Trap exam in Russian. Texts of oge statements in Russian

Question number 3 Means of expressiveness (paths): Phraseologism is a stable phrase stored in our memory as one word. Phraseologism always has a figurative meaning, it can be replaced with one word. Examples: keep your eyes on, see everything in a pink light, your eyes lit up, work carelessly, your heart was bleeding. Metaphor is a hidden comparison, one of the tropes, a word / phrase used in a figurative meaning based on a hidden comparison. Examples: 1) Some small fish swam, flashed with a blue spark and burned out in the beam of a lantern, disappeared. 2) Kusaka blossomed with all her dog's soul, and this changed her beyond recognition. Impersonation is a trope, attribution of properties and attributes of animate objects to inanimate ones. Very often, personification is used to depict nature, which is endowed with certain human features. Example: Describe a climbing bush of these red flowers that stretches over the fence, wants to look into a room, see through a glass door what we are doing here ... Comparison is a path in which one object or phenomenon is likened to another in some way sign them. The purpose of the comparison is to identify new, important, predominant for the subject of the statement, properties in the object of comparison. How to recognize: by alliances as if, as if, as if. Example: lit up like a torch; not sparing words, soft, like a good bandage ... An epithet is a definition added to the name of an object for greater depiction. Example: Somov - the most brutal boycott!

The following terms are rarely found: Stable comparison - something between a phraseological phrase and comparison. Example: a deer stood like a statue. (the turnover is not distinguished here by commas, since it can be replaced with one word "motionless") Hyperbole is a stylistic figure of explicit and deliberate exaggeration, in order to enhance the expressiveness and emphasize the said thought, for example: "I said this a thousand times" or "to us there will be enough food for six months. " Opposition / antithesis is a trope used in the literature for COMPARING OBJECTS, FACES, AND OTHERS. ... How to recognize: using the conjunction a or using a dash with the meaning of opposition. Example: Hercules performed his feats as a brave man, and this young man accomplished his feat out of cowardice ... Chin followed him - he suddenly left the service.

Assignment 1: Write down all possible paths from the sentence that you find. The deep and calm water glistened with varnish, as if oil had been poured into the river, and thoughtful spruces, thin birches, touched by yellowness, looked from the cliff into this black mirror.

Question number 4 Spelling in prefixes. 1. It is important to understand from the assignment what kind of prefix you need to find. 2. Know that there are 3 groups of prefixes: the first group of prefixes - UNCHANGEABLE PRESETS: po, over -, za-, k-, iz-, do-, v-, s- and. etc. ATTENTION! In KIM, there can be such a wording of the task: "In sentences ... ... write out an adverb in which the prefix requires writing at the end of the suffix -A -" - this means that you need to remember the prefixes IZ-, DO-, C -, which in adverbs, formed from adjectives, require at the end of writing the suffix - A -. Example: distant from afar dry dry new again When writing such adverbs of other prefixes at the end will be the suffix -o -: dry dry

Vporos No. 4 In sentences ... ... write out an adverb in which a combination of a prefix and a suffix requires hyphenation "- this means that we are talking about the rule:" The prefix "by" with adverbs is written with a hyphen only if the adverb ends in suffixes "- ohm "," him "," -and. "Examples: in a new way, as before, in Russian, in his own way. In other cases, the prefix" po "is written together. Examples: brighter, more.

Question number 4 The second group of prefixes are prefixes for -Z and -C. Rule: "In prefixes ending in -Z and -C, before the voiced consonant, Z is written, and before the voiceless consonant," these are prefixes such as: IZ- / IS-, RAZ- / RAS-, WHO- / VOS-, WITHOUT - / BES, etc. The wording of the task: "Write down a word in which the spelling of the prefix depends on the subsequent consonant sound" - this means that you need to look for the prefix of the second group with alternating Z / S at the end, for example: to solve or arrange, disappear , lime. ATTENTION! In KIM, there may be such a wording of the task: "From the sentences ... ... write out a word in which the spelling of the prefix is \u200b\u200bnot determined by the rule (it is an exception)" - this means that the prefix C- will be an exception to the above rule, it does not depend on deafness - voiced the subsequent consonant, because the prefix Z- does not exist. Or there may be such a wording: "Write down a word in which the spelling of the prefix does NOT depend on the voicelessness / voicedness of the subsequent consonant." Example: to do - a word in which the prefix C- is an exception to the rule given above.

