What is a low energy home? In the future, DNE is a structure that consumes very little heat energy (from 70 to 30 kW ∙ h / m 2). In addition, DNE is also characterized by low consumption of hot water.
Thermal performance of a low-energy house:
average KTP: 0.3 W / m 2 С; Heat transfer coefficient (KTP) - a unit that denotes the passage of a heat flux with a power of 1 W through an element of a building structure with an area of \u200b\u200b1 m 2 with a difference between internal and external temperatures of 1 ° C
air exchange rate: 0.3 times per hour;
annual heat consumption: 42 kWh per 1 m 2 of living space.
Energy passive eco house - this dwelling practically does not use non-renewable energy sources, does not harm nature and human health. Such a house does not depend on external energy sources. Emergency heating (in case of prolonged frosts), hot water supply system, power supply of the passive house are carried out using the energy of natural sources. In addition, the maximum use of heat from household appliances, drains, natural warmth of the inhabitants of the house. They even take into account the orientation to the cardinal points and the wind rose. Many solutions have been invented for this - from a green roof, where a layer of plants helps the building retain heat in winter and cool in summer, to solar collectors on the roof and facade of the building.
The first "passive" house was the building of the Training Center for Environmental Studies (Ohio, USA). Moreover, the project is constantly being improved.
Another "zero energy" home in chicago built by an American company. The orientation of the rooms and windows in relation to the sun has been carefully thought out, taking into account the change in its height above the horizon at different times of the year.
A similar principle - the greatest energy savings from the sun - is used in the new residential complex "Solntsegrad". It is currently being commissioned in the east Moscow, two kilometers from the capital. This is a unique arrangement of houses, the lines of which are at an angle of 15 degrees to each other and are constantly illuminated by the sun. The windows are oriented to make the most of natural light.
A good example illustrating all the possibilities of high-quality thermal insulation is the built in Denmark Research Center.
In particular, in the center, three-layer windows with low thermal conductivity are used and natural ventilation is organized, which is optimized using a computer system. These solutions have resulted in one of the most energy efficient buildings in the world.
In the USA, Sweden, Germany, Japan, and other countries, comfortable houses have been built for a long time, even without sewer networks. For example, in Stockholm, a comfortable house with a swimming pool and a huge winter garden has been successfully operated for more than 20 years, which does not have heat and power supply or running water. The US Department of Health has long authorized the use of on-site biological waste disposal systems. The area of \u200b\u200bbiological treatment plants is approximately 200 m2, and they look like an ordinary orchard or vegetable garden. The estimated operating time of such systems is about 100 years. Slide 23 The design of the Ecohouse, developed in the center of the Belarusian branch of the International Academy of Ecology. It has a pitched roof facing south. The roof is covered with a solar collector. The sewerage system is autonomous. The first and so far the only energy efficient large-panel building in Belarus was built in 2007 in the Krasny Bor-1 microdistrict of Minsk. But eh. the house is one of a kind not only in Minsk, but also in Europe. True, in Germany there are passive houses, where savings are achieved through powerful insulation of facades. Only these are houses that are not that high and not multi-apartment. The house is distinguished by the increased thermal insulation of the walls. Energy-saving windows have been installed here, a special ventilation system has been introduced. At the same time, the house looks like a house. The specific consumption of fuel and energy resources for heating a conventional panel panel is about 90 kWh per 1 square meter per year. Eco. the house requires three times less energy. We compared how much energy is spent on heating one square meter in e. house and in an ordinary panel house. It turned out that the difference depending on the month is from 23 to 47%! -
One of the problems in the construction of eco-friendly buildings is the high cost, each meter of the house costs 6-8 dollars more than the usual panel. By the way, a meter of housing in an energy efficient house at the time of its commissioning cost $ 1,700 (due to the fact that the project is experimental, the meter turned out to be $ 200 cheaper than the average in Minsk), but with the subsequent construction of houses using new technologies, a square meter may rise in price for $ 50-100. But to bring all the built houses to such indicators, you need at least $ 10 billion!
However, we still plan to introduce energy-saving technologies. For example, from July 2010 all new houses will be designed, and from 2011 - and built according to new standards. And by 2015, more than 60% of the housing in Belarus will be energy efficient. An energy efficient 32-apartment residential building is being built in the village of Kopischi (Minsk region). The first energy-saving house in Grodno on Dzerzhinsky Street will be commissioned very soon.In the ten-story building, the windows are equipped with insulation with reflective film. This allows you to reduce heat consumption by three times. In the future, they plan to build houses with solar panels on the roof. The simplest solar collector, developed at the Belarusian branch of the International Academy of Ecology, intended for installation on slate roofs, has a production cost of only $ 10 / m2.
Heating system. Each apartment in this house has its own riser, from which comes the heating system in the form of a loop that runs throughout the apartment. Residents say that thanks to this, their apartments have warm floors. Sometimes there is enough heating from the floor to keep the whole apartment warm. Gas-combi-therm is a gas water heater that heats water in the heating system, which maintains the set temperature in each room separately.
Slide24 There is a meter and a heat regulator at the entrance.and ... Each battery also has its own regulator. The air temperature can be set automatically. - This is very important during the off-season, when the central heating is not on yet, and it is already cold outside. Thermostat is installed on the pipe in front of the radiator (battery) in each room. It is enough to adjust it to the desired air temperature, and the device will automatically maintain it. In addition, you can set the desired temperature level in different rooms of the apartment. For example, in the bedroom - 20 ° C, for a comfortable one; in the kitchen - 18 ° С, because there the stove often acts as an additional air heater.
Windows and heat-shielding glass. Heat-insulating windows have a special layer that reduces heat loss. This effect increases in the presence of a small gap between the first and second layers; in this case, the heat consumption is almost halved. Heat-shielded windows are 15-20% more expensive than ordinary windows, but these costs are compensated by savings on heating. By the way, the windows open here like double-glazed windows, but the frames are made of wood and have three-layer boxes.
Slide 25 Exterior walls... In e. house, the value of KTP is brought from the maximum - 0.3 W / S ∙ m 2 to the best indicator - 0.2 W / S ∙ m 2. This corresponds to an increase in the average thickness of the insulating layer up to 15-20 cm.
Slide26 Ventilation duct deviceDoctors say that the air on the first three floors of ordinary apartments does not meet hygienic requirements, even if we are actively ventilating the apartment In houses with poor ventilation, moisture and mold appear. Ventilation consists of just a small roof fan, an air duct, and a few vents. The regulation of the amount of ventilated air using humidity sensors is done in such a way that the air is renewed regularly, but not more than is required. The air enters from the outside, comes through a heat exchanger, through which the extract air also flows. The extract air gives off heat to the supply air and the heated air is fed back to each room.
Slide27 Warm hat for the roof.Roofs can have a CBT of no more than 0.20 W / S ∙ m 2. Where it is technically possible, it is necessary to strive for a CBT value of 0.15 W / C ∙ m 2, which corresponds to a layer thickness of about 30 cm.
Slide 28 Basements
Usually, most of the insulation is attached from below on the back of the reinforced concrete slab. If the basement ceiling is above the surface of the earth, then additional measures are needed.
Slide29 Among heat insulators-fillers there are certain differences, for example, the widely used foam is not completely safe. Preference should be given to natural, environmentally friendly materials (pressed straw or light clay-straw mixtures).
