Where fascism, one of the main ideologies of the period of the Second World War, arose, you will learn from this article.
Where did fascism come from?
Today many people associate the word fascism with the Germany of World War II and Hitler. However, this ideology and movement originated in Italy... The term "fascism" itself has Italian roots. It is derived from the Italian "fascio", which means union.
is the founder of fascism. At one time he headed the National Fascist Party and served as Prime Minister of Italy from 1922 to 1943.
That is why Italy is the country where fascism and its regime were established first of all. This was facilitated by some points. The fact is that after the end of the First World War, Italy was engulfed in a wave of deep social upheavals, which ended only in 1922, from the moment fascism came to power with a totalitarian form of government. Italy became the first country where specialized detachments began to be created to actively fight communists and crime. A soldier from such a detachment was called a fascist, and the movement itself was called fascism.
Italian fascism was strongly associated with the idea of \u200b\u200bwar and the seizure of power with its retention in the strong hands of the ruler. Benito Mussolini understood that he would not be able to independently create a formidable and strong empire without an alliance with Germany, which was quickly recovering after the First World War. Therefore, he went with her to a rapprochement, which resulted in a military-political union of two states - Italy and Germany.
In the field of ideology, fascism in Italy has shown particular activity. In the minds of the masses of the population, their own system of values \u200b\u200bwas rapidly being introduced - this is the cult of strength, war and reckless obedience. Even the spiritual life of the country succumbed to the total control of the authorities. In general, the activities of the fascist regime were a service to the strong idea of \u200b\u200bthe nation and national greatness. For this purpose, a corporate doctrine was developed. Where it was argued that the nation, both political and moral, realizes itself only in a fascist state, which in turn will ensure the cooperation of different classes of "producers" (that is, workers and capitalists) "in the name of common national interests."
The Italian nation was proclaimed the direct heir to Ancient Rome, its imperial traditions and military power. In the 30s, Italians were declared an Aryan race, and an active propaganda of racism began. Even the so-called racial laws were issued in 1938, which barred other nationalities from accessing scientific institutions.
What is fascism? This is the collective name for ideologies, extreme right-wing political trends and the principle of dictatorial rule that corresponds to them. Fascism, the definition of which we gave above, is characterized by chauvinism, xenophobia, mystical leaderism, anti-communism, militaristic nationalism, contempt for liberalism and electoral democracy, belief in the natural social hierarchy and the rule of the elite, statism and, in some cases, genocide.
Etymology, definition of the concept
The word "fascism" translated from Italian "fascio" means "union". For example, B. Mussolini's political party, distinguished by its radical views, was called the Fascio di combattimento. The word "fascio", in turn, comes from the Latin "fascis", which translates as "bundle" or "bundle". In ancient times, it was used to designate the symbol of the magistrate's power - the fascia (a bundle of rods with an ax stuck into it), which was a characteristic sign of the lictors - the honorary guard of the highest magistrates of the Romans. At the same time, the fascia endowed its owner with the right to use force on behalf of the entire people, and even carry out the death penalty. The image of a bundle of rods with an ax can now be seen even on the emblem belonging to the Federal Bailiff Service of the Russian Federation. In addition, fascia is present in the symbols of power in many states of the world.
What is fascism in the narrow historical sense? This is a mass movement of a political nature. It existed in the 1920s - 1940s. And in which country did fascism arise? In Italy.
As for world historiography, fascism is also understood as the ultra-right political trends in the third world countries, the Portuguese regime of the New State, and Francoism.
What is fascism if we consider this phenomenon through the prism of the historiography of the CIS countries, the Russian Federation and the USSR? In addition to all of the above, it is also German National Socialism.
Currently, there are at least four directions in the interpretation of the phenomenon under consideration:
Standard Soviet definition;
Fascism as a Western Form of Extremism;
Interpretation of the term, including the widest range of nationalist and authoritarian trends;
The definition of fascism as right-wing conservative revolutionism.
In addition, fascism, the definition of which we are considering in detail, is interpreted by some authors as a pathological deviation in the individual and / or public consciousness that has psychophysiological roots.
As the American philosopher Hana Arendt noted, the main sign of this phenomenon should be considered the formation of a cult of hatred towards an external or internal enemy, fueled by a powerful propaganda machine, which, if necessary, resorts to lies in order to ensure the desired effect.
Character traits
Under the fascist regime, there is a strengthening of the regulatory functions of the state, not only in the economy, but also in ideology. At the same time, the ruling elite is actively creating a system of public associations and mass organizations, initiating violent methods of suppressing dissent, and does not accept the principles of political and economic liberalism. The main signs of fascism are as follows:
Etatism;
Nationalism;
Traditionalism;
Extremism;
Militarism;
Corporatism;
Anti-communism;
Anti-liberalism;
Some features of populism.
Often leaderism;
Statements that the main support is the broad masses of the people who do not belong to the ruling class.
IV Mazurov expressed his thoughts about what fascism is. He noted the following: it is wrong to compare this phenomenon with authoritarianism, since it is exclusively totalitarianism.
Origins
In which country did fascism originate? In Italy. The course for an authoritarian nationalist policy was taken in 1922 by the country's Prime Minister Benito Mussolini. He was the son of a blacksmith, a former socialist who bore the official title "Duce" (translated from Italian as "leader"). Mussolini remained in power until 1943. All this time, the dictator put his nationalist ideas into practice.
In 1932, he first published The Doctrine of Fascism. It could be read in the fourteenth volume of the Encyclopedia Italiana di scienze, lettere ed arti. The doctrine served as an introduction to an article titled Fascism. In his work, Mussolini reported on his disappointment in past courses, including in socialism (despite the fact that he was an active champion of it for a long period). The dictator called for the search for new ideas, convincing everyone that if the nineteenth century was a period of individualism, then the twentieth will be the era of collectivism, and therefore the state.
