal and wood, brunetch;

− photographic technique: Zenit camera, extension rings, film cassette, large-scale ruler;

− tools for packaging of removable objects: glass cutter, scissors, postal envelopes, polyethylene bags of various sizes, twine;

full-drawing plans: compass, paper writing, stationery.

The suitcase also has a number of other technical means: electric, rubber gloves, voltage indicator in the power grid, wipes gauze, wool and some others.

In rural areas, the function of workers in the inquiry often perform the precinct inspector.

Fig. 30 Unified

suitcase "Kofr-M"

They developed and produced a criminalistic kit "CAFR" (Fig. 30).

Fig. 29 Upgraded

unified suitcase "Flint-M1"

For inspection of road traffic accidents, a rope suitcase is produced. It includes technical means for various measurements, detecting and seizing material evidence, camera. Such suitcases provide traffic police workers and investigators specializing in the investigation of an accident.

It also has suitcases for inspection of fire sites, equipped for detecting and removing typical marks of traces and material evidence.

In some expert and forensic divisions, there are suitcases for seizing traces of odor and suitcases for rapid analysis of food products withdrawn with operational activities related to the exposure of falsification of wine-vodka products, juices, confectionery, dairy and other products.

IN the investigative devices of the prosecutor's office have a slightly different forensic kit. It has both similarities with a unified suitcase "Case" and a significant difference. The similarity is in stock and in the other sets of means to identify traces of fingers, the manufacture of casts from volumetric traces, various tools, dactylocopying means of packaging tools and some others. The difference is available in the forensic set of the investigator of the prosecutor's office of the search engine and reagents for the preliminary study of the traces. So this set has several probe. One of them is a steel needle with a diameter of 2.5 mm, a length of 350 mm with an acutely sharpened end. It allows during a search without special damage to search for purposes to calculate the upholstery fabric of seats, sofas, grain bags, flour, cereal, viscous liquids in tanks. Another probe is designed for dense soil. It is assembled from two parts - handles and steel rod and used when examining the soil. It can also be used when searching for items in barrels with pickles, a liquid and viscous medium, in the straw roofs and other places. Finally, the third probe, consisting of three parts: handles, extension rods and a conical tip - is designed to search for items in the roality of the soil (sand, peat),

in snowy snowdrifts, in a heap of garbage, copper hay, straw, in shallow pits (length of probe 90 cm), in dutches with opaque, liquid and viscous substances.

IN the forellistic kit also has a fitting for the fence of soil samples. It is a hollow cylindrical tube with a diameter of 20 mm and a length of 100 mm. The lower edge of the nozzle is sharp. With the help of such a device, you can take soil samples from a depth of 25 ... 75 cm. The soil sample is taken in cases where there are signs indicating that in this place may have been made by excavation in order to conceal any items (abducted things, corpses, etc.).

IN the criminal set includes a magnetic seeker, allowing to find items from ferrous metals in the grass, loose sand, snow, in cesspools, reservoirs. It consists of a magnetic head with a fixture for fastening an aluminum rod or cord. The lifting force of the head is 8 kg.

The developers of the forensic set have invested in it to detect traces of the fingers of the iodine pairs. It seems that this should not be done, since the pairs of iodine cause rust on all metal investments of the forensic set, and work with them without appropriate fixtures that limit them into light, not safe for health.

As for the means for preliminary study of the blood present in the forensic set (hydrophyroidism, Voskoboinikov reagent, luminol), then they already walked above.

The most versatile criminalistic set is the mobile forensic laboratory. Currently, there are four modifications of such a laboratory.

thoria is two in the internal affairs bodies and two - in the investigative devices of the prosecution authorities. They are designed on the basis of the UAZ-452 car and on the basis of RAF-2203. Mobile criminalistic laboratories based on the UAZ-452 are supplied to the regions with a low-developed high-coated highway network, and on the basis of RAF - to the regions where such roads prevail.

