We humans are proud of our long (and ever longer) lives, but the amazing fact is that in terms of longevity Homo sapiens significantly inferior to some other representatives, including sharks, whales and even or. In this article, you will learn about 11 of the longest-lived representatives of various in order of increasing life expectancy.
Longest-lived insect - termite queen (50 years)
Usually people think that insects only live for a few days or weeks, but if you are especially important, all the rules become invalid. Regardless of the species, the termite colony is ruled by a king and queen. After insemination by the male, the queen slowly ramps up egg production, starting from a few dozen and eventually reaching the level of about 25,000 eggs per day (of course, not all of these eggs mature). Not a predator's meal, termite queens have been known to reach 50 years of age, and kings (who spend most of their lives trapped in a mating chamber with their fertile queens) also have relatively long lives. As for the simple worker termites that make up the bulk of the colony, they live for a maximum of one to two years. This is the fate of an ordinary slave.
Longest-lived fish - koi carp (50 years)
In the wild, fish rarely live longer than a few years, and even aquarium goldfish require good care to reach a decade. But many fish in the world would envy the colored koi, popular in Japan and other parts of the world, including the United States. Like other cyprinids, koi can withstand a wide variety of environmental conditions, although (especially given their vibrant colors that people like), they are not particularly well camouflaged for protection from predators. Individual koi are believed to live for over 200 years, but the most widely held estimate among scientists is 50 years, which is much longer than the average inhabitant of your aquarium.
Longest-lived bird - macaw (100 years old)
These colorful parrots can reproduce throughout their lives: females incubate eggs and take care of chicks, while males forage for food. With a life expectancy of up to 60 years in the wild and up to 100 years in captivity, macaws are practically not inferior to humans. Ironically, although these birds can live for a very long time, many species are endangered due to the desire of people to keep them as pets and clearings. The longevity of macaws and other members of the parrot family begs the question: since birds evolved from dinosaurs, and since we know that many dinosaurs were just as small and colorful, could some of these prehistoric reptiles reach 100 years of age?
The longest-living amphibian is the European Proteus (100 years)
If you are asked to name animals that regularly reach the century-old milestone, then the blind amphibian is the European Proteus ( Proteus anguinus) will probably be the last on your list: how can a fragile, eyeless, cave, 30cm amphibian survive in the wild for at least a couple of weeks? Naturalists attribute the longevity of the European Proteus to an unusually slow metabolism. These amphibians reach sexual maturity only at 15 years old, and they also lay eggs no more than once every 12 years. They practically do not move, except when searching for food. Moreover, in the damp caves of southern Europe, where the European Proteus lives, there are practically no predators, which allows them to live up to 100 years in the wild. In comparison, the Japanese giant salamander, which is the second most long-lived amphibian, rarely crosses the 50-year mark.
Longest-lived primate - human (100 years)
Humans often live to be 100 or more years old, which makes us the champions in life expectancy among primates. There are about half a million people in the world about 100 years old. Tens of thousands of years ago Homo sapiens was considered elderly if he lived to be 20-30 years old, and until the 18th century, the average life expectancy rarely exceeded 50 years. The main culprits were high infant mortality and susceptibility to fatal diseases. However, at any stage in human history, if you managed to survive early childhood and adolescence, your chances of living 50, 60, or even 70 were greatly multiplied. What can we attribute this amazing increase in longevity? Well, in a word, civilization, especially sanitation, medicine, nutrition and cooperation (during the ice age, a tribe of people most likely abandoned their elderly relatives to starve in the cold, and today we are making special efforts to take care of our eighty-year-old relatives.)
Longest-lived mammal - bowhead whale (200 years)
As a rule, larger mammals have a relatively long life span, but even by this standard, bowhead whales are far ahead, as they often step over the 200-year mark. Recently, analysis of the bowhead whale's genome has shed some light on this mystery: it turns out that these whales have unique genes that aid in DNA repair and resistance to mutations (and thus cancer). Since the bowhead whale lives in arctic and subarctic waters, its relatively slow metabolism may also have something to do with longevity. Today there are about 25,000 bowhead whales in the northern hemisphere, a positive trend in population recovery since 1966, when a major international effort was made to contain whalers.
Longest-lived reptile - giant tortoise (300 years)
The giant turtles of the Galapagos and Seychelles are classic examples of "island gigantism" - the tendency of animals confined to island habitats and without natural predators to grow to unusually large sizes. And these turtles have a lifespan ideally matched to their mass from 200 to 500 kg. As you know, giant turtles live more than 200 years, and there is every reason to believe that in the wild, they regularly cross the 300-year mark. Like some of the other animals on this list, the reasons for the longevity of giant tortoises are obvious: these reptiles move very slowly, their basal metabolism is extremely low, and life stages tend to be relatively extended (for example, the giant tortoise Aldabra reaches puberty only at 30).
Longest-living shark - Greenland shark (400 years)
If there was justice in the world, the Greenland shark would be as famous as the great white shark: it is also large (some adults exceed 1000 kg) and much more exotic given its northern arctic habitat. You might think that the Greenland shark is as dangerous as the star of the jaws, but while the hungry white shark will bite you in half, the Grenadian shark is relatively harmless to humans. However, the most remarkable fact about the Greenland shark is its lifespan of over 400 years. This longevity is due to the cold habitat and very low metabolism. Surprisingly, these sharks reach sexual maturity after 100 years, despite the fact that most others at this age are not only sexually inactive, but have long been dead!