For a long time Mussolini tried to derive a recipe for national happiness. In the process, he formulated the following provisions:
Fascist ideas about the state are all-encompassing. Outside of this trend, neither human nor spiritual values \u200b\u200bsimply exist. Fascism interprets, develops and directs all the activities of people.
The reasons for the emergence and development of the trade union movement and socialism should not be disregarded. A certain importance should be attached to the corporate structure of the state, in which the current government is responsible for the coordination and harmonization of diverging interests.
Fascism is the absolute opposite of liberalism in both economics and politics.
The state should manage all areas of the people's life through corporate, social and educational institutions.
Fascism in Russia is unacceptable. That is why, in June 2010, the specified work of Mussolini was recognized as extremist. An appropriate decision was made about this in the Kirovsky District Court of Ufa.
Features of ideology
In which country did fascism originate? In Italy. It was there that the ideas about the denial of democratic values, about the superiority of one nation over all others, about the establishment of the cult of the leader, about the justification of terror and violence in order to suppress dissidents, and also about the fact that war is a normal means of resolving interstate disputes, were first voiced. Nazism and fascism in this regard go hand in hand. Moreover, the first is only one of the many varieties of the second.
National Socialism (Nazism) is the official political ideology of the Third Reich. Her idea was to idealize the Aryan race. For this, elements of social democracy, racism, anti-Semitism, chauvinism, social Darwinism, the principles of "racial hygiene" and the principles of democratic socialism were used.
Nazism and Fascism were based on the theory of racial hygiene. According to her, people were divided into representatives of the so-called superior race and lower elements. The need to make an appropriate selection was proclaimed. The ideology of fascism cultivated the idea that the existence of true Aryans must be supported by all means. At the same time, the reproduction of all unwanted ones had to be prevented. According to fascist principles, people suffering from epilepsy, alcoholism, dementia and hereditary diseases were subjected to mandatory forced sterilization.
The ideas of expanding the "living space" were especially widespread. They were realized through military expansion.
Germany
The organizational base of the first fascist party was formed in 1921. It was based on the "Fuhrer-principle", which assumed unlimited power of the leader. The main goals of the formation of this party were the following: the maximum spread of fascist ideology, the preparation of a special terrorist apparatus capable of suppressing the forces of democrats and anti-fascists, and, of course, the subsequent seizure of power.
Fascism in Germany in 1923 moved to a new level. The adherents of the ideology in question made the first direct attempt to seize state power. This event is known in history as the "Beer Putsch". Then the plans of the Nazis failed. For this reason, the tactics of the struggle for power have been adjusted. In 1925, the so-called battle for the Reichstag started, and the mass base of the fascist party was formed. Three years later, the changed tactics brought the first serious results. The result of the work was the receipt of twelve seats in the Reichstag. And in 1932 the fascist party had an absolute majority in terms of the number of seats.
On January 30, 1933, the history of fascism was replenished with one more important fact: Adolf Hitler was entrusted with the post of Reich Chancellor of the country. He came to power as the head of the coalition government. Hitler was supported by a wide variety of sectors of society. He managed to build the broadest social base thanks to those people who, after Germany's defeat in the war, simply lost the ground from under their feet. The huge aggressive crowd felt deceived. Together with the property, the majority of the country's population also lost their life prospects. In such a situation, Hitler skillfully took advantage of the psychological and political disorder of the people. He promised various social strata exactly what they most needed at that time: workers - employment and bread, monarchists - the restoration of the desired way of life, industrialists - enough military orders, the Reichswehr - strengthening of positions in connection with updated military plans. The inhabitants of the country liked the nationalist appeals of the fascists much more than the social democratic or communist slogans.
When German fascism began to dominate the country, there was more than just a change of cabinet. All the institutions of the state of the bourgeois-parliamentary type, as well as all democratic achievements, began to be systematically destroyed. A terrorist anti-people regime began to be erected. At first, anti-fascist demonstrations were actively carried out, but they were rapidly suppressed.
The movement in question reached its apogee during the Second World War. During that period, eleven million people who were objectionable to the regime were destroyed in the fascist camps. The Soviet Union is assigned the leading role in the defeat of the brutal system.
Liberation of Europe from Fascism
In order to throw off Nazi ties from the occupied states, in 1944 and 1945, the Soviet armed forces successfully carried out several major strategic offensive operations. The troops of eleven fronts took direct part in them. In addition, four fleets, fifty combined-arms, six tank and thirteen air armies were involved. Three armies and one air defense front made no less contribution. The number of fighters involved reached 6.7 million. In the same period, anti-fascist national movements were strengthened, and not only in the occupied countries, but even in Germany.
Finally, the long-awaited second front was opened on European territory. The Nazis, gripped by active hostilities, were rapidly losing strength for further resistance. However, the main part of the shock troops was still concentrated on the border of the Soviet-German front, which was the main one. From August 1944 to May 1945, the largest offensive operations were carried out. They played a decisive role in the liberation of European states from the fascist invaders. As a result, the Soviet army partially or completely cleared the enemy from the territory of ten countries in Europe and two in Asia. Two hundred million people, including Bulgarians, Romanians, Hungarians, Poles, Yugoslavs, Czechoslovakians, Austrians, Danes, Germans, Koreans and Chinese, got rid of the enemy.
Millions of people fought and gave their lives so that the propaganda of fascism would never again sound from the stands in order to wipe out the remnants of a bloody dictatorship, misanthropic ideology, Nazism and racism from the face of the earth. This goal was achieved in 1945.