Natural insulating materials from native resources are a good alternative to conventional insulating materials. Suitable for this are flax, wood fibers, sheep wool, grain granulates, cellulose from waste paper and others. Insulation materials for building houses should not only protect from cold in winter, but also from heat in summer. If humidity rises, these insulators can absorb moisture up to 20% of their own weight, without losing their qualities. Sheep wool can absorb even more, and moreover, it prevents the penetration of harmful substances. Thanks to this ability, natural insulators prevent mold growth. Slide 30 They say that external insulation should be preferred to internal. If this is unavoidable, such as a cultural monument, where the facade of a building cannot be changed, internal isolation is possible.
The insulators have good soundproofing properties. The energy consumption for the production of linen or cellulose boards is approximately 10 times less than for the production of mineral wool insulators. Natural insulators are recycled and composted. It is very valuable that natural insulators do not emit any harmful substances.
Slide31.32 Resident of a Belarusian villageBeloruchi in the Minsk region, Yevgeny Shirokov, Ph.D. in technical sciences and a former employee of a closed research institute, built a unique house for himself with zero energy consumption. The house is built from environmentally friendly materials, has a round shape and is equipped with a biological waste disposal system.Straw, parquet boards and clay were used as building materials: the walls of the house are 95% straw and 5% clay. Durable construction keeps you warm and moisture-tightECODOM - this is how Evgeniy calls his dwelling "- round. According to the owner, such a structure does not give off heat, and the wind flows around it. Drafts in the house have nothing to do, for them there is a windmill on the roof. Here for the sun there is a flat battery connected to into one power system. A 400-watt wind turbine was donated by a Danish environmental company, and a 350-watt solar collector was already produced by a Belarusian company. Electricity, received absolutely free, is enough for Shirokov for lighting, a TV, a computer, and there is still a reserve: if there is no wind or sun for two weeks, the light in the windows of the house (and only energy-saving bulbs are used here) will not go out. The "natural power plant" is not able to pull out only a washing machine - for it Eugene is going to install a generator that runs on biofuel. The issue with water is also resolved - it is pumped by a pump from a well. In summer, it heats up in a storage device in the sun, and in cold weather - from a cleverly designed stove. A hot shower is always available. In general, the bathroom in the eco-house is equipped according to all the rules of urban comfort. What goes into the trash can will be processed here into valuable organic fertilizer for the personal plot. There is even a sauna. During construction, Shirokov saved not only on bricks. Glass bottles were laid in the foundation - for the fortress. He claims that due to this, cement was needed 150 times less. The walls are thick - 60 cm. The frame is made of beams, and between them - pressed straw, metal mesh and plaster on top. Straw keeps heat (7 times) better than brick and (4 times) wood. This material is no less durable than wood. Besides, it's cheap. It took 5 tons of solo us to build a one-story house, 2 thousand rubles were paid for each. House with an area of \u200b\u200b72 sq. meter cost the inventor 20 thousand dollarsand folded it in three months.
No one has ever co-researched: the impact of building materials! When I worked in space, we were not allowed to use PVC at all. Then accustom me to one important rule: if you bring some material into the house, you should know everything about it - how it behaves in different situations. temperatures - from zero, 500 degrees, as it interacts with other materials.
Slide 33 Straw houses invented and started to build by American settlers. The first buildings date back to 1898. In Belarus, low-rise straw housing began to be erected in 1996. Already built about 50 eco-houses from straw blocks. Two of them were built in Minsk in Trubny lane. Outwardly, they look like the neighboring brick houses, since they are plastered and painted on the outside. Today, about 30 young families are ready to finance the construction of a whole eco-villages Druzhny Pukhovichi district. A two-storey house will cost less than a one-room apartment in Minsk. Wind and solar energy is used for heating water, heating rooms, lighting in the house - wind turbines and solar panels are installed on the roof. The house is insulated with straw slabs. Outside, the house is plastered with clay.
Specifically, the price per square meter is somewhere around $ 300-350. Thatched dwellings for one or two families are usually built in just 2.5-4 months. Despite the fact that Belarus was the first to master the technology of building houses from straw, we still have this innovation as an exclusive one. It turned out that nobody really needs a cheap square meter. But at the suggestion of the Belarusians, they began to build such houses in Germany and Russia. - Back in 2000, Germans came to study our experience. Now in Germany there are already 24 companies erecting eco-houses. In Russia, the first eco-houses were built in Krasnodar, Moscow, Volgograd. An association "Siberian Settlement" has even been created in Novosibirsk, which intends to engage in such construction.
Thatched houses, as they say recently, are bio-positive. The most important rule of “straw” construction is that the blocks must always be dry. Well compressed straw blocks have good fire resistance, and a plastered wall is generally excellent in resisting the effects of fire. After all, everyone knows perfectly well how straw burns. But the paper also burns great, but try setting fire to a thick book. The straw block - provided the straw is well compressed - resembles such a book in many ways. The ground floor floor can be made on straw blocks. As for the floor with built-in water heating, it is not recommended to provide sleeping places above it. The fact is that running water is believed to draw energy out of people. Therefore, underfloor heating is suitable for the kitchen, bathroom, toilet, living room, but not for the bedroom. In a house made of straw blocks, the exterior wall decoration is made of flat asbestos-cement sheets. Here you should pay special attention. If they are made of Russian asbestos, which, unlike Canadian asbestos, is environmentally friendly. By the way, attempts to completely ban asbestos as a material hazardous to human health have led nowhere. In the United States, a ban on the use of asbestos was even overturned by the Supreme Court. So, both flat and corrugated asbestos-cement sheets manufactured by us can be used without any fear.
High-quality pressed straw blocks are made from mature and dry harvested straw. Experts consider rye to be the best straw. Interestingly, mice do not like rye straw. The dimensions of straw blocks (width and length) in most cases are (50-120) cm.
Has been operating in Minsk for seven years straw Russian bath with swimming pool. It is significant that here all the seams between the tiles remain initially white, and do not turn black, which happens in ordinary pools. After all, a wall made of straw blocks “breathes” remarkably, that is, water vapor is effectively removed outside. But in elite, not thatched, with the removal of excess moisture from steam rooms and pools, serious problems often arise.
Slide34.35 Decoration Materials . Shell rock brickIn Brest, the production of facing bricks produced by hyper-pressing - shell rock has been established. This material is especially durable and frost-resistant. The price of products is much lower than imported counterparts.
In Buda-Koshelevsky, Gomel region, the production of metal three-layer sandwich panels»Made of galvanized steel sheets with mineral wool insulation. The enterprise was created on the basis of a former sawmill. The maximum processing line capacity is 450 m 2 panels per shift.
Slide36 The most famous natural roofing material for many years has invariably been ceramic roof tiles... It is resistant to solar radiation, acid rain, has excellent noise and heat insulation, is fireproof and durable for at least 80-100 years. For the production of ceramic tiles, only natural material is used - clay, with a certain composition. The main color of ceramic tiles is brick red. This color is given to the material by the iron oxides contained at clay. In this case, no special dyes are used.
Slate roofing... Slate tiles are distinguished by high mechanical strength and elasticity, have excellent heat and sound insulation properties, do not burn, and are resistant to various atmospheric influences.
Slide 37 "Straw hat" for houses
This species roofing material heat, frost, rain and snow are not terrible. Roofing straw is resistant to moisture - it does not get wet or swell. The probability of fire is low - the straws are tightly pressed against each other, there is no air space between them, which prevents the flame from spreading along the roof. The most suitable plants for obtaining roofing straw are reeds and reeds. The thickness of the straw layer is 30 cm. Weight is 1 sq. m of such a coating is about 40 kg dry and about 50 kg wet.