The longest-lived mollusk is Icelandic cyprin ( Arctica islandica) (500 years)
A 500-year-old clam sounds like a joke since most clams are practically motionless, and how can you say with certainty if it's alive or not? However, there are scientists who are researching similar things, and they determined that Icelandic cyprin ( Arctica islandica) can literally live for centuries, as evidenced by one 500-year-old specimen (you can tell the age of a mollusk by counting the growth rings on its shell). Ironically, Icelandic cyprinus is also a popular food in some parts of the world, which means that most shellfish will never be able to celebrate their 500th anniversary. Biologists have yet to figure out why Arctica islandica live that long, but one reason may be the relatively stable levels of antioxidants that prevent the damage responsible for most of the signs of aging in animals.
The longest-lived microorganisms are endoliths (10,000 years)
Determining the life span of microorganisms is a rather complicated process. In a sense, all bacteria are immortal, since they spread their genetic information by constantly sharing (and not like most higher animals by having sex). The term "endoliths" refers to, or algae, that live deep underground in rock crevices, corals and animal shells. Studies have shown that some individuals from endolithic colonies undergo cell division only once every hundred years, and their lifespan reaches 10,000 years. Technically, this is different from the ability of some microorganisms to revive after stagnation or deep freezing after tens of thousands of years. Endoliths in the literal sense are constantly "alive", although not very active. They are autotrophic organisms that metabolize not using oxygen or sunlight, but using inorganic chemicals that are practically inexhaustible in their habitats.
Longest-lived invertebrate - Turritopsis dohrnii (Potentially immortal)
There is no reliable way to determine how many years the average jellyfish lives. These are so fragile that they do not lend themselves to intensive laboratory research. However, no rating of centenarians would be complete without mentioning Turritopsis dohrnii is a type of jellyfish that is able to return to the polyp stage after reaching puberty, making them potentially immortal. However, it is almost improbable that any individual T. dohrnii could live for millions of years. Biological "immortality" does not mean that you will not be eaten by other animals or killed by sudden changes in environmental conditions. Unfortunately, it is almost impossible to keep jellyfish T. dohrnii in captivity, a feat that so far has only been accomplished by one scientist working in Japan.
Test tasks for self-examination
In the discipline "Logic"
The test includes 100 closed-type tasks (you must select one correct answer) and covers the main topics of the course.
- Find the correct definition of logic as a science. Logic is the science of
1. thinking;
2. inferences and evidence;
3. forms of thinking and the truth of judgments;
Forms of rational thinking and logical laws.
- Formal logic appeared in
1. Middle Ages;
2. antiquity;
3. New time;
- The founder of formal logic -
1. Socrates;
2. Plato;
3. Aristotle;
4. Leibniz.
- Traditional (formal) logic is also called
1. two-digit;
2. multivalued;
3. symbolic;
4. mathematical.
- The forms of sensory cognition include
1.concept; judgment; inference;
2.feeling; perception; performance;
3. perception; performance; concept;
4.feeling; perception; concept.
- Superfluous in the above list is
1.concept;
2. inference;
3. presentation;
4. judgment.
- An elementary form of abstract thinking, in which essential properties, signs of the designated object are fixed, -
1. performance;
2. concept;
3. judgment;
4. inference.
- The form of thought through which a conclusion (conclusion) is made from one or more judgments (called premises) -
1.concept;
2. judgment;
3. reasoning;
4. inference.
- A form of thinking in which something is affirmed or denied about objects, their properties and relationships -
1.concept;
2. judgment;
3. inference;
4. offer.
- Find the concept:
1. I speak.
Smart man.
3. This table is wooden.
4. Are you sick?
- Find the concept:
1. 1st year student of Moscow State Pedagogical University.
2. I am a student at Moscow State Pedagogical University.
3. This student is studying at Moscow State Pedagogical University.
4. There are excellent students in our group.
- Any concept is expressed in the form
1. a simple sentence;
2. a complex sentence;
3. words or phrases;
4. coherent text.
- Any concept has
1.value;
2. volume;
Size 3;
4. figure.
- The content of the concept is
1.the set of all objects that it covers;
2.significant signs of the object that it expresses;
3. the judgment in which it can be used;
4. the word or phrase in which it is expressed.
- The scope of the concept is
1.set of objects, covered by this concept;
2. the most important features of the object that it designates;
3. the totality of all words or phrases that can express it;
4. all reasoning in which it is used.
- A single concept is
1. Serpent Gorynych.
2. Student of Moscow State Pedagogical University.
3. Desert.
Aristotle.
- The general concept is not
1. Dry water.
2. Moskvich.
3. Engine.
4. Deep lake.
- Empty (zero) is the following concept
1. Eiffel Tower.
2. Gymnast.
3. National football team.
A man who has lived for 300 years.
1.the scope of the concept of "student" is greater the scope of the concept of "student";
2. the volume of the concept "student" is less than the volume of the concept "student";
3. The scope of the concept "student" is equal to the scope of the concept "student".
- Based on the law of the inverse relationship between the volume and content of concepts, choose the correct judgment:
- A larger concept is called
1.specific;
2. generic;
4. wide.
- Find the right option restrictions concepts:
1. Moscow is the capital of Russia;
2. Moscow is a city;
3. capital - the capital of Russia;
4. Moscow - a district of Moscow.
- Find the right option generalizations concepts:
1. flower - plant;
2. flower - stem;
3. flower - a bouquet of flowers;
4. flower - tulip.
- A possible result of the restriction for the concept " pencil"There will be a concept
1. human product;
2. writing material;
3. wooden object;
4.layer semolina pencil.
- The limit of the logical chain of limitation of any concept will always be some
1. zero concept;
2. a single concept;
3. a specific concept;
4. generic concept.