Millions dead
Every year, on the second Sunday of September, the Russian Federation celebrates the International Day of Remembrance for the Victims of Fascism. Most countries around the world honor those who died at the hands of bloody ideologists. This day was established back in 1962. The main goal with which the victims of fascism are regularly recalled is to prevent the re-spread of fascist or other misanthropic ideas.
Current state of affairs
It is believed that fascism is reincarnated today in some Western states. This is explained by the need for large capitals to obtain inexpensive labor and new raw materials through the seizure of Western European territories. In this regard, the ruling coalitions of both the United States and the European Union do not prevent the revival of fascist traditions that carry hatred of the Russian world.
It is noteworthy that the ambiguity in the discussion of the phenomenon under consideration is still observed. The concept of fascism is recognized as one of the key in the twentieth century. It has its own history and, undoubtedly, influenced the course of modern history.
If we take into account the many fascist movements and regimes, it becomes clear that the predominance of the statement that there is no single theory of the emergence of this direction becomes clear. To clearly define the phenomenon under investigation, we outline the main features of fascism: it is an ideology based on chauvinist, anti-socialist, anti-liberal and conservative views. At the same time, occult, mythological anti-Semitic and romantic ideas, coupled with elements of militant political culture, are of particular importance. Capitalist systems and societies that are in the so-called transitional stage are considered fertile ground for the emergence of fascist parties. At the same time, such trends do not develop within the limits of socialism.
The study of fascism in its classical understanding has now reached the phase of balance, synthesis and systematization. However, the same cannot be said about studies of modern trends - right-wing extremism and fascism. The process is significantly complicated by complete chaos in subject differentiation and in terminology. At the same time, a variety of concepts are used, including neo-Nazism, neo-fascism, right-wing populism, extremism ...
Past and present
What is the difference between the views of classical fascists and modern European ultra-right? Let's try to answer this difficult question. So, fascism is characterized by authoritarian nationalism, advocating the protection of the corporate-estate version of petty bourgeois capitalism. He controls the militarist party and the armed groups. An invariable attribute is a charismatic leader. As for the current ultra-right, they sharply criticize cosmopolitanism and talk about the decline of modern society, they also do not allow mixing of races and peoples, and cultivate the myth of the educational tradition. The basic ideological patterns presented above are generously flavored with local prejudices and flavor.
Fascism is still prohibitively dangerous for a civilized society. Despite the fact that it was originally an Italian-German-Japanese project, many other states were infected with similar ideas. Information about the Second World War eloquently confirms this.
As we well know from school history books, the Germans are responsible for the extermination of six million Jewish people. Other peoples have also suffered, but they tend to be less remembered. At the same time, society is not sufficiently informed that representatives of some nations, inspired by bloody ideas, not only helped the Nazis to realize their terrible mission, but also achieved their own dark political goals under their protection. Not everyone today can openly say that a certain part of Ukrainians, Latvians, Hungarians, Estonians, Lithuanians, Croats and Romanians took a direct part in the most atrocious atrocities. To confirm this fact, it is enough to turn to history. Thus, for the Croats, fascism has become a widely supported national idea and the basis for the formation of a political course. The same can be said about Estonians.
The indisputable fact is that the Holocaust would not have been realized without Hitler, Himmler and some other Germans. Nevertheless, according to the Hamburg historian M. Wild, they could not have exterminated a great number of European Jews on their own. For these purposes, they undoubtedly received serious outside assistance.
USA stayed away
Fascism in Russia is an unambiguously negative phenomenon. They are struggling with him at different levels. However, not all players in the global political arena support the desire to eradicate bloody ideas.
On December 23, 2010, the plenipotentiaries of the Russian Federation presented the Resolution to the UN General Assembly. This document sounded a call to combat the glorification of fascism. The resolution was supported by one hundred twenty-nine countries. And only America opposed its signing. There were no comments from the media and US officials on this matter.
Conclusion
In the above article, we answered the question of which country fascism originated in. In addition, the characteristic features of this phenomenon, the peculiarities of ideology and the consequences of the influence of misanthropic ideas on the course of world history were considered.
Fascism (from Italian fascio - fasci - bundle, bundle, unification) is an ideology and practice that asserts the superiority and exclusivity of a particular nation or race, the denial of democracy, the establishment of the cult of the leader; the use of violence and terror to suppress political opponents and any form of dissent; justification of war as a means of solving interstate problems.
When applied to fascism, traditional sociological criteria do not work, since fascism is defined primarily through ideological, psychological and organizational parameters, and not social ones.
FascismIs the ideology and practice of the domination of international imperialism over the world.
Subjectively: fascism - this is the egoism of people, their desire for global domination.
Neo-fascism - an extremely reactionary political trend, reflecting the views of the most aggressive, militaristic and chauvinist circles of the big monopoly bourgeoisie. Like fascism in the 1920s and 1940s, neo-fascism is a product of state-monopoly capitalism. At the same time, the social base of neo-fascism, like Nazism in Germany and fascism in Italy, is found among the petty and middle bourgeoisie, the lumpen proletariat. Neo-fascist parties and groups are usually closely associated with the particular circles of the ruling class that finance them and the political interests that they ultimately serve.
The ideology of Neofascism is characterized by: anti-communism, nationalism, racism, social demagogy.
Neo-fascists - ardent opponents of detente of international tension, champions of militarism and the arms race. In the political struggle, they make extensive use of violence and terror, directed primarily against the revolutionary forces.
Neo-Nazi organizations have strong international ties with historical revisionists.
