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(Name of company) |
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APPROVED |
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(department manager) |
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INSTRUCTION N ____
ON THE AIRPORT FIRE SAFETY
1. General Provisions
1. General Provisions
1.1. This instruction was developed in accordance with the requirements of the Federal Law of December 21, 1994 N 69-FZ "On Fire Safety", the Rules for the fire regime in the Russian Federation (approved by the Government of the Russian Federation of April 25, 2012 N 390), and establishes the rules of behavior , the procedure for organizing work and maintaining territories, buildings, structures (indicate the name of the organization) in order to ensure fire safety and is mandatory for all employees of the enterprise.
1.2. When ensuring fire safety, along with this Instruction, one should be guided by standards, building codes and regulations, technological design norms, sectoral and regional fire safety rules and other regulatory documents approved in the prescribed manner governing fire safety requirements.
1.3. All employees (indicate the name of the organization) should be allowed to work only after passing the fire-fighting instructions.
1.4. Responsibility for fire safety (indicate the name of the organization) bears (indicate the official), who are appointed by order of the head of the organization.
1.5. Responsibility for reporting a fire to the fire brigade and alerting (informing) the management and duty services of the facility is (indicate the official) or his duties
1.6. Responsibility for organizing the rescue of people using the available forces and means for this is borne by (indicate the official) or his duties.
1.7. Responsibility for checking the activation of automatic fire protection systems (systems for alerting people about fire, fire extinguishing, smoke protection) is borne by (indicate the official) or his duties.
1.8. Responsibility for disconnecting electricity if necessary (with the exception of fire protection systems), stopping the operation of transporting devices, units, apparatuses, shutting off raw, gas, steam and water communications, stopping the operation of ventilation systems in emergency and adjacent rooms, performing other measures that contribute to prevent the development of fire and smoke in the premises of the building, bears (indicate the official) or perform his duties.
1.9. Responsibility for the termination of all work in the building (if it is permissible for the technological process of production), except for work related to measures to extinguish the fire, bears (indicate the official) or his duties.
1.10. Responsibility for the removal of all employees who are not involved in extinguishing the fire outside the danger zone is borne by (indicate the official) or his duties.
1.11. Responsibility for the implementation of general guidance on extinguishing a fire (taking into account the specific features of the object) before the arrival of the fire department is borne by (indicate the official) or his duties.
1.12. Responsibility for ensuring compliance with safety requirements by workers involved in extinguishing the fire is borne by (indicate the official) or their duties.
1.13. Responsibility for organizing, simultaneously with extinguishing a fire, evacuation and protection of material assets (indicate an official) or acting as his duties.
1.14. Responsibility for meeting fire departments and providing assistance in choosing the shortest path to approach the fire is (specify the official).
1.15. Responsibility for communicating to the fire brigade units involved in extinguishing fires and conducting related priority emergency rescue operations, information necessary to ensure the safety of personnel, about hazardous (explosive), explosive, potent poisonous substances processed or stored at the facility (specify official) or acting.
1.16. Responsibility, upon arrival of the fire department, for informing the head of extinguishing the fire about the design and technological features of the facility, adjacent buildings and structures, the amount and fire hazard properties of substances, materials, products stored and used at the facility, and the communication of other information necessary for the successful suppression of a fire, bears (indicate the official) or his duties.
1.17. Responsibility for organizing the attraction of the forces and means of the object to the implementation of measures related to the elimination of a fire and the prevention of its development is borne by (indicate the official) or his duties.
1.18. Each employee must know and follow the fire safety rules, and in the event of a fire, take all measures depending on him to call the fire department, save people, material values \u200b\u200band extinguish the fire that has arisen.
2. The procedure for maintaining the territory, buildings, structures and premises, including evacuation routes
2.1. On the entrance doors of industrial and warehouse premises, on the boards of outdoor installations and tank farms, inscriptions should be made indicating the categories of explosion and fire hazard and classes of explosive zones.
2.2. The territory of the airport and its facilities must be constantly kept clean and cleaned of garbage, industrial, household and other waste. Metal shavings, oiled cleaning materials, industrial, household and other waste should be stored in specially designated places at a distance of at least 8 m from buildings and structures.
