Chronicle. Chapter 2nd
Larisa Dresuichuk,
Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor
Larisa Yakovlevna Kostyudukhuk, Professor of the Department of Russian Language of Pskov Personal Institute. Honored Worker of Higher School, Excellent of National Education. It works on problems of lexicology, phraseology, on the preparation of the Pskov Regional Dictionary with historical data, as well as the lexical atlas of Russian folk govors.
It is impossible to know the story, the culture of the people without knowledge of the language. Language saves and transmits knowledge accumulated by people. Language allows a lot to tell about the people, about his relationship with other peoples; Language can sometimes open and own secrets. The language of the people is implemented through his speech. It means that every native speaker through his speech is responsible for the fate of the whole language.
This may seem or strange, or far-fetched: did everyone spend each of us (educated or not at all formed; an adult, or a child, or a modern young man; Living in the city or in the village ...) affect the fate of the "great and mighty" Russian language? It turns out that to clarify the specifics of the Russian language, only a literary language, a modern literary literary, which is considered to be A. S. Pushkin, but who began to develop, to form long before A. S. Pushkin. In the formation of the National Russian language, for example, Pskov scribes, which created monuments of different genres, in particular, the economic correspondence, acquiring and other books, were played a major role, first of all in the walls of the monasteries (last year in the Peden Institute The Department of Russian Language E. V. Kovashi defended his thesis on the language of economic books of the Pskovo-Pechersk Monastery of the 20th century, showing the role of the Pskov Study School in the formation of the norms of the written literary language of the XVII century).
It is necessary to know and understand the invaluable role of the people's unexpected speech. It is necessary to know, as they said and as they say in the north and in the south of Russia, as the Archangelgorodians say and as PSKovichi say; The Kursko-Orlovsky speech is different from Moscow, etc. You need to know dialects, folk dialects. That is why the enlightened mankind worsens the head in front of V.I. Dalem, an engineer, a doctor, a sailor, but a man who became famous for the fact that Russian folk words were collected all his life and left behind the invaluable "explanatory dictionary of the living Great Russian."
We live surrounded by unique Pskov Govorov, to know and understand who are also necessary, as they retains peculiar answers to many questions of philologists, historians, even archaeologists. Thanks to the talent of Professor B. A. Larina, who, according to Academician D. S. Likhachev, "was the most educated linguist of our time," the closest attention was paid to Pskov's talks. And for more than half a century, the large team of Linguists of the Leningrad (St. Petersburg) university and the Pskov Poczystitis carefully collects, keeps, explores and fixes the material of Pskov Govorov in the releases of the unique Pskov Regional Dictionary with historical data. Collaborate with us, participate in joint dialectological expeditions, get acquainted with the richest card file of the Pskov Regional Dictionary, which has long been submitted by the national domain, want dialectologists, language historians, wide profile philologists, even writers from different cities of Russia, other countries (Belarus, Ukraine, Baltic States , Norway, Sweden, Holland, Poland, Germany ...). Why? What is the secret of Pskov's advice?
Concisely, but very meaningfully said by B. A. Larin: "People's Speech of the Pskov region is of great interest in international plan, not to mention its exceptional meaning for historians and dialectologists of the Russian language, as it reflects the millennial communications and cultural exchange of Russian population with closely adjacent peoples of the Baltic-Finnish group, with Latvians and Lithuanians, as well as with Belarusians "(Pskov Regional Dictionary. Issue I. L., 1967. P. 3).
Domestic and foreign dialectologists are intently studying both phonetics and morphology, syntax, and word formation, and the vocabulary of Pskov Govorov, noted well-established and new in their composition. In the cadastral "Attractions of the Natural and Historical and Cultural Objects of the Pskov Region" (Pskov, 1997), we are in the Commonwealth with Z. V. Zhukovskaya, an experienced and brilliant dialectologist, presented the main features of Pskov Sovicors on those historical and cultural zones that were determined primarily Geographers and which strictly do not correspond to the dialects of the Pskov territory. However, the overall picture of modern Pskov govors is convincing.
The so-called Pskov dialects are not monolithic, there are differences in a number of areas in the field of relevant linguistic features. Some examples.
The talks of the Gdovsky, Plus, Stogog-Krasnoyan regions (the northern zone) are characterized by typical Severorussian features: a window (distinguishing unstressed vowel sounds [a] and [o] after soft consonants (flint, sister). However, the ancase elements slowly, but consistently penetrate and in The dialects of the northern part of the Pskov region. The carriers of the existing system do not immediately perceive the Akhanya principle alien to them and therefore the sound [o] appears instead of regular sound [A] (current, Koka, FTBus, Trov).
In proclaiming syllables with a loss of sound [J], there is a screaming of vowels (Bela of the jacket, in Novaya family, blue sea).
The following feature is surprising: the preservation of ancient, complementary, Praslavyansky sound [K] at the beginning of the root in front of the vowel [E], which arose from the Praslava sound "Yat" (* e). Therefore, such words are known: the quats have frightened; Apple tree sword (cf. literary flowers, blooms); Kedding milk (cf. communional cursing).
There are features and in the forms of words: one ending - AM is used in a dutiful and efficient case of multiple numbers - AM (go for mushrooms - to mushrooms; go berries to berries). In the Gdovsky Councils, unlike many Russian govors, the sound may not be absent even after the end of the third person of the plural number in the verbs of the first rigging (the old people go, that is, "go"; Oni there I live there for a long time, i.e. "live") .
One of the most striking syntactic features of the pskovsky north is the use of particle-acting forms with a bundle to be in the value of the facred, which transmitted the preliminarity (previously previously performed another action): Walves-she was brought by a mortality. In the Gdovsky district, the form of a nominative case of a multiple number is recorded in the role of direct addition from the names of animals, fish, birds: Yong Wolves Vidafsha; We and Sudakov caught, and shyshki.
The vocabulary is the most movable layer of speech, most easily perceived by collectors, researchers. The vocabulary allows you to assemble such a material that is well stacked on a special lexical card. The department of the Russian language of the Pskov Peddy Institute together with many universities of Russia under the leadership of the Institute of Linguistic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences is working on the lexical atlas of Russian folk govors and makes up cards for the lexical atlas of the Pskov region. And, of course, it is striking that in the north of the Pskov region there are words brunt, potatoes, puffy or holbanin for the names of the corresponding liquid first dish, unlike the cereal, Gulbenich, subconts in more southern regions of the region. Or: Krotovina for the name of the head of the Earth, naked with a mole, unlike Crotine. Only in the Gdovsky and Plus districts are marked by the words of interviews, the intervestshind (with the root of the bear "-), the coster (" small rain ") and the formation of the root of God - in the adjectives (and even verbs), denoting the property of cheerfulness in animals (bull is rich , Bogan; the cow drove the boy).
In the southern regions of the region (Bajanitsk, Lokantyansky), the forms of the present and proposed case of a plurality with the end of the end, "the nouns of the type of bone, the horse are: the Malts to the pashol horses; On horseback ripped; We had no help. The same end is possible at the nouns of the type of horse: they sat on the horses; Balt flushes were given.