Historical revisionism - a widespread historical school that denies the mass extermination of Jews during the reign of Hitler. These people are trying to back up anti-Semitism with scientific evidence.
For instance: the chemical composition that arose after the use of ZYKLON-B, the gas used by the Nazis to kill people, and was to be found in the walls of the gas chambers of Auschwitz. But postwar studies have not confirmed this. The revisionists advanced the theory of clothes dryers, not gas chambers. But in 1998, the government banned the experiment and find out whether that amount of gas killed people. The version that people were hanged so as not to produce wild dogs, rats and other carriers of infections. Historians who contradict such studies also do not provide facts, but simply emphasize the number of victims.
Leading revisionists: David Irving, Ernst Zandel, Robert Faurisson, Ahmed Rami, Fies Christophersen, Otto-Ernst Roemer.
They and others like them continue to make attempts to rehabilitate or deny the crimes committed by the regime of Nazi Germany in the years of the Second World War.
Ideology
Nazis, fascists, racists are ultranationalists who are hostile to democracy, reinforced in laws and fundamental human rights. Systematically proclaim ideas of hatred against those whose skin color, culture, religion, lifestyle, sexual orientation or mindset are different.
Combines Nazi and Fascist movements common ideology: xenophobic (intolerant) racist and anti-Semitic hatred, based on “racial science”. Historically, the Nazis see an epic mystical struggle between the white "Aryan" race and the Jews, who are being billed for all their troubles. For the Nazis, Jews are the source of all known evil. Communism and capitalism are declared Jewish.
Fascists believe that the hierarchy of a democratic order and the idea of \u200b\u200buniversal equality are dangerous. They are anti-communists and anti-socialists, they do not believe in the equal rights of all people. Trade unions and any democratic independent organizations must be destroyed and parliaments dissolved. They proclaim a society's need for authoritarian rule. They admire individual heroism, tough leadership, sacrifice and courage. There are also constant irrational appeals to the “soul of the nation and the race”.
The main options for ideology do not quite fall under the above, but are no less dangerous:
1. Istric revisionism. Rejects the Nazi genocide of the Jews during World War II. It reports that 6 million Jews were not killed and that the Nazi gas chambers of Auschwitz and other camps never existed. It exists in many European countries. The main organization is the Institute for Historical Survey in America.
2. The "Third Way" proponents present the third road between capitalism and communism. They are “national revolutionaries”. The "Third Way" adherents confuse "socialism" and "national socialism". The main organization is the International Third Way, the National Front in Germany (banned), ACCION RADICAL in Spain and partly VAM in Sweden.
3. Parliamentary Nazis use electoral tactics to gain popular support. FN in France, VB in Belgium, DV and DLFVH in Germany, MCI in Italy and many others hold various seats at the European national and local parliamentary level. They represent the most dangerous part of the right-wing organizations.
4. Youth neo-Nazi culture is spreading through the international music scene "Skinheads". The main organization is the British BLOOD & HONOR, which sells CDs, T-shirts, merchandise, posters, literature and other material internationally. Music bands such as SKREWDRIVER, NO REMORSE, STORKRAFT, ULTIMA THULE and SKULLHEAD, ROCK O-RAMA and REBELLES, EUROPEENS.
The political regime is always in the most direct and immediate dependence on the social base of the dictatorship of the bourgeoisie. Even before the onset of the general crisis of capitalism, the bourgeoisie systematically resorted to authoritarian and terrorist methods of government. It was in the first post-war years that such a fundamentally new political phenomenon as fascism emerged. The establishment of fascism represents a radical revolution leading to the complete and final destruction of bourgeois democracy by the bourgeoisie itself.
The social base of the fascist movements is the petty bourgeoisie. It is adjoined by various declassed elements, as well as a significant part of the unemployed. But this does not mean at all that with the establishment of fascism the petty bourgeoisie comes to power. The petty-bourgeois origin of many fascist leaders (Mussolini is the son of a blacksmith, Hitler is the son of a shoemaker who later became a customs official), the presence of people from this milieu in important positions in the mechanism of the fascist dictatorship does not change its essence in any way. In fact, power is in the hands of the most reactionary elements of monopoly capital. Fascism is not immediately established. Before making a change in the political regime, the bourgeoisie is carrying out a series of preparatory measures.
Fascism turned the country into a state. This made it possible to carry out ideological indoctrination of the population and identify dissidents for merciless destruction.
Fascization of the political regime is carried out in the following main directions:
Open violation of bourgeois democratic rights and freedoms;
The persecution and prohibition of communist and workers' parties, as well as trade unions and public organizations;
Merging of the state apparatus with monopolies;
Militarization of the state apparatus;
Decline in the role of central and local representative institutions;
Growth of discretionary powers of executive bodies of state power;
Merging of parties and trade unions with the state apparatus;
Consolidation of previously scattered fascist and reactionary extremist parties and organizations;
The emergence of various kinds of right-wing extremist movements ("National Front in France, Italian social movement, etc.).
The experience of Italy and Germany clearly reveals the preconditions that are favorable to its emergence and the establishment of an appropriate political regime:
A nationwide crisis affecting in one way or another all social strata and groups and aggravating social, including interethnic, contradictions to the limit;
Weakening of the real power of a liberal democratic state, its inability to propose and implement effective measures to bring society out of the crisis;
The weakening of the country's international positions, up to its national humiliation, as was the case with Germany, forced to sign the Versailles Peace Treaty, which traumatized the national consciousness of the Germans;
The presence of influential left-wing parties (communist, social-democratic), which frighten not only big business with a revolutionary perspective, but also the middle strata of society;
The presence of a fascist movement headed by a skillful demagogue leader who skillfully plays on social contradictions, manipulates the masses and promises to lead the country out of the crisis through quick and decisive action;
Support for the fascists by various social and political strata, including the big bourgeoisie, who expect to use fascist organizations as a convenient temporary weapon in the fight against rivals and enemies; a crisis of public consciousness, disillusionment of the masses with liberal and democratic values; instability that feeds nationalist, militaristic and aggressive sentiments.