2.3. The territory of airfields, fuel and lubricants depots and objects of radio technical support of flights and communications (hereinafter - ERTOS) must be mowed and cleared of mowed grass. Drying of cut grass and storage of hay is allowed as an exception outside the territory of airfields, fuel depots and ERTOS facilities in free areas at least 50 m from buildings and structures.
2.4. The territory of ERTOS objects is isolated from crops and forests by plowing a fire furrow along the perimeter of at least 3 m wide.
2.5. Driveways and entrances to buildings and structures, fire water sources, as well as approaches to fire equipment and emergency exits must always be free. Fireproof gaps between buildings and structures are not allowed to be used for storage of materials, equipment, packaging and for parking vehicles.
2.6. When closing certain sections of roads or driveways that create obstacles for the movement of fire engines, detours should be arranged and indicated by road signs in accordance with GOST.
All such changes are reported to the fire brigade.
2.7. Crossings and crossings across the railway tracks inside the enterprise must always be free for the passage of fire trucks and have continuous flooring at the level with the rails. It is prohibited to park wagons without locomotives at level crossings.
2.8. On the territory of fire and explosive objects (if it is not related to the technological process of production), as well as in places of storage and processing of combustible materials, the use of open fire (fires, torches) is prohibited.
2.9. In areas of the airport, where the accumulation of flammable vapors or gases is possible, the passage of cars, tractors, motorcycles and other vehicles is prohibited. The corresponding inscriptions (signs) should be posted about this.
2.10. The construction of temporary buildings and structures on the territory of the industrial zone of the operating airport is not allowed.
2.11. All production, service, warehouse, administrative, auxiliary, public and residential buildings and premises must be kept clean at all times.
2.12. Passages, exits, corridors, vestibules and stairs are not allowed to clutter up with various objects and equipment. All emergency exit doors must open freely in the direction of the exit from the building.
In the event of a fire, it must be possible to safely evacuate people in the building.
2.13. It is prohibited to arrange workers, warehouses and other premises in the stairwells of buildings, lay industrial gas pipelines, pipelines with flammable and combustible liquids, arrange exits from the mines of cargo lifts, and also install equipment that prevents the movement of people.
Under the flights of staircases of the first, basement or basement floors, only central heating control units and water metering units may be placed.
It is prohibited to use and store explosives, pressurized gas cylinders (with the exception of cylinders for gas fire extinguishing installations), celluloid, film, plastics, polymer and other materials containing increased fire hazard.
2.14. The number of emergency exits from each building and premises, as well as their constructive and planning solution must meet the requirements of building codes and regulations.
2.15. It is not allowed to use the attic space for production purposes or for storing material values. Attic spaces must be locked at all times. Keys to attic locks should be kept in a designated place that can be retrieved at any time of the day.
The wooden structures of the attic must be treated with a fire retardant. This treatment should be periodically repeated (at least once every two years).
2.16. Openings in fire walls and ceilings must be equipped with protective devices against the spread of fire and combustion products (fire doors, water curtains, dampers, dampers, anti-smoke devices).
2.17. When crossing fire barriers with various communications, the gaps between them and the structures of the barriers (for the entire thickness) must be tightly sealed with non-combustible material.
2.18. It is forbidden to make redevelopment of premises without a project developed, agreed and approved in the prescribed manner. At the same time, the limits of fire resistance of building structures should not decrease and the conditions for ensuring the safety of people should not deteriorate.
2.19. Fire protection and smoke exhaust systems in buildings must be in good condition at all times. It is forbidden to make glazing or embedding blinds and air zones on non-smoke staircases.
2.20. In workshops and laboratories where flammable and combustible liquids (flammable and combustible liquids) and gases are used, it is necessary, as a rule, to provide for centralized transportation and distribution of them to workplaces. In all other cases, a safe container of special design should be used to carry flammable and combustible liquids.
For workshop storerooms, the maximum permissible amounts of one-time storage of flammable liquids and combustible liquids (removers, paints, varnishes and solvents) should be established. At workplaces, only such an amount of materials (ready for use) can be stored that does not exceed the replacement requirement. In this case, the containers must be tightly closed.
2.21. Metal shavings and used cleaning materials, as they accumulate, must be removed to metal boxes with tight-fitting lids and removed from the production premises at the end of the shift.