It is noteworthy that Belarus has sufficient reed reserves. We have thatched roof costs about 50 euros / m². Installation work is estimated at 30 euros for 1 sq. m. Of course, for the average Belarusian peasant, these are exorbitant prices. If such roofs are arranged near the harvesting sites, then the costs will be significantly reduced. Perhaps, given the high durability of a reed roof (at least 70-80 years), it will be cheaper (slate). In addition, roofs can be repaired. There is in Belarus, in Zanarochi, and a workshop for the production of reed heat-insulating plates, 5 cm thick. Their cost per square meter is $ 5.4.
Slide 38Blooming roofs
Roofs of this type (covered with peat or sod) have appeared at Northern Europe several centuries ago. The first layer of "green" roofing cake is a polymer waterproofing material that not only does not allow moisture to pass through, but is also able to resist damage from plant roots. AT Geotextiles are sometimes used as a filtering layer. Packages of peat are placed on it. Typically, the peat layer is about 15 centimeters thick. Next, the roof is sown with a mixture of grass seeds. Another option is to roll a roll of cut sod with vegetation over the peat.
Slide 39If everything is done correctly, the "green roof" can last a very long time: in Iceland, buildings with a "green roof" on wooden structures stand up to 400 years. "Green roof" costs 60-70% of the cost of an expensive roof with thermal insulation, covered with expensive metal tiles. Therefore, the "green roof" is ideal for cottages, but not for office buildings.
Slide40.41 Deepening into the ground ... By "burying" a part of the building into the ground, we reduce heat loss. Loose soil is a kind of "blanket". In winter, its temperature is usually higher than the air temperature. The northern wall almost completely goes into the ground (this is especially convenient if there is, for example, a hill), and only the southern one remains. - The house resembles a hobbit's dwelling.
Slide42The American family decided to settle in a cave. Once upon a time, sandstone was mined here, and then the development was abandoned. The house has three floors, three bedrooms and everything a civilized person needs
Slide 43 In the Pushkin Reserve of the Pskov Region, a program has been developed to create "hobbit holes" - an ecological hotel complex.
Slide 44An interesting solution to the roof of the Azerbaijani semi-dugout is a square log vault. Such a vault is capable of withstanding more severe loads than a conventional rafter-beam system. By the way, Russian carpenters also knew such a vault and used it both in the construction of churches and residential buildings.
Pluses of houses: 1. The first building during construction on a summer cottage, until you live on it permanently.
2. Minimal fire hazard.
3. Build from scrap materials.
4. Not expensive
5. Not the complexity of construction
6. Maximum functionality
7. Warmth in winter, does not require defrosting after a long absence. After lighting the stove, it is already warm in 20 minutes.
And how are they in the West?
Wet windows
Engineer from UKoffers to pump water through the windows, more precisely through the gap in the double glazing. The inventor added a compound to the waterabsorbing infrared (heat) rays. For visible rays, the windows remain transparent, but the room is not heated in the sun. In winter the solution does not allow the heat to escapeout through the windows. Such a building will notneed air conditioning in summer and heating formy.
Heating with salt
Located in Frankfurt am Main (Germania) chemical plant produces drugs, paints. In this case,a large amount of waste heat. Thermal containers containing salt, which melts at 58 degrees and accumulates a lot of heattaken to the city and heated by the admina strategic building with an area of \u200b\u200b17 thousand square meters, which employs about 600 people. AT depending on the weather, 5-6 containers are brought up per day, one is enough for the night. The cooled thermoses are taken back andagain "charged" with heat. 400 thousand liters of liquid are saved per yearwhom fuel.In different countries, pocket heating pads andrefrigerated salt bags charged by cold or heat.
Both warm and dry
Environmentally friendly non-asbestos sheets are already used as a building material. The raw material for them is recycled waste. With the help of sheets inserted into the internal partitions of the walls, it will be possible to deal with high humidity in the premises. In addition, they will find application in the insulation of tasks.
AT USA Made from a mixture of crushed glass and syntheticIn Switzerland a method has been developed for obtaining building boards from recycled municipal solid waste. These boards, in comparison with particle boards, have a higher surface hardness and fire resistance. The polymer makes sewer pipes that have a higher corrosion resistance than concrete. Crushed into powderplastic bottles were used to make concrete for the Elgin Bridge, with plastic replacing 1/3 of the sand.
g.Richmon d (Virginia, USA) a small house was built, the walls of which are made of bricks made from 12 thousand bottles. Doors, window frames, rafters and cornices are made of 200 thousand tin cans, the roof and flooring are made using 8 tons of waste paper, the ground around the house is compost from waste. All these, however, are isolated examples of the use of solid waste.
Recycling of plastic waste intoBelgorod a solid waste plant located on the territory of the city landfill is in charge. Waste polyethylene is mixed with hot sand and dye, melted and then pressed into products. Such a tile is distinguished by high impact strength, resistance to mold and fungi. Its mass is somewhat less than that of ceramic or cement-sand tiles.
IN USA are looking for ways to recycle old rubber tires. Millions of tires have accumulated or burned over the years. Shthey are cut into pieces, frozenand then crushed into millions of pieces grind tires to a black talcum powder, and useas a treadmill sprinkle.
Tokyo the company has developed a technological process that allows fusing glass particles with clay. Now she is conducting and selling blocks of ceramic tiles of a new type. They can line sidewalks and clad buildings.In each block - 70%glass. The plates obtained in this way are environmentally friendly.
Thermal insulation of buildings and structures
Work plan
Introduction
Heat losses in buildings and structures
Thermal insulation of buildings and structures
Energy certification of buildings, monitoring of built-up areas and examination of thermal protection projects
Conclusion
Introduction
Over the past decade, an effective and dynamically developing economy has been created in the Republic of Belarus, focused on the steady growth of well-being and improving the quality of life of citizens, protecting their material, social and cultural interests.
The course for the innovative development of the country is being consistently pursued. During the years of independence, a modern social infrastructure has been formed.
In the republic, left after the collapse of the Soviet Union without sources of energy and raw materials, a lot of work has been done to introduce energy and resource-saving technologies.
As a result, in 1997-2006 the growth of the gross domestic product was ensured practically without an increase in the consumption of fuel and energy resources. This, together with other measures, made it possible to minimize the negative consequences for the economy of the rise in oil and gas prices, and most importantly, to prevent a drop in the living standards of our people.
The energy intensity of our gross domestic product is one and a half to two times higher than in developed countries with similar climatic conditions and economic structure. The consumption of domestic products is also high. Secondary resources and production wastes are not used fully enough.
Thus, the Law of the Republic of Belarus of July 15, 1998 No. 190-3 "On Energy Saving" in accordance with Article 22 entered into force from the date of its publication on August 20, 1998. This Law regulates relations arising in the course of the activities of legal entities and individuals, in the field of energy saving in order to increase the efficiency of the use of fuel and energy resources, and the legal basis for these relations is established.
