Text starting with the words " The essence of the concept of "power" ....»
Explanation.
Recording transcript
The essence of the concept of "power" lies in the ability of one person to force another to do what he would not voluntarily do.
The tree, if not disturbed, grows straight up. But even if it does not manage to grow evenly, it, bending under the obstacles, tries to get out from under them and again reach up. So is the person. Sooner or later, he will want to get out of obedience. Submissive people usually suffer, but if once they managed to throw off their "burden", then they often turn into tyrants themselves.
If you command everyone and everywhere, then loneliness awaits a person as the finale of life. Such a person will always be alone. After all, he does not know how to communicate on equal terms. Inside he has a dull, sometimes unconscious anxiety. And he feels calm only when people follow his orders unquestioningly. Commanders are unhappy people themselves, and they breed misfortune, even if they achieve good results.
Commanding and controlling people are two different things. The one who manages knows how to take responsibility for actions. This approach preserves the mental health of both the person himself and those around him.
(according to Mikhail Litvinovich Litvak)
1. Determine the topic of the text.
MICROTHEMES
Source: FIPI Task Bank
PI-PI Statement Number: A08E59
Text that begins with words "We often talk about difficulties ..."
Listen to the text and write a succinct summary. The original text for a condensed presentation is auditioned 2 times.
Please note that you must convey the main content of both the micro theme and the entire text as a whole.
The volume of the presentation is at least 70 words.
Write your presentation neatly and in legible handwriting.
Use your player to listen to the recording.
Explanation.
Recording transcript
We often talk about the difficulties associated with raising a person who is starting life. And the biggest problem is the weakening of family ties, a decrease in the importance of the family in raising a child. And if in the early years nothing solid in the moral sense was laid in a person by the family, then then society will have a lot of trouble with this citizen.
The other extreme is overprotective parenting of the child. This is also a consequence of the weakening of the family principle. Parents did not give their child warmth and, feeling this guilt, they strive in the future to pay their inner spiritual debt with belated petty care and material benefits.
The world is changing, becoming different. But if the parents were unable to establish internal contact with the child, shifting the main concerns to grandparents or public organizations, then it should not be surprising that another child so early acquires cynicism and disbelief in selflessness that his life becomes impoverished, becomes flat and dry.
(According to Yu.M. Nagibin)
1. Determine the topic of the text.
2. Formulate your main idea.
3. Highlight the main micro-themes in each part of the text.
4. Determine how to reduce: exclusion, generalization, simplification.
5. Write a concise summary of each part and link them together.
| 1 | Raising a real person is always difficult. The biggest problem is the weakening of family ties, a decrease in the importance of the family in raising children, and as a result of this, the emergence of problems in the future for this child |
| 2 | Excessive custody of the child by the parents is a consequence of the weakening of the family principle. Parents do not provide the child with warmth, replacing mental debt with petty care. |
| 3 | The world is changing. The child acquires early cynicism and disbelief in selflessness if the parents have shifted the main concerns to grandparents or social organizations. The life of such a child becomes impoverished. |
Source: Open bank FIPI, option BBAFC9, Open bank FIPI, block B1EF9E, option RESHU No. 4, Open bank FIPI, block B2CD98, option RESHU No. 5, Open bank FIPI, block F36076, option RESHU No. 6, Open bank FIPI, block 3C3A39, option I SOLVE No. 8
Relevance: Used in the OGE 2016-2017
PI-PI Statement Number: DE831E
Text that begins with words "Tests await friendship always".
Listen to the text and write a succinct summary. The original text for a condensed presentation is auditioned 2 times.
Please note that you must convey the main content of both the micro theme and the entire text as a whole.
The volume of the presentation is at least 70 words.
Write your presentation neatly and in legible handwriting.
Use your player to listen to the recording.
Explanation.
Recording transcript
Friendship always faces challenges. The main one today is a changed way of life, a change in the image and routine of life. With the acceleration of the pace of life, with the desire to quickly realize oneself, an understanding of the significance of time came. Previously, it was impossible to imagine, for example, that the hosts were burdened by guests. Now that time is the price of achieving your goal, relaxation and hospitality are no longer important. Frequent meetings and leisurely conversations are no longer indispensable companions of friendship. Due to the fact that we live in different rhythms, meetings of friends are becoming rare.
But here's the paradox: earlier the social circle was limited, today a person is oppressed by the redundancy of forced communication. This is especially noticeable in cities with a high population density. We strive to isolate ourselves, choose a secluded place in the subway, in a cafe, in the reading room of the library.
It would seem that such redundancy of compulsory communication and the desire for isolation should reduce the need for friendship to a minimum, make it irrelevant forever. But this is not the case. Relationships with friends remain in the first place. Their existence warms the soul with the confidence that we always have someone to share our joy with and to whom to turn for help in the most difficult moment.
(According to N.P. Kryshchuk)
1. Determine the topic of the text.
2. Formulate your main idea.
3. Highlight the main micro-themes in each part of the text.
4. Determine how to reduce: exclusion, generalization, simplification.
5. Write a concise summary of each part and link them together.
| 1 | Friendship always faces challenges. The main one today is a changed way of life, a change in the image and routine of life. With the acceleration of the pace of life, an understanding of the importance of time came. Time is the price of achieving your goal, relaxation and hospitality have ceased to be significant. Friends meetings are becoming rare. |
| 2 | But here's the paradox: earlier the social circle was limited, today a person is oppressed by the redundancy of forced communication. We strive to isolate ourselves, to choose a secluded place somewhere. |
| 3 | This redundancy of compulsory communication and the desire for isolation should keep the need for friendship to a minimum. But this is not the case. Relationships with friends remain in the first place. Their existence warms the soul. |
Source: Open FIPI Bank Option 358B85, Open Bank FIPI Option CA569A, Open Bank FIPI Option D91FF6, Open Bank FIPI Option 61AF1A, Open Bank FIPI Option 8B6F2B, Open Bank FIPI Option 2A5BCC
We make this choice already in childhood, when we choose friends, learn to build relationships with peers, and play. But most of the most important decisions that determine the path of life, we still make in our youth. According to scientists, the second half of the second decade of life is the most crucial period. It is at this time that a person, as a rule, chooses the most important thing and for life: a close friend, a circle of basic interests, a profession.
It is clear that such a choice is a responsible business. It cannot be dismissed, it cannot be postponed for later. Do not hope that the mistake can be corrected later: it will be in time, the whole life is ahead! Something, of course, can be corrected, changed, but not all. And the wrong decisions will not remain without consequences. After all, success comes to those who know what they want, decisively make a choice, believe in themselves and stubbornly achieve their goals.
(According to A. N. Moskvin)
1. Determine the topic of the text.
2. Formulate your main idea.
3. Highlight the main micro-themes in each part of the text.
4. Determine how to reduce: exclusion, generalization, simplification.
5. Write a concise summary of each part and link them together.
| 1 | There is simply no universal recipe for choosing the right path in life, intended only for you, and there cannot be. And the final choice always remains with the person. |
| 2 | We make this choice already in childhood .. But we still make most of the most important decisions in our youth. The second half of the second decade of life is the most crucial period. It is at this time that a person chooses the most important thing for life: a closest friend, a range of basic interests, a profession. |
| 3 | Such a choice is a responsible business. It cannot be postponed until later. Wrong decisions will not remain without consequences. After all, success comes to those who stubbornly achieve their goals. |
We have collected for you all the texts of statements from the open bank of FIPI tasks. There are only 34 of them. One of these texts will definitely come across to you on the OGE! Get ready for this task using our website.
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Text 1 (on precious books)
No matter how interesting the child's home and school life may be, if he does not read precious books - he is deprived. Such losses are irreplaceable. Adults can read a book today or in a year - the difference is small. In childhood, time is counted differently, here every day there are discoveries. And the acuity of perception in the days of childhood is such that early impressions can then affect the whole life. Childhood impressions are the most vivid and lasting impressions. This is the foundation of the future spiritual life, the golden fund.
Seeds are sown in childhood. Not everyone will sprout, not everyone will blossom. But the biography of the human soul is the gradual germination of seeds sown in childhood.
Subsequent life is complex and varied. It consists of millions of actions that are determined by many character traits and, in turn, shape this character. But if you trace and find the connection between phenomena, it will become obvious that every trait of an adult's character, every quality of his soul and, perhaps, even every deed of his were sown in childhood, had since then their embryo, their own seed.
Concise summary
If a child has not read precious books, he is deprived, because in childhood time counts differently, every day there are discoveries. Early childhood experiences can be lifelong. They are the foundation for the future spiritual life.
Not all seeds sown in childhood will germinate and flourish, but the biography of the soul is the germination of these seeds.
Subsequent life consists of actions that are determined by the character and shape it. Every quality of the soul of an adult and, possibly, every deed of him was sown in childhood.
Text 2 (on self-doubt)
Self-doubt is an ancient problem, but it attracted the attention of doctors, educators and psychologists relatively recently - in the middle of the 20th century. It was then that it became clear: the ever-increasing self-doubt can cause a lot of trouble - up to serious diseases, not to mention everyday problems.
And what about psychological problems? After all, self-doubt can serve as a basis for constant dependence on someone else's opinion. Imagine how uncomfortable the addict feels: other people's assessments seem to him much more important and significant than his own; he sees each of his actions primarily through the eyes of others. And most importantly, he wants approval from everyone, starting with loved ones and ending with passengers on the tram. Such a person becomes indecisive and cannot correctly assess life situations.
How to overcome self-doubt? Some scientists are looking for an answer to this question based on physiological processes, others are based on psychology. One thing is clear: to overcome self-doubt is possible only if a person is able to set goals correctly, correlate them with external circumstances and positively assess their results.
Concise summary
The ancient problem of self-doubt attracted the attention of specialists only in the middle of the 20th century. Then it became clear that she could cause trouble, everyday problems and even serious diseases.
Self-doubt can become the basis of dependence on someone else's opinion. Others' assessments seem more important to the addict than their own; he sees each of his actions through the eyes of others and wants approval from everyone. Such a person cannot correctly assess the situation.
How to overcome self-doubt? For this, a person needs to be able to correctly set goals, correlate them with external circumstances and positively assess their results.
Text 3 (about mom)
The word "mom" is a special word. It is born with us, accompanies us in the years of growing up and maturity. His baby babbles in the cradle. A young man and a deep old man pronounces with love. The language of any nation has this word. And in all languages \u200b\u200bit sounds tender and affectionate.
The place of the mother in our life is special, exclusive. We always bring our joy and pain to her and find understanding. Mother's love inspires, gives strength, inspires to feat. In difficult life circumstances, we always remember our mother. And we only need her at this moment. A man calls his mother and believes that wherever she is, she hears him, is compassionate and hurries to help. The word "mom" becomes equivalent to the word "life".
How many artists, composers, poets have created wonderful works about my mother! "Take care of mothers!" - the famous poet Rasul Gamzatov proclaimed in his poem. Unfortunately, we realize too late that we forgot to say a lot of good and kind words to our mother. To prevent this from happening, you need to give them joy every day and hour. After all, grateful children are the best gift for them.
Concise summary
The word "mom" is a special word that is born with us and accompanies us all our life. It is pronounced with love by both the young man and the old man. It is in the language of any nation, and in all languages \u200b\u200bit sounds affectionate.
The place of the mother in our life is special. We bring her joy and pain and find understanding. Mother's love inspires and inspires. In difficult circumstances of life, a person calls his mother and believes that she is compassionate and rushes to help.
How many people of art have created works about mom! Rasul Gamzatov bequeathed in his poem to take care of mothers. In order not to be too late to say good and kind words to mothers, you need to give them joy constantly. Grateful children are the best gift for them.
Text 4 (about favorite toys)
Each of us once had our favorite toys. Perhaps, each person has a bright and tender memory associated with them, which he carefully keeps in his heart. A favorite toy is the most vivid childhood memory of every person.
In the age of computer technology, real toys no longer attract as much attention as virtual ones. But despite all the emerging new items, such as telephones and computer equipment, the toy still remains unique and irreplaceable in its kind, because nothing teaches and develops a child like a toy with which he can communicate, play and even acquire vital experience.