The third group of prefixes PRI- PRE- Approach: come, If you can replace come; the prefix PRE- on the word VERY: very pretty Joining: nail down, little dog (\u003d very glue, pin up; pretty dog), Incomplete action: sweet child (\u003d very Sit down, cover up, lie down; cute child); CLOSE / LOCATION If the prefix is \u200b\u200bABOUT CLOSE: coastal (when replaced with the prefix PER-: shore), backyard (when breaking the law (\u003d the manor), school (when breaking the law), interrupt the school) conversation (\u003d interrupt the conversation)

Question No. 5 Spelling -Н - / - НН- in the suffixes of different parts of speech The wording of the tasks: "From the sentences ... ... write down a word in which the spelling of the suffix is \u200b\u200bnot determined by the rule (it is an exception)" - this means that you need to remember all the exceptions associated with writing НН and Н in suffixes of different parts of speech. First of all, there are exceptions to adjectives: wood, pewter, glass, windy. And also remember the exceptions in full passive participles: an unprecedented slow sacred unexpected made a few unexpected welcome promised unheard of cutesy plastered unintentional embossed unexpected arrogant and verbal adjectives that are not participles in modern Russian: intelligent, named (brother), planted (father) dowry (bride), forgiven (sunday), finished (person)

Question number 5 Write down a word, the spelling of the suffix in which is determined by the rule: "Two H are written in adjectives formed with the suffix -H- from a noun with a stem in H" - this means that you need to look for an adjective in which one H is part of the root , and my friend I use the suffix -Н-, for example: Price valuable Moon moon Length long Lemon lemon Mine mine War military

Question No. 5 Write down a word, the spelling of the suffix in which is determined by the rule: "Two H are written in adjectives formed from nouns using the suffixes OHN, EHN" Example: painful from the noun "disease" By the way, be careful when highlighting the suffix, you can make a mistake, for example: military - military root, suffix n. Write down a word, the spelling of the suffix in which is determined by the rule: "In a short adjective, as many H are written as in the full form of this adjective" - \u200b\u200bthis means that the word you are looking for should answer one of the questions: what is it? What is? What are? How does it feel? Example: Natural (what is?) Natural (what?) Immaculate (what is?) Impeccable (what?) Educated (what is?) Educated (what?)

Question number 5 Write down a word, the spelling of the suffix in which is determined by the rule: "In the full passive participle of the past tense, NN is written" - here it is necessary to distinguish participles from adjectives on the basis of such signs: the participle has a dependent word or prefix, it denotes an action performed on someone then in the past. It is also necessary to remember the rule when the participles are written NN: 1) if there is a prefix: the entrusted document (the document was trusted) 2) if there is a dependent word: fried potatoes (on what?) In oil; compare: fried potatoes (no participle dependent word). Formed from the perfective verb: folded envelope: it (what did you do?) Folded (sov. View)

Question number 5 Write down a word, the spelling of the suffix in which is determined by the rule: "In the short passive participle of the past tense, only one N is written" - that means, you need to look for a word that answers the question: what is it? what is:? What are? But again it is necessary to distinguish the required participle from the usual short adjective - by the presence of a dependent word; attachments; or by meaning: passive participles denote an action performed on someone or something. Example: I am tamed (what?) Means: someone tamed me; The road is poorly lit (what is it?) - This is a short passive past participle, since it has a dependent word and it means an action performed on the road: the road was poorly lit. This means that in both cases one N. should be written.