Such features of the govors are traces of ancient transformations in the language system. And at the same time, as said B. A. Larin, Pskov dialectic features are evidence of the close linguistic contacts of Slavic (considered to be Crivich) population with the population of other language families or groups.
The centuries-old neighborhood with threat-Finnish languages, where the bellivity does not differ and the deafness of consonants, it is explained that Pskov's northern parts of the region also do not distinguish the ringing and deaf consonants before vowels or before sonorous sounds: a gun (instead of a boob); Break into the dirt (instead of pursuing); Retrieve glazes (instead of releasing).
Lovely linguist, student B. A. Larina, worked for many decades at the Department of Russian, S. M. Glukin made a number of serious scientific discoveries, studying and modern Pskov's talks, and monuments of Pskov writing, reflecting the phonetic phenomena living for their time. So, in Pskov's dialects, the sound [x] appears on the site of the natural sound [s] (MAYAO "Meat", poured ~ ~ rejuvenated "). The researcher explains this with the non-diversion of whistling and hissing sounds in the Pskov territory in antiquity: apparently, such sounds mixed in some general sound. The insecurity of sounds could be at the Okrainskaya part of Slavs (Curvic - Pskov's ancestors) as a result of ancient contacts with the Baltic and Finno-Ugric languages \u200b\u200b(in Estonian, for example, only whistling sounds are known and hissing), therefore in the ancient PSKOVICs the predominance of a whistling sound. Hence the peculiar Pskov pronunciation of the Sosna "Pine"; Nezodali "learned" and sub-coat "furious" the "fiance" mainly in the areas of the Nizhnevian zone (Pechersk, Pskov, Palkinsky) and in the Gdovsky district (northern zone). Therefore, there may be a member of the sounds [c] and [sh] on [x]: I combine "SOLVE", Kitchen "bite"; Ride "hang", scam "scam". It applies to the south, and to the east (Porchovsky, Dnahvsky, Sebezhsky, Nevelsky districts). So the current state of sound phenomena opens the ancient language processes and shows the contacts of the peoples.
Even in a summary of the peculiarities of Pskov says, it is impossible not to say about such a unique phenomenon in the Pskov Councils and partially in Novgorod (in their modern state and in ancient fixation on monuments, in particular, in Novgorod birchpins), such as cases of to "make" KPP "Nag", Kevka "Tsevka (in weaving bed)". Probably, such phenomena were probably noticed to S. M. Glusky, as examples were recorded and when collecting materials for the dialectological atlas of the Russian language. But only S. M. Gluskina explained that the ancestors of Pskovichi, who came here through the territory of the Balts to the ancient general Slavonic change of sound * K in sound * C (i.e. [C]) before the special vowel sound "yat", did not survive This process, being cut off from the rest of the Slavic world the territory of other peoples. The sound of [K] is preserved in roots relating to important concepts about labor. A. A. Zaliznyak, a well-known Moscow scientist, regardless of S. M. Dustsky, many years later, discovered such a phenomenon in Novgorod birchpins, but, by recognizing the championship of the "discoverer" for S. M. Glusky, offered to call this unique phonetic fact "The Effect of Dusting" and introduce studying it into the textbooks of the history of the Russian language. We had to perform and write that, although now there are attempts to refute such an explanation of the roots of Kep-, Ked-, Kev- and find the rationale for the modern phonetic (Norwegian Slavist J. Bjornfladen), they all turn out to be less evidence than the decision S. M . Dusty - A. A. Zaliznyaka. Moreover, the archaeological data is confirmed by the ancient interaction of Slavic and non-Slavic cultures (see the works of the famous archaeologist, a connoisseur of Slavic antiquities V. V. Sedov).
Interestingly, such a phenomenon in the Pskov Councils, as the Yel Mesh, was "led", since the combinations of the Baltic languages, with which the carriers of the Pskov dialect entered into contact, "were promoted" to the ancient Slavic combinations * DL, * TL (led to CP. Ancient * led). Under the influence of the Baltic combinations, this was manifested in peculiar Pskov combinations [GL], [CL] in vital for speaking words and toponyms: cf. Esshino village (instead of possible ELINO; in the territory of Western Slavs in Europe there are, for example, the name of the village of Yedla, i.e. "Spruce").
Fair A. S. Grada, the connoisseur and Pskov govors, a famous specialist in lingography, regionalistics, that the history of dialective phenomena cannot be solved on the material of only one dialect: it is necessary to take a phenomenon in a wide comparison. Not only live facts, but also writing evidence help restore individual parties to the history of the language. And Pskov, he was lucky: Not only numerous monuments of writing were preserved, but also records in the past of Pskov speech by foreigners. B. A. Larin wrote: "In a better position than others, there are also talks of Pskov and Novgorod, both on the abundance of historical documents and according to foreigners, more often than in other cities who traded in Novgorod and Pskov and maintain more information To master your efforts to master the speech of Pskov and Novgorod merchants, artisans and the authorities "(" Conversational language of Moscow Rus "). For the history of Pskov's govors, the phrasebook compiled by the German merchant T. Fenne in Pskov in 1607, as well as a dictionary-phosphor of the XVI century T. Shrov, presumably compiled in the north-west of Russia. Live speech, recorded in a variety of phrases, the reflection of such features that could be seen only sensitive to people, from nature gifted linguistic abilities, are valuable testimony of the language of the past. People's Russian speech in the records of foreigners is a kind of world of knowledge of the Russian language.
The knowledge of the language and language painting of the world of a person through the national language is the task of linguistics and in the twentieth century.
Panicovichi, Pechora District, July 1986 (photo from the Archive of Pedi Institute)
About Slovenia, Ruse and their sister Ilmer
Beloveja, from where Pskov Crivichi came, Pskov's talk
Sea Shag Nyashia
about seed i am
jaco Otsa is ours
O on the messenger of Brezi
i, Rosi, Grde IMICE kicked
I CE Rushti Idis from Balmon
i ON ROSIE ABOUT MANUM
i Tamo Come Spring
I CE Socological
Polyana Drevlyany
KVRY I Lyakhva
on Khuschu Rus
I, a hundred and rusot ...
Excerpt from polecnigi milk.33 Here, Treka is our own these days, like our fathers. On the land of the shore and Russia dewy are available. And Rusichi went from the white guise and from Russia to the unpack (DNProvskaya) land, and there they created Grad Kiev. And gathered together by the meadow, rall, curls and lyhas in a bunch of Russian and became Rusichi
Belovezh (Polish. Białowieża; Belor. Belavetva) - On the Belskaya Plain, on the river Narevka -Logo influx of the Narev River (Western Bug Pool, although in 1962 by the decree of the Government of Poland, it was decided that this Bug was in Narev, and not vice versa). Narev is the right influx of Vistula. The source of Nareva in Belovezhskaya Forest. Name Narev Wed. With Narva, Nerretva, Neris, Nerl, Nero, Nara.