A toy is the key to the consciousness of a little person. To develop and strengthen positive qualities in him, to make him mentally healthy, to instill love for others, to form the correct understanding of good and evil, it is necessary to carefully choose a toy, remembering that it will bring into his world not only its image, but also behavior, attributes, as well as the system of values \u200b\u200band worldview. It is impossible to raise a full-fledged person with the help of toys of a negative orientation.
Concise summary
Each person has a memory associated with his favorite toy, because it is the most vivid memory of any person's childhood.
In the age of computer technology, virtual toys receive more attention than real ones. But despite the novelties of technology, the toy remains indispensable, because it teaches and develops the child.
A toy is the key to the consciousness of a small person, therefore, one must carefully choose a toy that will bring its image, behavior, value system and worldview into his world. You cannot raise a full-fledged person with negative toys.
Text 5 (about love)
Times are changing, new generations are coming, for which, it would seem, everything is not the same as the previous ones: tastes, interests, life goals. But intractable personal questions, meanwhile, for some reason remain unchanged. Why? Perhaps because the depths of human psychology are a stubborn material that changes slowly. Therefore, today's adolescents, like their parents at one time, are worried about the same: how to attract the attention of someone you like? How to distinguish infatuation from true love? And, of course, the main thing: what is love?
The youthful dream of love is, no matter what they say, first of all, the dream of understanding. After all, a teenager definitely needs to realize himself in communication with peers: to show his ability to sympathy, empathy. And just to show your qualities and abilities in front of those who are disposed towards him kindly, who are ready to understand. But what about friendship? - you ask. I think all this is characteristic of friendships. Of course, a person's personality is also revealed in friendly communication. But to what extent, to what extent? Is the degree of trust in a friend as great as in a loved one?
Love is the unconditional and unlimited trust of two to each other. Trust, which reveals in everyone all the best that a person is only capable of. True love includes, but is not limited to, friendships. It is always more than friendship, because only in love do we recognize for another person the full right to everything that makes up our world.
Concise summary
Times change, but tough personal questions remain the same. The depths of human psychology are changing slowly, so today's adolescents, like their parents in their youth, are worried about the same questions, the main of which is what is love?
The youthful dream of love is a dream of understanding, because a teenager needs to show his ability to empathize and show his qualities. Such behavior is also characteristic of friendly communication, where a person's personality is also revealed. But is the degree of trust in a friend as great as in a loved one?
Love is the unconditional and unlimited trust of two to each other, revealing the best qualities of a person. True love, although it includes friendship, is always greater than it, because only in love do we recognize the other person's full right to our world.
Text 6 (on friendship)
Concise summary
Text 7 (about mutual assistance and mutual assistance)
In a society where the idea of \u200b\u200bindividualism is cultivated, many have forgotten about such things as mutual assistance and mutual assistance. Human society has just been formed and continues to exist, thanks to a common cause and help to the weak, thanks to the fact that each of us complements each other. And how can we now support the completely opposite point of view, which says that there are no other interests other than our own? And the point is not even that it sounds selfish, the point is that it is in this issue that personal and public interests are intertwined.
Do you see how much deeper this is than it seems? After all, individualism destroys society, and therefore weakens each of us. And only mutual support can preserve and strengthen society.
And what is more in line with our common interests: mutual benefit or primitive egoism? There can be no two opinions here. We must help each other if we want to live well together and not depend on anyone. And when helping people in difficult times, you do not need to wait for gratitude, you just need to help, not looking for benefits for yourself, and then they will help you in return, certainly.
Concise summary
In a society where the idea of \u200b\u200bindividualism is cultivated, many have forgotten about mutual assistance. How can we maintain the view that there are no interests other than our own? It is in this issue that personal and public interests are intertwined.
Individualism destroys society, only mutual support will preserve it.
What is more in our interests: mutual assistance or primitive egoism? There can be no two opinions. We must help each other if we want to live well. You need to help your neighbor in difficult times, and not wait for gratitude. You must do good unselfishly, and then you will definitely be helped in return.
Text 8 (on the love of nature)
When I was ten years old, someone's caring hand planted a volume of Animal Heroes for me. I consider it my "alarm clock". I know from other people that for them the "alarm clock" of the feeling of nature was a month spent in the summer in the village, a walk in the forest with a man who "opened his eyes to everything," the first trip with a backpack, with an overnight stay in the forest ...
There is no need to enumerate everything that can awaken in human childhood interest and reverence for the great mystery of life. Growing up, a person must comprehend with his mind how difficult everything in the living world is intertwined, interconnected, how this world is strong and at the same time vulnerable, how everything in our life depends on the wealth of the earth, on the health of living nature. This school must be there.
And yet, Love stands at the beginning of everything. Awakened in time, she makes the knowledge of the world interesting and exciting. With her, a person also gains a certain point of support, an important point of reference for all the values \u200b\u200bof life. Love for everything that turns green, breathes, makes sounds, sparkles with colors, and there is love that brings a person closer to happiness.
Concise summary
The volume of "Animal Heroes" became for me an "alarm clock" for the feeling of nature. For others, such an "alarm clock" was walking in the woods, life in the village, traveling with an overnight stay.
Growing up, a person must mentally comprehend the internal interconnection of the entire living world, its strength and vulnerability at the same time, the dependence of everything in our life on the health and wealth of the earth and nature. This school should be.
But at the beginning of everything there is Love for all living things - the starting point of all life values. It brings a person closer to happiness.
Text 9 (on the importance of the family in raising a child)
We often talk about the difficulties associated with raising a person who is starting life. And the biggest problem is the weakening of family ties, a decrease in the importance of the family in raising a child. And if in the early years nothing solid in the moral sense was laid in a person by the family, then then society will have a lot of trouble with this citizen.
The other extreme is overprotective parenting of the child. This is also a consequence of the weakening of the family principle. Parents did not give their child warmth and, feeling this guilt, they strive in the future to pay off their inner spiritual debt with belated petty care and material benefits.
The world is changing, becoming different. But if the parents were unable to establish internal contact with the child, shifting the main concerns to grandparents or public organizations, then one should not be surprised that another child so early acquires cynicism and disbelief in selflessness that his life becomes impoverished, becomes flat and dry.
Concise summary
We often talk about the complexities of raising a child. The big problem is the weakening of family ties. If the family has not laid in a person anything solid in a moral sense, then society will have trouble with him.
The other extreme is excessive parenting. Parents did not give their child warmth and, feeling this guilt, they strive to pay off the spiritual debt with material benefits.
The world is changing. But if the parents were unable to establish internal contact with the child, then one should not be surprised that the child will early acquire cynicism, disbelief in selflessness, that his life becomes flat and dry.
Text 10 (on doing good)
One person was told that an acquaintance of his spoke of him in unflattering terms. "Are you kidding! The man exclaimed. “I didn’t do anything good for him…”. Here it is, the algorithm of black ingratitude, when good is answered with evil. In life, one must assume, this person has met more than once with people who have confused the landmarks on the compass of morality.
Morality is a guide to life. And if you deviate from the road, you may well wander into a windbreak, a thorny bush, or even drown altogether. That is, if you behave ungratefully towards others, then people have the right to behave towards you in the same way.
How to relate to this phenomenon? Be philosophical. Do good and know that it will surely pay off. I assure you that you yourself will get pleasure from doing good. That is, you will be happy. And this is the goal in life - to live it happily. And remember: elevated natures do good.
Concise summary
The person was told that his acquaintance spoke badly about him. The man replied that this could not be, because he did nothing good for his acquaintance. In life, this man clearly met with people who confused moral guidelines.
Morality is a guide to life. If you behave ungratefully towards others, then people have the right to behave the same way towards you.
This phenomenon must be treated philosophically. Do good and know that it will pay off, that you yourself will receive pleasure from it and be happy. Sublime natures do good.
Text 11 (on power)
The essence of the concept of "power" lies in the ability of one person to force another to do what he would not voluntarily do. The tree, if not disturbed, grows straight up. But even if it does not manage to grow evenly, it, bending under the obstacles, tries to get out from under them and again reach up. So is the person. Sooner or later, he will want to get out of obedience. Submissive people usually suffer, but if once they managed to throw off their "burden", then they often turn into tyrants themselves.
If you command everyone and everywhere, then loneliness awaits a person as the finale of life. Such a person will always be alone. After all, he does not know how to communicate on equal terms. Inside he has a dull, sometimes unconscious anxiety. And he feels calm only when people unquestioningly Follow his orders. Commanders are unhappy people themselves, and they breed misfortune, even if they achieve good results.
Commanding and controlling people are two different things. The one who manages knows how to take responsibility for actions. This approach preserves the mental health of both the person himself and those around him.
Concise summary
Power is the ability of one person to force another to do what he would not voluntarily do. A person will sooner or later want to get out of obedience. Submissive people usually suffer, but if they manage to free themselves, then they themselves often turn into tyrants.
The man who commands everyone and everywhere will always be alone. He has anxiety inside him, he feels calm when people follow his orders. Commanders breed misfortune.
Commanding and controlling people are two different things. The manager knows how to take responsibility. This approach preserves the mental health of both him and those around him.
Text 12 (about art)
Is it possible to define what art is in one comprehensive formula? Of course not. Art is charm and witchcraft, it is the revelation of the funny and the tragic, it is morality and immorality, it is the knowledge of the world and man. In art, a person creates his image as something separate, capable of existing outside himself and remaining after him as his trace in history.
The moment a person turns to creativity is perhaps the greatest discovery that has no equal in history. Indeed, through art, each individual person and nation as a whole comprehends their own characteristics, their life, their place in the world. Art allows you to get in touch with individuals, peoples and civilizations that are distant from us in time and space. And not just to touch, but to know and understand them, because the language of art is universal, and it is this language that makes it possible for humanity to feel itself as a single whole.
That is why, since ancient times, an attitude to art has been formed not as entertainment or fun, but as a mighty force capable of not only capturing the image of time and man, but also transmitting it to descendants.
Concise summary
Can you define what art is? No. Art is the knowledge of the world and man. In art, a person creates his image as something that can leave his mark on history.
A person's appeal to creativity is the greatest discovery, because art allows one to get in touch with both individuals and entire nations, to understand and recognize them. The language of art has provided humanity with the opportunity to feel itself as a whole.
That is why, since ancient times, art has been treated as a powerful force capable of transmitting the image of time and man to future generations.
Text 13 (on the meaning of war for children)
War was a cruel and rough school for children. They were not sitting at their desks, but in frozen trenches, and in front of them were not notebooks, but armor-piercing shells and machine-gun belts. They did not yet have life experience and therefore did not understand the true value of simple things that do not attach importance to in everyday peaceful life.
The war filled their spiritual experience to the limit. They could cry not from grief, but from hatred, they could childishly rejoice at the spring crane wedge, as they had never rejoiced either before the war or after the war, with tenderness to keep in their souls the warmth of their departed youth. Those who survived returned from the war, having managed to preserve in themselves a pure, radiant peace, faith and hope, becoming more irreconcilable to injustice, kinder to good.
Although the war has already become history, the memory of it must live on, because the main participants in history are People and Time. Not to forget Time means not to forget People, not to forget People - it means not to forget Time.
Concise summary
The war was a cruel school for children. They did not yet have life experience and did not understand the value of simple things that you do not attach importance to in a peaceful life.
The war filled their spiritual experience to the limit. They could cry with hatred, rejoice at the spring crane wedge. The survivors returned from the war, preserving a pure peace in themselves, becoming more irreconcilable to injustice and kinder to good.
The memory of the war should live on, because the main participants in history are People and Time. Do not forget Time - do not forget People, and vice versa.
Text 14 (on the ability to make drama out of nonsense with age)
In childhood, a person is happy, as they say now, by default. By nature, a child is a creature instinctively predisposed to happiness. No matter how difficult and even tragic his life is, he still rejoices and constantly finds new and new reasons for this. Perhaps because there is nothing to compare life with yet. He still does not suspect that it could be somehow different, but most likely, nevertheless, because the soul has not yet had time to be covered with a shell and is more open to goodness and hope than the soul of an adult.
And with age, everything seems to be turned inside out. No matter how calmly and happily life develops, we will not rest until we find in it some kind of splinter, awkwardness, malfunction, cling to it and feel deeply unhappy. And we believe in the drama we have invented, we sincerely complain about it to our friends, spend time, health, and mental strength on experiences.
