Stone laying of hollow stones, using facing stones, from cellular concrete wall blocks. Ripped stone - exquisite element of exterior and interior

Use fake diamond For the inner scenery of the premises - a great way to create a unique interior. It looks original in the rooms of large areas, especially if the design is made by fragments, for example, only niches, fireplaces, alcohol, columns are highlighted. In the article, consider the types of artificial stones and the way of cladding walls.

Often, artificial stone is used for walls at the entrance door, and here the stone 2 functions are practical and decorative. After all, these surfaces are more often subjected to pollution, moreover, the material should differ wear resistance to "confront" mechanical damage that are inherent in the hallway.

Tip: Designers do not advise glue wallpaper with geometric shapes or floral pattern in rooms where this facing material is posted.

How to choose an artificial stone

In order to achieve desired resultNamely to put the situation with respectable species, while spending the minimum of funds, you need to have a good fantasy and comply with the technology of mounting artificial stone.

In addition to its main purpose, the stone should be "endowed with" certain properties and characteristics. And when choosing it is better to rely on the following criteria:

• appearance. It should be carefully examined by the facial part of the product for the presence of defects such as: non-meaning of mechanical injection, pores, scratches, cracks or chips. In nature, it is impossible to find two identical stones, so if it is necessary that the end result is as much as possible on the laying of natural stone, then make sure that 1 m² are not present repeated elements;

• backside. A relatively flat, but the coarse surface on the reverse side of the product is responsible for the strong bunch of adhesive composition with the wall;
• material. Gypsum based stone - light, but fragile. As a rule, such a product is intended for internal works, its low weight allows installation even on plasterboard sheets. Such elements are easily processing, so it is easy to fit on the desired parameters. Concrete (cement) option is heavier and stronger, but is considered to be quite universal material, as it is used for external work, and decorations indoors;
• corner elements. They greatly simplify the installation of stone, besides, their use introduces a certain highlight to the overall picture and allows you to carry out interesting and original masonry. Such elements are sold running meters and the cost is almost equal to the price for 1 m² of stone;

• color. Undoubtedly, when selecting should be repeated from personal preferences or, based on the general idea of \u200b\u200bthe situation. But the stone painted in the mass has higher operational performance, that is, when the pigment is added during the production stage of the solution. Products with surface colorization are susceptible to fading, "fear" humidity and abrasion. This method is mainly treated with gypsum stones. In addition, if the chip is formed during operation from mechanical exposure, this defect will be visible to the naked eye;
• packaging. Here is the main rule - the packaging should not be damaged. Facing tiles are delivered in ordinary boxes, and with large volumes for convenience they are transported in plywood boxes. In any case, damage during the transportation of the material should be excluded. But, as a rule, the poor-quality stone of plaster suffers more;
• universality. Of course, purchasing a quality product, you can be confident in its long exploitation. A large convenience has a stone that is suitable for internal and outdoor work. For example, if, when the facade is facing, part of the material remained, you can apply it to decorate the wall or selection of any element indoors. The supply of material strength will never be superfluous;
• additional materials and services. The acquisition is better to exercise where there is an accompanying product: stone, grout, glue, and so on. And where, if necessary, you can order delivery or installation of purchased material and where they can provide the required information regarding the proper laying, competent operation of artificial stone;
• real Purchase. It is recommended to choose the material, because in the catalog or on the website of the online store, the shade is often reflected incorrectly. Therefore, the purchased goods can cause only two emotions - either disappointment or joy. Tile and angular elements should be purchased from one manufacturer and from one batch, it will give a guarantee for the exact coincidence of color.

Manufacture of artificial stone

Production technology makes it possible to obtain decorative material at the outlet, simulating any texture. Such indicators as a form, size, color or style are not limited. There are 2 options for manufacturing, the choice of which depends on the source material.

Free fill

• This method is suitable only if plaster or gypsum-cement mixture are taken as the main component. The entire production cycle is reduced due to a shorter period (approximately 10 times) exposure of the solution in matrices.

• The natural color of the products of the required shade is completely dependent on the accuracy of the dosage apparatus used on the line. The juicy color of the artificial stone is achieved by the complex method where the whole palette of the paints is used.
• Transfer all nuances of natural stone, his smallest cracks, a unique relief under the power of polyurethane matrices. Of course, there are a mass of forms made of cheaper materials, but with their help it is impossible to give a finished product as close as possible to a natural analogue.

Vibratoryate

• The principle of manufacturing a cladding stone based on cement is similar to the previous method - the same fill of the prepared mixture into special forms. But in this case concrete solution It is compacted under the action of vibration, which makes the structure more homogeneous and dense.

• As a filler, clamzite sand is used, and the modifying additives link all components and give the stone high strength properties. Mineral pigment, which is resistant to alkaline medium and exposure to sunlight, will give the material required shade.
• The quality of the form is of great importance, because it is using it that it is possible to achieve perfect similarity with a natural stone. For these purposes, matrices from polyurethane or silicone are suitable, they are able to transform concrete with the smallest details in the wild stone, ceramics, in a tree bark and so on.

What makes the price of wall cladding with artificial stone

Considering a facing stone on stores of stores or on the pages of construction sites, the buyer pays attention to the performance and cost of the product. The price has the effect of high-quality components used in production, compliance with technology and some other factors.

• Cement It is the main component of the composition. Imported raw materials can be used, which is an order of magnitude more expensive than the Russian counterpart. In principle, there is no particular difference in any other material, if all the stages of manufacture are exactly observed. The cost depends on the color of Portland cement, white is about 3 times more expensive, so the cost of light and dark collections is so different.
• Fillers also affect the price of the product. If clay sand is applied, the stone is easy, while its strength characteristics do not deteriorate, but the cost of such products is more expensive. The 10x25 mm fraction clamzite is used to reduce the cost of production, but for the consumer such savings "leaves sideways". The fact is that in time, the next lime, located inside the clay, under the action of moisture and air begins to "shoot" and from the stone pieces. The filler uses perlite, which has high strength. His presence in the mixture significantly increases the cost of the finished product.
• Pigments An attractive look, can be Russian, German and Chinese production, which undoubtedly affects not only the cost, but also the quality of the coating. After a certain period, a stone, for the manufacture of which a cheap dye was used, becomes faded, inexpressive. The man in the street can immediately "on the eye" determine the quality of the pigment, so only one will save here - attentive study of the certificate, especially, the place where it is about dyes.

Tip: If you choose, it is worth paying attention to other criteria, for example, on the uniformity of the product thickness, which can be 1-5 cm. Sometimes in the process of drying the form can stand unevenly, and the stone is obtained unequal thickness - it can be called a marriage. Remember, one thick stone should not be purchased if the walls are made of drywall.

• It is important to know the purpose of artificial stone and if the collection is purchased for outdoor decorationThis does not mean that they can be bred and the fireplace portal. An important value has such a property, as durability, and the higher this coefficient, the longer the stone will serve.
• The appearance can say much. The surface should be homogeneous, if it is porous means, the manufacturing technology is broken. It is possible - to study carefully samples presented on the storefront. The presence of numerous chips testifies to the low quality of the product.

Artificial stone with their own hands

Many may ask a question, and for what you need to make the shape yourself, pour it into the mixture when artificial stone can be simply purchased, but do you order delivery and installation. But, for most, it turns out to be a matter of honor to fulfill all relevant work on their own. In addition, with a large amount, it is also economically beneficial.

The matrix

• Undoubtedly, the matrix for artificial stone can be bought in almost any building store, but it is usually offered in standard form.
• And by completing the form according to individual sketches, you can get a unique and interesting design of this facing material.
• The shape of the tree, of course, is not the most successful example, but it is quite eligible for existence. It requires a minimum of attachments and effort. Here you need a board with maximum defects, flaws and several straight and smooth rivers, which will perform the role of onboard and additional partitions inside the matrix.
• More modern material is silicone. These work will require some efforts and financial investments.

• The funds spent on the execution of their own "project" approach the cost of finished forms. But this is such an original stone to no one will meet.

Stages of work:

• The most pleasant task will be the selection of the most liked stones to create an artificial prototype. One party must be smooth, and the other is a difficult relief.
• Next, the box is going to, the prepared samples are fitted with a flat side up with respect to a certain distance between them.

• All joints are desirable to close the plasticine, this is done so that silicone does not suffer under stones and did not spoil the designed result.
• The stones are lubricated with solidol and poured with silicone, which is constantly trambed for uniform distribution in the box.
• After drying, the samples are gently removed and the form is ready for use.

Mixture

For the manufacture of gypsum elements At home, you need white gypsum, putty (1: 4) and optionally selected a kel. (Finished products can be painted later, catching a brush or spray paint.)

• Water is added portion until the mixture takes the condition of the soft paste. Mix everything thoroughly and now you can start a laying of the cooked solution into the matrix.
• The solution is laid out until the middle of the form, then a propylene mesh is laid for strength and only then the entire matrix is \u200b\u200bfilled. At room temperature, the product will be ready in about two days.
• It is also made from a mixture of plaster with water, then it will take no more than half an hour, after which the finished stone gets out of the form. But it will be possible to use it no earlier than in a week until it is gained sufficient strength.

Cement-based stone It is performed from such basic components of both sand and water, the binder material serves as the cement M250 or higher, with a 3: 1: 1 ratio. For these purposes, it is better to use the White Portland cement, since when adding a kole (but not more than 25% of the total mass), the shade will be more saturated. Mandatory in the mixture of plasticizer.

• All components are mixed and laid out in the prepared forms. At the stages of fillings, the solution must be sprinkled or tapping through matrices. This is done for a uniform distribution of the mixture, thereby not allowing the formation of voids in ready product. Of course, the ideal option for data of manipulations will serve as vibrationtol.
• As a rule, the stone is removed from the matrix easily, but if any difficulties arise, then it is necessary to lower the shape of 10 minutes into hot water, carefully attack it from all sides. After that, the product freely removed.

• Facing inland walls Artificial stone is not much different from the masonry of ceramic tiles. You can also work in both the seamless method and perform the laying with the extender. Many choose the last option, as it saves on the source product.
• The seams between the elements should be embedded with the limit accuracy, since after drying the grouting it will not be easy to remove from the stone. You can apply an improvised "dispenser", which is manufactured from the usual, but dense polyethylene package with a small slice of one corner.

• Cladding of walls with artificial stone is possible on any surface, if it is concrete or brick wall, then the installation is made immediately. Metal or wooden surfaces should first reinforce a special grid.
• For fasteners, cement mixture, mastic, acrylic sealant or liquid nails are used. If the facing elements are made on the basis of cement, then the dry mixture should be purchased from the same material. Gypsum products can be mounted using glitters for drywall.
• Cutting parts or their fit under the desired size is easily carried out using a hacksaw or a grinder with a diamond disk.
• There are just a couple of requirements for the surface on which the masonry of an artificial stone is planned, because it depends on the quality and speed of the work carried out: the wall should be smooth and necessarily processed by primer.
• Sometimes items in different boxes may vary with a tint, so in order for the transition of the color is not so bad in the eyes, it is recommended when mounting alternately take stones from various packages.
• In order for the result to be natural and harmonious, it should be put in advance on the horizontal surface of several dozen items, to evaluate the resulting pattern. And only after that proceed to masonry work. This rule is especially concerned with collections where elements have asymmetric forms.
• Acquire an artificial stone is necessary with some reserve of about 10%, in case of mechanical damage or other unforeseen situations. It should be noted that it can be covered protective layerWhen buying, you need to clarify this nuance. If there is no coating, it is applied independently, the stone is wiping into a damp cloth to remove dust and then brush is applied with a primer solution.

Facing the walls with artificial stone with their own hands

• The laying is made from the bottom up on the prepared surface, which means that the wall should be smooth, clean, purified from the traces of the old coating and treated with primer.
• Using a laser or regular level, a horizontal line is defined. This stage The works are very important, since all the rest of the stone laying depends on this series. Regardless of the type of facing material, the adhesive composition is applied with a toothed spatula and is distributed along the back surface of the stone.

• The surface of the wall is also processed in the same way, determining a small area for this so that the glue does not have time to dry.

• As a rule, the stone is mounted as well as ceramic tileBut there are collections that follow the seamless method, that is, elements fit close to each other.
• The element is slightly attached to the surface and if necessary, its location is adjusted, the extra glue is removed by a trowel. The following rows are stacked according to the principle of dressings, that is, the seams should not coincide, thereby imitating the brick wall.

• The recommended seam width should be at least 15 mm, so the upper elements will not rest on previous tiles. In turn, it will prevent their offset. You can use plastic crosses that are inserted between the elements, forming smooth and the same seams.
• Binding at the corners can be performed on the principle brick masonry, that is, with the treasures, but this method looks pretty "hard" in interior premises. Therefore, it is better to cut down the tiles at an angle of 45 °, in which case the transition will be more harmonious.
• If, in the process of fitting an element for the required size, flare occurred, it is not worth upset. Such errors are easily eliminated with a putty, painted by the dye of a suitable shade.
• Figure or stone structure on cement based can be restored adhesive compositionIt is used for installation with a solution, the dye for water-dispersed paints is useful here, where the tassel neatly paint all the errors.
• To fill the seams, you can purchase special mixtures, or take advantage of conventional sand cement mortar. An ordinary gray cement or a white portland cement is also suitable, which will allow you to more accurately transfer the color of the dye used.

Facing walls with artificial stone video

Artificial stone is the perfect option for giving various surfaces aesthetically attractive view in a short time at a reasonable price. Here you can always pick up a collection for every taste. This material It is distinguished by a variety of forms and textures, as well as a wide range of colors, which allows it to be used to solve design tasks of any complexity. The following are photos of interiors, in which there is a cladding of walls with artificial stone.

As part of this publication, we will consider quite interesting modern finishing material. It will be about torn stone: what it is where it is used, what kind of types of this material are, how to work with ribbon stone, etc.

What is a torn stone

Ripped, or, as it is also called, wild or coarse stone is a material intended for internal and external trim country houses, cottages, fences, etc. The facial face of the material imitates the natural, "wild" untreated stone with an uneven rough texture. The reverse side of the torn stone has a smooth and smooth surface, which makes it possible to make the styling process easier and convenient.

Blocks and slabs of torn stone are not grinding and do not calculate. As a result, the surface trimmed by this material looks like an old wall of a medieval castle or part of the real granite rock.

To give the surface the most natural look, tiles of torn stone pick different sizes. As a result, the seams between individual stones are obtained similar to cracks in the rock. In the modern interior, the finish "Under the Starina" is very popular. Today, the outdoor and inner decorative facing with torn stone can be often found in various places: in the office, restaurant, shop, in the living room or kitchen of the urban apartment.

But most often the trim with ribbon stone is used in country private houses when designing a living room, kitchen, bathroom, or bedrooms. Facing the torn stone is perfectly combined with parquet, floor of oak, artificially aged wooden furniture and decorative wrought-iron elements.

Important moment: if you decide to use ripped stone In the design of the room, do not forget to take care of sufficient lighting. Otherwise, the interior will look gloomy.

Ripped stone: benefits

Let's start with the main thing - versatility. Material, as mentioned above, can be used both for outer and internal cladding.

But this is not the only dignity of torn stone, it has a number of positive qualities:

• Facing from this material significantly increases the soundproofing of the room.
• The material has a small weight compared to natural stone, it is easier and easier to work with it.
• Ripped stone can be faced with drywall surfaces.
• Decorative stone - fire-resistant material, it can be used in rooms to which increased fire safety requirements are imposed: in hospitals, cinemas, airports, etc.
• Ripped stone is not subject to corrosion.
• Wide selection of colors, shades and textures.
• Decorative stone does not need constant care, durable.

Varieties of torn stone and their use

Most manufacturers produce several types of facing "torn stone". It can be:

The panel and tile tornstone are most often used for facing the elements of the interior of the building, as well as the facade and base. This material is perfectly attached to almost any surface using conventional glue used for mounting ceramic tiles.

Important moment: If you need to bite the surface, which is constantly exposed to moisture, for example: the base of the house, the pool, the bathroom, the torn stone before starting work, you need to be soaked in a special waterproofing composition.

Facing brick Ripped stone is used when facing facades of buildings, it is built from it interior partitionsBrick is also used to decorate walls inside the building, decorating columns, fireplaces, fences, etc.

A wide variety of colors, forms and textures makes it possible to choose the most suitable option for interior design of any residential building or room - whether it is an office, a private house, or apartment. Ripped stone is also often used for the construction of fences and fences.

For convenience, manufacturers produce special elements for fences and fences:

• Facing facade block.

• Half of the facing unit.

• Block corner.

• Blocks Ripped stone for columns - "Ring".

If using different types Masonch decorative stone, alternate the rows of smooth and torn surfaces, use the material of different color and shade, you can get an exclusive design - beautiful and durable.

Ripped stone: laying methods

When conducting outdoor facing works, the tornstone can be laid in several ways: dry and wet. In this case, a dry way is made more reliable, but at the same time, and more laborious and expensive, compared with the wet method. Technology laying torn stone dry includes the following work:

• Installation of thermal insulation and vapor barrier material.
• Device crate.
• Horizontal markup device.
• Fastening the material.
• Sealing slots with special dry construction mixtures.

The dry method is advisable to use for the construction of small fences, with its help, for example, laid a ribbon stone for the fence, or when laying a curb stone.

The wet method of styling of torn stone is most often used when finishing overall and high concrete monolithic structures. This method of laying is considered simpler, as in this case it is not necessary to carefully customize the elements of the cladding located next to each other. Laying the tiles with a wet method produced in such a sequence:

• Preparation of the foundation: alignment, purification from dust, applying primer.
• Applying a small layer of glue on the back side of the tile and the base.
• Fastening tile to the surface.
• Grouting seams between tiles.

How to lay a torn stone: phased guide

Below we will look at the technology of laying decorative stone in more detail.

First you need to prepare materials and tools:

• Bulgarian or woodcutter for cutting tiles.
• Joinery stub - you need to cut the tiles at the desired angle.
• Putty knife. Need for applying adhesive composition. It is recommended to prepare three spatula of different sizes: small (7 cm), medium gear (15 cm) and an average smooth spatula (15 cm).
• Mix for putty. Need for sealing seams on corners and joints.
• Decorative paint. Need to mask the possible chips of tiles and for staining of white seams after grouting with putty.
• Varnish for finishing seams (applied after paint).
• Sponge (you can use the usual kitchen). With it, it is convenient to handle joints and angles.
• Several painting brushes of different sizes.
• File, sandpaper, The chisel will be useful for the exact fit of the elements to each other.
• Glue for tile.
• Building level.
• Construction pencil.
• Liquid Nails.
• Electrode or mixer for glue stirring and putty.

preparation of the base before laying the finishing material

The surface under lining should be clean. If facing works are carried out in hot weather, the base must be slightly moistened before laying the tile, sprinkling the wall with water. If the surface strongly absorbs moisture, it must be treated with primer.

After the facing material is unpacked, it is recommended to lay out a preliminary drawing from the tile before laying. Thanks to this simple operation, you can significantly simplify the selection of different elements in thickness, color and texture. If such a need arises, you can adjust the elements between themselves for a more dense dusting.

The area you need to bore must be divided into several small sections - approximately 5 rows. Holding the area of \u200b\u200bthe plots, do not forget to take the distance between the seams (approximately 1-1.2 cm).

Before starting the styling of the material, consider the material, since very often the visual perception of the finished lined surface is highly dependent on what part of the material was laid. Therefore, when buying a torn stone, you will definitely ask the seller how to perform the stacking.

After that, divert the adhesive mixture with water and stirred with an electric drill or mixer to obtain a homogeneous consistency. In the process of laying, watch the coincidence of tiles joints. Facing the facade must be carried out under the level. If you need to leave a free space, for example, under the circuit breaker, make a markup on the tile, and gently cut down the superior with the help of a grinder or saw. Fill the best on the contour of the invoice, since in this place the thickness of the material is less.

When the laying of the tile is terminated, putty close all the joints of the angles and the place of the cut, after which the putty is stained into the tone of the ribbon stone. The paint is applied only after the putty will dry completely. All painted places are necessarily opened with water based lacquer. This will help increase the stability of the torn stone to the effects of moisture.

The following tips will be useful if you decide to make a facing with a ribbon stone yourself and do not have the appropriate experience.

• You should not make seam between the tiles too wide.

• If you have to work with facing panels, it is necessary to apply primer to the base for a more reliable and durable fastening of the material.

• Stacking must be reached upwards.

• The styling of the torn stone indoors is best to do at a temperature not exceeding 25 degrees Celsius.

• In the process of laying, it is not necessary to observe the county. However, putting the tile chaotically also not worth it - the observance of a certain order will give the finished surface more harmfulness and beauty.

• Do not fasten the facade stone torn stone to the surface of silicone, since due to the temperature drops, the tile will begin to fall off.

• If facing works are carried out in the basement, bathroom or kitchen, the finished surface must be treated with antiseptic composition to avoid reproduction of fungus and mold.

Today, the artificial stone is increasingly used in the repair of housing. It is used in decorating fireplaces, walls, angles, as well as on the outer surfaces of various structures.

The process of laying the decorative stone consists of several stages.

First you need to choose the stone you need, calculate its amount required for work. To do this, determine the area for which it is going to apply. When cladding, the following elements of the stone are used, most often: flat (their number is measured in square meters) and angular (measured with robust meters). These dimensions will help calculate the amount of material.

Preparation of the working surface for laying decorative stone.

Geometry and stone relief are very different, so you need to think about how to lay out. You can draw styling, so you are more accurate to present the future wall. Then carefully clean the wall from dust, dirt, various layers.

Treatment of decorative stone.

The surface is processed by acrylic primer using a roller or brush. When applying a stone on plasterboard, such a surface is reinforced with a construction grid and a cement solution.

Preparation of decorative stone.

The artificial stone is made of a gypsum solution, so it is necessary on the back side to treat special primer. It will also limit the water-absorbing ability of the stone, the rapid absorption of moisture from the solution leads to the occurrence of cracks and pumping parts of the stone.

Application of glue on the surface

First, it is necessary to determine the type of solution depending on the material from which the surface on which it will fall. Stone is sand Materials Wanted cement mixes, and from gypsum-containing - mastic, glue containing PVA. The adhesive solution is applied by a spatula or a trowel to the surface of no more than 1 kV. m, on a stone - about 3 mm width.

Laying decorative stone.

Stacking starts from the bottom row from the very far corner of the room, gradually approaching the exit. Between the stones it is necessary to leave the gaps: the laying will look more exquisite. Then these grooves fill Rusta, specially designed for these purposes.

Application of protective coating of decorative stone.

Do this not always, but protection facilitates care for the surface of the stone.

The laying of walls with facing walls with cladding is separated by both the appearance of the facing material and according to the method of device and fastening the facing. Facing can be arranged simultaneously with the masonry walls and on the finished wall, the mounted on the wall with the filling of the vertical seam between the wall and the facing of the solution and the "dry" - without filling the seams with a solution. With the simultaneous erection of walls in the masonry, the facial brick and ceramic stones are placed, flat concrete slabs., M-shaped concrete slabs, stones from natural materials. The fastening of facing slabs on the finished walls is performed only at a positive temperature of at least +6 degrees and no earlier than 6 months after the walls are obtained by 80% of the calculated load. The solution of the solution in the case of mounting plates only on the solution should be not lower than 100 mobility 4-5 cm. In the case of fastening on the solution and anchors, the mobility of the solution to fill the vertical seam between the facing and the wall should be no more than 8 cm. During the reinforcement of facing masonry reinforcement grids laundered throughout the section wall. When cladding the walls with flat concrete slabs, rigidly linked with the wall with the rows of the same plates, the reinforcement is allowed only in cross sections above or under the punctured side. Laying walls with facing brick is carried out in order to prevent stone walls from the effects of aggressive ambient and give greater architectural expressiveness. For cladding, as a rule, apply facial brick with glazed or embossed surface. Facing is performed during the construction of walls by laying facial bricks into the outer mile. When lining the walls face brick, the ligation of the facial and main masonry is carried out on a multi-row system. The tonge rows of facial bricks with a thickness of 65 mm, tieting the lining with the walls of the wall, are as follows: when laying from full-length brick 65 mm thick - one twitch row into five rows of facial masonry; From the hollow brick - one twitch row into four masonry; When laying out of bricks, 88 mm thick is one tile on five rows of facial masonry; When laying from ceramic stones with a height of 138 mm - two tilers on six rows of facial masonry; When laying from brick 65 mm thick and brick cladding with a thickness of 88 mm - one tile row into four rows of facial masonry; When laying from concrete stones with a height of 188 mm and cladding from a solid selected ceramic or silicate brick - one tile row on six rows of facial masonry with a brick thickness of 65 mm and one tile row into five rows of facial masonry with a brick thickness of 88 mm. By the facade, the facing can be laid with the dressing and without ligation of the vertical seams. In the latter case, the lack of dressing of vertical seams in the faceplate is taken into account in the calculation of the operating coefficient of working conditions (M<1) к расчетному сопротивлению кладки. Для устройства облицовки применяют те же растворы, что и для кладки. Марка лицевого кирпича должна быть на ступень выше марки материала для основной кладки, ео не ниже 100. Швы в облицовке должны быть тщательно заполнены раствором и расшиты на глубину не более 3 мм. Masonry from hollow stones Concrete wall stones are manufactured with solid and hollow or lightweight concrete. Of the stones of such sizes, walls of thickness 90, 190, 240, 290, 390 mm and more are erected. The mass of stones used to masonry the above-ground part of the buildings, 14 ... 25 kg, the mass of concrete stones for laying the foundations and walls of basements 28 ... 32 kg. The masonry from with p l o sh y x and n y with the stones are leading with a displacement of transverse vertical seams in adjacent rows per 1/4 or 1/2 of the stone. The sequence of operations is the same as when laying from ceramic stones. Masonry from stones having smooth ends, bandage through a two-row system with styling of a toncho series through every two spoon (Fig. 5) or with a lining of the tiley through each spoonful row. At the same time, each vertical seam should be overlapped by the top of another row. The masonry of the walls of stones with through voids is performed without a transverse dressing. At the same time, steel bonds are placed in horizontal seams at least after 2 ... 3 rows in the height of the wall. The number and section of these connections indicate in the project. The thickness of the seams in masonry from solid stones should be the same as in a brickwork or ceramic stones. When laying a spoonful rows of concrete stones (Fig. 6, a, b), the 2nd category bricklayer stands ahead of the 4th category. Moving in the direction of the masonry, the first serves stones on the wall and sets them at intervals equal to about the length of one stone. The layout of the stones begin at a distance of 2 ... 2.5 the length of the stone of the laying places for the spoonful row to take place for the device of the mortar bed. When laying the tiley rows (Fig. 6, c), the stones are pre-lay on the wall at a distance of 8 ... 10 cm from each other. Performing a masonry, the mason inflicts the two strips of a width of 60 mm to the upper surface on the wall of the stone. Then she takes a stone with two hands and, gradually turning it on 90њ, presses close to the previously laid, molding the stone with the pressure of both hands, and the solution protruding from the seams to the front surface of the masonry cuts the culma and resets on the masonry. In case of incomplete filling of the transverse seams, the solution is thrown in the seam on top of the cell. Laying from L EG K O B E T O N N Y X K A M N E Y S I K R Y T S Y M and P U C T O T A M And (non-separated) does not differ from solid stones, as stones are laid down. The masonry is tied up and form a quarter in the openings with the help of non-durable stones and stones with quarters for openings. To this end, the rows of masonry from whole stones and longitudinal halves are alternate, and other additional stones are used, which ensure the displacement of the seams of masonry on a quarter or half of the stone (Fig. 7, and ... d). Masonry from about b r a b about t a n y x p r and r o d n y x k a m \u200b\u200bn e n y p r a v and l n about y f o p m s perform the same techniques that And laying from concrete gamble, and lead on solutions with mobility 9. ..13 cm. The transverse tile dressing of masonry makes no less frequently than in each third row. At the same time, the vertical transverse seams in adjacent rows are shifted to a quarter and a shelter. Masonry from concrete and other stones weighing up to 16 kg are inner<двойка>, with more heavy stones - link<тройка>. The workplace is basically the same as when brickwork. The laying of cellular concrete blocks with a thickness of the walls in one block is recommended to withdraw the displacement in half block, with a thickness of a half and two blocks, it is necessary to reduce the vertical seams of the masonry of the exterior blocks relative to the vertical seams of the masonry of the internal blocks. To conjugate the outer and inland walls, as well as the walls of the staircases, the dressing of small blocks is used or metal anchors are used in the form of a diameter of 4-6 mm, T-shaped anchors from strip steel with a thickness of 4 mm or welded grids from the reinforcement with a diameter of 5-8 mm. Communication between longitudinal and transverse walls must be installed at least two seams within one floor. The fastening of partitions to the walls is allowed to be carried out by T-shaped anchors or metal brackets, which are installed in the wall in the level of horizontal seams of partitions and walls. Metal reinforcement anchors are made of stainless steel or from the usual anti-corrosion coating. Facing the walls of cellular-concrete blocks is performed from full-scale bricks are carried out in two ways: on the solution and in their relatives. When completing cladding in the following clearance between the wall and facing bricks should be no more than 30 mm. Facing to the walls are fixed with rows of bricks or with a metal bracket with a diameter of 4-6 mm through 4-5 rows of facing bricks. The minimum width of the saint in buildings should be at least 600 mm in the bearing walls and 300 mm in the self-supporting walls. Wall from cellular concrete blocks should have waterproofing in places of their adjoining to the basement, the floor of the first floor and the basement. The width of the platform of the reinforcement reinforced concrete slabs of overlapping on the walls of small cellular blocks should be at least 100 mm. When laying walls of small cellular concrete blocks, at least 10 and no more than 15 mm are taken on the solution, an average of 12 mm within the height of the floor. The thickness of the vertical seams takes 8-15 mm (on average 10 mm). The seams between the blocks are filled with a plastic light solution. Reinforced laying reinforced masonry is performed in order to increase its bearing ability. Reinforcement is performed by laying metal meshes or individual rods into horizontal seams, provided that the thickness of the seams should be at least 4 mm larger than the amount of the diameters of intersecting reinforcement. For reinforcing masonry, welded grids are mainly used. The diameter of the armature for masonry should be at least 2.5 and not more than 8 mm. The rod fittings applies only for longitudinal reinforcement, transverse reinforcement is carried out by grids, the distance between the rods of which is not more than 12 cm and at least 3 cm. Grids are placed In accordance with the project, but not less and less than 5 rows of masonry, but with a brown brick - after 4 rows, from the inside of their ends for 2-3 mm should act, which is necessary to control reinforcement. Horizontalthe reinforcement is placed in the seams as follows: under the unequivocal load, the reinforcement is laid with a stretched side of the wall, and the double fittings on both sides are placed during the alternate load. The thin walls of the brick on the edge are reinforced by vertical and horizontal steel rods in the laying seams with the size of the cells between the rods 52x52 or 52x65 cm. The ends of horizontal and vertical rods are close in such reinforcement into the adjacent stable structures (capital walls, columns, strapping beams, etc. .) And zashkteril. The steel rods of the longitudinal reinforcement are connected along the welding or tweeter length without welding. Reinforcement of brick column nets A - rectangular b - zigzag, deformation seams Vertical deformation seams prevent the appearance of cracks in the walls of the buildings caused by temperature-shrinking stresses and uneven sedimentation of the base. The location and design of the deformation seams must be specified in the project. In order to avoid the blowing of the walls, the deformation seams are performed in the form of a tongue and fill the gasket out of a roofing or rubberoid with insulation (mineral wool, felt, pacles). The thickness of the deformation seam is taken 10-20 mm. Less thickness is taken at air temperature during the production of 10 degrees and higher. Deformational seams are distinguished: 1.Temperaturethe seams cut the walls of the building to the foundation, the temperature seams protect the walls from the appearance of cracks at temperature deformations. How large these deformations can be judged, for example, according to the following data: stone buildings with in summer at a temperature of 20 ° C with a length of 20 m, in winter at a temperature of -20 ° C become shorter than 10 mm. Temperature seams are made in the form of a tower, however, in contrast to sedimentary, they are satisfied only within the height of the building walls. The thickness of the sediment and temperature seams in the walls during masonry is prescribed 10 ... 20 mm, smaller - at an outdoor temperature during masonry 10 ° C and higher. 2. Sediment Seams suitable in cases where it is possible to expect a non-uniform sediment, the walls are cut throughout, including foundations. When the device in the walls of the seams are recommended to combine the temperature and shrinkage seams with them. The sediment seams are separated by a building in length to the prevention of uneven precipitation. The vertical sediment seams separate one part of the building from the other throughout the width and height from the eaves to the soles of the foundations. The location of them indicate in the project. The sedimentary seams in the walls are made in the form of a thickness thickness, as a rule, 1/2 bricks, with a laying of two layers of roofing, and in the foundations - without a tongue. Above the upper edge of the foundation under the walls of the wall leave an empty space - the gap for 1 ... 2 masonry bricks so that the pinch does not rest in the laying of the foundation, otherwise the laying can collapse in this place. The sedimentary seams in the foundations and walls are handled by the scenario pacles. So that the surface and soil waters do not penetrate the basement through sedimentary seams, a clay castle is arranged from the outside of the foundation or take other measures provided by the project. Transition from a sedimental seam of foundation to a sediment seam of the wall a - incision; b - wall plan; B - Foundation Plan. 1 - foundation, 2 - wall, 3-seam wall, 4 - spool, 5 - precipitation clearance, 6 - suture foundation.

Artificial stone is a modern facing material.combining decorative and utilitarian functions. It can be used when finishing almost any buildings from brick, concrete blocks, and even a tree. Today, many domestic stone producers are represented on the market, which are actively involved in the policies of import substitution, making up serious competition to the German clinker brick.

Artificial stone produced by vibrolying From high quality cement, sand, reinforcing additives, various fillers and pigments. The material appeared on our market a few years ago and is becoming increasingly more popular. This is explained by its relatively low cost, strength, fire and moisture resistance, frost resistance, simplicity of laying (it is much easier than natural stone), as well as wide decorative possibilities.

Finishing works are not too hard work. Compared to a natural analogue, an artificial stone weighs 1.5, and sometimes 4 times less. The flat back of a small terrain provides easy and fast installation.

Selection of adhesive composition

To get a beautiful and durable finish, it is enough to choose the glue composition. Own glue solutions produce many manufacturers of facing materials. In particular, the largest Russian company White Hills. It offers a series of professional adhesive compositions for decorative stone. At the same time, these adhesives have universal properties and are also designed to lay ceramic tiles, porcelain stoneware, natural stone, mosaic, etc.

Very importantSo that the facing material and adhesive composition in their physicomechanical properties were as close as possible, especially by such an important indicator as the coefficient of linear thermal expansion. Otherwise, the stone will be or collapsed, or to move away from the base of the wall. This effect is most often observed in the spring, when the temperature of the building base is close to 0 ° C, and the facing surface has already managed to warm up to + 15 ° C. In order to avoid the destruction of the facing, it is necessary to use specialized adhesive compositions focused on working precisely with decorative stone and having a high adhesion rate - at least 1 MPa.

Tools for mounting

• roulette or ruler;
• construction level, Cornel, Cords for installation horizontal lighthouses;
• metal surface cleaning brush;
• capacities under the glue and grouts;
• electric drill mixer for making adhesive and solid solutions;
• painting brush for moisturizing stone and facing surfaces, trowel, culma or spatula;
• rubber hammer and wooden bar for fitting and sediment elements;
• bulgarian with a disk for cutting stone;
• coupe or syringe gun for filling seams by grouting;
• brush or medium hardness brush for alignment and stripping seams;
• brushes or sprayer for applying a hydrophobizator.

Start mounting from him?

First you need to prepare the surface (base) for laying. It should be durable, smooth, not exposed to shrink or deformation and have good adhesion (sticking) to glue composition. Remove all pollution from it, dust, frost, frost, spots from petroleum products, oils and fats of various origin. If the installation is carried out under conditions of hot and dry weather, the working surface and the back side of the stone should be moistened.

Before starting installation Remove from different packages at least 2 m 2 of the decorative stone, dropping elements in color, size and texture. It will give the masonry the most natural look and will give a visual idea how she will look on the wall. If there is a cement milk on the back of the stone, remove it with a rigid metal brush.

Installation of decorative stone

1. Carefully examining the instructions, prepare the adhesive solution.

2. Apply the glue solution with a smooth spatula on the prepared wall. Cross glue with a toothed spatula.

3. Installing a stone start with angular elements. Apply the adhesive solution to the back surface of the stone so that its entire area is evenly covered with glue.

4. Firmly press the stone to the wall and slightly "Rate" from side to the side to provide the best clutch. To mount a stone with a latch, use the chopping chips for fixing the stone.

5. The stone is well amenable to mechanical processing, and if necessary, it is easy to cut off with a grinder to give the desired size.

6. After complete drying of the adhesive solution, you can proceed to the seams. Prepare the rapid solution strictly according to the manufacturer's instructions printed on the package. Dye the desired shade. Add to a dry mixture of white or gray grout before adding water.

7. Fill the seams using a building syringe or a special grout for grouting, slowly squeezing the rapid solution.

8. After the solution hardens a slightly, smooth it with a spatula or a curly blade for the box. For the final alignment and grinding of the seams, it is necessary to obtain them with a brush of medium hardness.

9. After the final drying of the masonry, it can be treated with its special protective hydrophobic composition with a sprayer or brush. Before use, carefully read the instructions for use.

What is a hydrophobizer?

For additional protection of the facade You can handle the masonry with a special hydrophobic composition. It forms an elastic semi-permeable membrane on the surface. Such a coating will protect the stone from moisture and contamination at temperature differences, solar radiation, acid rains and other climatic influences.

It is worth consideringthat the hydrophobizer after drying can affect the appearance of the masonry. Therefore, before applying it, try first to treat a small and low-speed place to check whether the appearance of the stone will not deteriorate.

Be sure to use the hydrophobizerIf the facing is made in the pools, on fireplaces or where it can be subjected to intense contamination, constant contact with water or the effects of the aggressive medium.