In order to understand energy saving in industrial and public buildings and structures, it is necessary to understand what is meant by energy saving, efficient and rational use of fuel and energy resources. In accordance with the Law of the Republic of Belarus "On Energy Saving", energy saving is understood as the organizational, scientific, practical, informational activities of state bodies, legal entities and individuals aimed at reducing the consumption (losses) of fuel and energy resources in the process of their extraction, processing, transportation, storage , production, use and disposal. Efficient use of fuel and energy resources - the use of all types of energy in economically justified, progressive ways with the existing level of development of technology and technology and compliance with legislation. Rational use of fuel and energy resources - achieving maximum efficiency in the use of fuel and energy resources at the current level of development of technology and technology and compliance with legislation.
Economical use of heat, electricity, natural gas, water and other resources is the primary task of every Belarusian family, every person.
The object of the research is legal relations concerning the institute of energy saving in industrial and public buildings and structures in their entirety.
The purpose of this work is to consider theoretical and practical issues related to energy conservation in industrial and public buildings and structures. This paper defines the legal nature of energy conservation. This allowed us to solve a number of research problems:
Consider heat losses in buildings and structures;
Consider thermal insulation of buildings and structures.
Completing these tasks will allow you to more fully consider the selected topic, which will help not only master the theoretical material, but also use the acquired knowledge in practice.
The structure of this work consists of an introduction, two parts and a conclusion.
In this work, the following research methods were used: analysis, study, assessment, synthesis, and so on.
1. Heat losses in buildings and structures
A heat network is a system of heat pipelines, which are firmly and tightly connected to each other, through which heat is transported from sources to heat consumers with the help of heat carriers (steam or hot water).
The main elements of heating networks are a pipeline consisting of steel pipes connected by welding, an insulating structure designed to protect the pipeline from external corrosion and heat loss, and a supporting structure that takes up the weight of the pipeline and the forces arising from its operation.
The most critical elements are pipes, which must be sufficiently strong and tight at maximum pressures and temperatures of the coolant, have a low coefficient of thermal deformations, low roughness of the inner surface, high thermal resistance of the walls, which contributes to the preservation of heat, invariability of material properties under prolonged exposure to high temperatures and pressures ...
The supply of heat to consumers (heating, ventilation, hot water supply and technological processes) consists of three interrelated processes: heat transfer to the coolant, transport of the coolant and the use of the thermal potential of the coolant.
The reason for the relatively high energy consumption in buildings and structures in our country compared to foreign countries is that all existing buildings were built in accordance with the building codes and standards available at the time of construction.
Heat supply of industrial premises (workshops) has always been considered an extraordinary task, since they, as a rule, occupy huge areas (from several hundred to several thousand square meters) and a height of up to 14-18 m.The working (inhabited) area of \u200b\u200bindustrial buildings is only 20-30 % of their total volume, which require maintaining comfortable conditions. Heating 70-80% of the air above the work area is a direct loss. Everyone knows that it is impossible to keep warm air below and its temperature from floor to ceiling increases by 1.5 ° C per meter of height. This means that in buildings 12 m high at an average temperature in the working area of \u200b\u200b15 ° C, the air under the roof is heated to 30 ° C. This overheating of the indoor air of buildings leads to a sharp increase in heat losses through external fences, roofs, walls, skylights and lanterns.
To this should be added the high energy consumption for moving significant air masses with the help of fans, since the main method of heating industrial premises is air. Heating even an average production room with a water or steam system is very problematic and in most cases impossible. This requires tens of kilometers of pipelines that block passages and create other inconveniences.
Together with the heated air removed from the upper zone of industrial buildings, a large amount of heat is emitted using roof exhaust fans. For its disposal, it is advisable to use roof air handling units with heat recovery units.
Significant heat losses in industrial buildings and structures, depending on the accepted operating mode of enterprises during the day and days of the month. As a rule, most of them work in two shifts, which means that the amount of working time during the heating season is about 5,000 hours, of which no more than 2,300 hours are actually workers, or 44% of the calendar time. For the remaining 2,700 hours, businesses are forced to heat buildings where no one works.
Switching the heating system to standby mode is difficult, ineffective and unsafe due to possible sudden temperature changes that pose a threat to defrosting the system due to possible high daily temperature fluctuations.
One of the possible ways to solve the problem of reducing heat for heating large industrial buildings can be the decentralization of the heat supply system for them in terms of coolant, water and steam due to the introduction of gas radiant heating systems (SGLO) and gas air heaters. Radiant heating is the transfer of heat from warmer surfaces to less heated ones by means of infrared radiation. The main distinguishing feature of this system is the heating of the room using a flow of radiant energy of the infrared spectrum. The flow of radiant energy directed to radiant heaters located directly above the heated area, without heating the surrounding air, heats the floor surface, installed equipment in the serviced area and people .. This is a fundamental difference between the GLO system and radiation heating systems that allows achieving the most complete comfort for workers.
The transfer of heating of buildings according to the specified system requires the implementation of certain organizational and technical solutions. However, the work carried out on the introduction of SGLO at the 140th repair plant in Borisov, at the Minsk plant "Udarnik" and other enterprises in Belarus show their high efficiency. It should be added that SGLO installations have been operated abroad for more than 50 years.
To reduce the cost of heat for heating the air entering through the openings in the walls of public buildings, as well as for multi-storey residential buildings, air-thermal curtains are used. In many cases, a vestibule device is advisable.
2. Thermal insulation of buildings and structures
In construction and heat power engineering, thermal insulation is necessary to reduce heat losses to the environment, in refrigeration and cryogenic technology - to protect equipment from the influx of heat from outside. Thermal insulation is provided by the device of special fences made of heat-insulating materials (in the form of shells, coatings, etc.) and hindering heat transfer; these thermal protectors themselves are also called thermal insulation. With the predominant convective heat exchange, fences containing layers of material impermeable to air are used for thermal insulation; with radiant heat exchange - structures made of materials that reflect thermal radiation (for example, from foil, metallized lavsan film); with thermal conductivity (the main mechanism of heat transfer) - materials with a developed porous structure.
The task of thermal insulation of buildings is to reduce heat losses during the cold season and to ensure the relative constancy of the temperature in the premises during the day with fluctuations in the outside air temperature. By using effective thermal insulation materials for thermal insulation, it is possible to significantly reduce the thickness and weight of the enclosing structures and thus reduce the consumption of basic building materials (brick, cement, steel, etc.) and increase the permissible dimensions of prefabricated elements.
In thermal industrial installations (industrial furnaces, boilers, autoclaves, etc.), thermal insulation provides significant fuel savings, increases the power of thermal units and increases their efficiency, intensifies technological processes, and reduces the consumption of basic materials. The economic efficiency of thermal insulation in industry is often estimated by the coefficient of heat saving h \u003d (Q1 - Q2) / Q1 (where Q1 is the heat loss of the installation without thermal insulation, and Q2 - with thermal insulation). Thermal insulation of industrial installations operating at high temperatures also contributes to the creation of normal sanitary and hygienic working conditions for maintenance personnel in hot shops and the prevention of industrial injuries.
In recent years, more and more attention has been paid to the problem of obtaining warm and, accordingly, energy-saving structures in our country. They must, firstly, be strong, rigid and take up loads, that is, be load-bearing structures, and secondly, must protect the interior from rain, heat, cold and other atmospheric influences, i.e. have low thermal conductivity, be water-resistant and frost-resistant.
There is no material in nature that would satisfy these two requirements. For rigid structures, metal, concrete or brick is ideal. For insulation, only an effective insulation is suitable, for example, stone wool. Therefore, in order for the enclosing structure to be strong and warm, a composition or a combination of at least two materials - structural and heat-insulating - is used.
