Diagram of a two-wire water heating system
We all feel for ourselves how fuel prices are growing every year. And promises that everything will be fine soon no longer surprise us, but life shows the opposite. So the rescue of the drowning is the work of the drowning themselves. Therefore, when questions arise about heating your own home, you should take care of their correct solution. This is connected with, and with the selection of a heating boiler.
If everything is quite simple with the boiler, then you will have to work hard on the schemes, because few of the owners of their own houses professionally understand them. Many schemes for certain types of houses are simply not suitable. This means that you can be mistaken if you do not take into account the recommendations of experts.
Where to begin?
First of all, the power of the boiler is determined. What does it depend on? First of all, on the volume of the house - the smaller the volume, the less power the boiler is needed. However, it is important to remember here some restrictions on the choice of boiler equipment.
For example, volatility. In suburban villages and small towns, power outages are frequent. Wall mounted gas boilers - these are most often volatile units, in the design of which a circulation pump is necessarily present. If the pump does not work, then the boiler efficiency drops sharply. But imagine that your heating wiring diagram is not able to maintain the pressure inside the pipelines. It means that it is not suitable for your home.
Let's look at an example that clearly illustrates how a wall-mounted boiler falls out of the general system if the circulation pump stops working.
Choosing wiring schemes
Let's take, for example, the scheme, which in common people is called "Leningradka". It's simple, cheap and effective. Its first element is a boiler installed in the lowest place. If the house has a basement, then the place for the boiler is there. And if it is not there, then you will have to prepare a pit, and concrete its walls and bottom. This is where the heating unit needs to be installed.
The second component is the piping, or rather the piping. The connection of the main line, as with other schemes - from the boiler throughout the house back to the boiler. But there is one nuance, which is a distinctive feature of the "Leningrad". Heating radiators are installed along the entire length of the line, and the supply and return are connected to it. The heating battery is connected to the same pipe with its output and input. The Leningrad woman has no double highways, no double streams. This is a single pipe and a single line. This is its simplicity and distinctive feature.
The coolant moves in a circle, partially filling the radiators. Some of the hot water will penetrate into the batteries, and some will move on. In this case, the temperature of the latter in the chain heating appliances will always be lower than those in front. This means that the last rooms will always be cooler than the first.
Connecting pipes to radiators
What to do? There are two ways out:
- Increase the number of radiator sections in the last rooms, thereby increasing heat transfer.
- Install the circulation pump. But this is a volatile way.
And that's not all. This view piping can be if your house has several floors. In this case, a one-pipe scheme with top wiring... In it, a pipe with hot water supply is supplied to each radiator and return flow is diverted. But on each floor and in each room, batteries are installed under each other, connected by the same risers (supply and return).
It turns out pretty simple circuitwhere the upper radiators receive more heat and, accordingly, they are hotter, and the lower ones are less, therefore they are cooler. And the more floors there are, the lower the heating temperature is on the lower floors. This is the minus of this system.
Is there a way out? You can again build up the radiator sections on the lower floors or install a circulation pump.
Two-pipe scheme
Everything that has been described above applies to single-pipe heating systems for private houses. Nowadays, they are not used as often as 50 years ago. They are more popular today, among which there are clear leaders.
An example is a collector or beam system. To avoid pressure drops in the coolant and temperature differences in all heating devices, it is necessary to ensure that the same amount of coolant at the same temperature is supplied to each heating radiator. This means that a separate line from the boiler must reach each heating device. But imagine how many pipes need to be diverted from one heating unit! In such cases, a collector decoupling system is used.
The most common system
What is it? The collector is a unit in which the supply riser from the boiler and the outlet pipes to the radiators are connected. That is, there is a uniform distribution of the coolant at the points where heat is transferred to each room separately. This is the optimal heating scheme.
Often, experts advise installing two collectors - one at the top for supplying the coolant, and the second at the bottom for collecting waste hot water, that is, on the return line.
But again, a lot will depend on factors that are sometimes difficult to take into account. For example, which windows are installed in a particular room, how close the room is to the front door, what is the number of storeys of the building, is there thermal insulation, and so on. Therefore, so that it is possible to regulate the flow of the coolant through the highways, and, accordingly, the temperature inside the premises, shut-off valves are installed on the collectors. With its help, it is easy to reduce or increase the supply of hot water to heating devices.
If it becomes colder in one of the rooms, then on the collector it is necessary to increase the supply of coolant to this particular room by opening the valve more. This is usually done manually.