***
Many researchers, touching the issue of the origin of the Northern East Slavic tribes, including cryvic, believe that Crivichi and Slovenia appeared in a surgeon and in the Pskov region as a result of a simple expansion of Slavic territory by gradually promoting the Slavic population to the north of the region of the Middle Dnepria. However, this hypothesis does not find confirmation in archaeological materials. The region of the upper subway, judging by the latest archaeological intelligence in Smolenc region, until the last quarter of the end of the 4th millennium AD. I remained Neslavian, while north in the pool r. Great and in the upper reaches of the Western Dvina have already lived curvacious. Thus, the region of resettlement of curvaches of the middle of the I millennium AD. It turns out to be cut from the rest of the settlement of the Slavic tribes. It is necessary to deny the possibility of moving curvaches on the Pskovshchina through the areas of the upper subway, as it is up to the last quarter of the first quarter of the first quarter of the 4th millennium. The promotion of any populations is not found.
Emphasizing the territorial chosition of the middle of the first I millennium AT. From other East Slavic tribes, installed on the materials of archeology, it is impossible not to pay attention to the dialectological separation of the Pskov Group of Council of Honor Tree. It is likely that this isolation of Pskov Govorov rises precisely by the time Krivichi lived apart from other East Slavic tribes.
The connection of modern dialects of East Slavic languages \u200b\u200bwith the dialects of an ancient Russian language does not cause objections, since the main dialect features of modern East Slavic languages \u200b\u200bare found already in the monuments of the Old Russian writing of the XII-XV centuries. Discussion is the question of whether the dialects of modern East Slavic languages \u200b\u200breflect tribal dialects or they are entirely a product of the era of feudal fragmentation. However, in this case, it makes no sense to invade this complex topic, since supporters of the origin of modern dialect groups of East Slavic languages \u200b\u200bfrom the regional suspension of feudal fragmentation period make an exception for the Pskov Group of Govorov. This is what R.I. writes about this. Avanesov, a consistent supporter of the theory of late origin of modern dialects of East Slavic languages: "On the basis of the testimony of written sources related to the territory of Pskov, the ancient Pskov dialects are highlighted very brightly, especially in a number of characteristic features of a narrow pure Pskov value, not correlate with the features of dialectic differences in general - Support Slavic scale ... It is characteristic that the territory of Pskov's dialects, as it is determined by the data of modern dialectology, does not match the territory of the Pskov land of the XIV-XV centuries. This indicates whether the formation of their features is not associated with the formation of the Pskov land. It can be assumed that the specific features of the ancient Pskov dialect, reflected in the Pskov monuments of the XIV-XV centuries, were formed in an earlier era. " 
Fig. 2. Archaeological monuments of the curvist and a dialectological map of East Slavic languages. I - archaeological monuments of Pskov curvacies of the second half of the first millennium and the beginning of the II millennium N.E.; II - archaeological monuments of Smolensk and Polotsky Crovics; Iii - the regions of the settlement of words of Novgorod submitted archeology; IV - dialectological boundaries on the map of the Moscow Dialectological Commission; 1 - Pskov Group of Govorov; 2 - North-Belarusian talks; 3 - Novgorod talks; 4 - Middle-Veligo Russians; 5 - transitionals transient to South Velikrussic pa Belarusian based.
Comparison of the modern dialectological map of East Slavic languages \u200b\u200bwith a map of archaeological (Fig. 2) shows that the absolute majority of the archaeological monuments of Pskov Curvic from the middle of the Millennium N.E. until the XIII century. Located in the distribution of Pskov's govors. If you can not talk about the full coincidence of archaeological and dialectological boundaries, we can say that the general contours of the territory of distribution of Pskov's peculiarists of the beginning of the XX century. were scheduled at the end of the first II of the II millennium AD. In other words, following linguists, believing that the formation of a group of Pskov's govors goes back to an earlier time than the XIV-XV centuries. It can be assumed that Pskov's counsels of ancient Russian tongue are torn to the tribal nashchi of Pskov Curvich.
One of the characteristic features of the eastern and southern groups of Slavic languages, in contrast to the Western Group, is recognized as the loss of dental in the primary combinations "DL", "TL", "DN", "TN", ascending to the general Slavonic language. Unlike all other allegations of the ancient Russian, the ancient Popskovsky rather retained the combinations of "DL" and "TL", although in a somewhat modified form - "G" and "K" before the endings of the passengers of the past time - "Lee" ("bliss", " They raised "," on horseback, "and the like).
An explanation of this feature of the ancient Popskovsky showed the articles of the two largest languages \u200b\u200bof the beginning of the XX century. - A.A. Chess and A.I. Sobolevsky. A.A. Chess in their linguistic buildings relied on the hypothesis, according to which Lyahi lived before the settlement of the eastern Slavs. The preservation of dentals in combination with the whisper in the Pskov Counsels, in his opinion, are the residual phenomena of the ancient Lyash settlers. Currently, A.A. hypothesis Chehamatova cannot satisfy neither archaeologists or linguists, nor historians, since it is not supported by any actual materials.
Stressing the similarity of the above features of the ancient Popskovsky dialect with Polish adverbs, A.I. Sobolevsky believed that "g" and "k" on the site of the ancient "d" and "t" rise by the time in deep antiquity (in any case before the loss of "d" and "t" before "l") I apart with each other and with the Baltic tribes. 
Fig. 3. The scheme of the curvist movement on the Pskov region. 1 - Eastern Baltic tribes; 2 - Ancient districts of curvaches of curvaches in the pool r. Great and in the upper reaches of Western Dvina; 3 - the area from where the curvichs came from the Pskov region (the arrows show the directions of the movement of the curvice). 
Fig. 4. 1 - mounded burial grounds, in which long embankment with a gravily interlayer and base; 2 - mounded burial grounds, in which long embankments with ritual fires are excavated; 3 - Mogilniki with even unexplored long mounds.
Offer A.I. Sobolevsky finds confirmation in archaeological materials (Fig. 3 and 4). In addition to the outlined on the map N.N. Chernyagin the territory of distribution of long mounds, these monuments are known in another area - in the adjacent regions of Poland and Western Belarus (the Upper Neman pool and Buga, the Buga and Vistula intercourse). Unfortunately, the long mounds of this territory have not yet been excavated.