In special cabinets and laboratory boxes are placed: a criminalistic set of an investigator, a device for seizing the "breeze" microparticles, an ultraviolet illuminator, a set for expression, microscope, two lamps, a tripods for them and a 50 m cable for connecting to the power grid, a camera with a photo message with a photo exemplary with Photovascular, film camera, camcorder, portable tape recorder, magnetic lift, electromegenegphone (used when guarding the scene), magnetic lift, portable typewriter, overalls (raincoat Shant tool (scrap, bayonet and sapper shovels, hammer, ax, hacksaws for metal and wood, metal scissors). There is also a car chamber in the car to protect the corpse and footprints, three different probe and some other means. The roof of the car is equipped with a trunk for transporting large-sized material evidence, which is also used when photographed the scene from above. Above the driver's cabin has a flashlight and swivel headlight used when finding the desired home number at night. As can be seen, a mobile criminalistic laboratory has quite good facilities, but unfortunately, technical and criminalistic funds are used in it are not effective due to the weak technical training of investigators who prefer in the necessary cases to cause criminal specialists.

2.6 criminalistic follow-up markers

The use of forensic markers is provided for by the law "On the police" (paragraph 9 of Art. 11), where they are referred to as "Special Coloring Tools". The main appointment of forensic markers is to form a crime on the criminal at the time of committing a crime difficult to wash, well-visible for those surrounding traces that facilitate his search for hot trails and subsequent exposure. The development and use of criminalistic markers turns random good luck into patterns, since the preparations of criminalist markers when a person gets into the body and its clothes are painted them in bright colors, easily striking to citizens, which contributes to the detention of the criminal. Used in the following dyes are quite persistent. They can be washed only when using effective detergents, however

and after removing the painted stains, the dye particles remain under the nails, in the folds of the skin

and easily detected in ultraviolet rays, under the action of which they luminescent. As for clothing, the drug that fell on it can be completely removed only by the use of chemical cleaning. During the time, until the criminal displays the dye on him, he meets with colleagues, vendors, catering workers and other citizens who inevitably pay attention to the painted parts of the body, clothes, which greatly facilitates the establishment of his personality. In the regions where it is well delivered using the following tools, they contribute to the disclosure of up to 25% of different thefts. Crime markers contribute not only to the disclosure, but also the prevention of theft. After all, their use becomes known to a large number of people from among the criminal element.

Forensic markers are divided into two groups to be for applying labels and to block objects with material values.

To apply labels on money, securities, various items (for example, transmitted as a bribe) are currently produced:

– a set of reagents and devices "Rhododendron" (Fig. 31). It is designed to apply labels on cash bills. The hidden inscription made is not detected using household illuminators and ultraviolet devices;

– a special means in aerosol packaging "Firefly" (Fig. 32) is intended for applying a thin layer of a luminescent substance,

Crime markers designed to block objects with material values \u200b\u200bare divided into active and passive.

Active criminalistic markers- These are those that have a device for throwing the coloring agent into space and thus ensure its clothes on the clothes and the open parts of the human body that contained this device. The dye emission can be performed both when the mechanical devices are triggered, such as spring, and when the explosive is triggered in special pyropatrons.

IN last time they began to produce liquid markers "Font" (Fig. 34). They are designed to combat the theft of personal and state property. In case of unauthorized opening of the object, contact is closed and an instant discharge of a sprayed dye that saves Bright red color for three days, as well as luminescence in ultraviolet rays. Dye emission range is at least 1.5 m. The volume of the dye is 1.5 ml. This marker can be used in a special device "Kern". The latter has a device for connecting two fonts to it. The trigger comes from the magnetic sensor signal or by means of mechanical contact. Dispersion area - 5 m.

IN chemical traps began to be made lately "Kukla-mg", "Wallet", "Credit"

(Fig. 35 - 37).