The composite enclosing structure, in turn, can be represented in the form of several systems and structures that are different from each other:
1. Rigid frame with filling of the interframe space with effective insulation.
2. Rigid enclosing structure (for example, a brick or concrete wall), insulated from the side of the interior, or the so-called interior insulation.
3. Two rigid plates and an effective insulation between them, for example, "well" brickwork, reinforced concrete "sandwich" panel, etc.
4. Thin enclosing structure (wall) with insulation from the outside, the so-called external insulation.
Thermal insulation systems used for external thermal insulation are divided into systems:
With thin plaster and cover layers;
With thick plasters (up to 30 mm);
- "dry insulation" (thermal insulation system "on a relative");
Monolithic thermal insulation (insulation with polyurethane foam, “thermoshil-house” coating);
Made of aerated concrete with a bulk density below 400 kg / m3.
The use of one or another system is determined by the design features of the building being modernized and technical and economic calculations based on the reduced costs, since the cost of insulating 1 m2 of the outer wall ranges from 15 to 50 US dollars, excluding the cost of filled window blocks, modernization of ventilation and heating systems. Nevertheless, the potential for energy savings in the operation of the existing housing stock is quite large and amounts to about 50%.
Each of these designs has its own merits and demerits, and its choice depends on many factors of local conditions. But of all the named structures, the fourth type of building insulation from the outside, although it has disadvantages, also has the following advantages:
1. Reliable protection against adverse external influences of daily and seasonal temperature fluctuations, which lead to uneven deformation of the walls, which leads to the formation of cracks, opening of seams, and plaster peeling.
2. The impossibility of the formation of any surface flora on the surface of the wall due to excess moisture, the formation of ice in the thickness of the wall, which occurs due to condensation moisture coming from the interior, and moisture that has penetrated into the array of enclosing structures due to damage surface protective layer.
3. Preventing the cooling of the enclosing structure to the dew point temperature and, consequently, condensation on the inner surfaces.
4. Decrease in noise level in insulated rooms.
5. Lack of dependence of the air temperature in the interior on the orientation of the building, ie. from heating surfaces by the sun and cooling the same surfaces by wind, etc.
To eliminate heat loss in previously constructed buildings, various projects of heat engineering reconstruction and their insulation have been developed and are being implemented. One of such projects is the device of "thermal fur coat", which is a multilayer structure. It consists of the following elements:
a) insulation plates attached to the prepared wall surface with the "sarmalep" adhesive and dowels to strengthen them;
b) a protective coating made of the sarmalep adhesive, reinforced with one or two layers of mesh in combination with protective aluminum profiles with perforated walls;
c) finishing coating from:
From the plaster composition "Sarmalite" of white color without coloring or with subsequent painting with microporous facade paint based on pliolite resin "saframap";
Protective finishing composition "saframap", dyed in the mass;
Microporous facade paint based on saframap pliolite resin directly over the protective coating made from the Sarmalep-M adhesive.
In addition to the "thermal fur coat", the walls of buildings and structures from the outside can be insulated with a frame on the facade of the building, into which insulation plates are inserted and fixed in it, and facing panels (dry plaster) or brickwork made at some distance are hung over the frame. At the same time, inside the structure, between the insulation and the cladding, a gap is maintained through which air circulates freely. This air removes moisture that evaporates from the room through the walls, preventing it from lingering in the insulation. It turns out that the facade, together with the insulation, "breathes", and the wall "breathes". And the insulation is dry all the time, and its heat-insulating ability is constantly maintained at a high level. The advantages of this method of thermal insulation are: firstly, the all-weather technology, the absence of "wet" processes such as applying plaster, adhesives, etc .; secondly, an unlimited choice of cladding options: panels of different sizes, from different materials and with different textures and colors. You can add to the list of advantages the high noise-insulating ability of the ventilation facade, the ease and manufacturability of installation, the speed and ease of transportation to the object of the necessary materials. The ventilated insulated curtain wall system prevents condensation from accumulating on the surface or inside the wall, which increases the service life of the building envelope and reduces heat loss through them.
3. Energy certification of buildings, monitoring of built-up areas and examination of thermal protection projects
Energy consumption in the utilities sector accounts for 38% of the total annual consumption of fuel and energy resources in Belarus. This determines the search and development of legislative measures for more economical energy consumption in this area. To effectively manage the energy saving process, it is necessary to develop and implement an automated system for managing heat consumption in built-up areas of the Republic of Belarus, providing a state energy saving program based on energy certificates of buildings and network computer technologies.
Energy certification of residential and public buildings is an event to establish the actual indicators of energy consumption in residential and public buildings, as well as to create an appropriate data bank. The purpose of energy certification of buildings is to check the actual state of energy and heat consumption in the residential sector, to identify buildings that require priority measures to improve heat-shielding properties, and to find optimal ways to reduce heat consumption.
Continuous energy monitoring aims to:
Real-time control over the amount of supplied energy and its consumption;
Identification of the most significant sources of energy losses;
Information support for planning and carrying out top-priority measures to reduce energy losses and eliminate sources of the highest energy losses;
Control over the correspondence of the amount of supplied heat required to ensure a normal indoor climate and comfortable living conditions for people.
Organized energy expertise of thermal protection projects and capital repairs of buildings will allow:
Uncover energy reserves during the operation of buildings and built-up areas in general;
Effectively plan and timely organize the implementation of energy-saving measures in the built-up areas of the republic;
Carry out constant control over the planned reduction in the level of energy consumption in certain territories;
Combine the thermal protection of buildings with their planned repairs and reconstruction, which will significantly increase the profitability of thermal protection of buildings;
Provide information support in the development of feasibility studies for the creation of energy economic zones.
Conclusion
Energy saving measures financed from sources provided in accordance with the legislation include:
1) measures to ensure the introduction of new technologies, equipment, devices, automation systems, regulation, control of consumption and consumption of energy resources, new circuit solutions at existing facilities, design and research work in these areas, thermal modernization of buildings and thermal physical control of the effectiveness of enclosing structures buildings and structures, preliminary insulation of pipelines, as a result of the implementation of which the economy of fuel and energy resources is achieved per unit of production (work, services) or the reduction of the maximum levels of energy consumption;
2) reconstruction, modernization, new construction of energy facilities, facilities and communications using local fuels (firewood, peat), renewable and secondary energy resources, excess energy potential (excess steam pressure, natural gas), preliminary insulation of pipelines, as a result of the operation of which saving fuel and energy resources per unit of product (work, services), substituting imported fuels or reducing the maximum levels of energy consumption;
3) measures to stimulate energy conservation (information support, development of regulatory and technical documentation, training and retraining of specialists for the field of energy conservation, energy inspection of enterprises, institutions, organizations).
Economic efficiency reflects the results of the implementation of energy-saving measures and is determined by the difference between cash income and expenses from the implementation of measures, and also reflects the change in the value of demand for fuel and energy resources as a result of replacing more expensive types of fuel with less expensive ones.
The calculation of capital investments and annual savings is made in accordance with the methodological recommendations for the preparation of feasibility studies for energy saving measures developed by the Committee on Energy Efficiency under the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus.
In the course of writing the control work, the following tasks were solved: heat losses in buildings and structures were considered; thermal insulation of buildings and structures is considered.
List of sources used
List of regulatory sources
Law of the Republic of Belarus of 15.07.1998 (as amended on 08.07.2008) "On energy saving" // Consultant Plus: Belarus. Technology 3000 [Electronic resource] / LLC "YurSpektr", Nat. center of legal inform. Republic of Belarus. - Minsk, 2009.
Directive of the President of the Republic of Belarus June 14, 2007 No. 3 "Economy and thrift are the main factors of economic security of the state" // Consultant Plus: Belarus. Technology 3000 [Electronic resource] / LLC "YurSpektr", Nat. center of legal inform. Republic of Belarus. - Minsk, 2009.
Decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus on August 25, 2005 N 399 "On approval of the Concept of energy security and increasing energy independence of the Republic of Belarus and the State comprehensive program for the modernization of basic production assets of the Belarusian energy system, energy conservation and increasing the share of the use of its own fuel and energy resources in the republic in 2006 - 2010 "// Consultant Plus: Belarus. Technology 3000 [Electronic resource] / LLC "YurSpektr", Nat. center of legal inform. Republic of Belarus. - Minsk, 2009.
Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Belarus dated July 31, 2007. "On measures to implement the Directive of the President of the Republic of Belarus No. 3 of June 14, 2007" Economy and thrift are the main factors of economic security of the state "// Consultant Plus: Belarus. Technology 3000 [Electronic resource] / LLC "YurSpektr", Nat. center of legal inform. Republic of Belarus. - Minsk, 2009.
Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Belarus of 10.11.2007. № 269 "On approval of the Regulations on the freelance inspector for supervision of the efficient use of fuel and energy resources in the internal affairs bodies and internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Belarus" // Consultant Plus: Belarus. Technology 3000 [Electronic resource] / LLC "YurSpektr", Nat. center of legal inform. Republic of Belarus. - Minsk, 2009.
List of literary sources
Andrievsky A.A. Energy saving and energy management: textbook. - Minsk: Higher School, 2005.
Heat loss due to infiltration and transmission through fences. Heating system piping. Energy saving measures in residential buildings. Alternative sources of heat and electricity. Technical and economic assessment of energy saving measures.
Maintenance and repair of engineering equipment. Requirements for the operation of the central heating system of residential buildings. Measures for periodic testing and adjustment of heating, heating, water supply systems. Monitoring the state of systems.
Bifunctional residential buildings. Complex supply of metal structures for buildings. Progressive types of insulation for building walls. Implementation of external insulation systems. Mansard roof and ventilation. Kinds roofing cake for insulated attics.
Heat supply to residential, public and industrial buildings (structures) to meet the household and technological needs of consumers. Characteristics of pipes, supports, expansion joints. Diagrams of connections of heating and ventilation systems to heating networks.
The concept and characteristics of aspiration systems in building design. Calculation of external and internal heat loads, heat balance of the room. Selection according to the value of the amount of air of the corresponding model of the air conditioner, its layout.
Types of work contract. Delimitation of a work contract from related contracts. The concept and features of a construction contract. general characteristics: parties to the work contract, subject, price, demand and form of the contract, responsibility for performance.
Types and objects of professional activity of a graduate of the specialty "civil engineer". The content of the design, organizational and managerial, production and technological activities of a specialist, qualification requirements for him.
The causes of energy loss in construction industry... Energy saving measures in the housing construction sector. Energy saving urban planning, constructive, engineering solutions. Energy efficient buried buildings. The main advantages of eco-houses.
The state of the road network and highways today. Description of the sectoral program "Roads of Belarus". Improvement of design and construction methods for highways and bridges. Improving road safety.
How best to insulate historic buildings
Almost always, when renovating historic buildings, the question of wall insulation arises. In this case, the classical approach of insulation from the outside is unacceptable, since in this case the appearance of the facade of the building undergoes changes and needs aesthetic decoration, be it plaster, decorative brick or other means. But what about buildings of historical importance, the façade of which must be left unchanged? XELLA believes that Multipor mineral insulating boards are the right solution for this task.
Old brick walls
The preservation of cultural heritage is now receiving increased attention. In many Russian cities old buildings have been preserved, the architecture of which gives these settlements its unique look. At the same time, of course, it is very difficult to achieve compliance with modern energy efficiency requirements and ensuring the comfort of interior spaces in such buildings.
It is good if the old buildings have any thermal insulation at all, but even if they do, it is clearly not sufficient. In winter, such insulation of external walls leads to significant energy consumption for heating, in summer - to high temperatures in the interior. As a result, at best, we have an uncomfortable indoor climate, and at worst, a gradual destruction of the structure.
Some buildings have a plaster façade initially. In this case, you can probably do with external thermal insulation. But what about buildings made of red brick, for example? Their facades should not be touched at all. In this case, it is necessary to carry out internal thermal insulation.
For these purposes, the XELLA company offers to use the mineral insulation Multipor (Multipor), developed in Germany. For the Russian market, this is a completely new, innovative material. However, in Europe, where they are very sensitive to their own historical heritage, it has been used for 15 years and has become popular. After all, they try to preserve the old facades even in the case when the houses, from our point of view, do not represent historical value.
An example is the renovation carried out after the severe fire of the spinning mill in Funda and the renovation of the Renthof Kassel hotel, which, after the work carried out, completely retained its original appearance and significantly changed the design of the interior. Also among the reference objects where the Multipor was used are the Allianz Arena stadium in Munich, the largest in Germany, and the Adidas headquarters in Herzogenaurach.
XELLA plans to carry out the first such renovation of the old building in Russia. Recently, the restoration of the Bolshevik confectionery factory complex was completed, including three pre-revolutionary buildings that are cultural heritage sites. The facades were restored, they were restored decorative finishing... But the issue of modern thermal insulation was not completely resolved.
- In order to insulate the building, the architects included an additional brickwork from the inside, thereby ensuring the requirement for resistance to heat transfer to the standard, - told the head of the department of management and product development of Kcella-Aeroblock-Center CJSC to the journalist Ruslan Mazitov... - Wherein indoor spaces lost a huge amount square meters... We proposed to significantly increase the usable area by using the Multipore.
According to Ruslan Mazitov, the company has signed an agreement with the most authoritative research institute in the field of heat engineering, the Research Institute of Building Physics RAASN, whose specialists will do research work for this facility. This study will show how the new thermal insulation system will work, how long it will last and what impact it will have on masonry due to changes in temperature and humidity conditions.
- This is a very interesting case for us. We hope that thanks to the conclusion of NIISF, we will receive this order, and "Bolshevik" will be insulated inside by Multipor, - says the specialist.
What is tobermorite?
But what is this material? Multipore is a derivative of aerated concrete. Aerated concrete itself appeared at the beginning of the 20th century. Over the past century, the recipe, production technology and technological characteristics of this material have been constantly improving. But by the beginning of the 21st century, technology had reached a peak, when it became impossible to make something even warmer, but at the same time as durable within its framework.
Then the producers of XELLA decided to take the path of reducing the density. As a result, we got a material that is not load-bearing - pure insulation, but its structure is the same as aerated concrete. It contains sand, cement, lime, water and aluminum paste, which serves as a catalyst for gas formation. As a result of processing from these components, tobermorite is obtained - hydrous calcium silicate, artificial limestone of high porosity and low density.
What are the benefits of Multipore? First, it is almost weightless and easy to handle. Plates made of this material can be simply “planted” on glue, and even non-professionals can do this. In addition, the surface of the boards does not require additional finishing, which saves time and money. This results in a neat insulated surface that can be easily painted if desired.