The simultaneous presence of all these factors allowed fascism to acquire such a scale in Europe in the 1920s and 1930s.
The first fascist organizations - “Fashi di Combattimento” (hence the name of the entire movement) - appeared in Italy in March 1919. In October 1922, the Italian fascists came to power, their leader ("duce") B. Mussolini took over as prime minister. The design of the fascist dictatorship in Italy was completed in 1926.
In early 1919, a fascist party emerged in Germany. Since February 1920, the name was adopted - the National Socialist (Nazi) German Workers' Party. Hence the name of the Germanic variety of fascism - Nazism. In January 1933, the Nazis came to power in Germany. With their arrival, all democratic institutions were collapsed, political parties, including the traditional bourgeois ones, were disbanded, and the German Communist Party was banned.
To implement the policy of mass repression in Germany, concentration camps were created, where citizens suspected of actions against the fascist dictatorship were exiled without specifying the term of imprisonment. By the beginning of World War II, there were about a hundred concentration camps in Nazi Germany, and the total number of people imprisoned in them was about a million people.
An industry of death was created in concentration camps: slave labor, crematoria, gas chambers, human experimentation.
The war of the fascists against the USSR was a war of extermination.
The main source, according to which there was a systematic extermination of huge masses of the population, is the Ost plan. In its cruelty and cynicism, this document is unique in the history of mankind. The plan contains horrifying details of the destruction of the Soviet people. It included such means as the destruction of the intelligentsia, reducing the culture of the people to the lowest level, as well as artificially reducing the birth rate.
Three circumstances contributed to the establishment of the fascist dictatorship in Germany:
a) the monopoly bourgeoisie found in it the desired way out of the acute political situation created by the economic crisis;
b) the petty bourgeoisie and some strata of the peasantry saw in the demagogic promise of the Hitlerite party the fulfillment of hopes for alleviating the economic difficulties caused by the growth of monopolies and aggravated by the crisis;
c) the working class of Germany - turned out to be split and therefore disarmed: the communist party was not strong enough to stop fascism.
Fascism has a number of features that distinguish it from other authoritarian regimes.
He not only completely destroys bourgeois democracy, but also theoretically “substantiates” the need to establish totalitarianism. Instead of the liberal-democratic concept of individualism, fascism puts forward the concept of a nation, a people, whose interests always, everywhere and in everything prevail over the interests of individuals.
Fascism, in theory and in practice, broke with all political and legal principles of bourgeois democracy, such as popular sovereignty, the supremacy of parliament, the separation of powers, electivity, local self-government, guarantees of individual rights, the rule of law.
The establishment of an openly terrorist regime under fascism is accompanied by social demagogy, which is elevated to the rank of official ideology. Speculating on the demagogic criticism of the most egregious vices of capitalism, fascism always puts forward anti-socialist slogans, juggles with this or that kind of "national socialism". According to fascist ideology, each corporation, which occupies its inherent place in the hierarchical system, performs its inherent "social function". Corporate theories preach the unity and solidity of the nation.
It is social demagogy and "national socialism" that distinguish fascism from other authoritarian regimes, under which bourgeois democracy is also liquidated, but this is done without "theoretical justification" and not under "socialist" slogans.
Representatives of any class, any social substructure can be fascists. There is no class or social stratum of fascists: they are scattered in varying proportions throughout the social structure of society.
Fascism may be the result of the actions of maniacs who take advantage of the unstable balance of power between classes or other features of the socio-political situation and establish a fascist regime under the guise of slogans of a supra-class nature.
Fascists can come to power along with the revolutionary movement of the oppressed classes, subjugate them and establish a fascist regime under the guise of "revolutionary" ideology. Finally, the fascists in their actions aimed at seizing power can combine, combine all of the above options, depending on the specific political situations in which they operate.
The most deeply conspiratorial fascist formations arise in those cases when one or another organizational and ideological structure degrades and turns essentially into a fascist one, but outwardly preserves the old ideological features. Christianity in the Middle Ages experienced a similar transformation. Similar processes are still going strong today in some Muslim states. The communist movement experienced a similar degradation.
It should be specially emphasized: the conspiracy of the fascists in such cases is extremely high largely for the reason that practically all of them sincerely consider themselves "Christians", "Muslims", "communists" and so on.
In the ideology of fascism, the nation and the state (“blood and soil”) occupy a special place. The nation is seen as the supreme and eternal reality based on the community of blood. Hence the task of preserving the purity of blood and race. In a fascist society, the higher nations dominate the lower ones.
Currently, fascism in its "classical" form does not exist anywhere. However, various types of tyrannical regimes have become quite widespread.
Neo-Nazism and racism in the 90s not only did not disappear, but on the contrary received further development in many directions. The increase in the number of parties and movements, their numbers, despite the prohibition of many of them, did not lead to the eradication of this dangerous ideology. Neo-Nazis continue to win elections in various European countries.
Terrorist attacks by the most extremist representatives of these movements continue, people are dying, cemeteries are being desecrated, houses are being burned down. Probably, the reasons for the increased activity of neo-Nazis and the increase in their number lies in the social disorder of people around the world. A common strong legislative base is also needed, which is now lacking in many countries.