Only when a truly real tragedy occurs do we realize how absurd the invented suffering is and how trivial the reason for it is. Then we grab our heads and say to ourselves: “Lord, what a fool I was when I suffered because of some nonsense. No, to live in your own pleasure and enjoy every minute. "
Concise summary
In childhood, a person is happy. The child is instinctively predisposed to happiness, no matter how difficult his life may be. Perhaps he simply has nothing to compare with. But, most likely, his soul is more open to goodness and hopes than the soul of an adult.
With age, no matter how calm our life is, we will not rest until we find a problem in it and feel unhappy. We spend time, health, mental strength on experiences.
We understand how ridiculous the invented suffering is only with the arrival of a real tragedy. Then we grab our heads and say: "What a fool I was when I suffered because of such nonsense, and did not live for my own pleasure."
Text 15 (on choosing a life path)
There is simply no universal recipe for how to choose the correct, the only correct path in life intended only for you, and there simply cannot be. And the final choice always remains with the person.
We make this choice already in childhood, when we choose friends, learn to build relationships with peers, and play. But most of the most important decisions that determine the path of life, we still make in our youth. According to scientists, the second half of the second decade of life is the most crucial period. It is at this time that a person, as a rule, chooses the most important thing and for life: a closest friend, a circle of basic interests, a profession.
It is clear that such a choice is a responsible business. It cannot be dismissed, it cannot be postponed for later. Do not hope that the mistake can be corrected later: it will be in time, the whole life is ahead! Something, of course, can be corrected, changed, but not everything. And the wrong decisions will not remain without consequences. After all, success comes to those who know what they want, decisively make a choice, believe in themselves and stubbornly achieve their goals.
Concise summary
There is no universal recipe for choosing the right path in life. The final choice rests with the person.
We make this choice in childhood with the choice of friends, in the game. But we still make most of the most important decisions in our youth. In the most crucial period - in the second half of the second decade of life - a person chooses the most important thing: a friend, interests, profession.
Such a responsible choice cannot be dismissed. The mistake of such a choice may not be corrected afterwards. Wrong decisions will not go without consequences. Success comes to those who know what they want, are determined, persistent, and believe in themselves.
Text 16 (about friendship - eternal value)
There are values \u200b\u200bthat change, are lost, disappear, becoming the dust of time. But, no matter how society changes, all the same, for millennia, there remain eternal values \u200b\u200bthat are of great importance for people of all generations and cultures. One of such eternal values \u200b\u200bis, of course, friendship.
People very often use this word in their language, they call certain people their friends, but few can articulate what friendship is, who is a true friend, what he should be. All definitions of friendship are similar in one thing: friendship is a relationship based on mutual openness of people, complete trust and constant readiness to come to each other's aid at any time.
The main thing is that friends have the same life values, similar spiritual guidelines. Then they will be able to be friends, even if their attitudes to certain phenomena of life are different. And then real friendship is not affected by time and distance. People can talk to each other only occasionally, be apart for many years, but still remain very close friends. This consistency is the hallmark of true friendship.
Concise summary
There are values \u200b\u200bthat change and disappear. But, no matter how the society changes, eternal values \u200b\u200balways remain. Friendship is one such eternal value.
People often use this word, but few can articulate what friendship, a true friend is. All definitions of friendship are similar in one thing: in true friendship there is openness, trust and a willingness to help.
The main thing is that friends have the same spiritual guidelines, similar life values. Then the friendship is not affected by time and distance. People may rarely socialize but remain close friends. This consistency is the hallmark of true friendship.
Text 17 (on kindness)
I remember hundreds of boys' answers to the question: what kind of person do you want to become. Strong, brave, courageous, smart, resourceful, fearless ... And no one said - kind. Why is kindness not put on a par with such virtues as courage and bravery? But without kindness, genuine warmth of heart, the spiritual beauty of a person is impossible.
And experience confirms that good feelings should be rooted in childhood. If they are not brought up in childhood, you will never bring them up, because they are assimilated simultaneously with the knowledge of the first and most important truths, the main of which is the value of life, someone else's, your own. the life of the animal world and plants. Humanity, kindness, benevolence are born in excitement, joy and sorrow.
Good feelings, emotional culture is the focus of humanity. Today, when there is enough evil in the world, we should be more tolerant, attentive and kind in relation to each other, in relation to the surrounding living world and to perform the most daring deeds in the name of good. Following the path of good is the most acceptable and only path for a person. He is tested, he is faithful, he is useful both to a person alone and to society as a whole.
Concise summary
When asked what kind of person one wants to become, none of the hundreds of boys answered "kind." Without kindness, the spiritual beauty of a person is impossible.
Good feelings should be brought up in childhood, later they cannot be brought up, because they are assimilated with the knowledge of the most important truths, the main of which is the values \u200b\u200bof any life. Humanity, kindness, benevolence are born in joys and sorrows.
Emotional culture is the focus of humanity. Today we should be more tolerant, considerate and kind in relation to the world around us and do bold deeds in the name of good. The path of goodness is the most acceptable, true and useful both for one person and for society.
Text 18 (I was betrayed by a loved one ...)
I was betrayed by my own person, my best friend betrayed me. Unfortunately, we hear such statements quite often. Most often, those in whom we have invested our souls betray. The pattern is as follows: the more good deeds, the stronger the betrayal. In such situations, I recall the statement of Victor Hugo: "I am indifferent to the knife strikes of the enemy, but the pin prick of a friend agonizes me."
Many endure mockery of themselves, hoping that the traitor will wake up a conscience. But something that does not exist cannot wake up. Conscience is a function of the soul, but a traitor does not. A traitor usually explains his act by the interests of the case, but in order to justify the first betrayal, he commits the second, third, and so on ad infinitum.
Betrayal destroys human dignity with precision, and as a result, traitors behave in different ways. Someone defends their behavior, trying to justify their actions, someone falls into a feeling of guilt and fear of impending retribution, and someone just tries to forget everything, without burdening themselves with either emotions or thoughts. In any case, the life of a traitor becomes empty, worthless and meaningless.
Concise summary
I was betrayed by my own person, my best friend. We hear this quite often. More often those in whom we put our souls betray, and the more good deeds, the stronger the betrayal.
Many endure mockery of themselves, hoping that the traitor will wake up a conscience. But something that does not exist cannot wake up. Conscience is a function of the soul, but a traitor does not.
Betrayal destroys a person's dignity, as a result, traitors behave in different ways: they defend their behavior, fall into a sense of guilt and fear, or try to forget everything. In any case, the life of a traitor becomes empty and meaningless.
Text 19 (Goes further and further ...)
The Great Patriotic War is going farther and farther into the past, but the memory of it is alive in the hearts and souls of people. Indeed, how can one forget our unparalleled feat, our irreplaceable sacrifices made in the name of victory over the most insidious and cruel enemy - German fascism.
Four years of war cannot be compared with any other years of our history in terms of the severity of the experience. But the memory of a person weakens over time, from it, bit by bit, the secondary leaves first: less significant and vivid; and then the essential. In addition, there are fewer and fewer veterans, those who went through the war and could talk about it. If the self-sacrifice and resilience of the people are not reflected in documents and works of art, then the bitter experience of the past will be forgotten. And this cannot be allowed!
The theme of the Great Patriotic War has been feeding literature and art for decades. Many wonderful films have been shot about the life and heroism of a person in the war, wonderful works of literature have been created. And there is no premeditation here, there is pain that does not leave the soul of the people, which lost millions of human lives during the war years. But the most important thing in a conversation on this topic is the preservation of measure and tact in relation to the truth of the war, to its participants, alive, but mainly perished.
Concise summary
The Great Patriotic War is going farther and farther into the past, but the memory of it is alive in the hearts of people. Unforgettable is our unparalleled feat, our irreplaceable sacrifices made in the name of victory over German fascism.
The four war years were the most difficult in our history. But the memory of a person weakens over time, first the secondary, and then the essential, leaves it. We can forget the bitter experience of the past, but this cannot be allowed.
Many works have been created on the theme of the Great Patriotic War. And here there is no intentionality - there is pain that does not leave the soul of the people. But the most important thing in a conversation on this topic is to preserve measure and tact in relation to its living and dead participants.
Text 20 (There is no man in the modern world ...)
In the modern world, there is no person who does not come into contact with art. Its significance in our life is great. Book, cinema, television, theater, music, painting have become part of our life and have a huge impact on it. But fiction especially strongly affects a person.
Contact with the world of art gives us joy and disinterested pleasure. But it would be wrong to see in the works of writers, composers, artists only a means of obtaining pleasure. Of course, we often go to the cinema, sit down to the TV, pick up a book to relax and have fun. And the artists, writers, and composers themselves build their works in such a way in order to support and develop the interest and curiosity of spectators, readers, listeners. But the importance of art in our life is much more serious. It helps a person to better see and understand the world around him and himself.
Text 21 (To appreciate kindness ...)
To appreciate kindness and understand its meaning, you must certainly experience it yourself. One must perceive the ray of someone else's kindness and live in it. One must feel how a ray of this kindness takes possession of the heart, word and deeds of all life. Kindness comes not out of duty, not out of duty, but as a gift.
Another's kindness is a presentiment of something more, which is not even immediately believed. This is the warmth from which the heart warms up and comes in response. A person who has once experienced kindness cannot but respond sooner or later, confidently or uncertainly with his kindness.
It is a great happiness to feel the fire of kindness in your heart and give it free rein in life. At this moment, at these hours, a person finds his best in himself, hears the singing of his heart. The “I” and “mine” are forgotten, the alien disappears, because it becomes “mine” and “me”. And for enmity and hatred there is no room left in the soul.
Text 22 (If one takes away the ability to dream ...)
If you take away the ability to dream from a person, then one of the most powerful incentives that give rise to culture, art, science and the desire to fight for a wonderful future will disappear. But dreams should not be divorced from reality. They should foresee the future and create in us the feeling that we already live in this future and ourselves are becoming different.
The dream is needed not only for children, but also for adults. It evokes excitement, a source of high feelings. She does not let us calm down and always shows new sparkling distances, a different life. It disturbs and makes you passionately desire this life. This is its value.
Only a hypocrite can say that you need to calm down and stop. To fight for the future, you need to be able to dream passionately, deeply and effectively. You need to cultivate in yourself a continuous desire for meaningful and beautiful things.
Text 23 (What is the use of reading?)
What is the use of reading? Is it true that reading is helpful? Why do so many keep reading? After all, not only to relax or take free time.
The benefits of reading books are obvious. Books broaden a person's horizons, enrich his inner world, make him smarter. It is also important to read books because it increases a person's vocabulary, develops clear and clear thinking. Everyone can verify this by their own example. One has only to thoughtfully read some classical work, and you will notice how it has become easier with the help of speech to express your own thoughts, to choose the right words. The reading person speaks better. Reading serious works makes us constantly think, it develops logical thinking. Don't believe me? Read something from the classics of the detective genre, for example, "The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes" by Conan Doyle. After reading, you will think faster, your mind will become sharper and you will understand that reading is useful and beneficial.
It is also useful to read books because they have a significant impact on our moral guidelines and on our spiritual development. After reading this or that classic work, people sometimes begin to change for the better.
Text 24 (What is a good book?)
What is a good book? First, the book must be fun and interesting. After reading the first pages, you shouldn't feel like putting it on the shelf. We are talking about books that make us think, express emotions. Second, the book must be written in rich language. Thirdly, it must carry a deep meaning. Original and unusual ideas also make the book useful.
You should not get carried away with any one genre or kind of literature. So, a hobby only for the fantasy genre can turn young readers into goblins and elves who know the way to Avalon much better than the way home.
If you have not read books from the school curriculum or read them in abridged form, you should start with them. Classical literature is an obligatory base for every person. Great works have disappointment and joy, love and pain, tragedy and comedy. They will teach you to be empathetic, emotional, help you see the beauty of the world, understand yourself and people. Naturally, read popular science literature. It will broaden your horizons, form knowledge about the world, help you determine your path in life, and provide an opportunity for self-development. We hope that these reasons for reading will make the book your best friend.
Text 25 (Having a family and children ...)
Having a family and children is as necessary and natural as it is necessary and natural to work. The family has long been held together by the moral authority of the father, who has traditionally been considered the head. The children respected and obeyed their father. He was engaged in agricultural work, construction, logging and firewood. All the burden of peasant labor was shared by his adult sons.