Valentin Sedov (Cand. Disnder. "Curvichi and Slovenia" 1954). Curvichi. Soviet Archeology (CA), 1960 (1), p.47-62
(To the question of Pskov's talks in the general Slavonic context)
The unusualness of Pskov Govorov turned the attention of many researchers, who noted, first of all, the phonetic features (N.M. Karinsky, A.A.Shakhmatov, A.I.Sobolevsky, V.I. Chernyshev, A.M. Selishev, P .Y.Avanesov, V.G. Oorlova, etc.): For example, the presence of posterior consonants there, where whistles are present in the commissory language (Wed. KPP "CHA" - on the site of the second palatalization of posterhable; Polgan "benefits" - on the scene of the third Palamaticalization of posterior and under.); Unusual combinations of consonants [ch]; [CL] Instead of the overall combinations of * DL, * TL (they led "led"; the village of Elena is the same root as spruce; Studies "Established" - cf. take into account); Moving strokes to the beginning of the word (transitions "transitions", i.e. "Mosts"; Ruchi "Rouge"; Zadokskovye, antelichye - Pskov toponyms in accordance with the community Zadoskvoryukye, Zavodzhye); Typical Pskov cases of Myakho "Meat" type, rejuvenate "ribbon" (sound [x] at the site of sound [s]); to wash "disturb" (sound [x] at the site of sound [sh]); Mysterious conformity in one-sided words of type Titets instead of keppec or chain; Take along with notice, outline, hint.
The uniqueness of Pskov Govorov in a lexical attitude was noted such a philologist as B.A. Larin: "People's Speech of the Pskov region is of great interest in international terms, not to mention its exclusive meaning for historians and digestologists of the Russian language, as it reflects the millennial relations and Cultural exchange of the Russian population with the closely adjacent peoples of the Baltic-Finnish group, with Latvians and Lithuanians, as well as Belarusians. The ideas of B.A. Larina are based on the Pskov regional dictionary with historical data - a new type of regional dictionary: first, this is a regional full-type dictionary, which includes all the vocabulary marked in the dialects (not only local, but also communional); Secondly, a historical material from the monuments of the Pskov writing of the XIII-XVIII centuries is given to the dialects of the Pskov writing. This allows not only to present the current state of Pskov's advice, but also to see the life of the word for centuries: you can find out the stable or volatile in the structure in the semantics of the word. Comparison of Pskov data with data of community historical dictionaries allows you to detect local (Pskov) features of words. The richest card file of the Pskov Regional Dictionary (kept in the Inter-Fedral Word Cabinet. B.A. Larina at St. Petersburg University and in the Wimeline at the Department of Russian Pskov Pockey Institute) makes it possible to show in the dictionary and variant material, to reflect the differences in Pskov Govorov and from other folk govors, and from the literary language. The collection of vocabulary for the Pskov regional dictionary especially systematically began with the 50s of the XX century. This led to an intensive study of Pskov's govors. A full-type dictionary card file contains rare facts, based on the interpretation of which important theoretical conclusions related to the ideas about the fate of the language and its carriers were made.
Pskov's studies affect all levels of the language system - from phonetics to syntax (see the series of collections of scientific works "Pskov Skovory", following the results of interuniversity conferences dedicated to the Pskov Counsels). One of the problems is the relationship between Pskov's advice with other folk dialects (not only by Novgorod, but also northern, island in the Baltic States, replaced up to Siberia) and with other languages \u200b\u200b(Estonian, Lithuanian, Latvian, Belarusian, Western Slavic). Linguists - dialectologists, language historians take into account the achievements and other sciences - stories, archeology. This is important to determine the dynamics of the language phenomenon, the causal explanation of the language fact. The specifics of the word (its separate value, the system of values, connection with the reality, entry into the dialect, life in the dialect) can be explained by external conditions of the functioning of the word (traditions, living conditions of people, the influence of the literary language, etc.).
Cf. Studying the history of the Pskov dialect on the phoned phone, compiled in 1607 by the German merchant in Pskov; Acquaintance with a phrasebook stored in Krakow (it is assumed that it is created in the north-west of Russia, reflects the peculiarities of Novgorod govors). Much of research gives the range of lexical facts (Wed. Works by A.S. Rod, for example, in connection with the work on the lexical atlas of Russian folk govors). It is more difficult for phonetic and grammatical features of the Pskov People's Speech, which has thousand-year communications with other talks and languages.
The phonetic phenomena of modern, Pskov's piscuances, reflected in the monuments of Pskov writing, studied S.M. Gluskina, who made important scientific discoveries (long before the serious works of A.A. Zaliznyak). One of them concerns the phonetically illegal sound at the site of the sound [S] (Wed. Mound "Light", Miaho "Meat", rejuvenate "ribbon"), which S. M. Glushkina explains the non-dissolution of whistling and hissing sounds (one of the most ancient phenomena of Pskovsky Dialects): The sounds [s] and [Š] mixed in some general sound. The specificity of the phenomenon is that the sound historically could appear or from the sound * s, or through the sound * Š,
Such indemnity could manifest itself before the first palatalization of the posterior consonants when they passed in all Slavic languages \u200b\u200bto hissing consonants. The indispensable of whistling and hissing, according to S.M. Glucan, was among the outskirts of Slavs (Crivics - Pskov's ancestors) "As a result of closer local contacts with the Balticon." Then it is clear in the modern Pskov dialects of the type of controversial "found out", the Splash "Pine" (communication with neighboring languages \u200b\u200bsupports such a pronunciation).
Contacts with the Baltic languages \u200b\u200bexplains S.M. Glucin and the preservation of rear-speaking consonants before the vowels of the forefront of difthongic origin. The absence of a second palatalization of the posterhable in such conditions was found in the roots of words * KěR- (KPP, Cap, Kepin et al. With the same root as the communional word of the circuit), * kěd- (Kezh, Kedie et al. With the same root, As the community-based community), * kěv- (Kevka, Kev, and others with the same root as the community set). These roots are associated with ancient agricultural and craft terminology. Comparing language facts, attracting the data of archeology (when studying the Slavic, Finno-Ugric, Baltic Monuments), S.M. Glucin suggests that the curvacies, the ancestors of Pskovich, appeared near the River and Pskov Lake earlier than in the Slav language there was "one of The last processes weighing the general Slavonic character, "the second palatalization of posterhable consonants. The weakening of the contacts of the curvist with other Slavs was explained, apparently, the provision of these Slavs among the Westofin (Baltic-Finnish) tribes, "in the sound system of which combinations of posterhable consonants with the front vowels." The fate of the Crimiological population (see works and V.V. Sedov, for example, one of the latter), its language as a result of a convergence from the entire Slavic world, thereby preserving the features of the ancient dialect membership spawned a unique phenomenon - "incomperation" of the second palatalization of posterhable consonants Publics of the forefront of difthongic origin. So the language of this part of the Slavs began to differ from the language of the entire Slavic world. Close language contacts with neighboring non-Slavic languages \u200b\u200bcontinued this original phonetic feature. Also explained the phenomena of the type KPP "NAM" A.A. Zaliznyak, regardless of S.M. Glucos, who came to this conclusion in the study of Novgorod birchy diploma (cf., for example). Praslavyansky dialectite membership with the brightest features in Curvich's speech (the lack of the second and third palatalization of the posterior) is devoted to one of the last articles S.L. Nikolaeva.