Conclusion on the topic
If we consider all the wiring diagrams of heating systems, then it is necessary to take into account a wide range of nuances when choosing. Basically, these are the overall dimensions of the house, the power of the boiler and the presence of a circulation pump. True, the last criterion does not always play the main role. Most often, forced circulation of the coolant is used in all types of private houses, but taking into account the possibility of transferring the system to natural circulation.
If electricity is often cut off in your village, then you need to use a bypass, in the system of which the pump is installed. If the power supply is cut, the direct line opens and the bypass closes. That is, the heating system starts to work in natural mode. Here is a way out for you.
Diagram of a water heating device.
The reasons for filling the heating system can be: possible emergency situations due to which the water had to be drained, seasonal water discharge, release of air locks.
Before filling the heating system with water, especially if it is first started, it must be flushed. Inside structural elements systems can find remnants of factory production - shavings, preservatives.
If the system is not filled for the first time, then during the service life hazardous substances such as scale and lime stones have accumulated in the pipes. All these products can seriously damage the boiler and the entire system.
Flushing the system before starting
Water heating circuit.
If in heating system there is water, then it must be drained. Followed by . Then connect the pipes for supplying water from the water supply system to the outlet from the system, and the drain pipe to the inlet to the system. All formed connections must be well secured with pre-prepared clamps. It should be remembered that the higher the pressure water is supplied, the better the cleaning will be (but not more than two atmospheres). A pump is usually used to generate pressure. You can sprinkle bleach in the water to achieve a disinfectant effect. On average, this procedure can take about two hours. At the end of the drain, pure water will flow without additional impurities.
Heating system cleaning can be carried out using special chemicals: additives or anti-corrosion fluids. They should be treated with caution, as they are not suitable for all materials and may damage some elements of the system.
After cleaning, the radiators are installed in the opposite direction of their dismantling. You should additionally check the tightness of the system by visual inspection and detection of leaks.
How to determine the amount of fluid for the system
Scheme two-pipe system water heating with natural circulation:
1 - heater; 2 - main riser; 3 - expansion tank; 4 - hot water line; 5 - hot water risers to radiators; 6 - heating radiators; 7 - chilled water down pipes; 8 - chilled water line (return); 9 - oven.
To avoid excessive overflow of water into the heating system or a lack of water, which can lead to the destruction of structural elements of the system, boiling water, the formation of scale in pipes and radiators, you need to accurately calculate the required volume of water. For this, there is a simple formula in which the volume of the capacity of all radiators, the heating boiler, the volume of the expansion tank and others are summed up additional elements for the passage of water, including pipes. The formula for calculating the volume of water in pipes is as follows: π (3.14) × r pipes × total length of pipes. About 20% is added to the total value as a reserve.
It is also possible to determine the required volume of water to fill the system during flushing by installing a water consumption meter at the inlet to the system. The indications as the system is filled must be remembered and used when filling.
After everything is ready to fill the system, you should prepare or check again the list of required materials and tools.
This will require the following materials:
- gaskets (in case you need to seal pipe connections after checking the tightness of the system);
- sealing tapes for pipes (used to eliminate small leaks from the outside);
- hoses (necessary to supply water to a vibrating household pump and drain water to the heating system);
- plastic container (tank - for a set of coolant before pumping it from the heating system);
- clamps (needed to seal the hose connections to the vibration pump).
Tools:
- pliers (required to secure the hose clamps to attach them to the pump);
- household vibration pump (serves for forced pumping of water from the tank into the heating system);
- pressure gauge (with its help, you can easily measure the current pressure in the system).
Heating system classification
The system with the upper piping looks much easier to use. In this case, both dampers should be opened simultaneously, with the same caution, while the discharge must be closed. To bleed the air, go to the attic of the building and open the air taps provided by the structure.
Open gravitational heating system start-up process
IN modern houses open heating systems are rarely satisfied; such technologies have long been considered a relic of the past. But they still exist, so you should consider how to fill them with water. In any such heating system, there is an expansion tank at its highest point, it is designed to accumulate water after an increase in its volumes in the system with increased pressure during a rise in temperature. The reservoir is an open reservoir with or without a lid. Through the tank, the system is filled with water. Large volumes of liquid, of course, will be quite problematic to fill in small containers, moreover, to the highest point.
The most rational would be to use a conventional vibration pump for household use. For this, a capacious container is prepared, filled with water. Prepared hoses are attached to the pump with clamps. Such a pump has a submersible type of structure. The hose through which water will be taken must be lowered into a prepared water tank. The hose from which the water will be discharged is immersed in an expansion tank. The pump is turned on, the pressure in the system should be from one and a half to two atmospheres. When lowering, add water to the prepared tank and lower the hose into it below. When the heating complex is full, water will be visible at the bottom of the expansion tank, the system can be considered filled.