The chemical trap "Doll-mg" is made in the form of 100 sheets with a volume of 100 sheets. With its withdrawal from the scene, the coloring composition and spraying of a tear composition is released.

Passive criminalistic markersno triggering devices have. Their design is designed for direct contact with him committing a crime. In passive criminalistic markers, the coloring agent in the form of powdered mixtures or ointments is applied either directly on the subject, which can attract the attention of the criminal, either prevents packets, paraffin capsules or other packaging and is masked among such items.

Passive markers are camouflage in the packaging of wine-vodka products, holsters of firearms, banking packages, ladies and collector bags, phone-machine tubes, boxes for various souvenirs and expensive candies, wrappers for chocolate tiles, in boxes for narcotic drugs, etc. When opening such objects, the dye wakes up and the coloring agent falls on the body and clothes of the attacker. Often on the basis of Vaseline and coloring substances, ointments are prepared, which are processed by specially cooked mats. At the end of the working day, they are stacked at the door, on the windowsill and in the event of a criminal penetration through the doors or windows, its shoes are painted in a bright color and you can trace its route from the scene of the incident, and then use as proof of the case.

The following requirements are presented to criminalistic markers. 1 They should not be dangerous to human life and health.

3 criminalistic markers should be reliable in operation designed for

uses in various climatic zones.

Often there are facts when a forensic marker (often passive) criminals take care of them. In such cases, the investigator in the inspection protocol indicates that from the words of a material and inappropriate person participating in the inspection, in such a place on the eve of the theft was the forensic marker, which at the time of inspection was not found. This is fixed in more detail in the interrogation protocol of this person. The act of blocking the object by a criminalistic marker and an applied sample of the coloring substance is requested from the police organ and is attached to the criminal case.

3 Ensuring investigation by criminalistic information

3.1 The concept of criminalistic information and its meaning

in the investigation

Criminalistic information is systematized data on people, corpses, methods and means of committing a crime, abducted things, traces and material evidence, as well as other facilities that are important to investigate crimes. Taking into account the interests of the practice, the types of accounts containing criminalistic information are constantly expanding.

Crime Accounting - sources of forensic information are made up of the following elements: information accumulation, its systematization, identification of registered objects and issuing reference information.

The accumulation of information occurs due to the receipt of registration cards from the investigative and operational apparatus on the investigated crimes and the suspects and accused people passing on them on the results of the consideration of criminal cases, operational reports of crimes, and the methods of their commitment, criminals . An important source of adequate information is also the conclusion of experts on the results of the study of material evidence. In order to quickly find the incoming information, it is systematized. For each type of accounting, its information was developed.

Identification of registered information is made by employees carrying out its accounting. In some cases, the computers are used for this purpose.

The issuance of information is made at the request of the investigator, the employee of the inquiry, the courts that in the necessary cases are sent to the units carrying out accounting, the requirement of the established form. On the back of these requirements, the scan results are affixed, and they are returned to the query initiator. In case of emergency, account check is carried out by telephone or telegraph.

All accounting is currently underway in the internal affairs bodies, and the procedure for their creation and use is governed by the instructions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation. This, however, does not mean that accounting is used only by investigators and employees in the inquiry of the internal affairs bodies. They are interdadect nature and in order to investigate crimes to their help, investigators of all law enforcement agencies are treated.

Currently, the value of forensic accounts is determined by the fact that they are:

allow you to quickly and reliably establish important information about

revented and accused:whether it was previously convicted when, for which, where he was serving a sentence and other;

contribute to the disclosure of non-obvious crimes. Many accounts, including Dactylo-

pichealth, Pulegylsotheki, Accounting for lost, found, stolen and voluntary arms, abducted things, etc., allow you to receive information directly indicating possible involvement in a crime of a particular person in respect of which suspicion arose;

contribute to the detection and seizure of objects of criminal encroachment - kidnapped with theft, robbery, scatteries, murders and rapes conjugate with sharing values. It is for these purposes that criminalistic accounting of stolen, found and seized things, antiquity objects and visual arts;

help to establish missing citizens and the identity of unidentified corpses - on accounting of corpses and missing;

accelerate and facilitate verification of investigative and operational-search versions, for example,

versions providing for the possibility of committing previously convicted for a similar crime that fled from the places of detention and others.