In modern Europe there is a huge number and number of right-wing movements. The term right-wing radical means only those organizations, parties, movements, unions, military-sports groups, etc. (including prohibited ones), whose actions are based on the philosophy of the superiority of one race (nation) over another, xenophobia, anti-Semitism (“anti” is against, the Semites are a group of languages-related peoples of southwestern Asia and northern Africa), which violate numerous human rights enshrined in many laws in all civilized countries. This part of the work talks about political parties professing a similar ideology.
Now international Nazis have four international organizations: NSDAP-AO, EURO-RING, NEW EROREAN ORDER and WORLD UNION OF NATIONAL SOCIALISTS.
In Scandinavia, there are a large number of various organizations of the right-wing radical orientation. Many of them are prohibited. On their account - numerous murders, bank robberies, attacks on police stations and army warehouses in order to obtain weapons.
VAM is in close contacts with the German Nazi organization - GDNF, the American NSDAP-AO and the Norwegian HVITT ARISKT MOTSTAND, with the British terrorists - COMBAT18 and BLOOD & HONOR, as well as with the organization of former veterans of the WAFFEN-SS (HIAG).
There are other organizations in Sweden, for example, KREATIVISTENS KYRKA. This organization ("Church of the Creator") is a kind of religious organization, professing a mixture of northern paganism, Christianity, Hinduism. The rest of the organizations in Sweden have a terrorist orientation.
Denmark is a playground for Europe's most famous ideologically large Nazi and racist parties.
In Finland, the right-wing radical movement is not numerous, but it has representatives in the government.
Anti-communism, patriotism, anti-immigration, fear of Russia, because of which he proposes to create a national guard, training members of the guard from school.
Spain has a record number of such large associations - 11.
YOUTH MOVEMENTS
The main neo-Nazi youth movement is the Skinheads movement. It originated in Britain in the late 1960s. Initially, the movement was not racist, but included a fancy for a certain form of clothing, football matches and concerts. But in 1997 a new generation of skinheads emerged and became the main youth driving force behind international neo-Nazism.
Numerous literature is published: magazines, newspapers, fanzines of musical groups, leaflets, paraphernalia, stripes, T-shirts and other materials are made that carry pronounced neo-Nazi symbols. CDs and cassettes of many banned music groups are released, and international contacts are established.
Ideology and subculture in all countries is the same. Patriotism, nationalism, racism, anti-Semitism and hostile perception of any kind of thinking other than “ideals”.
Fascism was no exception to the rule or an accident. This is a natural phenomenon of the development of mankind, which coincides, according to the theory of the age of Cultures, with a cruel pre-adolescent age. Violence breeds resistance, which breeds more violence. The main lesson of the defeat of fascism is that you cannot achieve prosperity by unrighteous means. The unnaturalness, anti-humanity and ill-conceivedness of these ideas led to the defeat of fascism.
Interesting Facts:
In Italy, the government not only did not interfere with the fascists, but even encouraged them. Fascism receives powerful patrons in the person of the General Confederation of Industrialists and Landlord Unions. Money flows along with patronage.
In November 1926, a 15-year-old boy was killed on the spot “allegedly” for attempting to assassinate Mussolini.
For many years (until 1936) Mussolini held 7 ministerial posts at the same time
a) paid contributions to the trade union;
b) paid a tax of at least 100 liras;
c) held securities (government or bank);
d) Belonged to the church clergy;
22 corporations were created in the country (by industry). Each of them included a representative of the fascist trade unions, business unions, and the fascist party. Mussolini himself became the chairman of each of the 22 corporations; he also headed the ministry of corporations.
- "National Socialist Workers' Party" of Germany announced the creation of a new German "Reich", a great empire built on the bones of all non-German peoples, "the eradication of Marxism and communism", the physical extermination of Jews.
On the night of February 28, 1933, the Nazis set fire to the Reichstag building. They did this in order to obtain a pretext to persecute the Communist Party.
In 1925, Japan introduced "universal" male suffrage, with the right to vote was deprived of military personnel, students, persons with no one-year residency, benefiting from charity, and, finally, heads of noble families.
There were some differences:
a) In Germany and Italy, the fascist parties controlled the army, in Japan it was the army that played the role of the main hands of the leading political force;
b) both in Italy and in Japan, fascism did not liquidate the monarchy; the difference is that the Italian king did not play the slightest role, while the Japanese emperor did not in the least lose his absolute power, nor his influence (all institutions associated with the monarchy, such as the Privy Council, etc., have survived).
The Bulgarian law "On the protection of the state" provided for criminal punishment "for the communist way of thinking."
This is at once an ideology, political trend and state regime, aimed at the destruction of democratic principles and freedoms.
The ideology of fascism is anti-communism, racism (sorting peoples into "higher" and "lower"), chauvinism (preaching national exclusivity), the emergence of the cult of a leader (leader), violence, control over the individual, total state power, militarization (military build-up) , aggression (use of force against the independence of other states or peoples), rejection of humanism, nationalism.
This ideology was supported by many. Even Pope Pius XI was delighted that Mussolini was not bothered by the "prejudices of liberalism."
Socio-political roots and essence of fascism
The desire for dictatorship existed even before the appearance of the word "fascism". This concept gave rise to the world economic crisis of the 1930s.as an opportunity for monopolists to save their position in society, their fear of communism and the search for a ruler who could solve all social problems (get rid of poverty, hunger, unemployment, etc.).
The birth of fascism began in Western Europe. The first in this were Italy and Germany, where the Nazis managed not only to form their own party with a clearly formulated program, but also to come to power.
The social basis of fascism was lies and demagoguery. The fascists talked about the need to eliminate class inequality, promised to end unemployment and economic crises. This deception was aimed at the middle class, having lost their jobs and life prospects. Officials and military men, policemen and guards, gendarmes and workers became fascists. Hitler assured him that he would give citizens the same rights and obligations. He also swore to protect and abide by the laws of the republic.
Dreams to conquer the whole world or most of it, to dominate it did not interfere with the international economic ties of the fascists. Moreover, their cooperation (political and military) with other countries began from the economy.
The backbone of fascism became its sponsoring monopolies. For example, all coal and steel concerns in Germany paid a mandatory tax contribution to the presidential campaign (1932), and the three million marks of Thyssen (head of the Steel Trust), handed over to the Nazis during the election, helped Hitler's agitation to reach staggering sizes. In return, the Nazi Party gave them the opportunity to stay in power and dream of ending strikes and world domination.
Preconditions for the emergence of fascism:
These are: dissatisfaction with the results of World War I, reparations, territorial possessions enshrined in the Versailles Treaty, a desire to revise the Versailles - Washington system and redistribute the world.
Reasons for the emergence of fascism:
- the consequences of the world economic crisis (in the economy, politics and social sphere): people believed the promises of the fascists that their ideology would give a better life
- fear of communism: Western monopolists could not allow the emergence of a system similar to Soviet Russia. This was directly opposed by fascism.
The history of the origin of fascism
The thesis "fascism", when faced with it, is perceived as a curse, although its translation and meaning does not represent anything terrible or terrible. Initially, this is just "alliance", "union", i.e. a word that does not have the content that will appear in it later.
The roots of the Italian word "fascism" have a Latin origin: in ancient Rome, lictors (consul guards) carried bundles of rods called "fascis" with them. Many socialists, republicans, and trade unions of the 19th century used the fascio - union - thesis to distinguish their groups.
In the first decades of the 20th century, the right-wingers called themselves "union", which in 1917. merged into the "Union of National Defense".
In 1915, the "Union of Revolutionary Actions" was formed, and in 1919 - the militant "Union of Struggle" by Mussolini, from the former front-line soldiers (right-wing radical / fascist / movement). It was named "Black Legion". In 1921. "Unions" merged to create the "National Fascist Party" (NFP)
In this way, history of fascism in Western Europe begins with the formation of the fascist movement in Italy led by Benito Mussolini, who considered war to be the highest manifestation of the human spirit, and revolution as an explosion of violence.
Preconditions for the emergence of fascism in Italy were due to the situation that arose after the First World War. The country ended up in the ranks of the victors, but it was defeated, as it was seriously “deprived” of the Versailles Treaty. Mussolini's dreams of re-dividing the world formed the definition of the ultimate goal that his party was to achieve.
The NFP of Italy has been compared with the organization of Escherich of Austria, the "Volunteer Corps" of Germany, with the "whites" of Russia, Hungary and Bavaria. Lenin equated them with the Russian "Black Hundreds", which gave impetus to the tendency to call all anti-revolutionary movements "fascist" in Russia. Although some communists (for example, Palmiro Togliatti, Antonio Gramsci, Clara Zetkin) argued that it was impossible to call all movements directed against democracy and communism “fascist”, since in this case it was difficult to consider the specifics of Italian fascism.
The history of German fascism dates back to about the same time, but in the Land of the Soviets, after the V World Congress of the Comintern (1924), it was decided not to de-differentiate not only the true manifestations of fascism, but also to call all non-communist parties "fascist". So, for example, all social democratic parties were classified as fascist only because they stood for the protection of parliamentary democracy.
An attempt to clarify was made by Georgy Dimitrov in 1935. during the VII World Congress of the Comintern. But nobody paid attention to her.
History of German fascism, as well as Italian, is rooted in the crisis phenomena of the economy and social life after the 1st World War.
Reasons for the origin of fascism in Germany these are: dissatisfaction with the outcome of the war (the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating a Great State), social dissatisfaction due to the economic decline (unemployment up to 50%, production decline by 40%, strikes, strikes), fear of the communist movement (ready to seize power), reparations, restrictions, bans and territorial changes of the Versailles Treaty.
All of this led to the creation of paramilitary "voluntary" formations with a semi-fascist character. One of them was the German Workers 'Party, in which, thanks to the support of Captain E. Rehm in Munich, Adolf Hitler quickly found himself in the leadership of an agitator, renaming it the National Socialist German Workers' Party.
Soon enough, not only in Italy and Germany, but also in many other countries, the fascist movement acquired an organized character, action programs took shape, and numerous parties were formed.
It is with them that the further history of the emergence of fascism is connected, which covered many other European countries. However, in each country, fascism had its own specifics. They all initially differed economically and socially. Only their political situation was similar: democracy was not stable here. In addition to Italy and Germany, these were Spain, Austria and Hungary, Bulgaria and Yugoslavia, Hungary and Romania, Finland, Poland and Lithuania. Thus, the interwar period became the "era of fascism."
The history of German fascism differs from others in its preconditions inherent in the economy and the social sphere: the social support of fascism in Germany was not the impoverished strata of the rural population, as in Italy, but the strata of small entrepreneurs, ruined and declassified by the economic crisis. Fascism in these countries had more differences than similarities.
The emergence of fascism was encouraged by the governments of these countries, but only in some of them did the fascists occupy leading positions at the top of the government. Therefore, in each of the above and not listed countries (France, England, USA) fascism took various forms, manifesting itself to a lesser extent.