2.22. It is prohibited in buildings and premises;
a) install production equipment, furniture, cabinets, safes and other items on the escape routes;
b) clean the premises using gasoline, kerosene and other flammable and combustible liquids;
c) use electric heating devices (electric stoves, kettles, fireplaces, etc.) for domestic purposes. It is allowed to equip household rooms (corners) for cooking and heating food;
d) leave electric heaters on long time connected to the network without supervision;
e) upholstery the walls of typing bureaus, office rooms, and computing centers with flammable fabrics not impregnated with a fire retardant;
f) to warm up frozen pipes of various heating systems with blowtorches and in any other way using open fire.
2.23. Aircraft parking areas (hereinafter referred to as aircraft) must be located at a distance of at least 100 m from fuel and lubricants warehouses, central gas station stations, fuel tanker parking lots; 50 m from industrial buildings and structures, with the exception of hangars, where aircraft can be installed no closer than 25 m from the hangar, and must also be equipped with communication facilities. The area around aircraft parking areas (within a radius of at least 50 m) must be kept clean at all times, free of dry grass, debris and combustible materials. Special containers should be installed to drain fuel sediment and used oil, and metal boxes with tight-fitting lids should be installed to collect used cleaning materials (rags).
Cleaning materials, sludge and used oils should be removed at the end of the shift.
2.24. Places for smoking, installation of containers for draining fuel sludge and used oil, as well as places for collecting used cleaning materials must be equipped at a distance of at least 25 m from aircraft parking areas and be marked on the ground by signs (plates, safety signs).
2.25. Aircraft parking areas, including those at unpaved airfields, must be equipped with stationary grounding devices to protect against static electricity. The resistance value of the earthing switch is allowed up to 100 Ohm.
When combining grounding devices for protection against static electricity with grounding loops for electrical equipment and secondary manifestations of lightning, the resistance value of the ground electrode should not be more than that required to protect against these phenomena.
2.26. All aircrafts in the parking areas, including those in the hangars of the ATB and SRK, must be permanently grounded. The set of technological equipment for aircraft parking areas should include portable grounding ropes equipped with a pin on one end and a clamp on the other for grounding aircraft that do not have stationary grounding ropes. The connection of pins and clamps with cables should be welded or soldered. Bolted connections are not permitted.
2.27. It is prohibited at aircraft parking areas:
a) spill fuel, oil, slurry and other flammable and combustible liquids on the coating (ground). In the event of a spill, the latter should be immediately dusted with sand and removed;
b) smoke outside the places specially designated for these purposes;
c) leave unattended working means of mechanization and technological equipment, as well as aircraft with connected aerodrome power supplies;
d) start engines or perform other work without primary fire extinguishing equipment.
2.28. Upholstery fabrics used to absorb sound must be impregnated with a flame retardant.
2.29. The objects of the ERTOS base along the perimeter of the fence must have a fire strip with a width of at least 3 m, the vegetation cover from which is removed by plowing. The site should be regularly cleaned of debris and dry grass.
2.30. The ground surface at the bases of wooden masts, feeder posts and guy anchors within a radius of at least 1 m must be dug up.
2.31. Metal roofs of buildings, equipment cases, metal sheaths of wires, pipes, electrical panels, transformers, electric furnaces, bushing bolts and other metal objects must be reliably grounded.
2.32. At least once a year and after repairs, it is necessary to measure the insulation resistance of the generator windings and installation wires.
2.33. Stationary generating sets of the main or standby power supply must be installed on non-combustible bases. Placing of generating sets in stationary rooms is made based on the convenience of their operation, but not less than 1 m from the wall or equipment located against the wall.
There must be an air gap of at least 50 mm between the wall and the equipment.
2.34. In the premises of the aggregate, it is allowed to have a consumable supply of fuel in an amount of not more than 500 liters, which can be located in stationary tanks of the generating unit itself, or in fuel tanks rigidly fixed on fireproof platforms (foundations) at a distance of at least 3 m from the generating units or underground. Fuel tanks must be tightly closed with caps.
The fuel supply to ensure the operation of the generating set for a longer time must be stored in special containers outside the building of the power plant at a distance of at least 10 m.