- Incompatible concepts can not be in a relationship
1. subordination;
2. subordination;
3. opposites;
4. contradictions.
- The concepts " Paris"And" capital of France»Are in relation
1. equivalence;
2. subordination;
3. intersections;
4. subordination.
- The concepts " muscovite"And" student»Are in relation
1. equivalence;
2. subordination;
3. intersections;
4. subordination.
- The concepts " birch tree"And" tree»Are in relation
1. equivalence;
2. subordination;
3. intersections;
4. subordination.
- The concepts " friend"And" enemy»Are in relation
1. intersection;
2. subordination;
3. contradictions;
4.prot and the opposites.
- The concepts " underground"And" tram»Are in relation
1. subordination;
2.s submission;
3. contradictions;
4. opposites.
- The concepts " even number"And" odd number»Are in relation
1.incomparability;
2. subordination;
3.pro contradictions;
4. opposites.
- The following group of concepts corresponds to this scheme:
1. Boy. Girls and. Schoolboy.
2. Student. Athlete. Teacher.
3. Doctor. Father. Businessman.
4. University. Moscow University. MGPU.
34. This scheme does not match the following group of concepts:
1. Fish. Predator. Shark.
2. Plant. Tree. Pine.
3. Higher educational institution. Moscow educational institution. MGPU.
4. Russian writer. Famous person. Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy.
35. The relationship between the concepts " wolf" them east"Is expressed by the following scheme
36. Definition "An island is a piece of land surrounded by water on all sides."
1. correct;
2. incorrect (too wide);
4. incorrect (contains a circle).
37. Definition "Existentialism is a philosophical trend of the XX century, which deals with various existential issues and problems."
1. correct;
2. incorrect (too wide);
3. incorrect (too narrow);
Remember, in children's fairy tales, it is very common to find a mention that, they say, a certain positive hero, after certain, as a rule, successful feats, rules and lived for a long, long time? Surely many of us will be able to remember even a few examples.
But have you ever thought about someone who actually lives for 300 years? And are there such creatures in the world at all, or is all this longevity - nothing more than another invention of science fiction writers?
Let's try to understand the situation. In this article, we will scientifically trace and substantiate who lives 300 years on planet Earth and is it possible in principle. The reader will get acquainted with several types of living beings and get a brief description of their life.
Section 1. General information
Agree, the topic of immortality has always worried humanity. It would probably be silly to ask why. Well, of course, the whole point is that it would allow people to have power over all living things. Can you imagine what it would be like if we finally acquired the ability to regenerate unhealthy organs and restore lost limbs? To put it mildly, it would be great!
Today the best scientists on the planet are working on the problem of life extension, but, unfortunately, this is still only within the bounds of dreams.
But if for us this kind of opportunity is just a fantasy, then for many animals it is in the order of things. Of course, they do not live forever, and just like us, they age and die over time, but compared to humans, they are real champions in longevity. And some individuals even survived their fellows and were eyewitnesses to many historical events on the planet. It's a pity that we have not learned to understand them properly ... How much valuable information could be obtained!
So which animal living on Earth lives the longest? Are there any record holders? Let's look at several compelling examples at once.
Section 2. The amazing red sea urchin
These mysterious sea creatures inhabit the waters of the Pacific Ocean, mainly off the western coast of North America. Red sea urchins prefer quiet places on the practically uninhabited ocean floor and usually live at a depth of at least 90 meters. Their lifespan is several centuries.
Scientists know that they all move a little, attach to the sea soil and feed mainly only on small organisms, which are swallowed with water and then filtered.
Modern researchers believe that echinoderms of this species are practically immortal and show no signs of aging. By the way, sea urchins at the age of 100 are just as fertile as their ten-year-old relatives. They can only die from diseases or predators.
Indeed, a sea urchin is someone who lives for 300 years, and maybe longer.
Section 3. Have you heard about the tuatara?
This mysterious animal was only properly studied many years after its discovery. Subsequently, it turned out that such creatures disappeared from the face of the earth many millions of years ago, and the tuatara remained the only species of this order of reptiles.
It is extremely interesting that the internal structure of the organs of the tuatara has a similar physiology with a crocodile, a turtle, a fish and a snake, as well as with ancient, long-extinct megalosaurs, ichthyosaurs and teleosaurs.
Today, we can say with confidence that the tuatara are contemporaries of the dinosaur era and can reach the age of two hundred years.
Section 4. Bowhead whale
The bowhead whale is dark in color and lacks a dorsal fin. This giant mammal can be up to 20 meters long and weigh 100 tons.
Unlike other whales that migrate to other breeding areas, the bowhead whale only lives in arctic and subarctic waters. Unfortunately, these days the number of these giants has greatly diminished, and they are certainly in danger.
An article by University of Alaska scientist Ned Rosella describes a whale over 210 years old. True, it should be noted that the accuracy of the method used to determine the age range was only 16%, which means that there is a huge probability that this animal could be 177-245 years old.
Research data show that the bowhead whale is one of the oldest mammals on the planet, although the media, as a rule, find information that turtles of the permanent inhabitants of the deep water have lived for 300 years, and for all other representatives of the underwater kingdom this is simply impossible. ... It is worth considering ...
Section 5. Carp koi Hanako
Koi carp belongs to the decorative variety of common carp, which are bred in the garden ponds familiar to all of us.
Fish of this species can have a different color, pattern or size of scales. The most common specimens are white, black, red, yellow, blue or cream.