Secondly, it is breathable material. Slabs from Multipore have a high vapor permeability due to a capillary-active system that can regulate the climate in the house. It is no secret that condensation forms on the walls of buildings due to the temperature difference in the room and outside. In order to minimize the harm of this process, builders often lay out additional layer vapor barrier.
It is not necessary to do this with the Multipore, since the resulting moisture in this material does not accumulate, but is absorbed, transported through the capillaries and, when the temperature rises, simply evaporates into the environment. All this prevents the formation of mold and mildew.
Thirdly, Multipor belongs to the class of non-combustible insulation. In the event of a fire, a fully mineral system does not emit any gases hazardous to health and therefore can be successfully used in public buildings: kindergartens, schools, hospitals.
According to the specialist, hydrous calcium silicate, when heated, gives off chemically bound water and, as a result of the building's fire, becomes even more durable, and does not collapse, like other thermal insulation materials.
Finally, Multipor is an environmentally friendly material that contains only mineral components. Most products made of mineral wool and glass wool contain poisonous phenol and formaldehyde, expanded polystyrene softens when heated and cannot withstand the effects of ultraviolet rays for a long time, and also has extremely low hygroscopicity. It, like extruded polystyrene foam, is a combustible material.
Multipore is certified for compliance with the international standard ISO14025. It should be noted that only products made from more than 85% renewable mineral raw materials are allowed for certification in the EU. Also, Multipor has a technical certificate of the MINSTROY of Russia No. 4883-16 dated May 17, 2016, confirming the suitability of use in construction.
And further. Any insulation tends to sag, dry out or lose its properties. For example, the thermal conductivity coefficient of mineral wool decreases over time, expanded polystyrene, under the influence of ultraviolet radiation, turns into powder. Multipore is, at its core, a stone. Once assembled, it does not lose its shape, which means it will last a very long time.
In conclusion, I would like to say that, of course, Multipor can be used not only in the renovation and restoration of historical buildings. This material is also perfect for new construction. They can insulate not only walls, but also floors, ceilings, perform thermal insulation and fire protection of ceilings in basements, basement rooms, underground garages, as well as escape routes in case of fire.
“In terms of its heat engineering characteristics, Multipor is very close, and in some respects it surpasses traditional heaters,” sums up Ruslan Mazitov. - While in Russia this material is rather a curiosity, an innovation. But we are now actively working to launch its local production in Russia. After all, Multipor is an environmentally friendly, reliable, easy to install and handle, aesthetically beautiful material.
Evgeny GORCHAKOV
The main heat losses in buildings occur through:
- walls with low thermal resistance;
- roofs (usually with soft flat roofs and low thermal resistance);
- windows and balcony doors, which, due to physical wear and tear, have leaks that facilitate air filtration, and the design of the windows itself does not meet modern requirements;
- foundations without thermal insulation;
- entrance doors requiring their widespread replacement;
- external protruding structures - balconies, canopies, etc., contributing to the transfer of heat to the environment.
World experience testifies to the possibility of increasing the thermal protection of buildings by insulating external enclosing structures using modern heat-efficient materials and progressive technologies. To this end, in 1996, Ukraine introduced new higher standards for resistance to heat transfer of enclosing structures, both for new construction and for the reconstruction of buildings.The greatest reserve in reducing heat loss in buildings is associated, first of all, with an increase in the thermal resistance of the outer walls of buildings. In accordance with the new standards, the resistance to heat transfer of the external walls of buildings is in the range of 1.7-2.2 m 2 - ° C / W, which is 1.5-2 times higher than the thermal resistance of the external walls of existing buildings. There can be two fundamental technical solutions: either to increase the thickness of the walls, respectively, by 1.5-2.0 times from traditionally used materials (brick, lightweight concrete panels) or to insulate the building using modern insulation systems, without increasing, and in some cases - reducing the thickness walls. The second solution, as practice shows, is more cost effective.
Thermal insulation of buildings with thermal insulation systems has advantages in two aspects:
. economic aspect - reduction of energy consumption for space heating by about 30%;
. social aspect - increasing the thermal comfort of the premises.
With an increase in the thermal resistance of the walls after insulation, the comfort inside the heated rooms improves without an increase in the air temperature, since this increases the radiation temperature (radiation temperature is understood as the weighted average temperature of all surfaces of the room). And, on the contrary, in buildings with low level thermal insulation of external walls and windows, the radiation temperature is lowered.Therefore, in order to maintain thermal comfort, it is necessary to unnecessarily increase the air temperature in the room, which leads to an increased consumption of thermal energy. With an increase in the radiation temperature of the room by one degree, as a result of the insulation of the outer walls, you can achieve the same level of thermal comfort as with an increase in the air temperature in the premises by about two degrees.
Wall insulation methods
Of no small importance is right choice method of wall insulation - inside or outside buildings. To achieve the maximum effect when insulating buildings, it is necessary to assess the possible insulation of walls and other elements of buildings (roof, basement, windows and doors, etc.)
The method of thermal insulation of walls inside premises is mainly used for old houses, where the facade must be preserved in its original form or for houses that are not permanently used. The advantages of this method are relatively low costs, since no scaffolding is required for indoor work. The disadvantages include the low thermal inertia of the walls.
With the method of internal thermal insulation, the heat loss of the outer part of the wall is 6 times higher than with the external method of insulation. In addition, operating conditions deteriorate. load-bearing wallswhere cracks and deformations can occur.A "dew point" will form in the wall structures, which can cause significant damage due to moisture condensation. It is also necessary to move radiators and pipes, replace electrical wiring.The list of shortcomings when working from inside the premises shows that this method should not be used if there are other possibilities, and, above all, the possibility of external thermal insulation of the walls.
External wall insulation
Additional thermal insulation device outside the building has the following advantages:
Protects the wall from alternating freezing and soldering and other atmospheric influences;
Equalizes temperature fluctuations of the main wall mass, thereby eliminating the appearance of cracks in it due to uneven temperature deformations, which is especially important for external walls made of large panels;
Shifts the "dew point" to the outer heat-insulating layer, thereby excluding over-wetting of the inner part of the wall;
A favorable mode of operation of the wall is created according to the conditions of its vapor permeability, eliminating the need for a special vapor barrier, including on window slopes, which is required in the case of internal thermal insulation;
A more favorable indoor climate is formed;
There is an opportunity to improve the design of the facades of buildings under reconstruction or renovation;
The area of \u200b\u200bthe premises does not decrease;The disadvantage of this method is the need for scaffolding outside the building.
In general, external insulation turns out to be much more effective than internal insulation, and therefore an analysis of existing systems of external insulation of buildings is given below.
Currently used external insulation systems walls of buildings can be classified as follows:
Thermal insulation systems with plastering of facades;
Thermal insulation systems with a protective and decorative screen;
Insulation systems with facing with bricks or other small-piece materials.
Insulation system with plastering of facades
Insulation systems with plastering of facades provide for glue or mechanical fastening of the insulation with the help of anchors, dowels and frames to the existing wall, followed by coating it with plaster layers (Fig. 1-3).
Depending on the thickness of the facade plaster layers, two types of the system are used: with rigid and flexible (movable or hinged fasteners (anchor brackets). The first is used for small) thicknesses of plaster layers of 8-12 mm. In this case, the temperature and humidity deformation of thin layers of plaster tcause it to crack, the load from the weight can be perceived by rigid fasteners working n; lateral bend and tension from wind suction.