2.35. Service tanks with fuel with a capacity of more than 250 liters must be supplied with drain emergency pipelines leading to an emergency underground tank.
2.36. Fuel and oil in the supply tanks must be filled with the internal combustion engines switched off only using the filling pumps. Filling tanks using other means is prohibited. The filling of the supply tanks should be carried out under daylight or artificial lighting made in an explosion-proof design. The stationary premises of the aggregate must have emergency lighting.
2.37. Exhaust pipes, mufflers, and sedimentation tanks must be regularly cleaned of soot and condensation.
2.38. All objects must have access roads with artificial turf. In winter, access roads should be regularly cleared of snow.
2.39. In buildings with a mass presence of people, evacuation plans should be developed and posted in conspicuous places, the responsibilities of the service personnel and security for the evacuation of people and other actions in the event of a fire should be distributed, and the presence of loud-speaking installations for alerting people about the procedure for their evacuation in emergency situations is provided.
2.40. Stairs and corridors devoid of natural light are equipped with emergency lighting. Light indicators are installed at emergency exits and in corridors. Do not lock doors leading from common corridors to stairs and directly outside.
2.41. In public buildings, evacuation exits are indicated by a lighted inscription "EXIT" white on a green background. In the corridors, on staircases and doors leading to escape routes or directly outside, signposts must be installed in accordance with GOST.
2.42. In buildings with a mass presence of people, it is prohibited:
a) locate stores, workshops, warehouses with flammable and flammable materials;
b) arrange warehouses for combustible materials, workshops, as well as place utility and wood sheds in the premises of the basements and basements, if the entrance to these premises is not isolated from common staircases;
c) install blind metal grilles on the windows;
d) use flammable materials for finishing the escape routes.
2.43. In airport waiting rooms, all seats must be joined in rows and firmly attached to the floor.
2.44. Warehouses, storage rooms and cloakrooms of the airport must be equipped with fire and security alarms with output to the central monitoring console.
2.45. In the waiting rooms of the airport terminals, the installation of kiosks for the sale of periodicals, souvenirs, etc. should be done in such a way that they do not interfere with the evacuation of passengers. Structural elements of kiosks must be made of non-combustible materials.
2.46. All premises of air terminals and passenger buildings must be provided with primary fire extinguishing equipment in accordance with current regulations.
2.47. In air terminals and passenger buildings it is prohibited:
a) store and use flammable and combustible liquids and substances;
b) leave exits and staircases, as well as public corridors, unlit at night;
c) install metal bars on windows, with the exception of cash registers, storage of material values \u200b\u200band other restricted areas.
2.48. In the buildings of hotels, hostels, dispensaries, recreation centers, there should be instructions defining the actions of administrative, technical and maintenance personnel in the event of a fire. The instructions should be prominently displayed in the administrator's room. Each room (room) must have a memo on the procedure for residents in the event of a fire.
2.49. Buildings should be provided with emergency lighting, and the attendants on duty should be provided with electric lights.
2.50. It is prohibited in the buildings of hotels, hostels, dispensaries, recreation centers:
- use electric heating devices in the rooms;
- leave exits, staircases and public corridors unlit at night.
2.51. Chairs and chairs in auditoriums should be fixed to the floor.
2.52. The evacuation routes for spectators on the balcony must not pass through the auditorium.
2.53. In lecture halls, agitation centers and other auxiliary rooms with one exit to the outside, holding meetings, conferences, lectures is allowed, provided that no more than 50 people are present in these rooms.
In wooden buildings, as well as in buildings with combustible ceilings, mass events are allowed only in rooms located no higher than the second floor.
2.54. Premises in which mass events are held must have at least two exits directly to the outside or to the stairwells.
2.55. In entertainment and cultural and educational buildings, it is forbidden to install chairs in the hallways of the hall, lock the main and emergency exits, allow people to be accommodated in the premises in excess of the established norms.
3. Measures to ensure fire safety of technological processes during the operation of equipment and the production of fire hazardous works
3.1. Aircraft that are not undergoing maintenance must be de-energized and grounded, and the front doors and cargo hatches must be locked.