Question number 5 Write down a word, the spelling of the suffix in which is determined by the rule: "In the adverb in -O, -E, as many H are written as there was in the table from which it was formed" Example: namely (adverb) nominal (adjective)

Question No. 7 Syntax: Types of communication in the phrase Coordination Control Adjacency How to recognize: questions: what? Which one? Which one? Whose? Whose? Whose? therefore, the dependent word is an adjective or participle, ordinal. How to recognize: questions of indirect cases: who? What? Who? What? By whom? Than? About whom? About what? therefore, the dependent word is a noun How to recognize: questions of unchangeable parts of speech: how? When? How many? What to do? What to do? Therefore, the dependent word is an unchangeable part of speech (adverb, gerunds, infinitives) Example: nightingale (whose?) Singing, strong feelings, first meeting Example: nightingale singing (who?) Attention! To go (where?) To school is control, because the dependent word is a noun, the tanks (whose?) Of the Germans are also control, because the dependent word is a noun, you can also ask who? Examples: singing (how?) A half-hour, surprised (how?), Turned around, began (what to do?) To read

Task number 2: replace this type of connection “coordination” with “control” Board shed Glass door Sea coast Task number 3: replace the type of connection “control” with the type of connection “coordination”: The bottom of the well School rules Cossack raids Task number 4: replace the type communication "control" to the type of communication "contiguity": Turned around in surprise Hit with force

Questions 8 and 11 Grammar basis. How the subject can be expressed: Noun in I. p.: Language reflects the soul of the people. Pronoun in I. p.: He came out. Indefinite Verb: Being honest is half the battle. To understand is to sympathize. A phrase in which one of them is in I. p.: My mother and I went to the store. Compare: My mom and I went to the store - here "with mom" - an addition. Very rare: phrases without I. p. - About an hour has passed.

Types of predicate Simple verb predicate: Language reflects the soul of the people. Compound verb predicate (auxiliary verb + indefinite form of the verb): We started to work - started - an auxiliary verb, to work - an indefinite form of the verb. Compound nominal predicate (verbs BE, BECOME + noun / adjective / numeral): He was an honest man. Noun in I. p. - in the event that the lying one is also expressed by a noun in I. p., Then a dash is placed between the subject and the predicate: Love (noun I. p.) Is the greatest gift (noun I. p. ) to a person.

Question number 9 Separate members of the proposal Separate circumstances - this means that you need to look for a circumstance, separated by commas. And what circumstance is always highlighted with commas? - adverbial turnover: "But then the author of offensive lines, jumping out of bed, ran up to a friend." A single adverb, which is always highlighted with commas: "Reading, he thought about this conversation" Or a comparative turn: the sky is black as ink. The air is clean and fresh, like the kiss of a child. Clarifying circumstance: "At the corner, near the post office, there was a photographic showcase."

Separate agreed definition So, it is necessary to look for a comma-separated: participial phrase: "The bear cubs that grew up over the summer played on stones and did not even notice Timofey, huddled against the net." definitive turn: "Masha, pale and trembling, approached Ivan Kuzmich." Appendix: "It was difficult for me, a man in a barefoot suit, to summon him, a dandy, to a conversation."

A separate inconsistent definition can be expressed: 1. a noun in T. p. Or P. p. (+ Prepositions C or B) with or without dependent words, an indefinite form of a verb with dependent words, an adjective in a comparative degree with dependent words. How does an inconsistent definition differ from an agreed one? An agreed definition is a definition that is associated with the word being defined by means of an agreement (wooden fence, our entrance, second floor, flying ball). 2. Inconsistent definition - a definition that is associated with the defined word through control and adjoining (city street, plaid skirt, her students, thick paper, horseback riding, a child about five years old, a promise to love). 3. There are two types of questions that can be asked about an inconsistent noun definition: which one? and the question of indirect case (T. p. or P. p.) by whom? Than? com? than? : Moscow, all in New Year's garlands, looked beautiful. Moscow WHAT? WHAT? all in New Year's garlands In this example, a separate inconsistent definition is expressed by a noun in P. p. (in garlands) with dependent words (all, New Year's).

