Brick - durable, strong material with high fire resistance. Brick is the most common construction material dimensions 250x120x65 mm, excluding tolerances of 3-5 mm. Bricks are laid with the long side (25 cm) along the facade (along the wall) and are called spoons or short - across the wall and are called pokes. The gaps between the bricks filled with mortar are called seams. The normal thickness of the horizontal joint (between the rows) is 2 mm, of the vertical joint (between the bricks) - 10 mm. The use of much thicker seams is highly undesirable, because this reduces the heat-shielding qualities and strength of the wall and violates the modularity of dimensions.
In cottage construction, solid brick is used, ordinary or clay red, fired, with a volumetric weight of 1700-1900 kg / m3 and less expensive silicate or white (volumetric weight - 1800-2000 kg / m3). For the convenience of work, the weight of one (solid) brick is from 3.2 to 4 kg. The thickness of homogeneous (solid) brick walls is always a multiple of half a brick and erected by 1/2; 1; l / 2; 2; 2/2 bricks, etc. Taking into account the thickness of the vertical joints of 10 mm, brick walls have a thickness of 120, 250, 380, 510, 640 mm and more.
Brick in terms of its heat-shielding qualities is inferior to many materials, for example, at a design temperature of the outside air of 30 ° C (central part of Russia), the outer walls of solid brick of solid masonry should have a thickness of 640 mm (2/2 of a brick), which is 2.5— 3 times more wooden.
The domestic industry produces mainly six types of bricks.
Ordinary solid brick, usually red, has frost resistance, porosity from 6-8% to 20%.
The porosity of the brick determines the strength of its adhesion to the masonry mortar, the thermal conductivity of the walls and the absorption of moisture when the weather changes.
Usually, ordinary brick has an unattractive rough surface, as a result of which the internal and external walls erected from it must subsequently be plastered.
Hollow brick - for the construction of external walls with increased thermal insulation capacity. Colour: pale red, dark red, brown, yellow.
Hollow bricks are used to reduce wall thickness. The presence of voids in the brick reduces the need for raw materials, transportation costs, facilitates firing, and increases frost resistance. In order to reduce the consumption of bricks, reduce the mass of the walls and the load on the foundation, external walls can sometimes be completely laid out from hollow bricks.
Hollow brick made with through and non-through round, slot-like, oval or square voids. Due to the fact that the diameter of the through voids does not exceed 16 mm, and the width of the gap is 12 mm, during the masonry process the solution fills the voids slightly, and the masonry has a reduced thermal conductivity. The brick can be plastic or semi-dry pressing: during plastic pressing, the brick is made with through voids, and with semi-dry - with blind ones (it is also called five-walled and laid with the voids down).
Facing bricks - for almost all types of outdoor work. The color, depending on the raw material, ranges from light yellow to dark red. Withstands exposure to water and frost.
Some types of facing bricks used for exterior decoration stoves, fireplaces, on the outer surface have beautiful ornaments printed, giving them an additional decorative effect.
With the use of facing bricks, the cost of the walls increases, but the difference is approximately equal to the cost of plastering the facade.
Facing bricks of light colors, yellow and cream, from light-burning clays are beautiful, the color of already fired bricks is largely influenced by the content of various compounds in the clay, and above all iron oxide.
A peculiar aesthetic effect is achieved when using a profile facing brick. In the old days, profile bricks were obtained by cutting ordinary bricks or in special shapes.
Figured bricks - mainly for exterior decoration. Color - red-brown, has high frost and moisture resistance.
Figured bricks are usually used for exterior decoration of the house.
Foreign firms offer a wide selection of shaped bricks various shapes and colors.
Glazed bricks - for cladding internal and external walls. Color - a different range of colors.
Glazed bricks are cladding bricks and are mainly intended for original cladding. Glazed bricks are obtained by adding various chemical solutions to the clay mass, which form a colored vitreous layer during the firing process. Moreover decorative layer has good adhesion to the bulk and has increased frost resistance.
In terms of its main properties, glazed brick is similar to clinker ceramics, however, compared to other types of facing bricks, it is the most fragile, which greatly limits the scope of its application. It is interesting to use it for various kinds of panels and mosaic paintings both on the facades of houses and indoors.
Ceramic clinker modular bricks are used for cladding external walls. Color: white, gray, light black, red, has low moisture absorption, heat-resistant, frost-resistant.
Features of ceramic clinker brick are in its frost resistance (withstands at least 50 heating-cooling cycles), heat resistance, low moisture absorption (0.2%). This is achieved as a choice raw materialsand a special firing technology (at a temperature of 1800 °).