Household management was in the hands of the wife and mother. She was in charge of everything in the house: she looked after the cattle, took care of food, about clothes. She did not do all these works alone: \u200b\u200beven children, having barely learned to walk, little by little, along with the game, began to do something useful.
Kindness, tolerance, mutual forgiveness of grievances grew into mutual love in a good family. Grumpiness and quarrelsomeness were considered a punishment of fate and aroused pity for their carriers. One had to be able to give in, forget the insult, respond kindly or keep silent. Love and harmony between relatives gave rise to love outside the home. It is difficult to expect respect for other people from a person who does not love and respect his relatives.
Text 26 (The word "culture" ...)
The word "culture" is multifaceted. What is true culture in the first place? She carries the concept of spirituality, light, knowledge and true beauty. And if people understand this, then our country will become prosperous. And therefore it would be very good if every city and village had its own center of culture, a center of creativity not only for children, but also for people of all ages.
True culture is always aimed at upbringing and education. And at the head of such centers should be people who understand well what a real culture is, what it is composed of, what is its meaning.
The key note of culture can be such concepts as peace, truth, beauty. It would be nice if people who were honest and selfless, selflessly devoted to their work, respecting each other, were engaged in culture. Culture is a huge ocean of creativity, there is enough space for everyone, there is something for everyone. And if we all together begin to participate in its creation and strengthening, then our entire planet will become more beautiful.
Text 27 (What does it mean to be cultured ...)
What does it mean to be a cultured person? A cultured person can be considered an educated, well-mannered, responsible person. He respects himself and those around him. A cultured person is also distinguished by creative work, striving for the high, the ability to be grateful, love for nature and homeland, compassion and sympathy for others, goodwill.
A cultured person will never lie. He will maintain composure and dignity in all situations of life. He has a clearly defined goal and achieves it. The main goal of such a person is to increase goodness in the world, to strive to ensure that all people are happy. The ideal of a cultured person is genuine humanity.
In our time, people devote too little time to culture. And many do not even think about it throughout their lives. It is good if a person's process of familiarizing with culture takes place from childhood. The child gets acquainted with the traditions that are passed from generation to generation, absorbs the positive experience of the family and their homeland, learns cultural values. As an adult, he can be useful to society.
Text 28 (Some believe ...)
Some people believe that a person grows up at a certain age, for example, at the age of 18, when he becomes an adult. But there are people who remain children at an older age. What does it mean to be an adult?
Adulthood means independence, that is, the ability to do without anyone's help, guardianship. A person with this quality does everything himself and does not expect support from others. He understands that he must overcome his difficulties himself. Of course, there are situations when a person cannot cope alone. Then you have to ask for help from friends, relatives and acquaintances. But in general, it is not typical for an independent, adult person to rely on others.
There is such an expression: the hand should expect help only from the shoulder. An independent person knows how to be responsible for himself, his deeds and actions. He plans his life and evaluates himself, not relying on someone else's opinion. He understands that much in life depends on himself. Being an adult means taking responsibility for someone else. But for this you also need to become independent, to be able to make decisions. Adulthood does not depend on age, but on life experience, on the desire to live life without nannies.
Text 29 (What is friendship?)
What is friendship? How do you become friends? You will meet friends most often among people with a common destiny, one profession, and common thoughts. And yet it is impossible to say with confidence that such a community determines friendship, because people of different professions can make friends.
Can two opposite characters be friends? Sure! Friendship is equality and similarity. But at the same time, friendship is inequality and dissimilarity. Friends always need each other, but friends do not always get equal benefits from friendship. One is friends and gives his experience, the other in friendship is enriched with experience. One, helping a weak, inexperienced, young friend, learns his strength, maturity. Another, weak, recognizes in a friend his ideal, strength, experience, maturity. So, one in friendship gives, the other rejoices in gifts. Friendship is based on similarities, but manifests itself in differences, contradictions, and dissimilarities.
A friend is the one who claims your innocence, talent, merit. A friend is the one who lovingly exposes you of your weaknesses, shortcomings and vices.
Text 30 (Friendship is not something external ...)
Friendship is not something external. Friendship lies deep in the heart. You cannot force yourself to be a friend to someone or force someone to be your friend.
A lot is needed for friendship, above all mutual respect. What does it mean to respect your friend? This means reckoning with his opinion and recognizing his positive features. Respect is shown in words and deeds. A friend who is respected feels valued as a person, respected for his dignity, and not only out of a sense of duty is helped. In friendship, trust is important, that is, confidence in the sincerity of a friend, that he will not betray or deceive. Of course, a friend can make mistakes. But we are all imperfect. These are two basic and main conditions for friendship. In addition, common moral values \u200b\u200bare important for friendship, for example. People who have different views of what is good and what is evil will find it difficult to be friends. The reason is simple: can we show our friend deep respect and, possibly, trust, if we see that he is doing things that are unacceptable, in our opinion, and considers it the norm. Strengthen friendships and common interests or hobbies. However, for a friendship that has existed for a long time and has been tested by time, this does not matter.
Friendly feelings do not depend on age. They can be very powerful and give a person many experiences. But life is unthinkable without friendship.
Text 31 (Many people think that to be sincere ...)
Many people think that being sincere means openly and directly saying what you think and doing what you say. But here's the bad luck: a person who immediately voices what the first took into his head runs the risk of being branded not only natural, but also ill-mannered, and even stupid. Rather, a sincere and natural person is one who knows how to be himself: take off masks, step out of the usual roles and show his true face.
The main problem is that we do not know ourselves well, we are chasing ghostly goals, money, fashion. Few consider it important and necessary to direct the vector of attention to their inner world. You need to look into your heart, stop and analyze your thoughts, desires and plans in order to understand what is truly mine, and what is imposed, dictated by friends, parents, society. Otherwise, you risk spending your entire life on goals that you really don't need at all.
If you look into yourself, you will see a whole world, endless and multifaceted. You will discover your characteristics and talents. You just need to study. And, of course, it will not become easier and easier for you, but it will become more interesting. You will find your path in life. The only way to become sincere is to know yourself.
Text 32 (Everyone is looking for a place in life ...)
Each person is looking for a place in life, trying to assert his "I". It is natural. But how does he find his place? What ways does it go to it? What moral values \u200b\u200bhave weight in his eyes? The question is extremely important.
Many of us cannot admit to ourselves that because of a falsely understood, inflated sense of our own dignity, because of our unwillingness to appear worse, we sometimes make rash steps, we do not do very right: we won’t ask again, we don’t say “I don’t know” , "I can not" - no words. Self-lovers evoke feelings of condemnation. However, those who exchange their dignity like a small coin are no better. In the life of every person, there are probably moments when he is simply obliged to show his pride, to assert his “I”. And, of course, this is not always easy to do.
Sooner or later, the true value of a person is still revealed. And the higher this price, the more a person loves not so much himself as others. Leo Tolstoy emphasized that each of us, the so-called little ordinary person, is in fact a historical person who is responsible for the fate of the whole world.
Text 33 (It only seems to us ...)
It only seems to us that when something happens to us, it is a unique phenomenon, one of a kind. In fact, there is not a single problem that has not already been reflected in world literature. Love, fidelity, jealousy, betrayal, cowardice, the search for the meaning of life - all this has already been experienced by someone, changed his mind, found reasons, answers and captured on the pages of fiction. The matter is small: take and read and you will find everything in the book.
Literature, discovering the world with the help of words, works a miracle, doubles, triples our inner experience, infinitely expands our view of life, of a person, makes our perception thinner. In childhood, we read fairy tales and adventures in order to survive the excitement of search, intrigue. But the hour comes when we feel the need to open the book in order to go deeper into ourselves with its help. This is the hour of growing up. We are looking for an interlocutor in the book who enlightens, ennobles, teaches.
So we picked up a book. What is happening in our soul? With every book we read, opening up the storerooms of thoughts and feelings before us, we become different. With the help of literature, man becomes man. It is no coincidence that the book is called a teacher and a textbook of life.
Text 34 (There is no man in the modern world ...)
In the modern world, there is no person who does not come into contact with art. Its significance in our life is great. Book, cinema, television, theater, music, painting have become part of our life and have a huge impact on it.
Contact with the world of art gives us joy and disinterested pleasure. But it would be wrong to see in the works of writers, composers, artists only a means of obtaining pleasure. Of course, we often go to the cinema, sit down to the TV, pick up a book to relax and have fun. And the artists, writers, and composers themselves build their works in such a way in order to support and develop the interest and curiosity of spectators, readers, listeners. But the importance of art in our life is much more serious. It helps a person to better see and understand the world around him and himself.
Art is able to preserve the characteristic features of the era, to give people the opportunity to communicate with each other through decades and centuries, becoming a kind of memory repository for future generations. It imperceptibly forms views and feelings, character, tastes of a person, awakens love for beauty. That is why, in difficult moments of life, people often turn to works of art, which become a source of spiritual strength and courage.
Text 2
Each of us once had our favorite toys. Perhaps, each person has bright and tender memories associated with them, which he carefully keeps in his heart. A favorite toy is the most vivid childhood memory of every person. In the age of computer technology, real toys no longer attract such attention as virtual ones, but despite all the emerging new items such as telephones and computer equipment, the toy still remains unique and irreplaceable in its own way. After all, nothing teaches and develops a child like a toy with which he can communicate, play and even gain life experience. A toy is the key to the consciousness of a little person. To develop and strengthen positive qualities in him, to make him mentally healthy, to instill love for others, to form a correct understanding of good and evil, it is necessary to carefully choose a toy, remembering that it will bring into his world not only its image, but also behavior, attributes, as well as a system of values \u200b\u200band worldviews. It is impossible to raise a full-fledged person with the help of toys of a negative orientation.
When I was ten years old, someone's caring hand planted a volume of Animal Heroes for me. I consider it my "alarm clock". I know from other people that for them the "alarm clock" for the feeling of nature was a month spent in the summer in the village, a walk in the forest with a man who "opened his eyes to everything," the first trip with a backpack. There is no need to enumerate everything that can awaken in human childhood interest and reverence for the great mystery of life. Growing up, a person must comprehend with his mind how difficult everything in the living world is intertwined, interconnected, how this world is strong and at the same time vulnerable, how everything in our life depends on the wealth of the earth, on the health of living nature. This school must be there. And yet, Love stands at the beginning of everything. Awakened in time, she makes the knowledge of the world interesting and exciting. With her, a person also gains a certain point of support, an important starting point for all the values \u200b\u200bof life. Love for everything that turns green, breathes, makes sounds, sparkles with colors - and there is love that brings a person closer to happiness.
Text 4
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No matter how interesting the child's home and school life may be, if he does not read precious books - he is deprived. Such losses are irreplaceable. It is adults who can read a book today or in a year - the difference is small. In childhood, time is counted differently, here every day there are discoveries. And the acuity of perception in the days of childhood is such that early impressions can then affect the whole life. Childhood impressions are the most vivid and lasting impressions. This is the foundation of the future spiritual life, the golden fund. Seeds are sown in childhood. Not everyone will sprout, not everyone will blossom. But the biography of the human soul is the gradual germination of seeds sown in childhood. Subsequent life is complex and varied. It consists of millions of actions that are determined by many character traits and, in turn, shape this character. But if you trace and find the connection between phenomena, it will become obvious that every character trait of an adult, every quality of his soul and, perhaps, even every deed of his were sown in childhood, had since then their embryo, their own seed.
Text 5
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We often talk about the difficulties associated with raising a person who is starting life. And the biggest problem is the weakening of family ties, a decrease in the importance of the family in raising a child. And if in the early years nothing solid in the moral sense was laid in a person by the family, then then society will have a lot of trouble with this citizen. The other extreme is overprotective parenting of the child. This is also a consequence of the weakening of the family principle. Parents did not give their child warmth and, feeling this guilt, they strive in the future to pay off their inner spiritual debt with belated petty care and material benefits. The world is changing, becoming different. But if the parents were unable to establish internal contact with the child, shifting the main concerns to grandparents or public organizations, then one should not be surprised that another child so early acquires cynicism and disbelief in selflessness that his life becomes impoverished, becomes flat and dry.