Question number 12 The task in performing this task is to recognize the types of connection between the parts of a complex sentence. There are three types of connection: Writing - recognized by the compositional conjunctions: a, and, but, then, not that - not that, yes (\u003d and / but), but, either, or. Submissive - by subordinate conjunctions: what, so that, when, where, because, how, as if, etc. Unionless - here you need to look at punctuation marks between parts of a complex sentence. Assignment: In the sentences below, all commas are numbered. Write down the numbers denoting commas between the parts of a complex sentence connected by a subordinate link: “When the boy was eleven years old, (1) a friend came to his father, (2) General Hannibal, (3) whom Pushkin immortalized under the name of“ arap of Peter the Great ”. Vasily Ivanovich with a sigh told about the quirks and stubbornness of his son, (4) and, (5) became interested, (6) the guest went to the boy "

Question No. 14 Proposals with different types of communication. How to recognize: There must be at least three grammatical bases; Unlike the 13th task, where one main and several subordinate clauses are given, connected only by a subordinate link, in this task there can be a variety of combinations: 1. compositional and subordinate link: “All the boys also wrote poetry, but listening to Pushkin's poems , they understood what a huge difference between what they wrote and what their amazing peer wrote. " , but, (what…), (what…), and those (that…) 2. Submissive and non-union: “He soon noticed that this was not just a game: the boy was quite skillful in navigating the tactical difficulties of a maneuver. [, (what)]: . 3. Writing and non-union: "The children decided to go camping, but their mother did not let them in: according to forecasts there should be a hurricane", but: 4. Writing, submissive and non-union: "When all the guests came, the feast began, and the servants did not have time to serve dishes: so quickly the insatiable kids ate everything. (when and : .

Question number 13 Sentences with different types of subordinate clauses. How to recognize: there must be at least three grammatical bases, two of which are subordinate (dependent), subordinate unions between them. Types of subordination of subordinate clauses: 1. Sequential subordination is a type of subordination of subordinate clauses, in which one subordinate clause depends on the other: This was expressed in a whole system of self-education (which one?), Which a ten-year-old boy subjected himself to (why?) In order to fulfill his dream. , (which…), (to…).

Types of subordination of subordinate clauses homogeneous Subordination is called homogeneous if the subordinate clauses of one type refer to the same word in the main one or to the whole main thing: It is not very embarrassing to eat (why?), When a thin, dirty belly brings you from hunger and darkens in the eyes. heterogeneous, (when ...) and (when ...) Subordination is called heterogeneous if the main clause includes subordinate clauses of different types or if the subordinate clauses of the same type are attached to different words in the main clause: The boy saw how the crowd applauded the famous orator, and was surprised at the strength of his eloquence that conquered everyone. [, (like ...),], (which ...)

Assignment: to determine the type of subordination of subordinate clauses Since he believed that, by training daily, he could learn to fly without legs and become a full-fledged pilot again, he was possessed by a thirst for life and activity. The room, in which there were cabinets with good toys along the walls, it was immediately evident, of foreign production, and colorful calendars and posters hung on the walls, was spacious and light. It was only later that Pryakhin found out that Aunt Grunya worked not as a nurse, not as a nurse, but as a watchman, sits at the entrance, and after the shift bypasses the hospital wards, to whom to give some water, to whom to tuck a cold cloth blanket, although no one asked her about it.


1. Where to start writing on the exam.

1) Do not sign the sheet in any way. Write strictly according to the proposed text, and for this you should read with a pen, delving into the content of the text, noting the problems raised by the author, pay attention to the full name. author, brief. article about him.

2) Write strictly according to the plan, each paragraph from the paragraph, indent 2 cm.)