Interestingly, the age of a carp can be calculated by the number of rings on its scales. By the way, the age of a tree is also determined by the rings located on the trunk. The oldest koi carp Hanako, which died in July 1977, lived to be 226 years old.
Section 6. Giant turtle
The giant Seychelles turtles, which are famous for their longevity, can also be attributed to long-lived reptiles. Their life expectancy is on average 100-150 years. Of course, they cannot be attributed to those who actually live 300 years, but, according to the research of modern scientists, one of these representatives of the mentioned species was the turtle Advaita, who surpassed all its relatives and lived for more than 250 years.
The last century of her existence, Advaita spent in captivity in the zoo of the city of Kolkata, where she died at a rather old age. Even the absence of natural habitat and limited space did not affect it, which in most cases, as a rule, has a detrimental effect on animals.
Section 7. Goldfish Tishka
Ornamental fish that live in aquariums do not differ in special vitality and longevity, they often get sick and die. Usually they delight their owners for no more than one year. But one goldfish named Tish became a real record holder for vitality and spent 43 years in the aquarium.
The owners accidentally won a small fish at an auction. With them, she spent her whole life until old age. She entered the Guinness Book of Records as the oldest aquarium fish in the world.
Section 8. Does a crow actually live 300 years?
In general, I would like to note right away that such a statement is nothing more than a myth invented by lovers of these birds and many mysteries, legends and secrets that connect with them.
So, let's try to understand and look at the problem from a scientific point of view. How many crows live? 300 years old? 200? Or maybe he is completely immortal?
It has always been believed that these representatives of the genus of birds can live for more than a hundred years. But, speaking about the lifespan of these birds, you need to decide which crows will be discussed. What's the catch? Let's try to explain. The thing is that there are two types: ravens and ravens, each of which has its own life span, depending on the environment and content.
So, the thieves. In nature, these living things are susceptible to various diseases, attacks of enemies and nutritional deficiencies. Considering that these birds live mainly next to humans, the ecological situation in large cities is also of great importance. What is the conclusion from this? Very simple! To the question of which bird lives for 300 years, you can safely answer: definitely not a crow! In captivity, she can live up to 30 years, and in nature - no more than 10-15.
Their cousins \u200b\u200bRavens are much larger and more beautiful, their jet black plumage shines and shimmers in green, blue and purple. However, the question "why crows live 300 years", unfortunately, can be classified as rhetorical. Why? The thing is that this longevity, like the stories that these birds have nine human lives, is nothing more than a beautiful legend, not supported by any scientific facts.
And yet, how long do crows live? In fact, individual individuals in captivity can live up to a maximum of 70 years. And under natural conditions, their life span is even shorter - 30-40 years, on average, birds die at the age of 10-15 years.
Section 9. Immortal inhabitant of planet Earth
True, is not it, but the immortal inhabitant of our planet is the jellyfish Turritopsis nutricula, which lives in tropical and temperate waters.
The uniqueness of this creature is that it is able to reverse its life cycle of development - from an adult, it returns to the initial stage, turning into a small polyp. The secret of the eternal life of the jellyfish lies in the ability of transdifferentiation, which consists in the transformation of cells of one type into another. This phenomenon is still little studied by scientists.
An adult jellyfish, upon reaching puberty, settles on the seabed, pulls in its tentacles, and begins to turn into a polyp. The transformation of the cells of the whole body can occur endlessly, therefore these creatures are able to live forever. It has been proven that the death of gelatinous organisms of the mentioned species is not associated with old age. Various diseases and predators pose a great danger to them. Thanks to the peculiar gift of revival, these jellyfish inhabit almost the entire world ocean, and they are not threatened with extinction.
Scientists are studying with interest the phenomenon of jellyfish immortality. All research is carried out in laboratory conditions, and experts hope that scientific work will help reveal the secret of eternal life and youth. Well, as they say, wait and see!
One day the Counselor told his students a truly amazing story.
Once upon a time there was a man who did not want to put up with the brevity of his earthly existence. He once said to his best friend:
I intend to live for three hundred years. Yes, I’m not kidding! I just need to live three hundred years. Judge for yourself. Now I am twenty-five and the owner of a small trading company. I have no rich uncles, nor do I know bankers. Therefore, it will take a very long time until my company turns into a solid company. But this will only be the first step. Because my main goal is to create the largest trading business in the world.
The friend laughed:
Do you mean to say that you are going to compete with the East India Company?
Do not laugh. This is what I want to do. First compete and then win. According to my calculations, this will take at least seventy years. And since I have to overcome the resistance not only of the East India Company, but also hundreds of smaller companies, then I will not be mistaken if I add another thirty years. So, taking into account my current twenty-five, it will take me one hundred and twenty-five years. To begin with, because in this period I will only get to the top. And it takes another half century to securely consolidate the success.
I see that you have counted everything, - said the friend ironically. - But why so many - thirty, fifty, seventy years?
Don't forget that we are talking about trading all over the world. The journey to India takes almost six months. And another six months, the way back. A whole year - for a single trip! That's why I need such a long life. Of course, I can transfer the case to the heirs. But I am not yet married and I do not know if I will have sons. And even more so, I don’t know if they will continue my endeavors or let everything go to waste.
The friend stopped smiling and thought.
If I didn’t know you as a serious person, I would have decided that you are crazy. Well, let's say you convinced me. You have to live for three hundred years. But desire alone is not enough. I also want to live a long time, and many generally dream of eternal life. However, only Ahasuerus succeeded, and even then not of his own free will. Or are you going to enrich the charlatans who sell the elixir of youth?