Text 6
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One person was told that an acquaintance of his spoke of him in unflattering terms. "Are you kidding! The man exclaimed. - I didn’t do anything good for him ... ”. Here it is, the algorithm of black ingratitude, when good is answered with evil. In life, one must assume, this man has met more than once with people who have confused the landmarks on the compass of morality. Morality is a guide to life. And if you deviate from the road, you may well wander into a windbreak, a thorny bush, or even drown altogether. That is, if you behave ungratefully towards others, then people have the right to behave towards you in the same way. How to relate to this phenomenon? Be philosophical. Do good and know that it will surely pay off. I assure you that you yourself will get pleasure from doing good. That is, you will be happy. And this is the goal in life - to live it happily. And remember: elevated natures do good.
Times are changing, new generations are coming, for which, it would seem, everything is not the same as the previous ones: tastes, interests, life goals. But intractable personal questions, meanwhile, for some reason remain unchanged. Today's adolescents, like their parents at one time, are worried about the same thing: how to attract the attention of someone you like? How to distinguish infatuation from true love? A youthful dream of love is, no matter what they say, first of all, a dream of mutual understanding. After all, a teenager definitely needs to realize himself in communication with peers: to show his ability to sympathy, empathy. And just show your qualities and abilities in front of those who are disposed towards him kindly, who are ready to understand him. Love is the unconditional and unlimited trust of two to each other. Trust, which reveals in everyone all the best that a person is only capable of. True love includes, but is not limited to, friendships. It is always more than friendship, because only in love do we recognize for another person the full right to everything that makes up our world.
Text 8
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Self-doubt is an ancient problem, but it has attracted the attention of doctors, educators and psychologists relatively recently - in the middle of the 20th century. It was then that it became clear: the ever-increasing self-doubt can cause a lot of trouble - up to serious illnesses, not to mention everyday problems. And the problems are psychological, because self-doubt can serve as a basis for constant dependence on someone else's opinion. Imagine how uncomfortable it is to feel dependent: other people's assessments seem more important and meaningful to him than his own. He sees each of his actions primarily through the eyes of others. And most importantly, he wants approval from everyone: from loved ones to passengers on the tram. Such a person becomes indecisive and cannot correctly assess the life situation. How to overcome self-doubt? Some scientists are looking for an answer to this question based on physiological processes, others are based on psychology. One thing is clear: to overcome self-doubt is possible only if a person is able to correctly set goals, correlate them with external circumstances and positively assess their results.
Text 9
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The essence of the concept of "power" lies in the ability of one person to force another to do what he would not voluntarily do. The tree, if not disturbed, grows straight up. But even if it does not manage to grow evenly, it, bending under the obstacles, tries to get out from under them and again reach up. So is the person. Sooner or later, he will want to get out of obedience. Submissive people usually suffer, but if once they managed to throw off their "burden", then they often turn into tyrants themselves. If you command everyone and everywhere, then loneliness awaits a person as the finale of life. Such a person will always be alone. After all, he does not know how to communicate on equal terms. Inside he has a dull, sometimes unconscious anxiety. And he feels calm only when people follow his orders unquestioningly. Commanders are unhappy people themselves, and they breed misfortune, even if they achieve good results. Commanding and controlling people are two different things. The one who manages knows how to take responsibility for actions. This approach preserves the mental health of both the person himself and those around him.
Text 10
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Is it possible to define what art is in one comprehensive formula? Of course not. Art is charm and witchcraft, it is the revelation of the funny and the tragic, it is morality and immorality, it is the knowledge of the world and man. In art, a person creates his image as something separate, capable of existing outside himself and remaining after him as his trace in history. The moment a person turns to creativity is perhaps the greatest discovery that has no equal in history. Indeed, through art, each individual person and nation as a whole comprehends their own characteristics, their life, their place in the world. Art allows you to get in touch with individuals, peoples and civilizations that are distant from us in time and space. And not just to touch, but to know and understand them, because the language of art is universal, and it is this language that makes it possible for humanity to feel itself as a single whole. That is why, since ancient times, an attitude to art has been formed not as entertainment or fun, but as a mighty force capable of not only capturing the image of time and man, but also transmitting it to descendants.
Text 11
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War was a cruel and rough school for children. They were not sitting at their desks, but in frozen trenches, and in front of them were not notebooks, but armor-piercing shells and machine-gun belts. They did not yet have life experience and therefore did not understand the true value of simple things that do not attach importance to in everyday peaceful life. The war filled their spiritual experience to the limit. They could cry not from grief, but from hatred, they could childishly rejoice at the spring crane wedge, as they had never rejoiced either before the war or after the war, with tenderness to keep in their souls the warmth of their departed youth. Those who survived returned from the war, having managed to preserve in themselves a pure, radiant peace, faith and hope, becoming more irreconcilable to injustice, kinder to good. Although the war has already become history, the memory of it must live on, because the main participants in history are People and Time. Not to forget Time means not to forget People, not to forget People - it means not to forget Time.
Text 12
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There is simply no universal recipe for how to choose the correct, the only correct path in life intended only for you, and there simply cannot be. And the final choice always remains with the person. We make this choice already in childhood, when we choose friends, learn to build relationships with peers, and play. But most of the most important decisions that determine the path of life, we still make in our youth. Scientists believe that the second half of the second decade of life is the most crucial period. It is at this time that a person, as a rule, chooses the most important thing and for life: a closest friend, a circle of basic interests, a profession. It is clear that such a choice is a responsible business. It cannot be dismissed, it cannot be postponed for later. Do not hope that the mistake can be corrected later: it will be in time, the whole life is ahead! Something, of course, can be corrected, changed, but not all. And the wrong decisions will not remain without consequences. After all, success comes to those who know what they want, decisively make a choice, believe in themselves and stubbornly achieve their goals.
Text 13
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There are values \u200b\u200bthat change, are lost, disappear, becoming the dust of time. But no matter how society changes, eternal values \u200b\u200bremain for millennia, which are of great importance for people of all generations and cultures. One of such eternal values \u200b\u200bis, of course, friendship. People very often use this word in their language, they call certain people their friends, but few can articulate what friendship is, who is a true friend, what he should be. All definitions of friendship are similar in one thing: friendship is a relationship based on mutual openness of people, complete trust and constant readiness to come to each other's aid at any time. The main thing is that friends have the same life values, similar spiritual guidelines. Then they will be able to be friends, even if their attitudes to certain phenomena of life are different. And then real friendship is not affected by time and distance. People can talk to each other only occasionally, be apart for many years, but still remain very close friends. This consistency is the hallmark of true friendship.
Text 14
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The word "mom" is a special word. It is born with us, accompanies us in the years of growing up and maturity. It is babbled by a child in the cradle, a young man and a deep old man pronounces it with love. In the language of any nation there is this word, and in all languages \u200b\u200bit sounds tender and affectionate. The place of the mother in our life is special, exclusive. We always bring our joy and pain to her and find understanding. Mother's love inspires, gives strength, inspires to exploits. In difficult life circumstances, we always remember our mother, and at this moment we only need her. A man calls his mother and believes that wherever she is, she hears him, is compassionate and rushes to help. The word "mother" becomes equivalent to the word life. How many artists, composers, poets have created wonderful works about the mother. "Take care of mothers!" - the famous poet Rasul Gamzatov proclaimed in his poem. Unfortunately, we realize too late that we forgot to say a lot of good and kind words to our mothers. To prevent this from happening, you need to give them joy every day and hour, because grateful children are the best gift for them.
Text 15
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In a society where the idea of \u200b\u200bindividualism is cultivated, many have forgotten about such things as mutual assistance and mutual assistance. And human society was just formed and continues to exist thanks to a common cause and help to the weak, thanks to the fact that each of us complements each other. And how can we now support the absolutely opposite point of view, which says that there are no other interests than our own? And it's not even that it sounds selfish. The fact is that it is in this issue that personal and public interests are intertwined. Do you see how much deeper this is than it seems? After all, individualism destroys society, and therefore weakens us. And only mutual support can preserve and strengthen society. And what is more in our interests - mutual assistance or primitive egoism? There can be no two opinions here. We must understand each other if we want to live well together and not depend on anyone. And, helping people in difficult times, you don't have to wait for gratitude, you just need to help, not looking for benefits for yourself. Then they will definitely help you in return.
Text 16
Link to audio recording
I remember hundreds of boys' answers to the question: what kind of person do you want to become. Strong, brave, courageous, smart, resourceful, fearless ... And no one said - kind. Why is kindness not put on a par with such virtues as courage and bravery? But without kindness, genuine warmth of heart, the spiritual beauty of a person is impossible. And experience confirms that good feelings should be rooted in childhood. If they are not brought up in childhood, you will never bring them up, because they are assimilated simultaneously with the knowledge of the first and most important truths, the main of which is the value of life, someone else's, your own. the life of the animal world and plants. Humanity, kindness, benevolence are born in excitement, joy and sorrow. Good feelings, emotional culture is the focus of humanity. Today, when there is enough evil in the world, we should be more tolerant, attentive and kind in relation to each other, in relation to the surrounding living world and to perform the most daring deeds in the name of good. Following the path of good is the most acceptable and only path for a person. He is tested, he is faithful, he is useful both to a person alone and to society as a whole.
Text 17
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In childhood, a person is happy, as they say now, by default. By nature, a child is a creature instinctively predisposed to happiness. No matter how difficult and even tragic his life is, he still rejoices and constantly finds new and new reasons for this. Perhaps because there is nothing to compare life with yet. He still does not suspect that it could be somehow different, but most likely, nevertheless, because the soul has not yet had time to be covered with a shell and is more open to goodness and hope than the soul of an adult. And with age, everything seems to be turned inside out. No matter how calmly and happily life develops, we will not rest until we find in it some kind of splinter, awkwardness, malfunction, cling to it and feel deeply unhappy. And we believe in the drama we have invented, we sincerely complain about it to our friends, spend time, health, and mental strength on experiences. Only when a truly real tragedy occurs do we realize how absurd the invented suffering is and how trivial the reason for it is. Then we grab our heads and say to ourselves: “Lord, what a fool I was when I suffered because of some nonsense. No, to live in your own pleasure and enjoy every minute. "
Text 18
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I was betrayed by my own person, my best friend betrayed me. Unfortunately, we hear such statements quite often. Most often, those in whom we have invested our souls betray. The pattern is as follows: the more good deeds, the stronger the betrayal. In such situations, I recall the statement of Victor Hugo: "I am indifferent to the knife strikes of the enemy, but the pin prick of a friend agonizes me."
Many endure mockery of themselves, hoping that the traitor will wake up a conscience. But something that does not exist cannot wake up. Conscience is a function of the soul, but a traitor does not. A traitor usually explains his act by the interests of the case, but in order to justify the first betrayal, he commits the second, third, and so on ad infinitum.
Betrayal destroys human dignity with precision, and as a result, traitors behave in different ways. Someone defends their behavior, trying to justify their actions, someone falls into a feeling of guilt and fear of impending retribution, and someone just tries to forget everything, without burdening themselves with either emotions or thoughts. In any case, the life of a traitor becomes empty, worthless and meaningless.
Text 19
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The Great Patriotic War is going farther and farther into the past, but the memory of it is alive in the hearts and souls of people. Indeed, how can one forget our unparalleled feat, our irreplaceable sacrifices made in the name of victory over the most insidious and cruel enemy - German fascism.
Four years of war cannot be compared with any other years of our history in terms of the severity of the experience. But the memory of a person weakens over time, from it, bit by bit, the secondary leaves first: less significant and bright; and then the essential. In addition, there are fewer and fewer veterans, those who went through the war and could talk about it. If the self-sacrifice and resilience of the people are not reflected in documents and works of art, then the bitter experience of the past will be forgotten. And this cannot be allowed!
The theme of the Great Patriotic War has been feeding literature and art for decades. Many wonderful films have been shot about the life and heroism of a person in the war, wonderful works of literature have been created. And there is no premeditation here, there is pain that does not leave the soul of the people, which lost millions of human lives during the war years. But the most important thing in a conversation on this topic is the preservation of measure and tact in relation to the truth of the war, to its participants, the living, but mainly the dead.
Text 20
In the modern world, there is no person who does not come into contact with art. Its significance in our life is great. Book, cinema, television, theater, music, painting have become part of our life and have a huge impact on it. But fiction especially strongly affects a person.