"Ventilated facade" - thermal insulation systems with a protective screen
Insulation systems with a protective and decorative screen are performed with a ventilated air gap between the insulation and the screen. For this reason, a number of companies call such a thermal insulation system "ventilated facade".For the manufacture of screens used metal (steel or aluminum), asbestos cement, ceramic tiles, glass fiber concrete, plastics and other materials. Large-sized panels are also used as screens, consisting of an external decorative aluminum shell filled with polyurethane foam.The choice of a particular type of cladding, insulation and fastening structure is determined by a whole range of both objective (natural and climatic conditions, type of walls of buildings to be insulated, physical and mechanical characteristics of walls, cladding elements of fasteners and insulation) and subjective (aesthetic qualities of screens and interfaces) factors.In these systems, due to ventilation, the moisture content of the insulation and the existing wall is reduced, which increases the overall thermal resistance of the wall and improves the temperature and humidity conditions of the room, as well as increases air exchange through outer wall... The protective screen not only protects the insulation from mechanical damage, atmospheric precipitation, as well as wind and radiation erosion, but also allows you to give the facades a variety of expressiveness through the use of different types designs, shapes, textures and colors of finishing of facing elements.
At the same time, it becomes possible to easily repair and update the "clothes" of facades.
The use of screens made of various types of sheet, slab and linear elements allows us to carry out work on the insulation of facades and industrialize their implementation all year round, which is very important, given the huge number of buildings to be insulated. This ensures improved quality and durability. exterior decoration buildings.As a heater, it is advisable to use fire-resistant semi-rigid mineral wool slabs, the characteristics and thickness of which are determined by calculation, depending on the characteristics of the existing walls and local climatic conditions.
When used as insulation in such systems of easily weathered materials (for example, mineral wool boards low density), they must be protected from the side of the air gap with layers of materials that are well resistant to wind.
To fix the insulation and screens to the existing wall, special metal fasteners or wooden frames can be used. All metal fasteners (including anchors, screws and nails) must be made of corrosion-resistant steel, and all wooden frame elements must be antiseptic and fireproof. For fastening timber frame it is advisable to use metal corners. The sections and depth of embedment of anchors (dowels) should be determined by the calculation for the perception of forces by them from the weight of the structures fixed to them and wind suction, the value of which is determined by the local wind region and the location of the element in height and in the plan of the building.
Insulation of walls with brick cladding
Insulation systems with facing with bricks or other small-piece materials have sufficient vapor permeability and do not require a ventilated air gap.
At the same time, due to various mechanical and temperature-humidity deformations of the main wall and the facing brick layer, the height of the latter is limited to 2-3 floors.Between the existing wall and the brick cladding thermal insulation material in the form of semi-rigid mineral wool boards, expanded polystyrene boards or thermal insulation boards from aerated concrete with a density of d \u003d 200-300 kgum 2 and a thermal conductivity coefficient 1 \u003d 0.08-0.09 W / m 2 - ° C. The resistance of the masonry to the action of air suction is ensured by flexible anchors located in 7 rows in height and attached to the existing wall with anchors. At the level of each horizontal row of anchors, a reinforcement mesh, ensuring the adhesion of the anchors to the masonry. The mesh consists of two longitudinal rods Ж4 mm with a distance of 60 mm between them and transverse rods ЖЗ with a pitch of 300 mm.
Bearing elements of insulation structures are made of aluminum alloys or corrosion-resistant steel. The vertically installed Z-bar brackets are positioned in the walls in 50 cm increments and attached to the walls with anchors.
Combined systems
For thermal insulation of buildings, and combined systems... For example, it is advisable to insulate the first floors of a building with brick cladding to protect against possible mechanical damage, and the subsequent ones - with other systems with plastering or with a protective screen.The cost of insulating the outer walls of buildings depends on the adopted design option.
The cheapest options are with plastering facades or facing with bricks (20-30 conventional units per 1 square meter of area).Insulation systems with the use of protective and decorative screens ("ventilated facade") are expensive, where the cost increases by 1.5-2 times.
Calculations show that by saving heat, an increase in one-time costs for newly constructed buildings pays off in 7-10 years, and in existing houses within 12-15 years.
The issue of thermal insulation of non-residential buildings, be it industrial or administrative, is the most urgent today. After all, energy resources are becoming more expensive, and funding for the maintenance of such buildings is reduced. Through PPU technologiesyou can not only quickly insulate the facade and roof of a building, but also get significant benefits. How? More about this ...
Basic requirements for thermal insulation of industrial and administrative buildings
Speaking about the thermal insulation of an industrial building, we immediately mean the presence of an aggressive environment, large areas, metal structures and, as a rule, tight deadlines for performing work. Therefore, the materials that will be used to insulate an industrial building must:
- be mounted quickly, so as not to slow down production processes for a long time;
- do not be afraid of alkaline and acidic effects that are present in the air;
- if possible, protect the metal structures of walls and roofs from excess moisture and corrosion;
- be inexpensive.
If there is a question about insulation administrative building, then some requirements are also present here:
- insulation should not spoil the overall aesthetic appearance of the building;
- to be mounted quickly, since the administrative building is constantly in sight;
- thermal insulation should have a low price ;
- the life of the insulation should be as long as possible in order to avoid costly repairs.
And in both cases, of course, you shouldn't forget about EFFICIENCY. The required temperature regime must be maintained in the building.
As we can see, there are many requirements for the insulation of industrial and office buildings, and they are all quite serious. But for sprayed insulation, polyurethane foam is not a problem.
Advantages of PPU insulation of buildings
Firstly, the thermal conductivity indicators of polyurethane foam are quite low, therefore, even with a small thickness of this insulation on the roof or walls of the building, one can always talk about high efficiency (30 mm of polyurethane foam with a coefficient of 0.019 W / m * K).
Secondly, the closed cellular structure of polyurethane foam does not allow water or steam to pass through, therefore, the water absorption rates of PU foam are also low. And this speaks not only of the preservation of the properties of the insulation throughout the entire service life, but also on the anti-corrosion protection of metal structures.
Third, the polyurethane foam is mounted using a foam generator by spraying, which implies the absence of fasteners, guides, as well as acceleration and simplification of the installation process. 
In addition, the sprayed polyurethane foam is held so tightly that it can only be dismantled by rough physical methods.
Fourthly, polyurethane foam is not afraid of exposure to any chemical reagents (except for concentrated alkalis and acids).
Fifth, polyurethane foam is applied to the surface with a seamless layer that completely repeats its structure and shape, so you can not worry about the damaged facade. When insulating the facade of a building, PPU can always be painted, plastered over it, or a ventilated facade system can be used.
Economic benefit from building insulation with polyurethane foam
And, of course, the issue of the cost of wall and roof insulation of the types of buildings under consideration is important here.
If we take as an example external thermal insulation walls of an administrative building, then it will cost you about 600 rubles per square meter. This includes delivery, the cost of materials and work, as well as the price of painting the facade. For comparison, thermal insulation of the facade with mineral wool will cost you about 2,000 rubles for the same square of surface.
And this despite the fact that the service life of mineral wool is only 5 - 7 years (after which the insulation begins to "age"), and the service life of PU foam varies from 25 years and more.
Besides, PPU will save you from 30 to 50% on energy resources and will pay for itself after two heating seasons.
Votes: 559