3.2. Electricity of the net and electrical equipment must meet the requirements of the current Rules for the Installation of Electrical Installations, the Rules for the Technical Operation of Consumer Electrical Installations, the Rules for Labor Protection in the Operation of Electrical Installations.
3.3. The duty electrician (replacement electrician) is obliged to carry out routine preventive inspections of electrical equipment, check the presence and serviceability of protective devices and take immediate measures to eliminate violations that could lead to fires and burns. The results of inspections of electrical installations, detected faults and the measures taken shall be recorded in the Register of preventive examinations and tests.
3.4. Insulation of cables, wires, reliability of connections, protective grounding, operating mode of electric motors, electric generators should be checked both by external inspection and by means of instruments. Measurement of the value of the insulation resistance of wires must be carried out within the time limits established by the Rules for the technical operation of electrical installations of consumers.
3.5. All electrical installations must be protected by protection devices against short-circuit currents and other abnormal modes.
Fuse-links of fuses must be calibrated with an indication on the stamp of the rated current of the insert.
It is prohibited to jointly lay mutually redundant circuits, working and emergency lighting circuits, lighting circuits and power circuits, power circuits and communication cables, as well as lighting circuits with voltages up to 42 V with circuits with voltages above 42 V in one pipe, one sleeve, box, bundle, closed channel building structure or on one tray.
3.6. Connections, terminations and branches of conductors of wires and cables in order to avoid transition resistances that are dangerous in a fire relation must be made using crimping, welding, soldering or special clamps.
3.7. The device and operation of temporary power grids, as a rule, are not allowed. An exception may be temporary illumination installations, as well as electrical wiring supplying the places of construction and temporary repair and installation work. At the same time, temporary electrical wiring must comply with the Electrical Installation Rules.
3.8. Portable luminaires should be equipped with protective glass shades and nets. Flexible cables and wires should be used for portable lamps and other portable electrical equipment.
To illuminate darkened places when working with flammable and combustible liquids (washing, painting, repairing fuel tanks, etc.), only splash-proof lamps should be used from a network with a voltage of 12-36 V, protected by a safety net.
3.9. In production and storage facilities with combustible materials, as well as products in combustible packaging, electric lamps must have a closed or protected design (with glass shades).
3.10. The lighting power network must be installed so that the lamps are located at a distance of at least 0.5 m from combustible structures and combustible materials.
3.11. Electric motors, lamps, wiring, switchgears must be cleaned of combustible dust at least twice a month, and in rooms with significant dust emission - at least four times a month.
3.12. When operating electrical installations, it is prohibited:
a) use electric motors and other electrical equipment, the surface heating of which during operation exceeds the ambient temperature by more than 40 ° (unless other requirements are imposed on these electrical installations);
b) use cables and wires with damaged insulation and insulation that has lost its protective electrical insulating properties during operation;
c) use electric soldering irons without fire-resistant supports, as well as leave them unattended for a long time;
d) use non-standard (home-made) heating electric furnaces or electric incandescent lamps for space heating;
e) leave live electrical wires and cables with bare ends;
f) use damaged sockets, branch and junction boxes, circuit breakers and other wiring accessories.
3.13. Malfunctions in power grids and electrical equipment that can cause sparking, short circuits, excessive heating of the combustible insulation of cables and wires, must be immediately eliminated by the duty personnel; the faulty power grid should be disconnected before bringing it into a fire-safe state.
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The roof structure is divided into fencing elements and load-bearing parts. The enclosing elements include the roof and the base under the roof; to the bearing parts - rafters, panel trusses. The load-bearing parts take the load from the wind, the masses of the enclosing elements, and the masses of snow on the roof. In addition, roof structures should be designed to absorb the stresses from workers performing roof maintenance and repair with tools and materials for these jobs.
By roof construction there are attic and attic.
The safety and durability of roofs is ensured by the timely implementation of measures for maintenance and repair, the creation of a temperature and humidity regime of attic rooms or an air ventilated layer in attic roofs during operation.
The load-bearing structures in the roofs of old residential buildings are mainly wooden layered or hanging rafters.
In prefabricated houses, the load-bearing elements are reinforced concrete or lightweight reinforced concrete structures. Along with attic roofs (with walk-through, semi-walk-through and non-walk-through attics), sometimes combined roofs are in operation.