The young businessman was not embarrassed:
I have thoroughly researched this issue. There are people who are distinguished by unusual longevity. For example, scientists who set out to create a multivolume body of knowledge. Gardeners who have decided to develop a new variety of apples or wheat. Novelists who spend years writing a book. I found that life expectancy is highly dependent on our goals. If we set ourselves small, insignificant goals or live without any goal at all, then we are not allowed to exceed the usual time. But if a person has a big goal that requires many years of work, then it is as if some forces support him until he fulfills his plan - he finishes an encyclopedia, develops a new variety of apples, writes a novel. Long life is a big goal. My goal is very big, which means that I can count on a special longevity.
Everything you say is curious, but no one has heard of scientists and gardeners who have lived for more than a hundred years. And you're talking about three hundred!
But this time, too, he failed to shake his friend's confidence.
You know that people once lived for fifty years, rarely longer. They were ruined by frequent hunger, poor food, wars, incurable diseases. Then the life span rose to sixty, and today no one is surprised by seventy-year-olds. So, if I am now twenty-five, then I can expect that by the time I turn seventy, the average age will have increased by another fifteen or twenty years. In other words, I will live in a completely natural way, without any wonderful elixirs, for ninety years!
His interlocutor shrugged his shoulders:
I hope that you are right, because then I too will be a long-liver. But still, up to three hundred is still very far away.
You do not consider that I will be an extremely rich man! - exclaimed the future ruler of the trading world. “This means that I will have the best food, the best medicines, the best doctors. And all this will give me another twenty years, no less.
Your reasoning reminds me of the paradox about Achilles, who will never catch up with the turtle.
Only I will not catch up, but run away. And not from Achilles, but from death. Over these twenty years, scientists and doctors will certainly come up with a new way to lengthen life, albeit also by only twenty years. Most likely, it will be fabulously expensive, but the richest man in the world - and then I will already become such a person - will be able to afford any expenses. So, year after year, decade after decade, I will live for three hundred years.
The friend shook his head.
Maybe you can live. But in half a century you will be a frail old man! Okay, I guess what you will say: thanks to daily gymnastics, you will be strong and healthy even at the age of one hundred and fifty. However, old age affects not only the body, but also the mind. By the age of one hundred and twenty, you will inevitably fall into dementia. And what good will your endless life be? Unless you add hassle to your loved ones, who will be forced to take care of the survivor of the mind Ahasuerus.
The brain is a part of our body. You said yourself that the body must be exercised, otherwise the muscles will become flabby and weak. Old people fall into mental weakness because they voluntarily give up their usual worries and cease to strain their minds. And the brain, which is in relaxation and idleness, inevitably begins to die. It doesn't threaten me. Imagine how busy the mind of the man who runs the world trade enterprise is! Introduced?
And everything he said and dreamed about came true! By the age of forty, he became the richest man in his hometown, by the age of fifty - the most famous businessman in the capital, and at seventy he received congratulations from all over the world. When he was one hundred and ten years old, he finally achieved his goal. Compared to his trading empire, the German Hansa, the English East India, and the Dutch West India companies were only modest seafaring partnerships.
He bought and sold Siberian furs and Manila hemp, Indian rice and Mexican silver, Ceylon cinnamon and Malabar pepper, Brazilian sugar and cloves from the Mollux Islands, black timber and black slaves, Virginia tobacco and Chinese opium.
The Company employed tens of thousands of people. They entered into trade agreements in India, in forbidden Japan and semi-forbidden China, opened trading posts and offices on all continents, led caravans through the passes of the Hindu Kush and the sands of Arabia, built forts and transshipment warehouses. And if the local rulers refused to trade on the offered terms, peaceful traders and sailors suddenly turned into professional soldiers. Several volleys from the ship's guns - and the Company received goods for a quarter of the previous price.
When all lands and continents were discovered and civilized, the Company began to build steel plants and cloth factories, roads and bridges; she owned mines, mines, banks, insurance companies, apartment buildings. Many monarchs and governments were in debt to the Company. Many wars began only after she agreed to lend to the attacking side. And ended if the Company cut off the source of funds. In his hardly imaginable one hundred and eighty years, the owner of the Company was as healthy and vigorous as he was at forty. It seemed that the matter was not at all in the miraculous means of rejuvenation that the best doctors created for him. For some unknown reason, old age and death decided to abandon this stubborn, life-loving person.
He lived a long time. So long that it outlived all of its employees. And those with whom I started, and those with whom I continued. He outlived his first best friend, second best friend, and third best friend. When he crossed the age of 100, the abyss that separated him from other people became too deep. Therefore, he had no more friends. And the women? If they found out that this handsome youngish man is almost two hundred years old, then ... - in a word, he did not want them to know about it.
But otherwise everything was going as he had once foreseen. And then it went wrong.
Looking back, he realized when he had made a fatal mistake. When I decided to abandon new acquisitions. But history shows that as soon as an empire stops expanding and goes on the defensive, it is doomed to fade away. However, he could not do otherwise. The time has come to put things in order in the huge Company building. She became too big and poorly managed. He spent three hundred and fifty days a year traveling. He negotiated, persuaded, reconciled, promised, threatened, punished, talked in a friendly manner, scoffed, rewarded, kicked out, hired. And for the remaining fifteen days, he worked late in his office. And there was not a single day left to allow myself to rest and enjoy the fruits of my endless labors. Be that as it may, no one and nothing can be on top forever. Great power gives birth to great enemies. Many of the world's strongmen no longer wanted to feel powerless and dependent on the Company. In one or another state, decrees, decrees, firms were issued on deprivation of privileges, increase in duties, prohibition of export, closure of factories and even confiscation of the Company's property.