Water heating system installation diagram.
Excess air will come out of the pipes at the first fire through the expander. It should be noted that during the heating season, when the system is constantly maintained heat, the water will gradually evaporate from the expander. It is necessary to make up by adding water to the expander to the required level. You should also monitor the temperature on the thermometer attached to the heating boiler. Upon reaching its level above 80 ° C, the water will soon begin to boil and splash out. In this case, it is necessary to block the access of oxygen to the furnace to reduce the intensity of combustion.
Filling a closed heating system
A closed heating system is used most often. Its difference from the open one lies in the structure of the expansion tank. In a closed heating complex, the expander is hermetically sealed and the system is filled in a different way.
To begin with, everyone prepares necessary materials and tools. Including: a volumetric tank, hoses for pumping water from the tank to the system, clamps for firmly fixing the hoses, pliers for installing clamps, a vibrating household pump to force the system with water
Air removal scheme from the heating system.
Before pumping, the pump must be tightly fastened to the prepared hoses using clamps. Fill the prepared tank with water and place it near the system filling valve. The pump should also be located nearby. The hose taking the water should be lowered into the tank, and the hose supplying the pumped-over water is fixed with a clamp on the filling tap. Taps and dampers for air release of the heating complex must be open. Turn on the pump and start supplying water to the pipes. The pressure on the pressure gauge should rise gradually. When the entire circuit is full, the pressure gauge should reach two atmospheres. Then the pump should be turned off. Disconnect hoses and turn off filler cock.
If it is not possible to use the pump to fill the heating complex, then you can use the water supply. The scheme is quite similar to the one described above. It is enough to attach one end of the water intake hose to the water tap, and the other end to the filling one into the system and gradually open the filling hose first and then the tap. In this case, the pressure will have to be monitored additionally with a separate pressure gauge.
The final operation of filling the system with water will be to remove excess air from its circuit. In modern installations, special devices are provided for this purpose. The system can be vented using this device on the bypass.
http://youtu.be/7tOnKzLcV-U
Filling the heating system will be most convenient when two people work, since it is necessary to simultaneously control the pressure level in the system and the operation of the pump, being near the injection valve, during the entire filling process, and monitor the tightness and the process of airing the heating radiators.
Removing air plugs, starting the heating system
Scheme for removing air plugs from the heating system.
Despite the complete filling, the heating complex can accumulate air, which will cause further increased susceptibility to corrosion of the internal parts of the pipeline and radiators and lead to constant noise and knocking throughout the entire system. Air remains in the pipes due to the presence of multiple turns of air in the launched water and leaky sealed joints.
To release excess air from the heating pipes after filling it, you need to open the air dampers and taps and wait up to three hours. This is necessary so that all air bubbles from the inner walls of the heating devices rise to the surface and exit through special openings. The use of a vibration pump will help facilitate the process. At the end of the process, it is necessary to close all the dampers and create the necessary pressure for correct operation in the system, it should be at the level of one and a half atmospheres. Equalize the pressure by making up - adding the missing amount of water. After starting, the pressure will rise to two atmospheres.
Now you can start starting up the heating complex. If the heating is new and starts up for the first time, then under the terms of the warranty agreement, this work is performed by specialists from the manufacturer's authorized service centers. Re-launches are carried out independently. The heating complex is tested by gradual heating throughout the day. If no flaws in the heating complex have been identified, then you can bring it to full capacity. It should be noted that the first two weeks of the system operation may be accompanied by knocks in the piping. This should not be alarming, since all the air cannot be released during air distribution, it is eliminated by itself during operation.
All the necessary measures should be carried out in time for the heating season.
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Each room, regardless of its purpose, needs heating. If earlier the fireplace or stove method was considered the main method of heating houses, now it has become the least effective and in demand: the carrier is not able to provide a sufficient amount of heat due to an increase in heated objects. One of the most progressive heating options is considered to be water heating... The standard hot water heating system includes a boiler connected to a radiator through highways. Water is used as a heat carrier.
The standard operating principle of the system is as follows: the coolant, in this case water, enters the radiators through the pipeline and gives off heat to the room; after that, the water returns to the boiler for heating again. Hot water heating systems are divided into systems with natural circulation and forced circulation.
The natural circulation heating system became widespread in the pre-war period due to its efficiency, simplicity and reliability. Most often, this type of heating system is used in summer cottages, as well as in country houses due to frequent power outages at such facilities. Such systems are conventionally divided into two types - with lower and upper water supply. To determine with the choice of the type of heating system, it is necessary to consider their differences, characteristics and scope.