In the early years of large-panel housing construction, unventilated sloping roofs with an unorganized drain were used. Such roofs require special attention during operation. Insufficient roof slope in case of violation of the roofing carpet creates conditions for waterlogging of the insulation and screed located directly under the roofing carpet. Periodic freezing and thawing of these areas causes overpressure under the covering, reaching 2 MPa, and the carpet swelling. Moistened insulation
loses its heat engineering properties, which in winter
manifests itself in the form of freezing of the upper apartments on the ceilings.
In structures of prefabricated, especially combined, roofs with an internal drain, it is necessary to pay attention to the condition of the water intake funnels and the adjoining of the carpet to them. During operation, the grids of the receiving funnels should be systematically cleaned and the gravel covering around them should be restored.
It is necessary to constantly monitor the state of the joints of the roof covering with adjacent structures and elements of engineering equipment.
Roofing steel is protected from corrosion by galvanizing or oil painting. Due to temperature effects or as a result of mechanical damage in steel roofs, leaks (fistulas) may appear in the seams or in the places where various devices pass through the roof. To seal leaks, red lead putty is used (3 hours of drying oil, 1 hour of grated red lead, 2 hours of grated white and 4 hours of chalk by weight), sometimes burlap, glass cloth or other sealing material is placed in the fistulas. Recently, for these purposes, mastics on epoxy resins have been used, and they also connect roofing steel sheets to each other using cylindrical lying folds, sealed with Elastosil-1106 mastic. Often, for sealing leaks, reinforcing roofing is also used, which is a fiberglass cloth thoroughly impregnated with roofing mastic.
When operating roofs made of asbestos-cement sheets, tiles and other piece materials with a roof slope of more than 25%, they use running boards and ladders, firmly attached to the supporting structures. Removable ladders are upholstered from below with felt and sacking.
As a result of shrinkage phenomena and temperature deformations in the joints of sheets of piece coatings, cracks can form, which, when preparing buildings for operation in winter conditions, are coated with
the sides of the attic with lime mortar with additives
fibrous materials.
In attic-type roofs, in order to avoid filtering cold air, a lime or clay crust is arranged on top of the insulation and does not allow its destruction during operation.
Significantly accelerates the wear of structures and worsens the condition of roofs, the process of ice formation on roofs and melting of snow under the influence of heat coming from the room below. With significant heat input from the attic, the snow melts on the roof covering within the attic, warm water, flowing down, freezes on the eaves of the roof, in the gutters where the temperature is below zero. Since the icing of the overhang restricts or completely prevents the flow of melt water, a backflow of moisture occurs towards the ridge, leading to its capillary suction through the joints of the roofing and leaks first into the attic, and then into the living quarters located below. Snow can also melt during the transition period when the outside air temperature is above 0 ° C, as well as under the influence of solar radiation.
In the first case, snow melting can be eliminated by additional insulation attic floor to eliminate heat input into the attic space. It should be taken into account that the snow cover changes its thermal characteristics during the melting process. The thermal conductivity of snow also depends on its density, which changes due to compaction when the snow is wetted and frozen.
When snow melts from solar radiation and during periods of temperature transition through zero, the intensity of ice formation can be reduced by ventilation of the attic. However, studies have established that this does not give noticeable results in the spring and in the autumn-winter period. When the surface of the roofing is irradiated by the sun, the snow begins to melt even at low outside temperatures under the influence of the heat of the steel sheet of the roof, heated by the sun.
Metal roofs are also exposed to the destructive action of dust, which settling on their surface, accelerates metal corrosion.
To protect roofs from the action of soluble compounds in dust, the roofs should be periodically cleaned from dust and debris.
In the process of carrying out the measures for the maintenance and repair of roofs, all defects and malfunctions that can cause roof failure should be eliminated.
During renovation works it is necessary to restore the thermal protection of attic floors, especially in hypothermia zones, which are often observed in the places where the ceiling meets the outer walls.
In order to avoid waterlogging of the ceilings of the upper floors, the vapor barrier of the attic floors should be maintained in working order. One of the ways to restore the operational properties of the vapor barrier is to apply at least two-fold hydrophobic putty. The putty surface is primed with milk of lime and covered with a chalk composition.