Contact with the world of art gives us joy and disinterested pleasure. But it would be wrong to see in the works of writers, composers, artists only a means of obtaining pleasure. Of course, we often go to the cinema, sit down to the TV, pick up a book to relax and have fun. And the artists, writers, and composers themselves build their works in such a way in order to support and develop the interest and curiosity of spectators, readers, listeners. But the importance of art in our life is much more serious. It helps a person to better see and understand the world around him and himself.
Art is able to preserve the characteristic features of the era, to give people the opportunity to communicate with each other through decades and centuries, becoming a kind of memory repository for future generations. It imperceptibly forms views and feelings, character, tastes of a person, awakens love for beauty. That is why, in difficult moments of life, people often turn to works of art, which become a source of spiritual strength and courage.
Text 21
Link to audio recording
To appreciate kindness and understand its meaning, you must certainly experience it yourself. One must perceive the ray of someone else's kindness and live in it. One must feel how a ray of this kindness takes possession of the heart, word and deeds of all life. Kindness comes not out of duty, not out of duty, but as a gift.
Another's kindness is a presentiment of something more, which is not even immediately believed. This is the warmth from which the heart warms up and comes in response. A person who has once experienced kindness cannot but respond sooner or later, confidently or uncertainly with his kindness.
It is a great happiness to feel the fire of kindness in your heart and give it free rein in life. At this moment, at these hours, a person finds his best in himself, hears the singing of his heart. The “I” and “mine” are forgotten, the alien disappears, because it becomes “mine” and “me”. And for enmity and hatred there is no room left in the soul. (138 words)
Text 22
Link to audio recording
If you take away the ability to dream from a person, then one of the most powerful incentives that give rise to culture, art, science and the desire to fight for a wonderful future will disappear. But dreams should not be divorced from reality. They should foresee the future and create in us the feeling that we already live in this future and ourselves are becoming different.
The dream is needed not only for children, but also for adults. It evokes excitement, a source of high feelings. She does not let us calm down and always shows new sparkling distances, a different life. It disturbs and makes you passionately desire this life. This is its value.
Only a hypocrite can say that you need to calm down and stop. To fight for the future, you need to be able to dream passionately, deeply and effectively. You need to cultivate in yourself a continuous desire for meaningful and beautiful things. (123 words)
Text 23
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What is the use of reading? Is it true that reading is helpful? Why do so many keep reading? After all, not only to relax or take free time.
The benefits of reading books are obvious. Books broaden a person's horizons, enrich his inner world, make him smarter. It is also important to read books because it increases a person's vocabulary, develops clear and clear thinking. Everyone can verify this by their own example. One has only to thoughtfully read some classical work, and you will notice how it has become easier with the help of speech to express your own thoughts, to choose the right words. The reading person speaks better. Reading serious works makes us constantly think, it develops logical thinking. Don't believe me? Read something from the classics of the detective genre, for example, "The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes" by Conan Doyle. After reading, you will think faster, your mind will become sharper and you will understand that reading is useful and beneficial.
It is also useful to read books because they have a significant impact on our moral guidelines and on our spiritual development. After reading this or that classic work, people sometimes begin to change for the better. (based on materials from the Internet) 168 words
Text 24
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What is a good book? First, the book must be fun and interesting. After reading the first pages, you shouldn't feel like putting it on the shelf. We are talking about books that make us think, express emotions. Second, the book must be written in rich language. Thirdly, it must carry a deep meaning. Original and unusual ideas also make the book useful.
You should not get carried away with any one genre or kind of literature. So, a hobby only for the fantasy genre can turn young readers into goblins and elves who know the way to Avalon much better than the way home.
If you have not read books from the school curriculum or read them in abridged form, you should start with them. Classical literature is an obligatory base for every person. Great works have disappointment and joy, love and pain, tragedy and comedy. They will teach you to be empathetic, emotional, help you see the beauty of the world, understand yourself and people. Naturally, read popular science literature. It will broaden your horizons, form knowledge about the world, help you determine your path in life, and provide an opportunity for self-development. We hope that these reasons for reading will make the book your best friend. (based on materials from the Internet) 174 words
Text 25
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Having a family and children is as necessary and natural as it is necessary and natural to work. The family has long been held together by the moral authority of the father, who has traditionally been considered the head. The children respected and obeyed their father. He was engaged in agricultural work, construction, logging and firewood. All the burden of peasant labor was shared by his adult sons.
Household management was in the hands of the wife and mother. She was in charge of everything in the house: she looked after the cattle, took care of food, about clothes. She did not do all these works alone: \u200b\u200beven children, having barely learned to walk, little by little, along with the game, began to do something useful.
Kindness, tolerance, mutual forgiveness of grievances grew into mutual love in a good family. Grumpiness and quarrelsomeness were considered a punishment of fate and aroused pity for their carriers. One had to be able to give in, forget the insult, respond kindly or keep silent. Love and harmony between relatives gave rise to love outside the home. It is difficult to expect respect for other people from a person who does not love and respect his relatives. (according to Belov) 148 words
Text 26
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The word "culture" is multifaceted. What is true culture in the first place? She carries the concept of spirituality, light, knowledge and true beauty. And if people understand this, then our country will become prosperous. And therefore it would be very good if every city and village had its own center of culture, a center of creativity not only for children, but also for people of all ages.
True culture is always aimed at upbringing and education. And at the head of such centers should be people who understand well what a real culture is, what it is composed of, what is its meaning.
The key note of culture can be such concepts as peace, truth, beauty. It would be nice if people who were honest and selfless, selflessly devoted to their work, respecting each other, were engaged in culture. Culture is a huge ocean of creativity, there is enough space for everyone, there is something for everyone. And if we all together begin to participate in its creation and strengthening, then our entire planet will become more beautiful. (after M. Tsvetaeva) 152 words
Text 27
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What does it mean to be a cultured person? A cultured person can be considered an educated, well-mannered, responsible person. He respects himself and those around him. A cultured person is also distinguished by creative work, striving for the high, the ability to be grateful, love for nature and homeland, compassion and sympathy for others, goodwill.
A cultured person will never lie. He will maintain composure and dignity in all situations of life. He has a clearly defined goal and achieves it. The main goal of such a person is to increase goodness in the world, to strive to ensure that all people are happy. The ideal of a cultured person is genuine humanity.
In our time, people devote too little time to culture. And many do not even think about it throughout their lives. It is good if a person's process of familiarizing with culture takes place from childhood. The child gets acquainted with the traditions that are passed from generation to generation, absorbs the positive experience of the family and their homeland, learns cultural values. As an adult, he can be useful to society. (based on materials from the Internet) 143 words
Text 28
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Some people believe that a person grows up at a certain age, for example, at the age of 18, when he becomes an adult. But there are people who remain children at an older age. What does it mean to be an adult?
Adulthood means independence, that is, the ability to do without anyone's help, guardianship. A person with this quality does everything himself and does not expect support from others. He understands that he must overcome his difficulties himself. Of course, there are situations when a person cannot cope alone. Then you have to ask for help from friends, relatives and acquaintances. But in general, it is not typical for an independent, adult person to rely on others.
There is such an expression: the hand should expect help only from the shoulder. An independent person knows how to be responsible for himself, his deeds and actions. He plans his life and evaluates himself, not relying on someone else's opinion. He understands that much in life depends on himself. Being an adult means taking responsibility for someone else. But for this you also need to become independent, to be able to make decisions. Adulthood does not depend on age, but on life experience, on the desire to live life without nannies.
Text 29
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What is friendship? How do you become friends? You will meet friends most often among people with a common destiny, one profession, and common thoughts. And yet it is impossible to say with confidence that such a community determines friendship, because people of different professions can make friends.
Can two opposite characters be friends? Sure! Friendship is equality and similarity. But at the same time, friendship is inequality and dissimilarity. Friends always need each other, but friends do not always get equal benefits from friendship. One is friends and gives his experience, the other in friendship is enriched with experience. One, helping a weak, inexperienced, young friend, learns his strength, maturity. Another, weak, recognizes in a friend his ideal, strength, experience, maturity. So, one in friendship gives, the other rejoices in gifts. Friendship is based on similarities, but manifests itself in differences, contradictions, and dissimilarities.
A friend is the one who claims your innocence, talent, merit. A friend is the one who lovingly exposes you of your weaknesses, shortcomings and vices.
Text 30
Link to audio recording
Friendship is not something external. Friendship lies deep in the heart. You cannot force yourself to be a friend to someone or force someone to be your friend.
A lot is needed for friendship, above all mutual respect. What does it mean to respect your friend? This means reckoning with his opinion and recognizing his positive features. Respect is shown in words and deeds. A friend who is respected feels valued as a person, respected for his dignity, and not only out of a sense of duty is helped. In friendship, trust is important, that is, confidence in the sincerity of a friend, that he will not betray or deceive. Of course, a friend can make mistakes. But we are all imperfect. These are two basic and main conditions for friendship. In addition, common moral values \u200b\u200bare important for friendship, for example. People who have different views of what is good and what is evil will find it difficult to be friends. The reason is simple: can we show our friend deep respect and, possibly, trust, if we see that he is doing things that are unacceptable, in our opinion, and considers it the norm. Strengthen friendships and common interests or hobbies. However, for a friendship that has existed for a long time and has been tested by time, this does not matter.
Friendly feelings do not depend on age. They can be very powerful and give a person many experiences. But life is unthinkable without friendship.
Text 31
Link to audio recording
It only seems to us that when something happens to us, it is a unique phenomenon, one of a kind. In fact, there is not a single problem that has not already been reflected in world literature. Love, fidelity, jealousy, betrayal, cowardice, the search for the meaning of life - all this has already been experienced by someone, changed his mind, found reasons, answers and captured on the pages of fiction. The matter is small: take and read and you will find everything in the book.
Literature, discovering the world with the help of words, works a miracle, doubles, triples our inner experience, infinitely expands our view of life, of a person, makes our perception thinner. In childhood, we read fairy tales and adventures in order to survive the excitement of search, intrigue. But the hour comes when we feel the need to open the book in order to go deeper into ourselves with its help. This is the hour of growing up. We are looking for an interlocutor in the book who enlightens, ennobles, teaches.
So we picked up a book. What is happening in our soul? With every book we read, opening up the storerooms of thoughts and feelings before us, we become different. With the help of literature, man becomes man. It is no coincidence that the book is called a teacher and a textbook of life.
Text 32
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Many people think that being sincere means openly and directly saying what you think and doing what you say. But here's the bad luck: a person who immediately voices what the first took into his head runs the risk of being branded not only natural, but also ill-mannered, and even stupid. Rather, a sincere and natural person is one who knows how to be himself: take off masks, step out of the usual roles and show his true face.
The main problem is that we do not know ourselves well, we are chasing ghostly goals, money, fashion. Few consider it important and necessary to direct the vector of attention to their inner world. You need to look into your heart, stop and analyze your thoughts, desires and plans in order to understand what is truly mine, and what is imposed, dictated by friends, parents, society. Otherwise, you risk spending your entire life on goals that you really don't need at all.
If you look into yourself, you will see a whole world, endless and multifaceted. You will discover your characteristics and talents. You just need to study. And, of course, it will not become easier and easier for you, but it will become more interesting. You will find your path in life. The only way to become sincere is to know yourself.
Text 33
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Each person is looking for a place in life, trying to assert his self. It is natural. But how does he find his place? What ways does it go to it? What moral values \u200b\u200bhave weight in his eyes? The question is extremely important.
Many of us cannot admit to ourselves that because of a falsely understood, inflated sense of our own dignity, because of our unwillingness to appear worse, we sometimes make rash steps, we do not act very right: we won’t ask again, we don’t say “I don’t know” , "I can not" - no words. Self-lovers evoke feelings of judgment. However, those who exchange their dignity like a small coin are no better. In the life of every person, there are probably moments when he is simply obliged to show his pride, to assert his self. And, of course, this is not always easy to do.
Sooner or later, the true value of a person is still revealed. And the higher this price, the more a person loves not so much himself as others. Leo Tolstoy emphasized that each of us, the so-called little ordinary person, is in fact a historical person who is responsible for the fate of the whole world.