But there were also competitors. In isolation, none of them posed a threat. But they grabbed a piece of the market here, a crumb there and, like small but voracious termites, undermined the once unshakable position of the Company. And they grew! Before our eyes, unknown trade artels turned into serious opponents who unceremoniously invaded his legal possessions.
He saw the dangers and was not going to wait for them to become insurmountable. He directed all his forces - and they were colossal - to oust competitors from areas that he considered his fiefdom. But news of victory in one commercial battle came simultaneously with news of defeat in another.
He sold all unprofitable or low-profit enterprises without hesitation. In vain. Things got worse and worse.
He changed managers and assistants, outbid the best people from competitors. It didn't help for long. Very soon, the newcomers quit. And not only newcomers, but also the most capable and energetic workers, whom he considered the flesh of the Company.
Why did they do this? he asked. He didn't like the answer. People no longer wanted to work for the Company. It was so large that a person who got into it felt like a grain of sand on the seashore. Nothing decisive and meaningless grain of sand. The most daring and impatient, not wanting to be crushed by the petrified hierarchy and mossy traditions, went to small firms. At least there you could find out what they are worth in the present case.
But the main reason for the decline was itself. He suppressed everyone with his personality. People entered his office like a temple. Left alone with him, they were shy and speechless. Many were uncomfortable at the thought that they were talking to a person who lived a hundred years before their birth and, quite likely, will live a hundred years after their death. The meetings turned into monologues, his decisions and proposals were accepted without dispute. And how can you argue with the legendary founder of the Company?
You don't have to tell further. The once great Company was slowly but steadily declining. Competitors were advancing. The company lost first place, then tenth, and continued to slide lower and lower and closer to mediocrity and obscurity.
Fifty, maybe seventy years had passed since he noticed the first cracks in his life. He sat in his office and signed an order for the sale of his last plant. Everything else - banks, insurance companies, trading firms, mines and mines - has long been sold or closed. The company was gone. There was nothing to sell. All goods are out of stock.
Only a very old man remained. And with him, too, it was necessary to do something. He was rich. Even if not as rich as before, but he would have had enough money for another three or even five hundred years. But it wasn't about the money. He understood that now, when he retires, the life force will begin to leave him. In a year he will become a decrepit old man, and in another year he will go to the grave.
He looked at the tall cabinet where there were gifts given to him for countless anniversaries. Namely - on a beautiful leather case with a pair of dueling pistols.
"Why not? he thought calmly. - This is a good solution. In any case, I will save myself from humiliating aging. "
He got up, went to the closet, opened the door, but heard a cautious knock. The secretary's head poked through the door.
Excuse me, but the Minister of Finance is in the waiting room. He asks to receive him on urgent matters.
Why did he come? Doesn't he know that I'm not doing business anymore?
I told him, but he insists. Says he needs your advice. A matter of national importance!
And then he realized that he was wrong. He has a product for sale! The product is of the highest quality and in such quantity that it will last for hundreds of years. This is his experience. An experience that no other human has had. Is that Methuselah. But what did he see in his village?
And then I decided to become a Counselor and live forever.
A man living for 300 years
After going to the samadhi cave, we stopped in Kathmandu for three days. While I was putting my expedition records in order, VM Lobankov, together with other members of the expedition, held two additional meetings, each of which turned out to be very interesting.
What is written in the Vedas
The expedition member Sheskand Ariel organized a meeting with a professor at the University of Nepal, a Sanskrit teacher, Mr. Shivaraya Acharid Kavndanyayana. He was one of the best scholars of the Vedas, and he knew the Vedas from the original source, written in the most ancient language of the world - Sanskrit.
What are the Vedas? This is the most fundamental and oldest scripture, in its basic features similar to religion, but more detailed. It was written by an unknown author. Sanskrit - now a dead language - is considered the language spoken by the Atlanteans.
The Vedas are written according to some unusual logic, which does not coincide at all with our human logic. The Vedas are difficult to comprehend and difficult to perceive. Therefore, that summary of the basic essence of the Vedas given by Professor Shivaraya was very valuable.
Professor Shivaraya told Lobankov that in ancient times there was a worldwide flood, as a result of which all the people of the previous civilization (Atlanteans) died. High in the Himalayas, there was a man named Manu who could meditate and enter the state of samadhi. When the water began to recede, he emerged from the samadhi. Manu was not God, but he was very energetic. He understood the language of the fish and from them he learned that another man named Sid was waiting for him on another unsubmerged mountain. Sid was a genetic clot and included everything: man, the seed of animals, plants and others. Manu together with Sid revived the civilization of people. Manu also created many Buddhas who helped to revive humanity. This fragment from the Vedas, told by Professor Shivaraya, can be understood as evidence of the existence of the Gene Pool of Humanity, along with the gene pool of animals and plants, which helped revive life on earth after the Flood. And Buddhas, coming out of the state of samadhi, helped the reborn humanity to develop along the path of progress.
Lobankov especially carefully questioned the professor about samadhi. There is complete information about the samadhi phenomenon in the Vedas. A person can enter samadhi by disconnecting his consciousness from physical objects when consciousness is in its pure form (in itself). In this case, the metabolism drops to zero and energy exchange stops. Short samadhi can be done anywhere, but not by the fire. The best places to enter samadhi are considered to be the holy places - Sаdbalа, which are located in the mountains on the border of eternal snows. It is best to enter the cave for long samadhi. A person can stay in samadhi as long as he wants.
What is Shambhala? - asked Lobankov.