2. Introduction (2-4 sentences)is the topic of the text. Sample intros, such as about lonely old age

a) interrogative sentence: Why are there so many single elderly people nowadays? Who is to blame for this? What needs to be done to change this situation?

b) acceptance of default. Lonely old age ... How painful it is to watch ...

c) receiving gradation: Childhood. Youth. Old age.

d) quotation from the text, e) nominative sentence; f) ranks of homogeneous members; g) proverbs and sayings. As you know ... As one of the greats said ...

h) rhetorical question

3. The wording of the problems raised in the text by the author.

In the text ... full name important ... (actual, topical) problems of our time (our time, our society) are raised. Problem ..., ..., ... Why? .. How to explain? .. Could it? .. The author asks these difficult (complicated) questions and tries to find an answer to them .To correctly identify the problem, you need to answer the question: What did the author of the text want to say. For example, if, after reading the text, we say that the author wanted to show how much, unselfishly parents love their children, then the problem is in the text: the power of parental love

4. Commentary on the problem. To comment is to pass the text through yourself. (What made the author think about it?)

In order for us to understand how important the issues raised in the text are, the author tells us about ... (which made the author think about ...)

Thanks to this, we see (understand) how important it was for the author to convey his thoughts to us.

5. Author's position - the author's attitude to the problem, the answer to the question of the topic, it is advisable to repeat the name and surname. author, you can use quotation (Talking about ..., the author draws our attention to ..., calls us to ..., makes us think about ... It is important for him ...)

6. Own position on the problem - you need to agree or disagree with the atator (The text (full name of the author) cannot leave anyone indifferent, and I fully share the position of the author. The author is certainly right, believing that ... since ... , First of all,...

Hello dear graduates! It is a sad fact that all problems with a short answer on the exam itself (profile level) are accurately solved by only a small part of those who pass, namely about 25 percent of schoolchildren. Unfortunately, for some reason, we could not find statistics for Russia, maybe you have accurate data or an official analysis, you can write in the comments.

But the fact remains, and yet unpleasant. Yes! Sometimes, immediately after the exam, an insight comes - the same mistakes are recognized and you want to hit the tree next to it with indignation, but what's the point. Precious points have already been lost to no talent ...

Even trained guys make "funny" mistakes, or lose an unreasonable amount of time using a simple example. Why? As they say - there are reasons and nuances.

Let's analyze a few "tricky" tasks. Of course, in fact, the task creators did not plan any traps for you, they just call them that in everyday life.

This article focuses on some of them separately. They are simple, but for some reason the guys often make mistakes when making decisions. So!

26644. Income tax is 13% of wages. After withholding income tax, Maria Konstantinovna received 9570 rubles. How many rubles is Maria Konstantinovna's salary?

Please note that 9,570 rubles is a salary after deduction of 13%. So, dividing 9570 by 87, we find out how many rubles correspond to 1 percent, then it remains to multiply the result by 100, and we will determine the salary before deduction:

Many people are accustomed to solving through proportioning.

The entire salary (and we do not know it) is x rubles are taken as 100%. 9570 rubles is a salary after deduction and it corresponds to 87 percent. Proportion:

9570 rubles - 87%

x rubles - 100%

We calculate:

Answer: 11000

* What is the mistake and why?

Many are very accustomed to the type of tasks where the value given in the condition is exactly the one that needs to be taken as 100 percent. And they begin to "invent" such proportions as:

9570 rubles - 100%

x rubles - 87%

As a result, a value less than 9570 is obtained and recorded as a response. Just evaluate initially - if it says that this is a salary after withholding, then it is clear that in the end we should get a number greater than 9750.

77349. In September, 1 kg of grapes cost 60 rubles, in October the price for grapes increased by 25%, and in November by another 20%. How many rubles did 1 kg of grapes cost after the rise in price in November?

25 percent of 60 is:

This means that in October grapes began to cost 60 + 15 \u003d 75 rubles.

20 percent of 75 is:

So in November it began to cost 75 + 15 \u003d 90 rubles.

* Can be solved using the following form of notation (essence is the same):

Let's determine the price of a kilogram after the first price increase:

Let's determine the price after the second rise in price, and we will calculate it relative to the price of 75 rubles:

* What is the mistake?

After the first rise in price, it is believed that the second rise in price occurs relative to the initial price of 60 rubles. And they get that the second time the price went up by

As a result, they get 75 + 12 \u003d 87 rubles.