When operating buildings, make sure that the ventilation openings of the attic are always open for ventilation, are not flooded with water and are not covered with snow.
The accumulation of leaves and needles on the roofs is not allowed. It is forbidden to sweep debris from roofs into funnels of drainage devices.
The most vulnerable places of roofs are areas of intersection of roofs with mines and pipelines, as well as the abutment of roofing to parapets and gas ducts. Leaks can be the result of poor lining of television and radio antennas and their stretch marks.
Soft roofs must be coated with bitumen mastic or varnish No. 177 with the addition of 15% aluminum powder once every three years. Before varnishing, the roof surface must be primed with the same varnish.
On roofs that have a slope of less than 10%, during major repairs, the protective gravel layer should be restored, and if it is absent, this layer should be rebuilt. To do this, a 15 ... 20 mm layer of gravel with a size of 3 ... 10 mm or coarse sand is embedded in a 3 ... 5 mm layer of mastic.
Great durability of roofs is achieved when roofs are repaired with new roll materials: hydroglass insulation and armohydrobutyl. Gidrostekloizol is laid on the existing coatings by melting the lower mastic layer of the roll cloth and rolling it until it fully adheres to the previously laid roof. Armohydrobutil is best laid dry.
Work on elimination of deformations of load-bearing elements is performed according to a project drawn up by a design workshop; with minor deformations, roof structures can be restored in their previous position without a project under the technical guidance of an engineer and technical worker of the repair and maintenance service. If the deformations are eliminated by a specialized organization, then in this case the work should be carried out according to the work organization project under the guidance of a foreman or work manufacturer.
Inspectionsroofs start from the attic, while paying attention to the condition load-bearing structures, elements engineering systemslocated in the attic and passing through the roof.
When examining the supporting structures, deformations of individual roof elements are revealed - rafters, trusses, reinforced concrete panels, the reliability of fastening elements to each other, the presence of waterproofing between wooden and stone structures. When inspecting roofs, check for rot and damage wooden structures beetles-grinders.
In winter, roofs with an external drainage system are periodically cleaned of snow and ice. Particular attention is paid to dumping snow and cleaning ice from wall gutters, valleys, trays and funnels during the thaw period. Snow and ice are dumped with plastic or wooden shovels. Places of snow discharge must be fenced off to exclude people from accessing dangerous areas. It is not allowed to throw snow onto wires and green spaces.
Workers throwing snow must be carefully instructed and provided with safety harnesses, safety ropes and felted shoes.
Most often replacement old roof produced not only for the purpose of installing a new roof covering, but also to change or increase the thickness of the insulation. In addition, in the course of such work, it is often required to strengthen rafter system... This is the first type of roof reconstruction. These works are the most demanded among the owners of new homes. As a rule, this applies to those customers who have purchased a ready-made house and in the very first years discovered serious problems with the roof. They may also be owners of suburban housing who have the desire and ability to replace outdated materials with more modern ones. In addition, roof repairs on residential buildings are carried out with the simultaneous finishing of the facade with vinyl or metal siding. Such work is usually carried out in standard summer cottages intended for seasonal use.
Roofs should be inspected from the attic, while paying attention to the condition of the supporting structures, elements of engineering systems located in the attic and passing through the roof. Check the condition of the roof first by inspecting from the side of the attic, determining the quality of the protective paint layer and identifying fistulas, then check the roof from the outside. Check blisters on roll roofs and the condition of drainage devices.
Regulatory requirements
1. Attic roofs. Cold attic
The difference in temperature between the outside air and the air in the attic floor should be 2-4 degrees. To do this, the following conditions must be met:
- a sufficient layer of insulation of the attic floor;
- the presence of an additional layer of thermal insulation or a bevel made of thermal insulation material at an angle of 45 degrees along the perimeter of the attic room, 0.75 - 1 m wide;
- all pipelines of utilities must be insulated to the design outside temperature;
- ventilation ducts and shafts must be sealed and insulated;
- no breaks in the sewer exhaust ducts or basement ducts in the attic are allowed;
- doors from stairwells in attics should be insulated, sheathed with roofing steel on both sides and locked, the keys to which should be kept in the apartment top floor and in the housing and maintenance organization;
- a protective crust made of a porous clay or complex solution should be arranged over the insulation of the attic, and running boards should be laid;
- ventilation of roofs, carried out through dormers and ventilation vents, and ridge and cornices, must be sufficient, its area must be 1/300 - 1/500 of the attic floor area.