Criminalist accounting also help to solve a number of other issues arising from investigating crimes and implementing preventive measures. The effectiveness of the use of criminalistic accounting depends on the knowledge of the practical workers of its capabilities, as well as on their initiative and timely appeal to their help.

In terms of the volume of information laid, they are divided into centralized (federal) and territorial (regional). Centralized accounts are considered to be including information on the scale of the Russian Federation (previously across the USSR), and local - in

the scale of the republics, edges and regions included in the Russian Federation.

3.2 Ensuring investigation of criminalistic and reference information About faces and corpses

Forensic accounting of living persons compared to other forensic accounts are the most common. They are arrested and convicted for crimes, unknown criminals, missing, suspected of fake medical recipes to receive drugs in pharmacies, owners and drivers of vehicles, unknown patients. Consider these accounting and the possibility of their use in the investigation.

Fame and dactyloscopic accounting.On federal accounting (in HIC MIA of Russia) consist of: a) convicts in Russia to exclusively punishment - the death penalty and

freedom, regardless of the composition of the crime and sentences; b) convicts in a foreign country and transmitted by Russia for serving a sentence or ma-

those who come in accordance with legal assistance agreements and legal relations on criminal cases, regardless of the type of sentence;

c) convicts for the restriction of freedom, in respect of which the court made a definition about the direction of imprisonment;

d) convicted to deprive freedom with the deferment of the execution of the sentence, in respect of which the court made a definition about the direction of deprivation of liberty for serving the sentence appointed;

e) persons loving by security and internal affairs bodies.

At local accounting (IC of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Central Department of Internal Affairs of the Regions and the regions that are part of the Russian Federation) in addition to the above categories of convicted persons also consist:

(e) All convicts, arrested and attracted, as accused in the territory of the republic, the region, regardless of the composition of the crime, the term and type of punishment, selected preventive measure;

g) convicts in other republics, edges, areas for exceptional punishment, as well as to deprive freedom, received for the execution of a sentence or serving a sentence to this republic, the region, the region;

h) Persons who committed crimes, materials on which, without initiating a criminal case, are aimed to apply social impact measures;

and) Persons who committed socially dangerous acts placed in a court decision to psychiatric hospitals for forced treatment, as well as transferred to relatives or guardians transferred to the care.

To check for postchaimal accounting, the requirement of the established form is filled, which is sent to the information center in the territoriality, and if there is a reason to assume that the verifiable was responsible in another republic (region, regions), then the requirement is also sent to the GIC MIA of the Russian Federation to verify federal accounting.

The inspection results are reflected in the turnover of these requirements. Here are the information about all communities, changes in sentences, grounds and time of liberation on the last criminal record, the intrinsicness of the personality, the place of serving the sentence indicating the postal address. Requests are executed for three to five days.

Dactyloscopic is closely connected with inapplication. In disactor accounting, suspects and accused who have no identity documents are checked, or they cause doubt. In these cases, dactyloscopic cards are sent to information centers. Dactyloscopic accounting is also used to identify the unidentified corpses. Positive results in this case can be obtained only if the victim was previously convicted and kept in custody. Dactyloscopic accounting of persons convicted of crimes is sometimes used to check the traces of fingers seized by unsold crimes.

Accounting for qualified and especially dangerous criminals. Accounting for this category of persons

using the dossier subsystem. In HIC MIA RF this system Related to a centralized photograph in which photographs of persons registered are stored.

The suspects accused and convicted are taken to record. The selection of persons to be registered is carried out by investigators of the internal affairs bodies, the prosecutors are not on the article

Criminalistic fixation means.

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