In Soviet literature, almost all countries of the world (from Austria to Japan) are described as "fascist". This seriously eroded the very concept of "fascism", turning it into a dirty word, and not noticing some similarities between the communist and fascist parties (for example, in the unacceptability of parliamentary democracy, the practice of power). Of course, they cannot be identified because of the global differences in the structure of power, goals and social systems to which they led.
A detailed history of German fascism, French, Italian and many others is available in separate articles.
National specificity of fascism
In Italy - it was totalitarianism (complete control of the state), the creation of a "corporate state" (where the class struggle was abolished), dreams of how the Mediterranean Sea would turn into an "Italian lake", and an empire would be created in Africa (revival of the "greatness of ancient Rome")
In Germany - it was Nazism with plans to liquidate the Versailles and Saint-Germain treaties, seize numerous lands and colonies and create Great Germany on them.
In England and France Fascism was considered a measure of strengthening capitalism, and the coming war was a means of getting rid of the hated Soviet Union. But there was no direct threat to the monopolies in them, and they preferred to preserve democratic forms in the state structure, leaving the fascist groups with a “bench”.
Fascist dictatorships could emerge only in a few states. The forms of dictatorships looked in different versions: fascist, monarchist-fascist, semi-fascist, military-dictatorial. Sometimes the names were generated by the locality (“sanitation” in Poland).
In Bulgaria, Poland, Austria, Hungary, Romania at the same time, parliaments were not dissolved, but they served the dictatorships, and only a fraction of the voting rights remained (so they were cut).
In Spain during the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, the Cortes were dismissed.
In Yugoslavia after the coup (1929) the People's Assembly was liquidated. The Italian Duce ruled the country while maintaining the power of the king.
A strong base of fascism developed only in Germany and Italy. Here appeared the "Fuhrer" - the power of dictators not limited by laws. In other states, there were no "Fuhrer". The likeness was Pilsudski (Poland) and several rulers in Latin America.
The dictatorship of a number of countries had a monarchist-fascist form, that is, it relied on the power of the king (in Greece and Yugoslavia), the king (in Bulgaria), and the emperor (in Japan).
Differences in fascism in different countries boiled down to the severity of racism, chauvinism, rejection of the communists and Soviet Russia in general, as well as the destruction of those who were against it.
What is “fascism” associated with?
With a name, country, time. The name of "fascism": "Hitler", country: "Germany", time: "Great Patriotic War" or "Second World War". Unfortunately, this is where the knowledge ends for many. And this is fundamentally wrong. Germany is mistakenly considered the birthplace of fascismand associate its appearance with the Second World War. So, fascism arose back in 1919, with the appearance of a document called "Manifesto of Fascism", authored by Italians Filippo Marinetti and Alcesta De Ambris. Yes, the Italians. The origin of fascism has nothing to do with Germany. It is the "Manifesto of Fascism" that contains the main ideas of fascism, which were later "adopted" by Benito Mussolini.
The concept of fascism that Mussolini developed was international in nature. Tellingly, this manifesto set out the ideas of class cooperation, suffrage for all, corporatism, and it contained the makings of democracy. Thus, from the above, it is easy to understand that “fascism” is an exclusively Italian concept and is associated with the name of B. Mussolini. Therefore, the application of this concept in relation to other countries similar to the ideas of fascism is incorrect.
The emergence of fascism in Italy
The idea of \u200b\u200bthe emergence of fascism arose due to the fact that after the First World War, Italian society was experiencing a crisis of capitalist society. Despite the fact that Italy emerged victorious, her situation was deplorable.
About 700 thousand people died on the fronts, for a country with a population of 35 million people this was very serious, in addition, the country was mired in external debt, bankruptcy developed, which led to a class struggle within the country. The events in Russia in 1917 served as an example. They began to carry out strikes, seize factories and plants, which independently provided raw materials and even tried to sell them on the market. But all this did not last long. After a month, the government was able to return the factories and plants to the owners, promising to raise workers' wages. Thus, the revolution was defeated in the bud.
But, despite this, unrest among the masses still remained. The ruling elite split into: communists and centrists. And then, it became obvious that the country needed a new leader who would be able to unite the people and rebuild the country. In 1921, elections were held in which the fascist took partc kaya party, led by B. Mussolini. But the voters did not support the party with the required number of votes, and subsequently a "campaign against Rome" took place, as a result of which Mussolini became prime minister, and Italy became the first "fascist" state.
Differences between Italian fascism and German nationalism
As mentioned above, the fascists opposed the class struggle. They united the warring parties, under the speeches of "anti-monopoly revolution" and "the power of the lumpen-proletariat", thereby subjugating both the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. The main difference is that there was no "fascism" in Germany, there was "Nazism". It is believed that the basis of nationalism is fascism. At first glance, these systems are identical, but there are differences between them.
1. The policy of nationalism was based on equality, the absence of class struggle, while the policy of fascism advocated the superiority of some abstract "Aryan race" over all others.
2. Fascism did not have an ideology as such, it was created in the course of the development of the state. She was somewhat controversial. Whereas the Nazis strictly followed the built plan.
3. Attitude towards the church. Initially, both the first and the second had a negative attitude towards religion. But if fascism gradually replaced anger with mercy, then the Nazis were anticlerical to the last.
4. Fascism advocated the ideas of futurism, which was even reflected in the art of that time, and the Nazis were anti-modernists.
5. And, of course, the "Jewish question". The fascists treated this issue formally. The enmity was inherent as a household xenophobia, while the Nazis formed the final decision and moved on to execution.
It is clear that all the differences between fascism and Nazism are not reflected in the proposed list, but it sets out the key points. Despite the fact that the "bridgehead" of Nazism were the ideas of fascism, in modern society one must be able to distinguish between these concepts and their ideology.