This is a cave system with people in samadhi. So you can understand from the Vedas, - replied the professor.
Does Shambhala really exist on earth?
Yes, there is.
Is it possible to visit any samadhi cave to really prove to people the existence of ancient people in a state of samadhi? - asked Lobankov.
You will never be able to touch, touch and photograph people in samadhi, because that cannot be done and because they are protected. It's like mathematics, when, by solving an equation, we get a proof that cannot really be touched and touched, ”answered Professor Shivaraya.
A strange comparison - "like mathematics"! On the one hand, people in samadhi really exist in the physical world, on the other, it is impossible to reach them and examine them. Apparently, the role of samadhi is too great for the preservation of life on earth.
It is quite possible that this is what HP Blavatskaya wrote about, noting the creation of a “fenced off place - Vara”, where, in addition to humans, there were seeds of animals, plants, etc.
It was from him that V.M. Lobankov and V.G. Yakovleva learned about a man who had lived for more than 300 years and is still alive.
Guru Noshari Nat
Nat contains one of the most famous ashrams (schools of meditation) in Nepal and is a highly respected person in this country. More than 100 parishioners visit him daily. At the same time, he is the leader of the Spiritual Society for the Study of Ancient Languages: Sanskrit, Prarita, Pali and Nepali.
Guru Noshari Nat traveled extensively in Nepal and Western Tibet. During one of his journeys in 1992 in the mountains of Western Tibet, he met a Bigfoot (Yeti) and sketched his appearance. Lobankov and Yakovleva saw this drawing and say that it depicts a hairy humanoid creature of enormous stature, stooped with long arms and short legs.
In the same 1992, guru Noshari Nat met in Western Tibet with a man who had lived on earth for over 300 years. This man's name is Kung-ga Georgie Lama. Usually on a full moon day in August, he enters a cave and plunges into a samadhi state. After 6 months, he returns to people and lives an ordinary life for about 1 month. During this period of life, he eats only cow's milk and the leaves of the catfish plant. After that, he goes back to the cave and plunges into samadhi for 6 months.
When guru Noshari Nat was in the area of \u200b\u200bthis cave, a local West Tibetan lama told him the above about a man who has lived for over 300 years. Then the guru asked permission to visit this cave and see Kunga Georgie Lama in a state of samadhi. Considering the religious rank and high spiritual level of guru Noshari Nata, the West Tibetan lama took him to a cave. Entering the cave, the guru soon found Kunga Georgie Lama in a state of samadhi. He had a long conversation with him and was convinced that everything that was told about his 300-year-old life was true.
Guru Noshari Nat
Having told about the main content of our research, Lobankov and Yakovleva asked the guru several direct questions.
Is the phenomenon of samadhi that safety-related moment of life on earth, when people who are in a state of long samadhi can, in the event of a global catastrophe, get out of samadhi and be the source of the continuation of human life?
Yes, the guru replied.
Are there many samadhi caves in the Himalayas and Tibet?
Yes many.
Can you see people in the state of samadhi in a cave?
Can. I saw Kunga Georgie Lama, - answered the guru.
Can I go with you to the cave where Kunga Georgie Lama is in samadhi? - asked Lobankov.
You can, - answered the guru. “But your stay in the samadhi cave next to Kunga Georgie Lama will be dangerous for him. You are not prepared and you are not proficient in meditation.
Why would our visit be dangerous for Kunga Georgie Lama? Will our bioenergetics destabilize his samadhi state?
Nevertheless, - Lobankov insisted, - maybe at some time you can still visit Kunga Georgie Lama in a state of samadhi?
The guru thought and answered:
It is better to enter the cave where Kunga Georgi Lama is located at 10-11 pm at any time of the year or month, but best of all in April or October.
Lobankov and Yakovleva insisted that guru Noshari Nat help organize this expedition to meet with Kunga Georgi Lama. The guru promised, but said that we need to meet with him again approximately in 3-4 months - he will clarify some details.
Will it be possible to meet a person who has lived more than 300 years
4 months after the end of the expedition, Lobankov specially went to Nepal to once again meet with guru Noshari Nat and discuss the issue of the upcoming expedition to meet with a man who has lived for more than 300 years.
Why were we eager to meet this person? As a result of comprehending the experience gained on the expedition (going to the samadhi cave, talking with lamas, Special people, etc.), we realized that it is hardly possible to actually see and examine people of previous civilizations in samadhi - samadhi caves are protected by a psychoenergetic barrier ... In this case, it seemed very interesting to see and, if possible, examine a man of our civilization in samadhi. We understood that the psychoenergetic barrier in samadhi caves with people of our civilization should not exist. Therefore, such a meeting seemed to us realizable.
Guru Noshari Nat told Lobankov that he had received some new information. A person living for more than 300 years (Kunga Georgie Lama) changed his plans and will leave the state of samadhi for only 2 days during the full moon in July 1997, and then again plunge into the state of samadhi in a cave. During these two days we can meet with him. The Guru also planned to go there himself. At other times, meeting with Kunga Georgie Lama will be problematic for us. Moreover, Guru Noshari Nath added that we should be dressed as lamas and go through some meditation and lama rituals. In addition, the guru emphasized that this journey is dangerous, since the cave is located in the region of Mount Kailash.
Mysterious Mount Kailash
It turned out that next to Mount Kailash is the so-called "Valley of Skeletons", which, according to testimony, is completely covered with bones. As the Ufa resident Marat Fathlislamov, who twice talked with Satya Sai Baba and has remarkable knowledge in the field of religious and occult sciences, said, the region of Mount Kailash is a place where people go to die. An energy column passes through the region of this mountain, as he said, which connects the Earth with the Universe. It is believed that if a person dies here, then his spirit along the energy column easily ascends to That Light.