Guys, forget the starting price! That's it: the second rise in price is relative to 75 rubles. This seems to be understandable, but for some reason we are starting to freak out.

77368. Solve the equation

We use the formula for the square of the sum (difference) of two numbers (expressions):

We calculate:

Verification:

Answer: -1.5

*What to say?…

After the example has appeared in front of my eyes, I just want to equate the expressions under the signs of the squares (and some do):

What do we get? No solution! How not? This does not happen ... And we begin to think - how can this be? Maybe the task writers were wrong? And then the panic begins.

If you see that you have squares of expressions, then immediately apply the abbreviated multiplication formulas.

By the way, such a mistake is fraught. For example, you will have a task:

Solve (2x + 5) 2 \u003d (6x + 1) 2. If your equation has more than one root, indicate the smaller one in your answer.

Equate the expressions under the roots and get 1. And the correct answer is a completely different number.

** There is another solution. You can move the expression on the right to the left and use the difference of squares formula:

77382. Solve the equation log x – 5 49 \u003d 2. If your equation has more than one root, indicate the smaller one in your answer.

Everything seems to be simple. By the property of the logarithm:

We solve the quadratic equation:

* It was possible to immediately determine that the expression under the square sign is equal to 7 or –7, since only these two numbers, when squared, give 49 and it could be solved like this:

roots are 12 and –2.

Important! Note that for x \u003d –2, the base of the logarithm is negative (it is known that its base must be positive). If you just choose a smaller root without checking it against the condition of determining the logarithm, then write down the answer incorrect. The solution is root 12.

* What is the mistake? Do not check the roots for compliance with the logarithm condition. We got two roots and chose the smaller one, and we got an error.

27437. In the parallelogram ABCD sin A \u003d (√21) / 5. Find cos B.

It is known that the sines of adjacent angles are equal. This means that the sines of any two adjacent angles of a parallelogram are equal, that is:

Now from the main trigonometric identity it remains to find cos B. From sin 2 B+ cos 2 B=1 follows that

* We put a "-" sign in front of the root. Why?

It can be seen from the figure that the angle B is obtuse (it is more than 90 degrees). And the cosine of an angle from 90 to 180 degrees is negative (see trigonometric circle).

* What is the mistake?

The minus sign is omitted before the root, and a positive number is obtained. This is due to the fact that the basic trigonometric identity is often used when solving a right-angled triangle and we get so used to it that we have a plus in front of the root, which apparently somehow gets imprinted in the mind.

** It is clear that the angles in a right-angled triangle are sharp, therefore the values \u200b\u200bof the trigonometric functions of the angles are positive. But you remember! When expressing the number (expression) under the square sign in front of the root there will always be "±" and as for the trigonometric identity, we get:

That is, right away when you read the condition, look at which trigonometric function of which angle (acute or obtuse) you need to find.

If it's an obtuse angle, then the cosine, tangent, and cotangent should be negative.

If it is an acute angle, then all trigonometric functions must be positive.

* Another solution

Answer: -0.4

There are no tricks in the next task, but it raises questions. Do not panic! Remember that almost all logarithmic equations are solved by applying the basic properties of the logarithm.

315121. Find the root of the equation

Tell which of you is familiar with the property:

If familiar, then great! You can use it boldly:

* Just do not forget that the expression under the logarithm sign is greater than zero, that is, check the root.

But what if you don't know this property? We solve in steps using the "usual" properties (they should be familiar to you):

Let's check the expression under the logarithm sign:

There are also a number of tasks without any "tricks" there. And the likelihood that you will get them on the exam is small, but it is. These formulas are rarely used in the school course, so keep them in mind.

27923. The sides of an isosceles triangle are 40, the base is 48. Find the radius of the circumscribed circle of this triangle.

But you need to remember the formulas below!

1. Area of \u200b\u200ba triangle (Heron's formula):

2. Formula for the radius of the circumscribed circle:

3. Formula for the radius of the inscribed circle:

These assignments are included in the book "The most tricky USE problems in mathematics." It contains more than 180 tasks that should be given special attention. We recommend to study!

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