Schematic diagram of heating with natural circulation of the coolant
Heating systems with top water supply
The heating medium - in this case water - must be heated and supplied to the upper part of the heating system through a pipeline. The pipe used to supply water must have a large diameter compared to the pipes that are responsible for supplying water to the radiator. This is necessary to achieve the greatest resistance to heat exchange. Horizontal pipes should be installed with a minimum slope of one centimeter per fitting meter.
The expansion tank must be installed in the upper part of the system: it will perform the function of receiving steam and excess heat - this is necessary due to the property of water to expand when heated and go into a steam state. The tank must have a drain cock and a cap or valve at the top. After the water is heated, it is distributed through the supply pipe to the risers and to the radiators.
Tip: if you are going to use a heating system with natural water circulation, remember that radiators must be connected using a diagonal method
After direct heating of the room, the water flows into the boiler through a specialized pipe - the return line. Here it is reheated and the cycle of water movement is repeated. The boiler for heating is located in the lowest part of the system, under the radiators. Usually, these elements are installed in boiler rooms, for which basements are allocated.
Heating systems with bottom water supply
A system in which the heating medium is supplied from the bottom is usually used to heat houses where there is no attic space, or access is denied. The main difference between the presented heating system is that the pipes are laid under the radiators. There is also an expansion tank, which is installed in the upper level of the system; usually utility rooms are used for this. If at the same time there is no circulation of water in the heating system, which should occur naturally, then it is created by force.
A standard forced circulation heating system operates using the same connection methods. The difference is that due to the long length of this system or the absence of natural conditions, it is necessary to include a pump in the system to create a slope of the pipes. The circulation pump is mounted to the main pipe - this helps to increase the life of the heating system. The use of a pump helps not only to increase the heating efficiency, but also to reduce the number of lines. A forced circulation system has the ability to heat not just several rooms, but even a house with several floors.
In order to produce high-quality work of this type of system, a continuous power supply is needed. Installation of a pump for circulation in the heating system is required in order to create forced circulation of water in a closed circuit. In this type of system, the pump is the central component among the equipment. It should be noted that the circulation pump may not differ in significant performance: its power is only needed to direct the liquid into the supply pipe. The same pressure pushes the water in the opposite direction, since the system is closed.
The circulation pump is necessary to ensure the smooth operation of the heating system, therefore, it must fully correspond to the system in which the installation is carried out. Due to its functionality, this type of pump can be universally used in a wide variety of pipelines.
Choosing a circulation pump for a heating system
In order to select a circulation pump for a heating system, it is necessary to make appropriate calculations. Please note that during an hour, this element will run three times more water than its total volume in the system. Thus, the total volume of a suitable amount of liquid is on average 10 liters per 1 kilowatt of heating boiler power. The required pump model for the heating system and its power are determined by the pressure-flow parameters. The head must be equal to the hydraulic resistance of the heating system.
Typically, the liquid head velocity in systems with forced circulation quite low, which gives the right to judge about low losses hydraulic resistance, which usually do not exceed 2 meters. The exact resistance is not easy to calculate, so the performance of the circulation pump is determined at the midpoint. In order to calculate the performance, the dimensions of the area of \u200b\u200bthe heating object and the power that the source of electricity has are also taken into account. It should be remembered that the pump is only needed in a forced circulation system; a natural circulation system does not need it.
Circulation pump installation: what should you pay attention to?
To install the circulation pump yourself, use the following recommendations:
- to extend the operating life of the entire system, install a filter in front of the circulation pump to purify the liquid. the filter must be installed on the suction pipe;
- do not choose a circulating pump for the heating system with a higher power and capacity than required. Otherwise, there is a risk of encountering additional unpleasant noise during its operation;
- Never turn on the pump before filling the heating main with water and removing air from it, this can lead to equipment failure;
- install the pump in the area as close as possible to the expansion tank;
- when installing the pump in closed system heating, if possible, install a pump on the return. This is due to the fact that this section of the line has the lowest temperature.
Advice: before starting the heating system, flush it with water to remove various foreign particles. Do not forget that even a short-term idle operation of the circulation pump in the absence of liquid in the system may result in failure of the pump itself and other elements of the system.
Almost all circulating pumps on the modern market are equipped with communication with automatic control of boilers for heating. This function provides owners with the ability to regulate the air temperature at the heated facility by changing the speed of water movement in the heating system. In order to take into account the level of heat consumption in the premises, special meters are installed, thanks to which the heat losses arising from the wear of the mains are controlled. In this case, the heating circuit itself is not subject to any changes.
You can familiarize yourself with the method of installing the circulation pump yourself by watching the video:
