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The book contains topical knowledge of cognitive linguistics - the direction of science born at the turn of the Millennium. The most important object of research in cognitive linguistics is a concept. This is a mental entity that has a name in the language and reflects the cultural and national representation of a person about reality. The emergencies are presented to the categories of culture that are laid in concepts: space, time and number, truth, and truth, friendship and joy, etc. For students, graduate students, teachers of philological faculties of universities, as well as representatives of other humanitarian specialties. Publisher: "Flint" (2018)
ISBN: 978-5-89349-748-9 |
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| V. A. Maslova | - Flint, e-book | 2016 | 175 | electronic book | |
| Maslova Valentina Abrahamovna | The book contains topical knowledge of cognitive linguistics - the direction of science born at the turn of the Millennium. The most important object of research in cognitive birth is concept. This is ... - Flint, science, (format: 60x88 / 16, 296 p.) | 2007 | 624 | paper book | |
| Maslova Valentina Abrahamovna | The book contains topical knowledge of cognitive linguistics - the direction of science born at the turn of the Millennium. The most important object of research in cognitive birth is concept. This ... - Flint, | 2018 | 582 | paper book | |
| Maslova V. | The book contains topical knowledge of cognitive linguistics - the direction of science born at the turn of the Millennium. The most important object of research in cognitive birth is concept. This ... - (format: soft paper, 296 pp) | 2011 | 480 | paper book | |
| E. S. Kurbakova | This book will be made in accordance with your order using Print-On-Demand technology. The publications collected in this volume coverage the principles and installation of the new paradigm of knowledge in ... - Languages \u200b\u200bof Slavic crops, - | 2004 | 939 | paper book | |
| E. S. Kurbakova | Publications collected in this volume coverage the principles and installation of the new paradigm of knowledge in the domestic linguistics, which was called cognitive-discursive, and shown, like ... - Languages \u200b\u200bof Slavic culture, e-book | 2004 | 352 | electronic book |
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Concept (philology) - This term has other meanings, see the concept. Concept in philology This is the meaningful side of the verbal sign, followed by the concept relating to the mental, spiritual or material field of human existence, ... ... Wikipedia
Speech studies - - - New, still the emerging area of \u200b\u200bknowledge, otherwise, linguistics of speech (in contrast to the linguistics of the language, lingopology). The term speech is used in relation to the complex of scientific disciplines, combined by a common object ... ... Stylistic Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Russian Language - phrenological "Consciousness Map. Franology was one of the earliest attempts to answer the question of what kind of mind. Philosophy of consciousness Philosophical discipline, the subject of studying which is the nature of consciousness, as well as the ratio ... ... Wikipedia
TEXT Sociology: Encyclopedia
TEXT - in in general terms Connected and complete sequence of signs. The problem of T., arising at the intersection of linguistics, poetics, literary studies, semiotics, begins to actively discussed in the humanitarian knowledge of the second half of the 20th century. In the spotlight… … History of Philosophy: Encyclopedia
Narratology - Discipline that studies narrative texts (narrative), exploring nature, shapes and functioning of narrative, having tried the traits inherent in all possible types of narratives, as well as criteria to distinguish between the latter, as well as ... ... Modern Philosophical Dictionary
The book contains topical knowledge of cognitive linguistics - the direction of science born at the turn of the Millennium. The most important object of research in cognitive linguistics is a concept. This is a mental entity that has a name in the language and reflects the cultural and national representation of a person about reality. The manual presents the categories of cultures that are laid in concepts: space, time and number, truth, and truth, friendship and joy, etc.
For students, graduate students, teachers of philological faculties of universities, as well as representatives of other humanitarian specialties.
Valentina Abrahamovna Maslova
Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics
From the author
The most important achievement of modern linguistics is that the language is no longer considered "in itself for itself"; He appears in the new paradigm from the position of his participation in the cognitive activity of man.
The language is a verbal treasury of the nation, the means of transmitting the thought, which he "packages" into some kind of language structure. The knowledge used at the same time is not only knowledge about the language. It is also knowledge of the world, about the social context, knowledge of the principles of speech communication, about the addressee, background knowledge, etc. None of these types of knowledge cannot be considered a priority, only the study of them all in aggregate and interaction closer to understanding the essence of the language communications.
Visited B. last years Monographs, collective works and separate articles by N.D. Harutyunova, A.P. Babushkina, N.N. Boldyreva, G.I. Beresteneva, G.A. Volokhina, E.S. Kubryakova, ZD Popova, Yu.S. Stepanova, I.A. Sternina, V.N. Telia and other researchers contain important theoretical provisions on how our knowledge of the world is stored, as they are structured in the communication process. This circle is engaged in cognitive linguistics Linguistics of the future.
The purpose of this manual is to familiarize future philologists with the main theoretical and methodological plants of modern linguistics; systematize the basic concepts of this science; Show which tasks can solve cognitive linguistics.
The most important object of research in cognitive linguistics is a concept. Concepts are mental entities that have a name in language and reflect the cultural and national representation of a person about the world. Concepts - concentrate of culture and experience of the people, according to Yu.M. Lotman, "Like a Cultural Environment Conscious Consciousness." But, on the other hand, the concept is that, whereby a person himself enters the culture, and in some cases affects it (Yu.S. Stepanov).
The key concepts of culture are called the main units of the picture of the world, the cultural constants, which have significance both for a separate linguistic personality and for the lingu cultural community as a whole.
This manual uses such already known models of concepts developed by Yu.S. Stepanov, E.S. Kubryakova, V.N. Telia, VB Kasevich, as space, time and number, truth, and truth, friendship and love; But there are those who are first represented by the author of the manual: Misty Morning, Winter Night, Future, etc. These concepts, although described with different degrees of completeness, which is explained by the stage of the formation of the cognitive linguistics itself, meet the Unified Scheme, the description of the description presented in the section 1.7.
Chapter 1
Cognitive linguistics and its place in a modern scientific paradigm
1.1
Cognitive linguistics in the science system
Human intellect, logic, philosophy, physiology, psychology has long been engaged in the patterns of thinking. So, in philosophy there is a whole section - Gnoseology - engaged in the theory of knowledge. Therefore, it can be argued that Cognitivism has a huge tradition, the roots of which go into antiquity. But within the framework of Cognivistism, the old questions sounded in a new way. It turned out, for example, that the different nature of the realities (things, phenomena, events) determines their different mapping in consciousness: Some are represented in the form of visual images, others - in the form of naive concepts, are third in the form of symbols.
Cognitiveness is a direction in science, the object of studying which is human mind, thinking and those mental processes and states that are connected with them. This is a science of knowledge and knowledge, about the perception of the world in the process of human activity.
Now they talk about the cognitive revolution. N. Khomsky, well-known American linguist, wrote: "The cognitive revolution refers to the states of the mind / brain and how they cause human behavior, especially for cognitive states: the states of knowledge, understanding, interpretations, beliefs, etc." .
Processes related to knowledge and information are called cognitive, or cognits. Their synonyms are also the words "intellectual", "mental", "reasonable". From the standpoint of cognitivism, a person is studied as a system of information processing, and human behavior is described and explained in terms of its internal states. These states are physically manifested, observed and interpreted as receiving, processing, storage, and then mobilization of information for a rational solution of tasks.
The most important principles of cognitivism include a person's interpretation as a subject of the current, actively perceiving and producing information, guided by certain schemes, programs, plans, strategies in its mental activity. And the cognitive science itself began to be considered as a science of general principlesManaging mental processes in the human brain.
Modern studies indicate that cognitivism unites several scientific directions: cognitive psychology, cultural anthropology, modeling of artificial intelligence, philosophy, neuroscience, linguistics et al. In this regard, it is important to note interdisciplinary character of cognivistism.
"Happy Birthday" Cognivistism J. Miller calls a symposium on the theory of information held in the mid-1950s. Another American professor, J. Bruunner, at the same time first begins to lecture on the nature of cognitive processes. Together with J. Miller, they organize at Harvard University in 1960 the first center of cognitive research.
What is new brings cognitivism? "Cognitivism makes an application for the serial method, if you like," industrial "solutions to the problems of human thought" [Demyankov, 1994: 17-33]. The term "cognitivism" today is called:
♦ a program of studies of the human "thought mechanism";
♦ study of the offend information coming to person on different channels;
♦ Construction of mental models of the world;
♦ Device of systems providing various kinds of cognitive acts;
♦ understanding and formation by man and a computer program of thoughts outlined in a natural language; creating a computer program model capable of understanding and producing text;
♦ A wide range of mental processes serving mental acts.
In cognivistism, the main attention is paid to human cognition, not simply observed actions, and their mental representations (internal representations, models), symbols, human strategies, which generate actions based on knowledge; i.e. the cognitive world of a person is studied on his behavior and activities that occur active participation Language that forms the reading basis of any human activity - forms its motives, installations, predicts the result.
Thus, the central in the cognitive linguistics is the category of knowledge, the problem of species of knowledge and methods of their language presentation, as it is that the language is the main means of fixing, storage, processing and transmitting knowledge.
It was in the middle of the twentieth century that a perspective appeared to explain some of the thought processes through observation of the learning language to the children: the impression was evolving that children some uniformity come to mastering their native language and that this universal "algorithm" mastering the language is in the introduction of new rules in the inner Grammar baby. Summarizing observations, the researchers concluded that these rules are very similar to everything that controls both non-performing activities and looks like involuntary, uncontrolled behavior, reflecting on the structure of perception, memory, and even on emotions. Based on such considerations, the Cognivistic Methodology is close in the spirit of the activity of the linguist, interpreting the text and analyzing the cause of the correctness and meaningfulness of the proposals.
The most important achievement of modern linguistics is that the language is no longer considered "in itself for itself"; He appears in the new paradigm from the position of his participation in the cognitive activity of man.
The language is a verbal treasury of the nation, the means of transmitting the thought, which he "packs" into some kind of language structure. The knowledge used at the same time is not only knowledge about the language. It is also knowledge of the world, about the social context, knowledge of the principles of speech communication, about the addressee, background knowledge, etc. None of these types of knowledge cannot be considered a priority, only the study of them all in aggregate and interaction closer to understanding the essence of the language communications.
In recent years, the monographs, collective works and individual articles by N.D. Harutyunova, A.P. Babushkina, N.N. Boldyreva, G.I. Beresteneva, G.A. Volokhina, E.S. Kubryakova, ZD Popova, Yu.S. Stepanova, I.A. Sternina, V.N. Telia and other researchers contain important theoretical provisions on how our knowledge of the world is stored, as they are structured in the communication process. This circle is engaged in cognitive linguistics Linguistics of the future.
The purpose of this manual is to familiarize future philologists with the main theoretical and methodological plants of modern linguistics; systematize the basic concepts of this science; Show which tasks can solve cognitive linguistics.
The most important object of research in cognitive linguistics is a concept. Concepts are mental entities that have a name in language and reflect the cultural and national representation of a person about the world. Concepts - concentrate of culture and experience of the people, according to Yu.M. Lotman, "Like a Cultural Environment Consciousness Consciousness." But, on the other hand, the concept is that, whereby a person himself enters the culture, and in some cases affects it (Yu.S. Stepanov).
The key concepts of culture are called the main units of the picture of the world, the cultural constants, which have significance both for a separate linguistic personality and for the lingu cultural community as a whole.
This manual uses such already known models of concepts developed by Yu.S. Stepanov, E.S. Kubryakova, V.N. Telia, VB Kasevich, as space, time and number, truth, and truth, friendship and love; But there are those who are first represented by the author of the manual: Misty Morning, Winter Night, Future, etc. These concepts, although described with different degrees of completeness, which is explained by the stage of the formation of the cognitive linguistics itself, meet the Unified Scheme, the description of the description presented in the section 1.7.
Chapter 1
Cognitive linguistics and its place in a modern scientific paradigm
1.1
Cognitive linguistics in the science system
Human intellect, logic, philosophy, physiology, psychology has long been engaged in the patterns of thinking. So, in philosophy there is a whole section - Gnoseology - engaged in the theory of knowledge. Therefore, it can be argued that Cognitivism has a huge tradition, the roots of which go into antiquity. But within the framework of Cognivistism, the old questions sounded in a new way. It turned out, for example, that the different nature of the realities (things, phenomena, events) determines their different mapping in consciousness: Some are represented in the form of visual images, others - in the form of naive concepts, are third in the form of symbols.
Cognitiveness is a direction in science, the object of studying which is human mind, thinking and those mental processes and states that are connected with them. This is a science of knowledge and knowledge, about the perception of the world in the process of human activity.
Now they talk about the cognitive revolution. N. Khomsky, a well-known American linguist, wrote: "The cognitive revolution refers to the states of the mind / brain and how they cause human behavior, especially the cognitive states: the states of knowledge, understanding, interpretations, beliefs, etc." .
Processes related to knowledge and information are called cognitive, or cognits. Their synonyms are also the words "intellectual", "mental", "reasonable". From the standpoint of cognitivism, a person is studied as a system of information processing, and human behavior is described and explained in terms of its internal states. These states are physically manifested, observed and interpreted as receiving, processing, storage, and then mobilization of information for a rational solution of tasks.
The most important principles of cognitivism include a person's interpretation as a subject of the current, actively perceiving and producing information, guided by certain schemes, programs, plans, strategies in its mental activity. And the cognitive science itself began to be considered as a science on the general principles of mental processes in the human brain.
Modern studies indicate that cognitivism unites several scientific directions: cognitive psychology, cultural anthropology, modeling of artificial intelligence, philosophy, neuroscience, linguistics et al. In this regard, it is important to note interdisciplinary character of cognivistism.
"HAPPY BIRTHDAY" COGNITISTICS J. Miller calls a symposium on the theory of information held in the mid-1950s. Another American professor, J. Bruunner, at the same time first begins to lecture on the nature of cognitive processes. Together with J. Miller, they organize at Harvard University in 1960 the first center of cognitive research.
Current page: 1 (In total, 20 pages) [Available excerpt for reading: 12 pages]
Valentina Abrahamovna Maslova
Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics
From the author
The most important achievement of modern linguistics is that the language is no longer considered "in itself for itself"; He appears in the new paradigm from the position of his participation in the cognitive activity of man.
The language is a verbal treasury of the nation, the means of transmitting the thought, which he "packs" into some kind of language structure. The knowledge used at the same time is not only knowledge about the language. It is also knowledge of the world, about the social context, knowledge of the principles of speech communication, about the addressee, background knowledge, etc. None of these types of knowledge cannot be considered a priority, only the study of them all in aggregate and interaction closer to understanding the essence of the language communications.
In recent years, the monographs, collective works and individual articles by N.D. Harutyunova, A.P. Babushkina, N.N. Boldyreva, G.I. Beresteneva, G.A. Volokhina, E.S. Kubryakova, ZD Popova, Yu.S. Stepanova, I.A. Sternina, V.N. Telia and other researchers contain important theoretical provisions on how our knowledge of the world is stored, as they are structured in the communication process. This circle is engaged in cognitive linguisticslinguistics of the future.
The purpose of this manual is to familiarize future philologists with the main theoretical and methodological plants of modern linguistics; systematize the basic concepts of this science; Show which tasks can solve cognitive linguistics.
The most important object of research in cognitive linguistics is a concept. Concepts are mental entities that have a name in language and reflect the cultural and national representation of a person about the world. Concepts - concentrate of culture and experience of the people, according to Yu.M. Lotman, "Like a Cultural Environment Consciousness Consciousness." But, on the other hand, the concept is that, whereby a person himself enters the culture, and in some cases affects it (Yu.S. Stepanov).
The key concepts of culture are called the main units of the picture of the world, the cultural constants, which have significance both for a separate linguistic personality and for the lingu cultural community as a whole.
This manual uses such already known models of concepts developed by Yu.S. Stepanov, E.S. Kubryakova, V.N. Telia, VB Kasevich, as space, time and number, truth, and truth, friendship and love; But there are those who are first represented by the author of the manual: Misty Morning, Winter Night, Future, etc. These concepts, although described with different degrees of completeness, which is explained by the stage of the formation of the cognitive linguistics itself, meet the Unified Scheme, the description of the description presented in the section 1.7.
Chapter 1
Cognitive linguistics and its place in a modern scientific paradigm
1.1
Cognitive linguistics in the science system
Human intellect, logic, philosophy, physiology, psychology has long been engaged in the patterns of thinking. So, in philosophy there is a whole section - Gnoseology - engaged in the theory of knowledge. Therefore, it can be argued that Cognitivism has a huge tradition, the roots of which go into antiquity. But within the framework of Cognivistism, the old questions sounded in a new way. It turned out, for example, that the different nature of the realities (things, phenomena, events) determines their different mapping in consciousness: Some are represented in the form of visual images, others - in the form of naive concepts, are third in the form of symbols.
Cognitiveness is a direction in science, the object of studying which is human mind, thinking and those mental processes and states that are connected with them. This is a science of knowledge and knowledge, about the perception of the world in the process of human activity.
Now they talk about the cognitive revolution. N. Khomsky, a well-known American linguist, wrote: "The cognitive revolution refers to the states of the mind / brain and how they cause human behavior, especially the cognitive states: the states of knowledge, understanding, interpretations, beliefs, etc." .
Processes related to knowledge and information are called cognitive,or cognits.Their synonyms are also the words "intellectual", "mental", "reasonable". From the standpoint of cognitivism, a person is studied as a system of information processing, and human behavior is described and explained in terms of its internal states. These states are physically manifested, observed and interpreted as receiving, processing, storage, and then mobilization of information for a rational solution of tasks.
The most important principles of cognitivism include a person's interpretation as a subject of the current, actively perceiving and producing information, guided by certain schemes, programs, plans, strategies in its mental activity. And the cognitive science itself began to be considered as a science on the general principles of mental processes in the human brain.
Modern studies indicate that cognitivism unites several scientific directions: cognitive psychology, cultural anthropology, modeling of artificial intelligence, philosophy, neuroscience, linguisticset al. In this regard, it is important to note interdisciplinary character of cognivistism.
"HAPPY BIRTHDAY" COGNITISTICS J. Miller calls a symposium on the theory of information held in the mid-1950s. Another American professor, J. Bruunner, at the same time first begins to lecture on the nature of cognitive processes. Together with J. Miller, they organize at Harvard University in 1960 the first center of cognitive research.
What is new brings cognitivism? "Cognitivism makes an application for the serial method, if you want," industrial "solutions to the problems of human thought" [Demyankov, 1994: 17-33]. The term "cognitivism" today is called:
♦ program of research of the human "mental mechanism";
♦ study of the offend information coming to person on different channels;
♦ Construction of mental models of the world;
♦ Device of systems providing various kinds of cognitive acts;
♦ understanding and formation by man and a computer program of thoughts outlined in a natural language; creating a computer program model capable of understanding and producing text;
♦ A wide range of mental processes serving mental acts.
In cognivistism, the main attention is paid to human cognition, not simply observed actions, and their mental representations (internal representations, models), symbols, human strategies, which generate actions based on knowledge; i.e., the cognitive world of a person is studied on his behavior and activities occurring in the active participation of the language, which forms the retenuable foundation of any human activity - forms its motives, installation, predicts the result.
Thus, the central in the cognitive linguistics is the category of knowledge, the problem of species of knowledge and methods of their language presentation, as it is that the language is the main means of fixing, storage, processing and transmitting knowledge.
It was in the middle of the twentieth century that the prospect of explaining some of the mental processes through the observation of the learning language to the children appeared: the impression was the impression that children some uniformity come to mastering their native languages \u200b\u200band that this universal "algorithm" of mastering the language is in the introduction of new rules in the inner Grammar baby. Summarizing observations, the researchers concluded that these rules are very similar to everything that controls both non-performing activities and looks like involuntary, uncontrolled behavior, reflecting on the structure of perception, memory, and even on emotions. Based on such considerations, the Cognivistic Methodology is close in the spirit of the activity of the linguist, interpreting the text and analyzing the cause of the correctness and meaningfulness of the proposals.
As a result of cognitive activity, a system of meanings relating to the fact that the individual knows and thinks about the world. The study of operating with symbols in understanding by man and the world, and himself in the world combined linguistics with other disciplines studying man and society led to the creation of cognitive linguistics. The language from the standpoint of this science can not be considered in the separation from other forms of human intellectual activity, since it was in the language that the results of cognitive activity were entrenched. In general, activities are one of the Human Ipostasses and its ontological property. Still V. Humboldt considered the language as continuous creative activity (Energeia) and understood it as the basis of all other types of human activity.
So, the categorization of human experience is associated with its cognitive activity, since the meaningful information obtained in the course of human cognitive activity and has become a product of its processing, finds its expression in the language forms: " Language consciousness In general, the meaning of the word as its fragment is a form of structure and fixation of public experience of people, knowledge of the world ... The form of the presentation and the current retention of knowledge in the individual consciousness "(A.N. Leontyev). Cognitive processes "are associated with the tongue and take the form of" syuphored "processes" (E.S. Kubryakova).
Cognition- An important concept of cognitive linguistics, it covers knowledge and thinking in their linguistic incarnation, and therefore the cognition, cognitivism turned out to be closely connected with linguistics. Now it has already become an axiom that in the whole complex of sciences about a person face, first of all, the relationship between the language and other types of human activity. Language is even more than culture and society, gives cognivists the key to understanding human behavior. Therefore, the language turned out to be the focus of cognivists [Demyankov, 1994: 17-33].
Cognitive linguistics arises on the basis of cognitivism within the framework of a modern anthropocentric paradigm, significantly expanding linguistic research horizons. In the second half of the twentieth century. It was necessary to look at the language from the point of view of his participation in human cognitive activity. The information received during the subject-cognitive activity goes to a person through different channels, but the subject of consideration in cognitive linguistics is only one part that takes reflection and fixation in language forms.
The formation of certain ideas about the world is the result of the interaction of three levels of mental reflection: sensual perception, the formation of representations (elementary generalizations and abstractions), which is honored. All this summary information is the essence of the concept system. R. Shepard argues that cognitiveness is a science of knowledge presentation systems and information.Or, according to other definitions, - science on general principles managed by mental processes.
Knowledge gained as a result of direct experience is refracted by consciousness in accordance with the existing empirical experience. Moreover, the real ontological fragments of the world acquire as if tropic features in the naive picture of the world, which is reflected in the language. For example, metaphorization is the main mental operation, the method of knowledge and explanation of the world - is associated with the process of reflection and designation of a new knowledge through the old (river sleeve). A person does not so much expresses his thoughts with the help of a metaphor, how much does metaphors think, and therefore they suggest self-interpremability: semantic field, mesh values, hybrid semantics, semantic space, connection of different theories, center semantic fieldetc.
The solution of mental tasks is directly related to the use of the language, for the tongue turned out to be the most powerful in a semiotic plan of all communication systems. This is a cognitive mechanism that provides almost infinite production and understanding of the meanings in speech activity. The language not only mediates the transfer and reception of information, knowledge, messages, but also processes the information obtained by the Individual information, i.e. builds specific language frames. Thus, the language creates opportunities for streamlining and systematization in the memory of many knowledge, for the construction of a language painting characteristic of the world characteristic of each given ethnocultural team.
In its basic model, American linguist W. Chaif \u200b\u200bintroduced a tongue only at the final stage, and his role was reduced only to the coding of ready-made concepts. V.A. Zvegetsev wrote that their discrete character is a significant feature of knowledge and that this circumstance makes it possible to immediately turn to the language, which performs three functions here: "It serves as a means of sampling knowledge, their objectives and, finally, interpretation. These functions are closely interrelated "[Zvegents, 1996: 195]. In their totality, they constitute those signs that language in mental processes are established. At the same time, these functions are forms that follow the mind when learning knowledge. Consequently, no types of intellectual and spiritual activities are impossible without language.
Some researchers characterize cognitive linguistics as a new scientific paradigm 1
Paradigm - not well-defined general scientific term, approximately identized expression "methodology of scientific research".
The purpose of cognitive linguistics is to understand how processes of perception, categorization, classification and understanding of the world are carried out, as knowledge accumulation is accumulated which systems provide different kinds activities with information.
It is the language that provides the most natural access to consciousness and thought processes, and not at all because many of the results of mental activity are verbalized, but because "we know about the structures of consciousness only due to the language that allows you to report these structures and describe them on any natural Language "[Kubryakova, 1997: 21].
Cognitive linguistics was formed in a controversy with structural linguistics, but it does not contradict the structural approach, moreover, it suggests and to some extent uses. Structural approaches to the language based on the immanent presentation of the language in different countries They differed among themselves mainly by their attachment to certain national scientific traditions and a greater or lesser degree of reductionism.
The fracture in the minds of many linguists of our time came only with the advent of a number of new disciplines, which showed the inadequacy of the immanent approach to the language system, ignoring the activity nature of the language and its inclusion in the processes of human life and society. Among these disciplines, which arose at the junction with linguistics were psycholinguistics, Ethnolinguistics, Sociolinguistics, Cognitive Linguisticsand linguculturology.
It had an influence on the linguistics itself: it had a change in value orientations, there was a desire to study the mental processes and socially significant actions of a person, linguistics were humanized. In the center of linguistic studies at the turn of the centuries turned out to be the processes of obtaining, processing, storing information. It was proved that, receiving new information, a person relates it to the already existing in his mind, generating new meanings.
Operational memory units are becoming operative units in the cognitive linguistics tool. freuma(stereotypical situations, scenarios), concepts(the totality of all meanings captured by the word) gestalta(Holistic Updating Images of Fragments of the World), etc. Consequently, cognitive linguistics are aimed at modeling the picture of the world, on modeling the device of the linguistic consciousness.
With cognitive linguistics, new accents are associated in understanding the language, opening the broad prospects of its study in all diverse and diverse connections with a person, its intelligence, with all cognitive processes. Cognitive linguisticism goes beyond the framework of the linguistics itself, in contact with the logic, psychology, sociology, philosophy, which makes extremely attractive work in this area.
Cognitive linguistics and traditional structural-semantic linguistics are not alternative trends in scientific thought, but different parties to the knowledge of linguistic reality.
To find out what distinguishes cognitive linguistics from traditional science by determining the following:
first, as the language is understood here, what a theoretical interpretation he receives;
secondly, some place in the system of human knowledge takes the cognitive linguistics and which sciences have spawned it;
thirdly, what the specifics of the problems set in it and what are the ways to solve them.
Cognitive linguistics is a "linguistic direction, the focus of which is the language as a general cognitive mechanism, as a cognitive tool - a system of signs playing a role in represented (coding) and transport information" [Kuborakova, 1996: 53]. Consequently, the central problem of cognitive linguistics is to build a model of language communication as the basis for the exchange of knowledge.
Another V. Humboldt believed that the language was the main activity of the human spirit, permeating all spheres of human being and knowledge. Finally, it is in the cognitive linguistics that researchers switches to identifying the role of language as conditions and instruments of knowledge. Every language, denoting something in the world, creates, for forms a picture of the world for a speaker on it. It is the language that allows you to get a complete and adequate idea of \u200b\u200bhuman consciousness and mind.
Constructed conceptual structures built by language are more likely to be possible than to the actual experience of the individual [Pavlenice, 1983: 114]. Different concepts of one conceptual system may be called the same verbal expression, which reflects the ambiguity of language expressions. We say that man and horse run, the clock run, the thoughts run, life runs, runs the stream.But language expressions in any case correlate with a certain concept (or their structure). Therefore, the understanding of the language expression is considered by R. Pavlenias as its interpretation in a certain conceptual system, and not in terms of a certain set of semantic objects.
The most important object of cognitive science is language, but now scientists are suitable from other positions. Without referring to the language, it is impossible to hope to understand the essence of such cognitive abilities of a person as perception, assimilation and processing of language information, planning, solving problems, reasoning, learning, as well as the acquisition, presentation and use of knowledge. Cognitive linguistics, according to E.S. Kubryakova, examines not only the language, but also to the cognition (knowledge, thinking, knowledge): at the basic level of categorization "... as categories are not the fundamental and the most" high "in the association hierarchy, but the associations in which the most relevant for everyday consciousness are concentrated Properties "[Kubryakova, Dictionary: 14].
All cognitive human activity (cognition) can be viewed as a developing ability to navigate in the world, and this activity is associated with the need to identify and distinguish objects: concepts arise to ensure operations of this kind. For allocation conceptthe election of some signs, and subject actions with objects, and their final goals, and the assessment of such actions are necessary. But, knowing the role of all these factors, the cognitologists nevertheless can not yet answer the question of how concepts arise, except as indicating the process of education of meanings in the general form. Hence the failure and diffusion of the concept, which is perfectly expressed in the parody poem of the modern poet A. Levina "For the far distance" (Levin A.Biomechanics. M., 1995):
1. And what is funny:
Concept is power.
2. And what is interesting:
Concept is interesting.
3. And that strange:
concept is
somehow strange strange.
4. And what is the concept?
This is power, it is interesting, it is somehow stupid.
Well, and this is Rubinstein.
5. I ask yourself:
Well?
6. I ask yourself:
So what?
7. I ask ourselves:
And which of this follows the conclusion?
8. Reply:
Concept.
Concepts reduce the variety of observed and imaginary phenomena to something united, taking them to one rubric [Jolkovsky, Melchuk, 1967: 117-120]; They allow you to keep knowledge about the world and are provided by the construction elements of the conceptual system, contributing to the processing of subjective experience by submitting information to certain categories and classes developed by the Company. Two or more different objects receive the possibility of their consideration as copies and representatives of the same class / category.
Concepts are heterogeneous: according to V.I. A murgegle, there is superconpps (time, space, number), macroconcepts (elements), basic concepts (homeland, house) and microconceptions (dance). They differ in the measure of social prestige and the importance of culture (Yu.S. Stepanov).
Consequently, today's approach to learning the language is so complicated that it can be qualified as an interdisciplinary cognitive science that unites linguistic efforts, philosophers, psychologists, neurophysiologists, cultural scientists, specialists in the field of artificial intelligence, etc. It is not by chance V.Z. Demyankov called the cognitive linguistics of the "Federation of Disciplines" with a lot of schools and directions. Thus, in the American cognitive linguistics, a computer variety of cognitiveism is coming to the fore, investigating the assumptions about the work of the human mind with a computer, that is, the problems similar to the modeling of artificial intelligence. German is associated with analyzing language processing information in acts of generating and perception of speech. Cognitive linguistics in Russia focuses on understanding how the naive picture of the world in the processes of human cognitive activity is.
Valentina Abrahamovna Maslova
Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics
The most important achievement of modern linguistics is that the language is no longer considered "in itself for itself"; He appears in the new paradigm from the position of his participation in the cognitive activity of man.
The language is a verbal treasury of the nation, the means of transmitting the thought, which he "packs" into some kind of language structure. The knowledge used at the same time is not only knowledge about the language. It is also knowledge of the world, about the social context, knowledge of the principles of speech communication, about the addressee, background knowledge, etc. None of these types of knowledge cannot be considered a priority, only the study of them all in aggregate and interaction closer to understanding the essence of the language communications.
In recent years, the monographs, collective works and individual articles by N.D. Harutyunova, A.P. Babushkina, N.N. Boldyreva, G.I. Beresteneva, G.A. Volokhina, E.S. Kubryakova, ZD Popova, Yu.S. Stepanova, I.A. Sternina, V.N. Telia and other researchers contain important theoretical provisions on how our knowledge of the world is stored, as they are structured in the communication process. This circle is engaged in cognitive linguistics Linguistics of the future.
The purpose of this manual is to familiarize future philologists with the main theoretical and methodological plants of modern linguistics; systematize the basic concepts of this science; Show which tasks can solve cognitive linguistics.
The most important object of research in cognitive linguistics is a concept. Concepts are mental entities that have a name in language and reflect the cultural and national representation of a person about the world. Concepts - concentrate of culture and experience of the people, according to Yu.M. Lotman, "Like a Cultural Environment Consciousness Consciousness." But, on the other hand, the concept is that, whereby a person himself enters the culture, and in some cases affects it (Yu.S. Stepanov).
The key concepts of culture are called the main units of the picture of the world, the cultural constants, which have significance both for a separate linguistic personality and for the lingu cultural community as a whole.
This manual uses such already known models of concepts developed by Yu.S. Stepanov, E.S. Kubryakova, V.N. Telia, VB Kasevich, as space, time and number, truth, and truth, friendship and love; But there are those who are first represented by the author of the manual: Misty Morning, Winter Night, Future, etc. These concepts, although described with different degrees of completeness, which is explained by the stage of the formation of the cognitive linguistics itself, meet the Unified Scheme, the description of the description presented in the section 1.7.
Cognitive linguistics and its place in a modern scientific paradigm
Cognitive linguistics in the science system
Human intellect, logic, philosophy, physiology, psychology has long been engaged in the patterns of thinking. So, in philosophy there is a whole section - Gnoseology - engaged in the theory of knowledge. Therefore, it can be argued that Cognitivism has a huge tradition, the roots of which go into antiquity. But within the framework of Cognivistism, the old questions sounded in a new way. It turned out, for example, that the different nature of the realities (things, phenomena, events) determines their different mapping in consciousness: Some are represented in the form of visual images, others - in the form of naive concepts, are third in the form of symbols.
Cognitiveness is a direction in science, the object of studying which is human mind, thinking and those mental processes and states that are connected with them. This is a science of knowledge and knowledge, about the perception of the world in the process of human activity.
Now they talk about the cognitive revolution. N. Khomsky, a well-known American linguist, wrote: "The cognitive revolution refers to the states of the mind / brain and how they cause human behavior, especially the cognitive states: the states of knowledge, understanding, interpretations, beliefs, etc." .
Processes related to knowledge and information are called cognitive, or cognits. Their synonyms are also the words "intellectual", "mental", "reasonable". From the standpoint of cognitivism, a person is studied as a system of information processing, and human behavior is described and explained in terms of its internal states. These states are physically manifested, observed and interpreted as receiving, processing, storage, and then mobilization of information for a rational solution of tasks.
The most important principles of cognitivism include a person's interpretation as a subject of the current, actively perceiving and producing information, guided by certain schemes, programs, plans, strategies in its mental activity. And the cognitive science itself began to be considered as a science on the general principles of mental processes in the human brain.
Modern studies indicate that cognitivism unites several scientific directions: cognitive psychology, cultural anthropology, modeling of artificial intelligence, philosophy, neuroscience, linguistics et al. In this regard, it is important to note interdisciplinary character of cognivistism.
"HAPPY BIRTHDAY" COGNITISTICS J. Miller calls a symposium on the theory of information held in the mid-1950s. Another American professor, J. Bruunner, at the same time first begins to lecture on the nature of cognitive processes. Together with J. Miller, they organize at Harvard University in 1960 the first center of cognitive research.
What is new brings cognitivism? "Cognitivism makes an application for the serial method, if you want," industrial "solutions to the problems of human thought" [Demyankov, 1994: 17-33]. The term "cognitivism" today is called:
♦ program of research of the human "mental mechanism";
♦ study of the offend information coming to person on different channels;
♦ Construction of mental models of the world;
♦ Device of systems providing various kinds of cognitive acts;
♦ understanding and formation by man and a computer program of thoughts outlined in a natural language; creating a computer program model capable of understanding and producing text;
♦ A wide range of mental processes serving mental acts.
In cognivistism, the main attention is paid to human cognition, not simply observed actions, and their mental representations (internal representations, models), symbols, human strategies, which generate actions based on knowledge; i.e., the cognitive world of a person is studied on his behavior and activities occurring in the active participation of the language, which forms the retenuable foundation of any human activity - forms its motives, installation, predicts the result.
Thus, the central in the cognitive linguistics is the category of knowledge, the problem of species of knowledge and methods of their language presentation, as it is that the language is the main means of fixing, storage, processing and transmitting knowledge.
It was in the middle of the twentieth century that the prospect of explaining some of the mental processes through the observation of the learning language to the children appeared: the impression was the impression that children some uniformity come to mastering their native languages \u200b\u200band that this universal "algorithm" of mastering the language is in the introduction of new rules in the inner Grammar baby. Summarizing observations, the researchers concluded that these rules are very similar to everything that controls both non-performing activities and looks like involuntary, uncontrolled behavior, reflecting on the structure of perception, memory, and even on emotions. Based on such considerations, the Cognivistic Methodology is close in the spirit of the activity of the linguist, interpreting the text and analyzing the cause of the correctness and meaningfulness of the proposals.
As a result of cognitive activity, a system of meanings relating to the fact that the individual knows and thinks about the world. The study of operating with symbols in understanding by man and the world, and himself in the world combined linguistics with other disciplines studying man and society led to the creation of cognitive linguistics. The language from the standpoint of this science can not be considered in the separation from other forms of human intellectual activity, since it was in the language that the results of cognitive activity were entrenched. In general, activities are one of the Human Ipostasses and its ontological property. Still V. Humboldt considered the language as continuous creative activity (Energeia) and understood it as the basis of all other types of human activity.