The influence of the Eastern Baltic Languages \u200b\u200bon the history of Pskov Govorov is found in the study of the combinations of consonants [GL], [CL] (CP. Overall Slavonic * DL, * TL). The fate of Praslavyansky * DL, * TL unites the curvist (ancient Parnskovskoe) with Western Slavic languages. Cf. In the Pskov chronicles: they were "led", Ussgli "Vässdley"; Sustruki "met"; In the phrasebook of T.Fenne: fought (root of dishes-), Ruvegl (root Vedas), Studies "Accounting" (Root Thu, CP. To take into account, take into account); In modern Pskov Councils: Zhaga, Zhiglo "Sting" (Wed to burn "sting"), Zhereglo "Floim" (from * žertlo).
The ancient combinations of * DL, * TL of East Slavic languages \u200b\u200bwere historically simplified (with the loss of the first * d, * T led, Zhero, villages, etc.), and in Western Slavic languages \u200b\u200bwere preserved (cf. Polish USIADł "Sel", "sat down"; Mydło "Soap"). In the Baltic languages, the combinations of GL, KL, who influenced the language of the ancient Pskovich, were invalid: Therefore, the Slavonic * DL, * TL began to sound, as [CH], [CL] (drew "read" with the root of Thu- / Chit-, W. Read, reading; Chel, instead of the communional spruce with an ancient root * jedl-).
Convincing conclusions of S.M. Gluskina, A.A. Zaliznyaka about the ancient phonetic dialect features marked in Pskov, sometimes Novgorod, dialects are confirmed by new examples. But other versions appear. So, the Norwegian colleague Ya.I. Bisternflate the preservation of posterhable consonants at the root of Kep- (in the word Cappets) is trying to explain to later phonetic changes [t] in [K "]. He detects three root pronunciation zones - with [K"] (Cappets ) in the north and partly in the middle part of the Pskov region; with [C] (chain) south; With [t] (warmly) between these zones. S.M. Gluskina, using full information on the Cup of the Pskov Regional Dictionary and the Card file of the dialectological atlas of the Russian language, notes [C] throughout the territory, and not only in the specified zone: in Gdovsky, Ottoshetsky, Ostrovsky, Palkinsky, Pisthovsky, Pushkinogorsk, Former Slavkovsky, Stroyokrasnensky districts. In addition, the Norwegian researcher talks about "disintegration" [?? - L.Y.K.] Affricaty [C] on the explosive dental [?? - L.Ya.K.], and then about changing the explosive dental [t "] into the posteripal [K], i.e. emphasizes the secondaryness [K"]. Naturally, the results of observations of such researchers of the ancient Popskovsky, ancientness of such researchers and modern govorov, as A.A. Zaliznyak, S.A. Nizaliznyak, do not relate to this.
It is difficult to agree with the point of view of Ya.I. Bisterflaten on the restoration of the posterior-speaking, about the secondaryness of the posterior in the cases of the root of Kep and under. The proof of S.M. Glucin, supported by A.A. Zaliznyak, is convincingly sounded [for example, 16] and S.A. Nikolaev, about the absence of reflexes of the second palatalization of posterhable consonants in Pskov Councils (cf. Pskov KEP "NAM"; Kezh, Kedie - Wed. Obohoushousinskaya Tsing; Kev, Kevka "Bowl"; the ancientness of the "Gray"; Kelel "whole"; Kurki "Church"; Hyde "Sedoy"); On the role of morphorosis in cases of the type of semi-sit. (In the phony in the beginning of the XVII century, it was also recorded to approach "notice".)
It is important to take into account the range of distribution of the phenomena under consideration (see S.M. Glucosnoye): semi-sissy is found not only where you are common in the north, but also in Kuninsky, Ostrovsky, Gdovsky, Ottoshetsky, Krasnogorodsky, former Lyadsky, Seminsky, Pustoshkinsky, Pskov, Pechersk, former Seedkinsky, Dedovichsky, Velikoluksky, Pisthovsky, Pushkinogorsk, former Slavkovsky districts. Not only supposedly the only single to kedi is known to Pskov's counseling, but also derivatives of Kedilik (Gdovsky district), Kedasy "Tsedilka" (Gdovsky district).
Kep- (instead of chap-) was noted by S.M. Glucin not only in the north-west of the Pskov territory, where allegedly, in the opinion of Ya.I. Byurnflaten, "restore" posterhable, but also in Palkinsky, Ostrovsky, Pisthovsky, Pechersk, Former Slavkovsky, former Pavskoye, Stroyokrasnensky, Gdovsky, Pskov, the former Karamyshevsky, Krasnogorodsky, Lokanyansky, Novosokolnikovsky, Olochetsky, Pushkinogorsk, Sebezhsky districts. (New expeditions confirm this: in the summer of 1995 in the Porkhovsky district, the former Slavkovsky, words and the root of Kep-) were noted.
The research distribution of the supposedly modern processes of the Tsevin type (in the south of the Pskov territory), Tevina (middle part of the Pskov territory), Kevin (the northern part of the Pskov territory) in zones as it were intentionally "scatters" the process (apparently, at the disposal of the researcher was not enough facts!). After all, S.M. Gluskina indicates that Tsevina may appear everywhere (in Gdovsky, Olochetsky, Ostrovsky, Palkinsky, Porkhovsky, Pushkinogorsk, former Slavkovsky, Stroyokrasnyensky districts): As indicated by A.A. Zaliznyak, S.L. Nikolaev, this Perhaps under the influence of the interaction of ancient facts with modern.
To prove its point of view, Ya. Bubnflaten attracts cases of the type of almost - kidney. However, his arguments are presented not very convincing: first, examples of the type of kidney include a combination of consonant sounds, which is not at the root of the KEP- (where the processes of the second palatalization of posterhable) would occur. Secondly, it is impossible to agree with Ya.I. Bjornflaten, that A.A. Zaliznyak allegedly relies only on single examples (A.A. Zaliznyak, because the array, which was examined by S.M. Glucino!); third. Ya.I. Bisternflaten, unfortunately, does not use the works of S.M. Glucin, which covers a large material of multiple formations with appropriate roots (examples were also taken from information collected for the dialectological atlas of the Russian language). Therefore, all the more unconvincing the statement about the impossibility of recognizing the absence of the second palatalization of the posterhal based on the fact that the words of the chain, the warmth, the Kpetets are monostructures, which allegedly speaks of a later phenomenon and in the phonetics (this conclusion is also illogical). It is incorrect that no one investigated the phenomena systematically (and the works of S.M. Glucan?!). The statement that archaeologists refused to express the early settlement of the Slavs of the specified territory (did everyone refuse? - Wed. Nedar on the work of V.V. Sedov refers to A.A. Zaliznyak, S.L. Nikolaev). In addition, it should be taken into account that there is another explanation of the appearance of [T "] instead of [K"] at the root of Kep-: S.M. Glucin, followed by V.N. Chekman, recognizes that there was a difference in the ancient Parnskovsky dialect Recomipons not only on hardness / softness (front-band, rear-speaking - hissing), but also at the place of education (front-band / posterior). Such an opposition has been preserved in modern welcomes. It was supported by several opposition lines, alternating: hissing from advanced (face - give birth), hissing from posterhable (friends - friend). From here to the opposition also enter the sources of hissing (front-band / posterior). This is a systemic, phonological phenomenon on the background of morphorhology, word formation (from here to dig - give birth; Wed to give birth; Wed. Also: Bath "Body", a rich cow "who is coming").