Text 34
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34. I remember hundreds of boys' answers to the question: what kind of person do you want to become? - Strong, brave, courageous, intelligent, resourceful, fearless ... And no one said: kind. Why is kindness not put on a par with such virtues as courage and bravery? But without kindness - genuine warmth of the heart - the spiritual beauty of a person is impossible.
Good feelings, emotional culture is the focus of humanity. Today, when there is enough evil in the world, we should be more tolerant, attentive and kind in relation to each other, in relation to the surrounding living world and to commit the most daring actions in the name of good. Following the path of good is the most acceptable and only path for a person. He is tested, he is faithful, he is useful - both to a person alone and to society as a whole.
Teaching to feel and empathize is the hardest part of upbringing. If good feelings are not brought up in childhood, you will never bring them up, because they are assimilated simultaneously with the knowledge of the first and most important truths, the main of which is the value of life: someone else's, one's own, the life of the animal world and plants. In childhood, a person must go through an emotional school - a school of fostering good feelings. Humanity, kindness, benevolence are born in worries, worries, joys and sorrows.
Text 35
Link to audio recording
35. In the modern world there is no person who would not come into contact with art. Its significance in our life is great. Book, cinema, television, theater, music, painting have become part of our life and have a huge impact on it. But fiction especially strongly affects a person.
Contact with the world of art gives us joy and disinterested pleasure. But it would be wrong to see in the works of writers, composers, artists only a means of obtaining pleasure. Of course, we often go to the cinema, sit down to the TV, pick up a book to relax and have fun. And the artists, writers, and composers themselves build their works in such a way in order to support and develop the interest and curiosity of spectators, readers, listeners. But the importance of art in our life is much more serious. It helps a person to better see and understand the world around him and himself.
Art is able to preserve the characteristic features of the era, to give people the opportunity to communicate with each other through decades and centuries, becoming a kind of memory repository for future generations. It imperceptibly forms views and feelings, character, tastes of a person, awakens love for beauty. That is why, in difficult moments of life, people often turn to works of art, which become a source of spiritual strength and courage.
So the ninth graders are getting a little worried. The Russian language is not an easy exam, because in addition to knowing the rules, you need to be able to write statements, understand the main idea of \u200b\u200bthe text, clearly state your thoughts and select the correct argumentation in detailed answers to questions about the text.
In our first article on the OGE, we will try to give some useful tips for preparing for the first part of the Russian exam - presentation. In March, it's time to start actively training.
1. Focus on the essentials!
Presentations at school are written in each class, so students often believe that problems simply cannot arise here. On the one hand, training always helps, on the other hand, there are several points to which it makes sense to pay close attention.
The exam in the first task requires you to write a concise summary.
In a concise presentation, a detailed retelling of the text is not needed. Another important skill is required of the student - to understand the main content and key points supporting the main idea. All the rest is not only possible, but also must be omitted.
The less you spread your thoughts along the tree, the more clearly you formulate, the better. The main thing in a concise format is to clearly convey the core of the text with the author's arguments and examples (they are called micro-themes). It is in this direction that training is needed. Listening texts are publicly available on the FIPI website. How to work with them?
2. First audition \u003d plan
Turn on audio recording, listen carefully to the text. You don't need to write down anything while reading! An attempt at stenography is a big mistake for schoolchildren. Often, with this approach, the meaning of the text eludes, the missing parts are very difficult to recover, because they flew past the ears.
Try to just focus and understand what they are telling you. Grab the main topic right away, pay attention to the author's arguments or examples. And definitely - on the style!
Changing the presentation style is one of the most common and sad mistakes. Adhere to the author's style, do not change the artistic for the business, because you are not rewriting the work, but only retelling it.
After listening to the text, write down the main topic and the important points that you have noted. That is, make a short work plan. So a diagram will appear before your eyes, on which you will rely.
3. From second listening to draft
But during the second listening, work with the already drawn up plan, designate paragraphs for each author's statement.
Advice - do not write in a row, leave enough space between the outlined paragraphs to write in the missing from memory.
So, you have an outline and some paragraphs outlined. Now we are writing a draft. Take your time, don't be afraid to miss something. Texts for presentation are within the power of every student. Write paragraph by paragraph, remembering what you heard. Try to keep the author's style, avoid ad-libbing.
After writing a draft, be sure to check your original plan against the resulting text. Think, have you taken into account everything, "scroll" the text in your head. Have you covered the topic? Does the written logic correspond to the author's logic? Are the micro themes clearly stated and do they lead to the main idea expressed in the text? If you are satisfied with the job, move on to the spelling and punctuation checker.
4. Checking ourselves
The literacy level during the exam is also assessed, and the scores for mistakes are reduced. But you are not writing a dictation, but an exposition, this format works for you. If you have any doubts about the spelling of a word, remember synonyms. Change words, phrases, even sentences if you are not sure about the correct spelling and punctuation. In the presentation, it is important not to use the exact author's words, but to convey the meaning.
But remember that either Hemingway or an elementary school student is allowed to write in CW. Still, a ninth-grader is expected to provide detailed sentences, so you don't need to be cunning in the hope of avoiding mistakes, this can turn against you.
5. How to understand that everything worked out
So, you train your skills, but how do you know that everything works out? First, you can start practicing on printed texts. This way you will better see the correspondence between the presentation and the original. Try to read the text out loud yourself, remove the text, write down the plan. Read it a second time, remove it, write down the outline paragraph by paragraph. Write a draft. Check literacy. Then check both texts.
Secondly, you can involve parents and friends - let them read the text to you, and you act according to the above scheme. It is very convenient to train with friends - you can read in turn and check each other's work.
Well, and thirdly, if you feel insecure, there is still time to improve your skills in courses or with the help of tutors.
Presentation is, first of all, an analysis of the text, a quick understanding of the main idea. This can be learned even if there is nothing left before the exam.
Good luck with your exam preparation!
The Great Patriotic War is going farther and farther into the past, but the memory of it is alive in the hearts and souls of people. Indeed, how can one forget our unparalleled feat, our irreplaceable sacrifices made in the name of victory over the most insidious and cruel enemy - fascism. Four years of war cannot be compared with any other years of our history in terms of the severity of the experience.
The most important feature of the last war was its nationwide character, when everyone, young and old, fought for a common cause at the front, in the rear, in partisan detachments. Let not everyone risked to the same extent, but gave themselves without reserve, their experience and work for the sake of the coming victory, which we got at a very high price. But the memory of a person weakens over time, from it, bit by bit, leaves the secondary, less significant and vivid, and then the essential. In addition, there are fewer and fewer veterans, those who went through the war and could tell about it. If the self-sacrifice and resilience of the people are not reflected in documents and works of art, then the bitter experience of past years will be forgotten. And this cannot be allowed.
The theme of the Great Patriotic War has been feeding literature and art for decades. Many wonderful films have been shot about the life of a person in the war, wonderful works of literature have been created. And there is no premeditation here, there is pain that does not leave the soul of the people, which lost millions of human lives during the war years. But the most important thing in a conversation on this topic is the preservation of measure and tact in relation to the truth of the war, to its participants.
(according to V. Bykov)
Text No. 2 The greatest value of the people is the language ...
The greatest value of a people is the language in which they write, speak and think. This means that the entire conscious life of people passes through their native language. All thoughts of a person are formulated in language, and emotions, sensations color what he thinks about.
There is the language of the people as an indicator of their culture, and there is the language of a person as an indicator of his personal qualities. A person's language is his worldview and behavior. As he speaks, so, therefore, he thinks. Therefore, the surest way to get to know a person is to listen to what and how he says.
We pay attention to a person's manner of behaving, to his gait and face, but to judge a person only on these grounds is to be mistaken. But the language of a person is a much more accurate indicator of his moral qualities, his culture. Language is the most expressive that a person possesses; therefore, one must constantly monitor one's speech - oral or written.
It only seems to us that when something happens to us, it is a unique phenomenon, one of a kind. In fact, there is not a single problem that has not already been reflected in world literature. Love, fidelity, jealousy, betrayal, cowardice, the search for the meaning of life - all this has already been experienced by someone, changed his mind, found reasons, answers and captured on the pages of fiction. The matter is small: take and read and you will find everything in the book.
Literature, discovering the world with the help of words, works a miracle, doubles, triples our inner experience, infinitely expands our view of life, of a person, makes our perception thinner. In childhood, we read fairy tales and adventures in order to survive the excitement of search, intrigue. But the hour comes when we feel the need to open the book in order to go deeper into ourselves with its help. This is the hour of growing up. We are looking for an interlocutor in the book who enlightens, ennobles, teaches.
So we picked up a book. What is happening in our soul? With every book we read, opening up the storerooms of thoughts and feelings before us, we become different. With the help of literature, man becomes man. It is no coincidence that the book is called a teacher and a textbook of life.
Text No. 4 Many people think that being sincere
Many people think that being sincere means openly and directly saying what you think and doing what you say. But here's the bad luck: a person who immediately voices what the first took into his head runs the risk of being branded not only natural, but also ill-mannered, and even stupid. Rather, a sincere and natural person is one who knows how to be himself: take off masks, step out of the usual roles and show his true face.
The main problem is that we do not know ourselves well, we are chasing ghostly goals, money, fashion. Few consider it important and necessary to direct the vector of attention to their inner world. You need to look into your heart, stop and analyze your thoughts, desires and plans in order to understand what is truly mine, and what is imposed, dictated by friends, parents, society. Otherwise, you risk spending your entire life on goals that you really don't need at all.
If you look into yourself, you will see a whole world, endless and multifaceted. You will discover your characteristics and talents. You just need to study. And you certainly won't get any better and
Text No. 5 Everyone is looking for a place in life ...
Each person is looking for a place in life, trying to assert his self. It is natural. But how does he find his place? What ways does it go to it? What moral values \u200b\u200bhave weight in his eyes? The question is extremely important.
Many of us cannot admit to ourselves that because of a falsely understood, inflated sense of our own self-esteem, because of our unwillingness to appear worse, we sometimes take rash steps, do not act very right. We won’t ask again, we don’t say “I don’t know”, “I cannot”: no words. Self-lovers evoke feelings of judgment. However, those who exchange their dignity like a small coin are no better. In the life of every person, there are probably moments when he is simply obliged to show his pride, to assert his self. And, of course, this is not always easy to do.
Sooner or later, the true value of a person is still revealed. And the higher this price, the more a person loves not so much himself as others. Leo Tolstoy emphasized that each of us, the so-called little ordinary person, is in fact a historical person who is responsible for the fate of the whole world.
Text No. 6 Roughness in language, as well as rudeness in manners ...
Rudeness in language, like rudeness in manners, sloppiness in clothing is a very common phenomenon, and it testifies to a person's insecurity, his weakness, and not at all about strength. I'm not even talking about the fact that this is a sign of bad manners, and sometimes cruelty.
A truly strong and balanced person will not needlessly speak and swear loudly. After all, it has long been known that every our act, every our word is reflected in others and is hostile to the most precious thing in the world - human life. And a strong person, understanding all this, is just strong in his nobility and generosity.
It is necessary to study good, calm, intelligent speech for a long time and carefully - listening, memorizing, reading. But even though it is difficult - it is necessary, it is really necessary! Our speech is the most important part not only of our behavior, but also of our personality, our soul, mind, our ability not to succumb to the influences of the environment, if it "drags on".
(According to D.S.Likhachev)
Real purpose allows a person to live life with dignity and to receive joy. If a person lives to bring good to people, to alleviate their suffering in case of illness, to give people joy, then he sets himself a goal worthy of a person. If a person sets himself the task of acquiring all the elementary material goods: a car, a summer residence, a furniture set, he makes a fatal mistake.
By setting a career or acquisition as a goal, a person experiences in total much more grief than joy, and risks losing everything. Not promoted - chagrin; did not have time to buy a stamp for his collection - chagrin; Someone has a better furniture than yours or a better car - again upset. What another! And what can a person lose if he rejoiced in every good deed? It is only important that the good that a person does would be his inner need, come from an intelligent heart, and not just from the head.
Therefore, the main task in life must necessarily be a broader task than just a personal one. She should not be limited only to her own successes and failures. It should be dictated by kindness to people, love for family, for your city, for your people, country, for the entire Universe.