The brick has smooth end walls, like ceramic tiles, and non-standard size - larger than that of an ordinary facing brick (in this regard, it is called "modular"). Therefore, due to the smaller number of required bricks in the erected wall, the laying time can be reduced.
To reduce the consumption of bricks, reduce the mass of the walls and the load on the foundation, the outer walls are laid out of hollow bricks or solid bricks, but with the formation of voids, wells, using heaters, warm solutions, etc.
The most irrational is solid brickwork, the more economical is the bricklaying with the formation of closed air layers 5-7 cm wide. At the same time, brick consumption is reduced by 15-20%, but external plaster is necessary. Air spaces are filled with mineral felt, foam. It is also effective to use warm masonry mortars based on aggregates of slag, expanded clay, tuff, etc.
The most common economical construction of external brick walls of well masonry, in which the wall is actually laid out from two independent walls half a brick thick, connected by vertical and horizontal brick bridges to form closed wells. Wells along the masonry are filled with slag, expanded clay or lightweight concrete. This solution well protects the insulation from external influences, although it somewhat weakens the structural strength of the wall.
With solid masonry, it is economical to construct brick walls with external or internal insulation. In this case, the thickness brick wall can be minimal, based only on the strength requirements, that is, to be equal to 25 cm in all climatic regions, and thermal protection is provided by the thickness and quality of the insulation. When the insulating layer is located from the inside, it is protected from water vapor by a vapor barrier, when located outside, it is protected by a screen or plaster from the weather.
Brick walls have a high thermal inertia: they warm up slowly and also cool down slowly. Moreover, this inertia is the greater, the thicker the wall and the greater its mass. In brick houses, the temperature inside the premises has slight daily fluctuations, and this is the advantage of brick walls. At the same time, in houses of periodic residence (dachas, garden houses), such a feature of brick walls in the cold season is not always desirable. A large mass of cooled walls requires significant fuel consumption each time for its warming up, and sudden temperature changes inside the premises lead to moisture condensation on the inner surfaces of brick walls. In such houses, it is better to sheathe the walls from the inside with boards.
Internal load-bearing walls are usually laid out of solid (clay or silicate) bricks. Minimum internal thickness load-bearing walls - 25 cm, cross-section of pillars - not less than 38x38 cm, piers - not less than 25x51 cm. Under heavy loads, load-bearing pillars and piers are reinforced with a metal mesh made of wire with a diameter of 3-6 mm every three to five rows in height.
Partitions are laid out with a thickness of 12 cm (in half a brick) and 6.5 cm (brick "on the edge"). With the length of the partitions, laid out "on the edge", more than 1.5 m, they are also reinforced with wire through two or three rows in height.
Facades are best faced with facing ceramic bricks. It is of the highest quality in appearance, texture and size tolerances.
Brick walls are usually laid out on cement-sand, cement-lime or cement-clay mortars. Cement-sand mortar with any brand of cement turns out to be too strong and tough, so it is better if you add lime or clay dough to it. The mortar from such an additive will become plastic and easy to fit, and the cement consumption will decrease by 1.5-2 times.
Lime dough, used as an additive to cement-sand mortar, is prepared from slaked lime. If there is quicklime in the form of separate pieces (boiling water) or powder (fluff), it must be extinguished with water in a wooden pit lined with boards and kept in this state for at least two weeks. The longer the exposure time, the better. The homogeneity of the composition and the strength of the lime dough increase with prolonged exposure.
It is also advisable to prepare clay dough for masonry mortars in advance. Pieces of clay are soaked in water and kept in this form until they are completely spread for three to five days. Then add water, Stir, filter, after settling, drain excess water and use it.
The shelf life of clay dough is unlimited.
The strength of the wall is ensured by bandaging the seams. There are two suture dressing systems - single-row chain and multi-row, multi-row mixed dressing is also possible.
With single-row knitting, the butt rows also alternate.
More common are two-, three-, six-row masonry dressing systems.
Strength brickwork, made with ligation of vertical seams in each row or after three to six rows, is practically the same. It increases significantly if, regardless of the masonry system, in horizontal seams, three to five rows are laid reinforcement mesh with cells 6-12 cm wide made of wire 3-6 mm in diameter.
Quite widely used in the individual construction of masonry with three-row diaphragms and of course mixed masonry.
The cladding of facades, as already mentioned, is made with ceramic bricks (stone), but this can be successfully done with thicker brick with voids and, finally, with concrete stone.
Lightweight masonry with horizontal diaphragms is of undoubted interest.