In the light of the relationship between the past and present in Pskov's dialects, against the background of other dialects, the observations of S.L. Nikolaeva, who, after many serious works of linguists, archaeologists emphasizes: "Only in recent years, the hypothesis of the conservation of the oldest East Slavic dialects has received serious support." This is under the influence of data (in a new meaningful!) From the North-Western and Western Russian and Northeastern Belarusian govors and from materials in Novgorod Berchish gram. In addition, the study of Praslavyansky accentology (against the background of morphorhology) allowed the author to identify and support Praslava Dialectic Membership.
"Neighborhood Slavic" features, according to A.A. Zaliznyak, in the ancient and Pskov govorov, "common in the extensive territory of the curvist breeds". There were bright specific features here (their isoglosses are interesting).
Detect ancient isoglosity became possible when studying in modern dialects of the systemic archaisms of an oldest period (cf. similar on the material of vocabulary from Yu.F. Denisenko). The oldest peculiarities are recorded, for example, in Novgorod birch grades (from the XI century). The Commonwealth of Linguists and Archaeologists showed the coincidence of the Aralance of Curvic.
Thanks to the projection in the antiquity of archaisms, characteristic of modern dialects, the former membership of the tribal Language of Curvic is reconstructed: for example, in accordance with the data of the article, S.L. Nikolaev, the Pskov dialect (North, Central, Yuzhnopskovsky) is dedicated, from which (Northopskovsky) went new Settlement (Vyatskiy, Ural, Siberian, Onega Dames); Ancientness Dialect (from the interaction of Pskov and Ilmensko-Slovenian - not the curvic - govors); Smolensky dialect; Uppervolzhsky dialect; Polotsk dialect; Western dialect.
The unique properties of Pskov's govors continue to be subject to understanding due to the explanation of the reasons for their appearance. Different evidence is used, new facts. But it is impossible to betray the oblivion made by others. It is necessary to choose more convincing and evidence in observations and generalizations, conclusions.
* * *
Some data were used in the report "Old and New in Pskov Counsels as the pattern of development and functioning" at the International Symposium in Oslo (Norway) dedicated to the Pskov Counsel, in October 1995 (and in the article on this topic); The report "Archaic phenomena in modern folk speech as evidence of the past (on the material of Pskov Govorov)" at the International Archaeological Congress in Novgorod (Russia) in August 1996 (and in the article on this topic).
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Larin B.A., 1967. [Entry] // Pskov Regional Dictionary with historical data. Vol. 1. A.
2. Pskov Regional Dictionary with Historical Data, 1967-1995. Vol. 1-11. L. (SPb.).
3. Pskov Tsevikov, 1962. I. Pskov.
4. Pskov Tsevikov, 1968. II. Pskov.
5. Pskov Tsevikov, 1973. Iii. Pskov.
6. Pskov Tsevikov, 1979. A.
7. Pskov talks in their past and present, 1988. A.
8. Pskov dialects and their surroundings, 1991. Pskov.
9. Pskov dialects and their carriers (lingo ethnographic aspect), 1995. Pskov.
10. T.Fennels Low German Manual of Spoken Russian Pskov 1607. 1970. Vol. II. Copenhagen.
11. "EINN RUSSISH BUCK" by Thomas Schroue: The 16 Th-Century Russian-German Dictionary and Phrase-Book. 1992. P. 5. Cracow.
12. GERD A.S., 1994. Some dialect borders and zones according to research of vocabulary of the Russian language // The lexical Atlas of Russian folk govors. (Project.) SPb.
13. Glush SM .. 1962. Morrhondic observations over the sound in Pskov Soviegov // Pskov Talks. I. Pskov.
14. Glushkina S. M., 1968. On the second palatalization of posterhable consonants in Russian (on the material of the North-Western Govorov) // Pskov's talks. II. Pskov.
15. Sedov V.V., 1994. Slavs in antiquity. M.
16. Zaliznyak A.A., 1986. Lack of second palatalization // Yanin V.A., Zaliznyak A.A. Novgorod diplomas on Bereste (from excavations 1977-1983). M.
17. Zaliznyak A.A., 1989. Novgorod birchy diplomas and the problem of the ancient East Slavic dialects // History and culture of the ancient Russian city. M.
18. Zaliznyak A.A., 1995. Phenomena distinguished by the North-Cirvic dialect (or all curvice dialects) from the rest of East Slavic // Zaliznyak A.A. Ancient-Novgorod dialect. M.
19. Nikolaev S.L., 1994. Early dialect membership and external relations of Eastern Slavic dialects // Questions linguistics, No. 3.
20. Glushka S. M., 1984. Phrasebook of T.Fenne as a source of studying the language and history of medieval Pskov // Archeology and the history of Pskov and the Pskov land. Pskov.
21. Bjornflatten Ya.I. Pskov's talks in the general Slavonic context // Bjornflatten Ya.I., Nassets T., Egborg E., 1993. Norwegian reports at the XI-Ohm Congress of Slavists, Bratislava, September 1993 OSLO.
22. Sedov V.V., 1989. The beginning of the Slavic development of the territory of the Novgorod land // The history and culture of the Old Russian city. M.
23. Glush, see, 1979. Morrhondic observations over Pskov's talks. (Softened and non-aggregated consonants in historical alternations.) // Pskov's talks. L.
24. Denisenko Yu. Spb.
Archeology and the history of Pskov and Pskov land
Institute of Archeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Pskov State Research Archaeological Center
Seminar materials
1995.
Chronicle. Chapter 2nd
Larisa Dresuichuk,
Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor
Larisa Yakovlevna Kostyudukhuk, Professor of the Department of Russian Language of Pskov Personal Institute. Honored Worker of Higher School, Excellent of National Education. It works on problems of lexicology, phraseology, on the preparation of the Pskov Regional Dictionary with historical data, as well as the lexical atlas of Russian folk govors.
It is impossible to know the story, the culture of the people without knowledge of the language. Language saves and transmits knowledge accumulated by people. Language allows a lot to tell about the people, about his relationship with other peoples; Language can sometimes open and own secrets. The language of the people is implemented through his speech. It means that every native speaker through his speech is responsible for the fate of the whole language.
This may seem or strange, or far-fetched: did everyone spend each of us (educated or not at all formed; an adult, or a child, or a modern young man; Living in the city or in the village ...) affect the fate of the "great and mighty" Russian language? It turns out that to clarify the specifics of the Russian language, only a literary language, a modern literary literary, which is considered to be A. S. Pushkin, but who began to develop, to form long before A. S. Pushkin. In the formation of the National Russian language, for example, Pskov scribes, which created monuments of different genres, in particular, the economic correspondence, acquiring and other books, were played a major role, first of all in the walls of the monasteries (last year in the Peden Institute The Department of Russian Language E. V. Kovashi defended his thesis on the language of economic books of the Pskovo-Pechersk Monastery of the 20th century, showing the role of the Pskov Study School in the formation of the norms of the written literary language of the XVII century).