(According to D. Likhachev)
Text No. 8 The word "character" ...
The word "character" came into the Russian language from Greek, in translation it means "a sign, a feature." Depending on the volitional qualities existing in a person, either a strong or a weak character is formed, therefore, the will and character are closely related.
How to cultivate a strong will and character? These qualities are affirmed in a person when overcoming various obstacles - internal and external. Internal obstacles are created by the person himself - his laziness, fearfulness, stubbornness, false pride, shyness, passivity, doubts. Externalities can be created by other people or by difficulties in completing a task.
Where should you start building a strong will and character? The easiest way is to achieve not too difficult goals, and then gradually complicate them. This will provide an opportunity to strengthen self-confidence and gain the necessary experience. A very important condition for the education of willpower and firm character is systematic training in overcoming difficulties. If avoided in everyday life, then you can be helpless in serious trials. And who wants to appear weak and spineless in the eyes of others?
Are all people talented? Of course, each person came to Earth with his own destiny, which means his talent. Not everyone, perhaps, has revealed it and even doubts that he has it. Someone lacks self-confidence, someone is shy, and this is already insecurity. Someone does not want to take risks. Someone simply does not realize that they have talent.
Richard Bach has wonderful words: “Each of us is given a block of marble and tools at birth to turn it into a statue. Some people carry this lump with them all their lives, never touching it. Some people quickly break it into small pieces. And some still manage to create a great masterpiece out of it! "
Each of us is unique. Everyone is talented. Everyone can independently reveal this talent. Each of us has a unique life mission. Think about it now. And declare your talent openly. First to my friends and family, and then to the world. Be happy.
Text No. 10 What is morality?
What is morality? This is a system of rules for the behavior of a person, first of all, answering the question: what is good and what is bad, what is good and what is evil. Each person, when assessing his own behavior, the behavior of other people, uses this system of rules. This system is based on values \u200b\u200bthat a given person considers important and necessary. As a rule, such values \u200b\u200binclude human life, happiness, family, love, prosperity and others.
Depending on what kind of values \u200b\u200ba person chooses for himself, in what hierarchy he places them and how much he adheres to them in behavior, and it is determined what the person's actions will be - moral or immoral. Therefore, morality is always a choice, an independent choice of a person.
What can help make the right choice and ensure moral behavior of a person? Only conscience. Conscience, which manifests itself in a sense of guilt for an immoral act. This is the only force that can ensure the moral behavior of a person.
Text No. 11 What does human memory store?
What does human memory store? In general, why do we remember about something that no longer exists? Is it really important that someone remembers how he learned to write the first letters, or in what dress his beloved teacher came to class, or what house once stood on the site of the current shopping center? Our memory carefully preserves a lot of things, details, faces, pictures that seem to be meaningless, since they are no longer there and it is impossible to return them. And yet they persist in our memories. They live and imperceptibly for us fill our life, making it voluminous, deep, meaningful.
I remember what was once, which means that the past is not lifeless for me, it is filled with my sensations and experiences. The past is no longer a dull list of information and dates, but a series of visible images and living situations. Therefore, I live not only now but also in the past. My life is not a moment, limited by the word "now", it acquires extension.And through memories, my life is connected with the life of other people: friends, relatives, acquaintances. I remember their faces, their gestures, I remember our conversations and meetings. And the length of my life seems to be supplemented by volume: I am not alone in my past.
But my personal memories inevitably bear the imprint of some past time for the country, a passing era. This means that through them I become involved in history, I feel like a part of it. My ability to remember makes my life meaningful. I am not Ivan, who does not remember kinship, but a person who feels his kinship to the current of common life.
Text No. 12 The material of music is sounds.
The material of music is sounds. The material from which the writer composes works is the word. Paints are a painting material, an artist's material.Like sounds, colors can be both joyful and sad. The artist squeezes them out of the tubes onto the palette, and the palette flashes with all the colors of the rainbow. Here are the azure tones of spring foliage, and the pale pink tone of the sunset and the deep colors of the evening twilight, fiery colors, like the sun itself, and calm, bluish-black, like the night sea.
The artist's palette is a real celebration of colors. "At the sight of his palette," said the French painter Delacroix, "like a warrior at the sight of his weapon, the artist immediately gains confidence and courage."Like a writer, an artist tells us about life, creates images of heroes, depicts actions, paints pictures of nature. After all, the artist does not throw paint on the canvas in random spots. He puts a dark smear, next to another, lighter. Gradually, from dozens of strokes on the canvas, a human face appears, objects, the setting of the action, the landscape appear. The picture is filled with content. We are worried about the mood that the artist has put into his work, and we experience the events depicted in the picture. In this, the art of a painter is akin to the work of a writer.
In one only painting is not like music or a book. The melody in music flows and changes continuously, the events in the book follow one after the other. And the picture depicts only one moment. As if with a keen eye the artist watched the events of his life, observed for a long time, persistently and suddenly ordered the time: "A moment, stop!" And with paints on canvas he captured everything that he saw in this unique moment.
Text No. 13 Language is a kind of mirror ...
Language is a kind of mirror that stands between us and the world. The language reflects the general ideas of all speakers of it about how the world works. Moreover, the mirror of the language reflects not all the properties of the surrounding reality, but only those that seemed especially important to the ancestors - the speakers of this language.
So, in the languages \u200b\u200bof some northern peoples, there are many names for snow. This is easy to explain: snow occupies an important place in their life, its quantity and condition are very important. For example, it is more convenient to walk on dense snow than on fluffy; in the packed snow, you can make shelters, such snow is used by the Canadian Eskimos in the construction of snow dwellings - igloos.
Each language reflects its own picture of the world through grammar. There are languages \u200b\u200bthat have more than thirty cases, which serve as a way to indicate the exact position of an object in space. Some linguists associate this with human conditions in the mountains. It is in a mountainous area that such characteristics of an object as its position further or closer, higher or lower, close or far away, become very significant for the interlocutors.
Who among the people did not experience pleasure, listening to the sighs of summer rain, rustling of autumn leaves, waves splashing along the shores of the lake, gurgling water, pigeons cooing on a foggy morning? What can compare to the singing of birds, especially of such outstanding musicians as nightingales? Singing people can be annoying, singing birds never. birds create a sound coloration of the landscape. Wildlife has not only visual but also sound beauty. Different types of insects, animals, birds complement each other in the daily and seasonal rhythms of sound, full of genuine beauty.
The richest music of nature. One Canadian composer introduced a special concept called "soundscape". In his opinion, for the inhabitants of forests, each type of tree has its own voice. When the breeze flies through the trees, they sob and groan, ash hisses, birches rustle, pines hum. Even cereals have their own "voices", different day and night.
Nature makes no noise. The roar of a storm, a rustling leaf, a patter of rain - there is a primordial and unknown harmony in all of this. The singing of birds, the croaking of frogs, the rustle of the grasses, the sound of the surf, the roar of the waterfall - all this symphony of sounds of wild nature is a huge and unattainable ideal value.
(Po.V. Boreiko)
Text No. 15 I have long dreamed about this - to have a gold shelf.
I have long dreamed about this - to have a gold shelf. This is the shelf where only your favorite books are put. Why am I limited to only a dream, maybe this is because it is not so easy for a gold shelf to become a reality. Yet this is a golden shelf, of which there are not so many in the world.
Maybe I am not starting this shelf due to the lack of gold paper? That's right, now they don't sell it ... I remember those gold sheets with an embossed pattern that adorned my childhood so much. It seems that they were used in the manufacture of Christmas tree decorations. They had an embossed design, something like flowers on a frozen window, only the flowers were gold.
Paradoxically, the most wonderful books that we constantly re-read throughout our life do not stay in our memory. It would seem that it should be the other way around: the book that made an impression on us should have been remembered in all its details. No, it doesn't. Of course, we know what this book is mainly about, but the details are unexpected and new to us. Of course, so: every time we read a wonderful book, as it were, anew, and this is the amazing fate of the authors of wonderful books: they have not gone, they are timeless.
(according to Yu. Olesha)
Dream hunting is the most interesting type of hunting. To become a hunter, no license is required, hunting is permitted and available to children and the elderly, women and men.
The novice hunter should remember that the success of the hunt depends not only on the skill of the hunter and the agility of the dream, but also on the number of hunters. If one and the same bluebird is caught by a million people, then there is little chance of catching it. Hence the conclusion: it is necessary to hunt for a unique dream, such that almost no one else has.
Dream hunting equipment must be kept clean at all times. They say the bluebird doesn't fly into dirty hands. A clean, uncomplicated look at things helps to make out the blue bird in the blue sky, and pure thoughts help to keep it and even persuade it to sing in captivity. For novice hunters, we recommend moving towards your dream slowly, but confidently. Your calmness and perseverance will help the dream move towards you.
(According to S. Panina)
In the usual hustle and bustle of study, friends, computers, sports, we do not find time to look around us and see what surrounds us, which never ceases to amaze.
The first snowdrop, a blade of grass breaking through the asphalt, a crimson sunset, a starry sky - the phenomena familiar to our gaze can be enumerated endlessly, because this is a particle of our being, this is what surrounds us throughout our life. In the summer, we listen to the rustle of leaves, see beautiful roses and modest wildflowers ... Autumn comes, and there is also a riot of colors pleasing to the eye. You walk through the park and you cannot take your eyes off the lush multi-colored carpet that covers the ground. And how beautiful are the autumn chrysanthemum flowers, yellow, red, orange, white, large and small, equally decorating our everyday life and holidays!
Stop in amazement at the beauty, and your heart will burn with joy. Look around, take a closer look, be surprised, rejoice - and life will be filled with new light, and forces will appear to overcome the hardships of being.
(According to L. Zadorozhnaya)
Text No. 18 The insults that we inflict on each other in our relationship ...
The offenses that we inflict on each other in our relationships are not directly explained by our evil will. People do not hurt each other because of some special cruelty, atrocity. The immediate reason for hurting others is often the lack of the necessary communication experience, the inability to meet others halfway, and excessive enthusiasm for oneself.
After a person has offended, he may come to his senses, but most often this happens with a great delay. Wounding words have already been spoken. The pain that a person tries to forcibly transfer to a neighbor sooner or later returns to the offender, and often with double strength.
And although a person sometimes really does not know what he is doing when he causes harm to those whom he loves most, this does not mean that he can feel free from responsibility for his own words and actions with which he inflicted so much offense and evil on his loved ones. Humiliation of others, the use of violence against them is an expression of the feeling of one's own weakness.
Each person is unique on earth. Each blade of grass, flower, tree, even if they are of the same color, of the same species, is as unique as everything growing that lives around us. Therefore, all living things, especially humans, have their own character. The character of a person develops not only by itself, but also under the influence of the environment: parents, school, society and friends. And true friendship is a rare and precious reward for a person.
Such friendship is sometimes stronger and truer than family ties and affects human relations much more strongly than a collective, especially in extreme, disastrous circumstances. From the battlefield, risking their lives, only true friends take out a fighter. Do I have such friends? Yes, they were in the war, they are in this life, and I try very hard to pay for devotion with devotion, for love - with love.
Every book, every line and every deed I do, I look through and read through the eyes of my friends, especially those at the front, so that I don’t feel ashamed in front of them for badly, dishonestly or sloppy work, for lies, for dishonesty.
Text No. 20 Science fiction writers around the world ...
Science fiction writers all over the world have created an amazing country that is not on a geographical map, but it exists in the imagination of every person who knows how to dream. This country lives by its own laws: it fulfills our desire to look into the future. Together with the heroes of the books, we make extraordinary journeys to extraterrestrial civilizations and the depths of the ocean, meet unknown creatures and survive in an unfamiliar world, showing wonders of courage and ingenuity.
But in the works of science fiction is embodied not only the desire of the authors to show the successes of scientific and technological progress. Based on scientific achievements, they draw the possible negative consequences of progress for the fate of mankind, think about how a person will use scientific discoveries: whether he will be able to preserve the eternal values \u200b\u200bof mankind in the conditions of the rapid development of scientific thought.
Science fiction today is extremely popular with readers and viewers of all ages. When the world is changing so quickly, it is interesting for a person to look into his future, especially since in the books of science fiction writers fiction is always combined with reality, and the future is portrayed as a fascinating world of human possibilities.
(Based on materials from the Internet)
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