Then we began to find more and more information about the presence of unusual energy in the region of Mount Kailash. Some say or write that there is an entrance to Shambhala in this area, others indicate that the entrance is in another place.
But the most unpleasant information was not about unusual energy, but about numerous deaths in the area of \u200b\u200bMount Kailash. Scientists from St. Petersburg reported that five Russian climbers who climbed Mount Kailash died one after another 1-1.5 years after climbing from an unknown disease. It was reported that a group of 200 pilgrims died in the area of \u200b\u200bthis mountain, who froze in the mountains, scattering in different directions. There are other alarming facts.
Whether all this is true or not - I don't know. I called Indian scientists and asked them about it. They replied that deaths in the Mount Kailash area are actually recorded frequently, but they attribute this to a lack of oxygen and low temperatures. This opinion raises doubts: the foot of Mount Kailash is located only at an altitude of about 2,000 meters, and the pilgrims, who have lived in the mountains all their lives, could hardly have scattered so easily in different directions and died alone. The possibility of exposure of pilgrims to infrared radiation cannot be ruled out, which is believed to affect the human psyche, causing unreasonable fear, panic and even cardiac arrest.
We Europeans tend to believe that we know everything. However, let's remember that at the beginning of the century, there were often cases of the mysterious slow death of people who visited certain places. Then no one knew that uranium deposits are located in these places, and death occurs as a result of radiation sickness. Likewise, now, at the end of the century, there is no certainty that we know about all sources of energy. It cannot be ruled out that in the area of \u200b\u200bMount Kailash there is a zone of energy unknown to modern science, which sometimes has such a destructive effect on people.
Mount Kailash
But why exactly in this area did Kunga Georgie Lama enter samadhi? Who knows, maybe this energy zone simultaneously serves as a barrier that does not allow disturbing people in a state of sacred samadhi. Indeed, as is clear from the facts obtained during the expedition, the people of our civilization, unlike the people of previous civilizations, cannot create a protective psychoenergetic barrier of the samadhi cave.
In tourism and mountaineering, much depends on the leader. It is he who is responsible not only for the passage of the route, but also for the life of the participants in the hike. So here, on the expedition, as a leader, I am responsible for the life of each member of the expedition. It seems to me that we still have little information about Mount Kailash. We need to understand this better. And for this you need to collect more information.
328. Living in a family and saved by family virtues. About children in institutions. The meaning of solitude. The grace of God, be with you! Whoever lives in the family is also saved from family virtues. But after all, the point is not to present everything in an excellent way, but to
Chapter 2 Man and God The most important thing that can happen in a person's life is his encounter with God. Chapter VI of the Gospel of John tells about what happened in the wilderness between Christ and Peter. It would seem that Christ says completely incomprehensible things to those who are His
A Disciple (Assistant) Living with a Western Teacher as an Apprentice When a Western teacher is old or weak, then he or she needs an assistant to live together. However, as a rule, Western teachers who are in good health do not need such
Chapter V. MAN AND THE WORLD The entire experience of cognition of the world confirms the validity of the dialectic-materialist approach to the study and understanding of natural phenomena. Not a struggle with nature, but optimal interaction with it - this is one of the main tasks facing
Chapter 2. The Reading Man When we returned to Rafael Yusupov and Sergei Anatolyevich Seliverstov, who were waiting for us, I said excitedly: - We seem to have seen a statue of the Reading Man. You need to make a video recording at maximum magnification, and for this you need a tripod.
24. Therefore, thus says the Lord, the Lord of hosts, my people who dwell in Zion! do not be afraid of Assur. He will smite you with a rod and lift up his reed against you like Egypt. Therefore, i.e. meaning the imminent fall of the Assyrian kingdom. Like Egypt, i.e. as the Egyptian Pharaoh once did,
15. For thus says the One who is High and Exalted, Who lives forever, His holy name: I live in the height of heaven and in the sanctuary, and also with the contrite and humble in spirit, to quicken the spirit of the humble and quicken the hearts of the contrite. In the 15th Art. Attention is drawn to a number of epithets,
An intelligent person is a person who has been purified. Sharpening his mind not in the divine, but in deceit, a person surrenders himself to the devil. But then it would have been better for him to completely lose his mind, so that on the Day of Judgment he would have extenuating circumstances. - Geronda, simplicity is different from
6. Chapter 3. Man and the animal "The animal believes that all his business is to live, and man takes life only for the opportunity to do something." (A.I. Herzen) The existence of an animal is limited by the earth. He is not promised eternity. Its purpose is to serve man as live canned food,
13. Chapter 10. Man and God "If you do not believe, it is because you are not certified" (Isa. 7.9). Is it possible at all for a person to somehow get in touch with God? With the supernatural, it's pretty common. The last chapter was about helping a person
Chapter 76 Mecca. Thirty-one verses. In the name of God, merciful, merciful. 76.1 Has a time passed over a person in which he would have been something unworthy of remembrance? 76.2 We create a person from a mixed seed; we subject it to changes, and then we do
Man and society (System Man - Man) Human activity in the System Consciousness - Man flows between two Poles: the physical body and the psyche. A part of the psyche, which we call Consciousness, is responsible for life on Earth.
What needs to be done to build a harmonious Human-Human System? 1. Free your Consciousness from the need to obey society, remember yourself, your life purpose and your role in the Universe. This situation is very clearly stated in the parable.