2. Attic roofs. Warm attics
For the normative maintenance of a warm attic, it is necessary to perform: - the air temperature in the attic must be at least 12 degrees;
- the height of the ventilation shafts should be 0.6 - 0.7 m;
- no air supply or leakage of the attic space is allowed;
- corrosion of the pallet under the exhaust shaft is not allowed;
- leaks of engineering communications are not allowed, which must have an anti-corrosion coating;
- in the attic, dust removal and disinfection must be performed at least once a year;
- access to the attic of unauthorized persons and residents is not allowed;
- the doors to the staircase must be closed, all openings from the pipelines must be sealed.
3. Combined roofs
You should do:
- the used insulation is permissible only from semi-rigid and rigid heat-insulating plates;
- the moisture content of the insulation must be in accordance with the calculated;
- damage to the roof and cornice is not allowed when cleaning snow and ice, using low quality materials, stagnant water due to poor-quality repairs;
- joints between eaves blocks must be tight. The anti-corrosion protection of metal fasteners must be thorough.
4. Metal roofs
It is necessary to observe:
- wood moisture content no more than 25%;
- blocking of the ends of the beams with antiseptics, waterproofing is not permissible;
- it is unacceptable to moisten structures from roof leaks or engineering equipment;
- ventilation of the attic space must comply with the standard value;
- there must be a waterproofing layer between the timber and the masonry.
It is not allowed, the sealing of the folds is carried out with a preliminary coating with red lead or sealant, small holes of the fistula - with red lead putty or sealant, setting patches from sheet steel, burlap over putty or sealant.
5. Soft roofs
Observe:
- the sticker of the rolled carpet should be dense over a continuous layer of mastic;
- it is necessary to clean the roof at least 2 times a year;
- carry out current repairs once every 3 years and as soon as defects are detected.
Not allowed, the absence of an otter, shack, bandage due to improper careless work. Not allowed, rupture of waterproofing during settlement of a building or individual structures.
General regulations and faults:
- downpipes should be laid vertically;
- the risers of the internal drain, passing in the attic, should be insulated;
- water intake funnels should be equipped with protective grilles installed on the pressure ring and caps with a drain hole;
- must be regularly cleaned of debris and snow, as well as washed.
Reinforcement of the thermal insulation of the risers of the hot water supply system should be performed with an effective thermal insulation material.
For flat operated roofs, the height of the ventilation shafts should be 0.7 m higher than the roof, parapet or other protruding elements of the building. The height of the sewer chimney must be 0.15 m higher than the edge of the ventilation shaft.
The operating personnel serving the electrical facilities are obliged to carry out ongoing unscheduled repairs of detected faults in the system of intra-house power supply in the attic, in technical rooms.
In accordance with the rules and regulations for the technical operation of the housing stock, operation of technical premises, attic, roofing
1. Roofs with external drainage system should be periodically cleaned of snow. Accumulation of snow with a layer of more than 30 cm is not allowed. During thaws, snow should be dropped at a lower thickness.
2. Snow cleaning from sloping reinforced concrete roofs with an internal drain should be done only in case of leaks in certain areas.
3. Cleaning the internal drain from the water intake funnels to the outlet from the funnel side, with brushes with a diameter equal to the diameter of the riser pipe. Drainage funnels must be cleaned with scrapers and brushes and then rinsed with water.
It is prohibited:
1. To sweep needles, leaves, debris into gutters and funnels of internal and external drains.
2. Stay on the roof for people who are not related to the technical operation and repair of the building.
3. Installation of radio and television antennas by tenants of residential premises, sealing of special ventilation openings on roofs and dormers, making structural changes in roof elements without approved projects.
4. In soft roofs, seal the joints with a cement-sand mortar followed by applying elastomeric mastic on it; lay Guerlain tape without a protective coating; apply thiokol mastics to old mastic; lay fiberglass without compensation sag; dilute thiokol mastics with solvents; perform waterproofing with pure bitumen, tar.
The elimination of these violations should be carried out as soon as possible.
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