Such masonry consists of two parallel walls 1/2 brick thick, connected every five rows of masonry by horizontal butting rows. The latter are sometimes replaced with 6 mm thick reinforcement rods, which are laid every 50 cm of the wall length. The ends of the bars are bent at a right angle. The total length of the rods should be such that they are in the masonry at a depth of 8-10 cm.
When erecting such walls, two walls are first laid out to a height of five rows. Then the space between them is covered with dry aggregates or filled with “warm” concrete (adobe) in 15 cm thick layers and everything is carefully compacted. The last layer is leveled at the level of the masonry.
If the diaphragms are brick, then whole bricks are placed on the mortar from the bottom and top sides, ensuring their strong bond. In order to protect the used rods from rusting, in the backfill against the places where they are laid, grooves with a depth and width of 3-4 cm are selected with a trowel. The same furrow width and 5-6 cm in length are chosen near the walls. Both those and others are filled with mortar (preferably cement, composition 1: 4 or 1: 5) to such a height that the reinforcement being laid is recessed in it either half of its thickness, or completely. After removing the first row, the rods are covered from above with a layer of mortar of the same thickness. Then five more rows are laid, the aggregate is poured or mortar is poured, rods are laid, etc. In the course of the masonry, every two rows, the voids are filled with "warm" "concrete on light aggregates. Released bricks are also firmly bound with concrete. by 25-30% and reduces the need for brick.Lightweight masonry is permissible when building houses no higher than two floors.
For a three- or four-storey mansion, brick-concrete anchoring is recommended.
It consists of two parallel brick walls, in the space between which lightweight concrete is laid. Jagged bricks protrude into the concrete masonry and are a kind of anchors that connect concrete and brick into a single structure. Deaf parts of the walls can be connected after 2-3 m with solid vertical diaphragms 1/2 brick thick.
The list of types of masonry should be supplemented with the most durable - English - dressing, in which spoon and butt rows alternate through a row. That is, the bricks of two rows adjacent in height lie crosswise in relation to each other.
With the Flemish dressing, spoon and butt bricks alternate in one row.
A brick house needs insulation, both external and internal. Internal insulation cannot be installed until the external walls are protected from the cold, otherwise indoor space condensation will accumulate on the walls, mold will appear. If you did external thermal insulation it is usually done with the help of professionals, then you can do the internal insulation of brick walls with your own hands.
Insulation of internal brick walls
You need to start work by treating the walls with an antiseptic. It is necessary to destroy fungus and mold, if they are not there, then impregnation is done to prevent the appearance. Next, let the wall dry out, then a heater is attached to it. Internal insulation of brick walls is best done with polyurethane foam. In this case, it is not necessary to install a vapor barrier on the walls, this material will not let moisture into the room. Some insulate interior walls. brick house using mineral wool. Create metal carcassthis creates a space between the wall and the metal structure. Mineral wool is placed in this space, and then it is covered with plasterboard or plywood, as you like. But be aware for the future that this method is too bad in the sense that the cotton material is breathable and absorbs moisture. Therefore, the insulation of the internal walls of a brick house will be wasted by him. Over time, and a fairly short period of time will pass, the cotton wool will simply begin to let the cool pass through itself, as it gets wet and deformed. It will get wet from condensation, which in small quantities can still form on the inner walls, if you did not perform the outdoor work according to the rules.
Interior decoration brick wall
In general, if the house is insulated from the outside, then it does not need an internal insulation. Since the thickness of the internal brick walls is 25 cm. If the house has been insulated, then inside you can limit yourself only to a properly applied plaster solution. This material is also considered insulation.
Interior decoration of the walls of a brick house using a plaster composition is done in 4 stages.
- First step. Attach the thin mesh to the wall
- Second phase. Apply a spray solution to the wall, it is a liquid plaster consistency
- The third stage is covering a thicker composition from a solution
- Fourth stage. Soil is a solution with a composition thicker than sour cream
Thus, the thickness of the internal brick walls becomes larger, respectively, the room is warmer. If you have applied a heat insulator to the wall, then you also need to cover it with something, that is, in fact, finish the walls with some other material. The most optimal solution, this is to attach a mesh to the insulation and plaster it. But the interior decoration of the walls of a brick house, thus, will subsequently complicate the installation of a heat insulator. Many disassemble the created structure in order to carry out work to prevent the appearance of a fungus, that is, they apply an antiseptic to the walls and then again mount the insulation. In principle, this is correct, you need to take care of your home.
Brick is a strong and durable material. A wall with a thickness of 25 cm (in one brick) is capable of carrying any evenly distributed load that occurs in one, two-story houses from upstream structures, including reinforced concrete floors. The service life of brick walls with reliable foundations and properly executed masonry is practically unlimited.
At the same time, bricks, especially solid ones, possessing high strength, are inferior in their heat-shielding qualities to many other wall materials. For example, at an estimated outside air temperature of -30 ° C (most areas of the central part of the RSFSR), the outer walls of solid brickwork from solid bricks should have a thickness of 64 cm (2.5 bricks). At the same time, the thickness of wooden block walls can be only 16-18 cm.
In order to reduce the consumption of bricks, reduce the mass of walls and the load on the foundations, external walls should be laid out either from hollow or solid bricks, masonry should be carried out with the formation of voids, wells, widened joints, as well as effective insulation, warm masonry and plaster solutions should be used ... The use of solid brickwork from solid bricks with a thickness of more than 38 cm (1.5 bricks) is not economically feasible.
Table 8 shows examples of constructive solutions for external brick walls, from which it can be seen that the most uneconomical is a wall of solid brickwork made of solid bricks. With such a solution, for example, for a one-story 3-room house (39) with external walls 64 cm thick (for an estimated outside air temperature of -30 ° C), only about 25 thousand bricks with a total mass of 80-100 t will be required for the external walls. taking into account the brick required for the middle wall and partitions, such a house turns in fact into a brick warehouse with massive and bulky foundations.
Continuous masonry in cold mortar with internal plaster and external insulation mineral wool slabs 5 cm thick and covered with boards The same with 10 cm thick boards
Continuous masonry on a cold mortar with internal plaster The same, on a warm solution of water vapor with a vapor barrier, when located outside, protected from weathering with a screen or plaster.
When using hollow (multi-hole) bricks, all of the above options for arranging external walls are possible, including solid masonry without insulation, in which the wall thickness will be about 0.5 bricks less than with solid brick masonry.
Brick walls have a high thermal inertia: they warm up slowly and also slowly cool down, the more inertia, the thicker the wall, the greater its mass, the greater the inertia. In brick houses, the temperature inside the premises has slight daily fluctuations, and this is the advantage of brick walls. At the same time, in houses of periodic residence (dachas, garden houses) this property of brick steps is not always desirable, especially in the cold season. A large mass of cooled walls requires significant fuel consumption each time to warm up, and sudden temperature changes inside the premises lead to condensation of moisture on the inner surfaces of the brick walls. In such houses, it is better to sheathe the walls from the inside with boards.
Practically all types of bricks produced by our industry are suitable for laying the walls of low-rise buildings (Table 9). Red (clay) ordinary and hollow plastic pressing bricks are used without restriction. The same semi-dry pressed brick and silicate brick cannot be used without additional protection in the outer walls bathrooms, showers and laundry rooms.
Internal load-bearing walls are usually laid out of solid (clay or silicate) bricks of any brand produced by the industry. The minimum thickness of the internal load-bearing walls is 25 cm, the cross-section of the pillars is at least 38X38, the piers are at least 25X61 cm.With heavy loads, the load-bearing pillars and piers are reinforced with a metal mesh of wire with a diameter of 3-6 mm every 3-5 rows of masonry in height Partitions are laid out with a thickness of 12 cm (half-brick) and 6.5 cm (brick "on the edge"). With the length of the partitions, laid out "on the edge", more than 1.5 m, they are also reinforced with wire through 2-3 rows of masonry in height.
It is best to use facing ceramic bricks for facing facades. In appearance, texture and tolerances in size it is of the highest quality.
Brick walls are laid on cement-sand, cement-lime or cement-clay mortar. Cement-sand mortar with almost any brand of cement turns out to be too strong and tough, therefore it is better if lime or clay dough is added to its composition. The mortar from such an additive will become more plastic and easy to lay, and the cement consumption will decrease by 1.5-2 times. The brand of mortar for load-bearing walls and pillars, as well as for plastering facades - 25, for load-bearing walls and partitions - 10 (Table 10) ...
Lime dough used as an additive to a cement-sand mortar is prepared from slaked lime. If there is quicklime in the form of separate lumps (boiling water) or powder (fluff), it must be quenched with water in a wooden pit lined with boards and kept in this state for at least two weeks. The longer the aging period, the better, as the uniformity of the composition and the strength of the lime dough increase.
Clay dough "used for masonry work, it is also advisable to prepare in advance, for this pieces of clay are soaked in water and kept until completely soaked (3 days). Then add water, mix and filter the mixture, after settling, drain the excess water and use the dough in business. The shelf life of clay dough is unlimited.
A mortar for brickwork is prepared immediately before starting work and used for 1.5-2 hours.
The thickness of the vertical seams is taken on average equal to 10 mm. When using a mortar with plasticizing additives (lime or clay), horizontal joints are also laid out with a thickness of 10 mm, without additives - 12 mm. The maximum thickness of the seams is 15, the minimum is 8 mm.
The laying of the outer walls begins from the corners of the building, on each of which beacons are made with a height of 6-8 rows of bricks in the form of inclined strips. Then between them, with an indent from the vertical plane of the wall by 3-4 mm, at the level of the top of the laid bricks, a mooring cord is pulled. Always start laying bricks from the outside. For strength, the rows of brickwork are carried out with ligation of vertical longitudinal and transverse seams, using not only the whole brick, but also its parts: V4, Yr and 3/4. If a brick wall is plastered on both sides, one should strive to bandage the seams in each row. When laying walls with facing of external seams, the bandaging of facing bricks obeys the accepted pattern of brickwork, however, in this case, it is also necessary that the facing row be tied with brick to the wall at least after 5 rows.
60 shows the solid masonry of the outer walls 25, 38 and 51 cm thick with a system of full bandaging of vertical seams both in each row and after 3 or 5 rows. When alternating only the first and second rows, a single-row dressing of the seams is obtained, but if, after the second row, you lay the third, again the second, then the first, etc. (shown in axonometry), you will get a three-row dressing. With a double alternation of the second and third rows, the full dressing of the vertical seams will occur after five rows.
The strength of brickwork, made with ligation of vertical seams in each row or after 3-5 rows, is practically the same. It increases significantly if, regardless of the masonry system, in the horizontal seams, after 3-5 rows, lay a reinforcing mesh with cells 6-12 cm wide from wire 3-b mm in diameter.
Non-bearing lintels over window and door openings with their length of up to 1.5 m can be ordinary, that is, made in place, along the masonry, by installing a reinforced belt made of high-strength cement-sand mortar with a layer thickness of 3-5 cm, laid along wooden formwork. An ordinary lintel can be reinforced by laying additional reinforcement in the lower 2-3 rows of masonry made of wire with a diameter of 4-b mm with the establishment of its bent ends into the masonry by 1-1.5 bricks in each direction from the opening.
Bar prefabricated reinforced concrete lintels with a thickness (height) of 7-14 cm can overlap spans with a length of up to 1.8-2.3 m, respectively. If floor beams rest on such a lintel, then its height on the inner side of the wall should be 22-29 cm.
To fasten the boxes of joinery along the masonry, antiseptic wooden (covered with bitumen and wrapped with roofing material) corks are installed, multiples of the size of the brick: in the window openings, two, in the doorways, three on each side of the opening.
Walls with an air gap (61) are suitable when using both solid and effective bricks. With this type of masonry, the front (spoon) rows are tied to the main wall through 4-6 rows with bonded rows of bricks or metal ties. From the outside, such walls, in order to avoid blowing, are usually plastered or laid out with jointing under strict quality control of the work. Metal ties (anchors made of wire with a diameter of 4-b mm) protect against corrosion with bitumen, cement mortar or epoxy resin. The thermal efficiency of such walls is significantly increased if the air gap is filled with a warm solution, mineral wool or foam. Styrofoam is especially effective. When using it, the total thickness outer wall can be reduced to 29 cm (12-J-5-I-12), and such a wall in terms of heat-shielding qualities is equivalent to a solid brickwork of solid brick with a thickness of 64 cm.
Brick walls with internal or external insulation (62) simplify the masonry process and allow you to carry out work on their insulation in the second place. When insulating walls from the inside, you can use fiberboard, wood concrete, sawdust concrete, soft fiber boards, as well as thermal insulation blocks made of lightweight concrete. Slabs from organic materials installed on lighthouses on the relative inorganic heaters are attached to the wall directly on a solution or inorganic adhesives. For outdoor insulation, it is best to use mineral wool or foam.
Well masonry is used in cases where there is a sufficient amount of relatively light and low heat-conducting material to fill the inner space of the walls; slag, expanded clay, crushed stone or sand of light rocks, sawdust, etc. Mineral materials (not amenable to biological degradation) can be used in the form of dry backfill, organic materials - necessarily in the form of lightweight concrete based on inorganic binders of cement, lime, gypsum or clay.
The wall of the well masonry (63) consists of two longitudinal walls with a thickness of half a brick, located one from another at a distance of 14-27 cm and interconnected through 65-120 cm by vertical transverse walls. The wells between the longitudinal and transverse walls are filled with insulation layers 10-15 cm thick with layer-by-layer compaction. To prevent shrinkage of insulation through 30 ^ -60 cm in height, horizontal diaphragms are arranged from reinforced cement-sand mortar or bonded rows of bricks.