It is necessary to know and understand the invaluable role of the people's unexpected speech. It is necessary to know, as they said and as they say in the north and in the south of Russia, as the Archangelgorodians say and as PSKovichi say; The Kursko-Orlovsky speech is different from Moscow, etc. You need to know dialects, folk dialects. That is why the enlightened mankind worsens the head in front of V.I. Dalem, an engineer, a doctor, a sailor, but a man who became famous for the fact that Russian folk words were collected all his life and left behind the invaluable "explanatory dictionary of the living Great Russian."
We live surrounded by unique Pskov Govorov, to know and understand who are also necessary, as they retains peculiar answers to many questions of philologists, historians, even archaeologists. Thanks to the talent of Professor B. A. Larina, who, according to Academician D. S. Likhachev, "was the most educated linguist of our time," the closest attention was paid to Pskov's talks. And for more than half a century, the large team of Linguists of the Leningrad (St. Petersburg) university and the Pskov Poczystitis carefully collects, keeps, explores and fixes the material of Pskov Govorov in the releases of the unique Pskov Regional Dictionary with historical data. Collaborate with us, participate in joint dialectological expeditions, get acquainted with the richest card file of the Pskov Regional Dictionary, which has long been submitted by the national domain, want dialectologists, language historians, wide profile philologists, even writers from different cities of Russia, other countries (Belarus, Ukraine, Baltic States , Norway, Sweden, Holland, Poland, Germany ...). Why? What is the secret of Pskov's advice?
Concisely, but very meaningfully said by B. A. Larin: "People's Speech of the Pskov region is of great interest in international plan, not to mention its exceptional meaning for historians and dialectologists of the Russian language, as it reflects the millennial communications and cultural exchange of Russian population with closely adjacent peoples of the Baltic-Finnish group, with Latvians and Lithuanians, as well as with Belarusians "(Pskov Regional Dictionary. Issue I. L., 1967. P. 3).
Domestic and foreign dialectologists are intently studying both phonetics and morphology, syntax, and word formation, and the vocabulary of Pskov Govorov, noted well-established and new in their composition. In the cadastral "Attractions of the Natural and Historical and Cultural Objects of the Pskov Region" (Pskov, 1997), we are in the Commonwealth with Z. V. Zhukovskaya, an experienced and brilliant dialectologist, presented the main features of Pskov Sovicors on those historical and cultural zones that were determined primarily Geographers and which strictly do not correspond to the dialects of the Pskov territory. However, the overall picture of modern Pskov govors is convincing.
The so-called Pskov dialects are not monolithic, there are differences in a number of areas in the field of relevant linguistic features. Some examples.
The talks of the Gdovsky, Plus, Stogog-Krasnoyan regions (the northern zone) are characterized by typical Severorussian features: a window (distinguishing unstressed vowel sounds [a] and [o] after soft consonants (flint, sister). However, the ancase elements slowly, but consistently penetrate and in The dialects of the northern part of the Pskov region. The carriers of the existing system do not immediately perceive the Akhanya principle alien to them and therefore the sound [o] appears instead of regular sound [A] (current, Koka, FTBus, Trov).
In proclaiming syllables with a loss of sound [J], there is a screaming of vowels (Bela of the jacket, in Novaya family, blue sea).
The following feature is surprising: the preservation of ancient, complementary, Praslavyansky sound [K] at the beginning of the root in front of the vowel [E], which arose from the Praslava sound "Yat" (* e). Therefore, such words are known: the quats have frightened; Apple tree sword (cf. literary flowers, blooms); Kedding milk (cf. communional cursing).
There are features and in the forms of words: one ending - AM is used in a dutiful and efficient case of multiple numbers - AM (go for mushrooms - to mushrooms; go berries to berries). In the Gdovsky Councils, unlike many Russian govors, the sound may not be absent even after the end of the third person of the plural number in the verbs of the first rigging (the old people go, that is, "go"; Oni there I live there for a long time, i.e. "live") .
One of the most striking syntactic features of the pskovsky north is the use of particle-acting forms with a bundle to be in the value of the facred, which transmitted the preliminarity (previously previously performed another action): Walves-she was brought by a mortality. In the Gdovsky district, the form of a nominative case of a multiple number is recorded in the role of direct addition from the names of animals, fish, birds: Yong Wolves Vidafsha; We and Sudakov caught, and shyshki.
The vocabulary is the most movable layer of speech, most easily perceived by collectors, researchers. The vocabulary allows you to assemble such a material that is well stacked on a special lexical card. The department of the Russian language of the Pskov Peddy Institute together with many universities of Russia under the leadership of the Institute of Linguistic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences is working on the lexical atlas of Russian folk govors and makes up cards for the lexical atlas of the Pskov region. And, of course, it is striking that in the north of the Pskov region there are words brunt, potatoes, puffy or holbanin for the names of the corresponding liquid first dish, unlike the cereal, Gulbenich, subconts in more southern regions of the region. Or: Krotovina for the name of the head of the Earth, naked with a mole, unlike Crotine. Only in the Gdovsky and Plus districts are marked by the words of interviews, the intervestshind (with the root of the bear "-), the coster (" small rain ") and the formation of the root of God - in the adjectives (and even verbs), denoting the property of cheerfulness in animals (bull is rich , Bogan; the cow drove the boy).
In the southern regions of the region (Bajanitsk, Lokantyansky), the forms of the present and proposed case of a plurality with the end of the end, "the nouns of the type of bone, the horse are: the Malts to the pashol horses; On horseback ripped; We had no help. The same end is possible at the nouns of the type of horse: they sat on the horses; Balt flushes were given.
Such features of the govors are traces of ancient transformations in the language system. And at the same time, as said B. A. Larin, Pskov dialectic features are evidence of the close linguistic contacts of Slavic (considered to be Crivich) population with the population of other language families or groups.
The centuries-old neighborhood with threat-Finnish languages, where the bellivity does not differ and the deafness of consonants, it is explained that Pskov's northern parts of the region also do not distinguish the ringing and deaf consonants before vowels or before sonorous sounds: a gun (instead of a boob); Break into the dirt (instead of pursuing); Retrieve glazes (instead of releasing).
Lovely linguist, student B. A. Larina, worked for many decades at the Department of Russian, S. M. Glukin made a number of serious scientific discoveries, studying and modern Pskov's talks, and monuments of Pskov writing, reflecting the phonetic phenomena living for their time. So, in Pskov's dialects, the sound [x] appears on the site of the natural sound [s] (MAYAO "Meat", poured ~ ~ rejuvenated "). The researcher explains this with the non-diversion of whistling and hissing sounds in the Pskov territory in antiquity: apparently, such sounds mixed in some general sound. The insecurity of sounds could be at the Okrainskaya part of Slavs (Curvic - Pskov's ancestors) as a result of ancient contacts with the Baltic and Finno-Ugric languages \u200b\u200b(in Estonian, for example, only whistling sounds are known and hissing), therefore in the ancient PSKOVICs the predominance of a whistling sound. Hence the peculiar Pskov pronunciation of the Sosna "Pine"; Nezodali "learned" and sub-coat "furious" the "fiance" mainly in the areas of the Nizhnevian zone (Pechersk, Pskov, Palkinsky) and in the Gdovsky district (northern zone). Therefore, there may be a member of the sounds [c] and [sh] on [x]: I combine "SOLVE", Kitchen "bite"; Ride "hang", scam "scam". It applies to the south, and to the east (Porchovsky, Dnahvsky, Sebezhsky, Nevelsky districts). So the current state of sound phenomena opens the ancient language processes and shows the contacts of the peoples.
Even in a summary of the peculiarities of Pskov says, it is impossible not to say about such a unique phenomenon in the Pskov Councils and partially in Novgorod (in their modern state and in ancient fixation on monuments, in particular, in Novgorod birchpins), such as cases of to "make" KPP "Nag", Kevka "Tsevka (in weaving bed)". Probably, such phenomena were probably noticed to S. M. Glusky, as examples were recorded and when collecting materials for the dialectological atlas of the Russian language. But only S. M. Gluskina explained that the ancestors of Pskovichi, who came here through the territory of the Balts to the ancient general Slavonic change of sound * K in sound * C (i.e. [C]) before the special vowel sound "yat", did not survive This process, being cut off from the rest of the Slavic world the territory of other peoples. The sound of [K] is preserved in roots relating to important concepts about labor. A. A. Zaliznyak, a well-known Moscow scientist, regardless of S. M. Dustsky, many years later, discovered such a phenomenon in Novgorod birchpins, but, by recognizing the championship of the "discoverer" for S. M. Glusky, offered to call this unique phonetic fact "The Effect of Dusting" and introduce studying it into the textbooks of the history of the Russian language. We had to perform and write that, although now there are attempts to refute such an explanation of the roots of Kep-, Ked-, Kev- and find the rationale for the modern phonetic (Norwegian Slavist J. Bjornfladen), they all turn out to be less evidence than the decision S. M . Dusty - A. A. Zaliznyaka. Moreover, the archaeological data is confirmed by the ancient interaction of Slavic and non-Slavic cultures (see the works of the famous archaeologist, a connoisseur of Slavic antiquities V. V. Sedov).
Interestingly, such a phenomenon in the Pskov Councils, as the Yel Mesh, was "led", since the combinations of the Baltic languages, with which the carriers of the Pskov dialect entered into contact, "were promoted" to the ancient Slavic combinations * DL, * TL (led to CP. Ancient * led). Under the influence of the Baltic combinations, this was manifested in peculiar Pskov combinations [GL], [CL] in vital for speaking words and toponyms: cf. Esshino village (instead of possible ELINO; in the territory of Western Slavs in Europe there are, for example, the name of the village of Yedla, i.e. "Spruce").
Fair A. S. Grada, the connoisseur and Pskov govors, a famous specialist in lingography, regionalistics, that the history of dialective phenomena cannot be solved on the material of only one dialect: it is necessary to take a phenomenon in a wide comparison. Not only live facts, but also writing evidence help restore individual parties to the history of the language. And Pskov, he was lucky: Not only numerous monuments of writing were preserved, but also records in the past of Pskov speech by foreigners. B. A. Larin wrote: "In a better position than others, there are also talks of Pskov and Novgorod, both on the abundance of historical documents and according to foreigners, more often than in other cities who traded in Novgorod and Pskov and maintain more information To master your efforts to master the speech of Pskov and Novgorod merchants, artisans and the authorities "(" Conversational language of Moscow Rus "). For the history of Pskov's govors, the phrasebook compiled by the German merchant T. Fenne in Pskov in 1607, as well as a dictionary-phosphor of the XVI century T. Shrov, presumably compiled in the north-west of Russia. Live speech, recorded in a variety of phrases, the reflection of such features that could be seen only sensitive to people, from nature gifted linguistic abilities, are valuable testimony of the language of the past. People's Russian speech in the records of foreigners is a kind of world of knowledge of the Russian language.
The knowledge of the language and language painting of the world of a person through the national language is the task of linguistics and in the twentieth century.
Panicovichi, Pechora District, July 1986 (photo from the Archive of Pedi Institute)
In the Pskov dialect, there are many very interesting, and sometimes quite funny words, the meanings of which are not understood by all. Guess or logically understand their meanings is extremely difficult, especially since not every indigenous resident will cope with this task.
Kityukushka
Calio "Cune" is absent in the Russian Internet segment. He does not find any google nor "Yandex" nor the intellectual search engine "Nigma" - which, however, does not interfere with the kityukushka to be the decoration and pride of the village house of each self-respecting Pskovician.
Example of use: "Go to the courtyard, scold, how there are geeks ..."
Kityukushka Pskovistan is called a homemade chicken.
Diyanki
No Pskov Grandma will allow the grandchildly to raise in winter in ripped diysons or something good without them. Diyans are indispensable during the games in snowballs and winter walks in the forests.
Example of use: "While they built a snow fortress Vasya lost Diyanki. He will fly from grandmother "
Diyanka Pskovites call knitted mittens.
Kyrshina
This word is surprisingly often found in Russian phraseologicals. If you believe the most common one:
It can be laid or minimized
- You can get it
- you can sit on it
Example of use: "Give in Kyrshin"
Kurshina Pskovistan call the neck.
Wearing
The Pskov version is pretty reminds the usual sound of the word, but it sounds more fun:
Example of use: "Step away in the iso ..."
The spent of the Pskovistan is called Russian hut.
Shukhal
Information for reflection: the recognized queen of garden tools, the first acquaintance with which most residents of modern Russia occurs in early childhood.
Shukhley Pskovites are called a shovel.
Koret
The king is present in any Russian cuisine and indispensable in the stirring and spill of borscht. In their free time, it is usually hanging on a neat hook in the corner.
Example of use: "Take the king yes pour!"
Transfer: Kotle Pskovistan is called the midst.
Pizdrick
The observation point-Pskovwist's supervisory dubbed one of the small birds of the Rzhanko-shaped family, with an enviable regularity of the amusing residents of the region with their air games and a loud cry. In general, it is Chibis. According to unverified data, some particularly affectionate Pskov grandmothers in the minutes of tenderness are clich by pisdrocks their grandchildren.
Example of use: "Yes, what is this pizdrik, when it is Bousel!"
But Busel - Translated from Belorussky - "Stork". In the Pskov dialect "Bushel" is probably present because of the proximity of the city to the border with Belorussia.
