Modern construction companies use different methods work and.
In most cases, the best option is sought when the price matches the quality.
This is important, since in times of fierce competition, the consumer is looking for an opportunity not only to get a high-quality structure, but also to save money.
Operated roofs are often used in the hotel business.
It's no secret that land in resort towns is especially expensive.
Here every centimeter is always used for its intended purpose.
The ability to arrange rooftop seating for guests can significantly save money and maximize the space for relaxation.
The particular is no exception. So today, building cottages, many people prefer exploited roofs, because a terrace or green area equipped there will be much more convenient and original than a banal balcony.
Flat roof. Concepts and types
Flat roofs are in high demand among customers construction companies... Significant cost savings, low labor costs, the minimum amount of materials used and the speed of implementation allow this type of roofing to occupy a leading position.
One of the main features is the possibility of additional operation of the roof of the house. This type of roofing is used for industrial and residential.
Experts define four types flat roofwhich have their own advantages:
- Flat, unexploited roofs. It is used in the event that the building design does not imply the use of the roof for any additional purposes.
- Operated flat roofs. They are used when the customer plans to use the surface for additional purposes. can serve as an open terrace restaurant, a helipad. This roofing will cost the client much more, but these costs are justified. An exploited flat roof is more reliable and can last much longer.
- Inversion coating. This type has its own technological features. In this case, this is laying the insulation directly on the waterproofing layer, which has not been previously exposed to mechanical, temperature and ultraviolet exposure. The insulation is protected from external influences using a drainage layer. Only after this is it possible to lay the finishing layer, as it can be paving slabs. In modern construction, this type of roof is often used in the construction of multi-storey parking lots.
- Traditional. The name of this type of roof speaks for itself. Technologies have been familiar for a long time, tested, and show good results.
Operated flat roof. Features of the structure
If you are planning a device for an exploited flat roof, the technology for its creation must be thoroughly studied. The service life, as well as the safety of everything, depends on the accuracy of project development and a thorough study of all the smallest nuances.
The modern roof structure of this type depends, first of all, on the purpose of its creation, as well as on the type of building and the materials used in the work.
Usually, this roof is created from the following parts:
- Reinforced concrete base plate
- Vapor barrier
- Thermal insulation
- Waterproofing
Coverage provided. This can be a layer of filled soil if a “green zone” is created on the roof, or paving slabs when creating a terrace or multi-level parking lot.
This finishing layer is preceded by the placement of drainage or concrete screed. The choice depends on the purpose of using the surface.
When creating a roof, regardless of its type, special attention must be paid to hydro and thermal insulation, as well as water drainage. In any case, it will accumulate on the surface as a result of rain or melting snow, so this issue must be treated with special attention.
The choice of material for covering an exploited flat roof should be based on a long service life and a high level of resistance to fire.
It is considered one of the most the best materials, which for covering a flat operated roof, is stone wool. Modern specialists often use non-combustible materials for insulating an exploited flat roof.
This is done not only in the interests of fire safety. By using such materials, you can reduce the cost of creating expensive fire barriers.
The use of deposited modern building materials allows you to reduce the cost of laying a concrete screed, since there is no need to use it.
There are no special requirements for flat waterproofing. The coating should be:
- Elastic
- Resistant to various mechanical actions
- Refractory
- Retain its properties at large temperature differences
- Have a long service life and have a number of other properties
Everyone who plans to implement the device of an exploited flat roof with their own hands should know that today there are such types of special building materials:
- Roll materials based on bitumen, polyester or fiberglass
- Polymer bituminous
- Asphalt roofing mastics and others
Any sales assistant at a hardware store can tell you in detail about their properties, advantages and disadvantages. These modern materials have a long service life and can reliably serve from 15 to 75 years, which is its main advantage over the previously used roofing felt.
If, according to the project, a green zone is planned on a flat exploited roof, it is necessary to lay a layer of geotextile between the drainage and the ground. It will act as a filter and prevent small soil particles from being washed into the drain.
Thus, the geotextile prevents flooding of the drainage system and makes it more efficient.
A flat, exploited roof makes you pay special attention to the system. For the green zone, it is imperative to equip a small slope. It will allow the water to not accumulate and quickly drain into the water reservoirs.
What are exploited flat roofs used for?
Serviceable flat roofs have brought some variety to the construction. They can be used for various purposes, thereby expanding the usable space.
Multilevel car parks are one of the most popular applications.
Such roofs allow you to create a number of additional parking spaces, clearing the area around the office or home from cars.
Flat operated roofs are also used in construction.
This is ideal for creating a terrace.
Such a comfortable place to relax will allow the inhabitants of the house to spend in the fresh air large quantity time.
Such terraces are often found in small private hotels. Thus, the owners of the hotel build places for their guests to rest.
Today, a green area is often built on flat roofs. They are installed not only in private houses, but also on the roofs of offices. Communication with nature allows you to relax well after a hard day.
Innovative materials for the arrangement of exploited flat roofs
Modern technologies and building materials make it possible to declare with confidence that the operated flat roofs are quite reliable and practical. They are capable of withstanding any load, and forgive the test of time and bad weather conditions.
To create a roof of this type, both well-known time-tested materials are used, as well as those that have been talked about only in recent years.
So popular and often used today is stone wool. It is used to insulate a flat roof. This wool is made of gabbro-basalt rocks.
Thanks to the use of this material, the life of the roofs, their reliability has been significantly increased, and the resistance to external influences increases. The roof, insulated with stone wool, has good hydro and vapor barrier.
The material is environmentally friendly. Stone wool is able to withstand temperatures up to a thousand degrees, so this material is said to be the ideal solution to provide protection from fire.
Stone wool also has its drawbacks. This is due to possible problems with its installation. Today this problem has been resolved.
For work, stone wool slabs with different densities are used.
The upper layer is more rigid and the lower one is less dense.
Another innovation that is used today for waterproofing flat roofs is a polymer membrane.
The material has a long service life.
Builders love to use it also because the membrane is relatively lightweight.
This reduces the load on the supporting structure.
Roofs, in the manufacture of which such a membrane was used, are resistant to combustion and are characterized by increased resistance to the effects of sun rays. Membranes are usually attached in three ways:
- Ballast fixing. This option is considered affordable and convenient. In this case, the membrane is simply laid on the surface, and it is attached exclusively along the perimeter and at the points of abutment to vertical surfaces. The membrane is held with ballast, which is used as paving slabs, reinforced concrete blocks or gravel. This method is most often used for roofs, which, in addition to their own weight, will have to withstand mechanical stress.
- Mechanical fastening. If necessary, reduce by bearing structures, experts recommend using this mounting method. The process is quite simple and does not require special skills and tools. The cover is fastened at the seams using anchor plates. They are pressed with special screws to the membrane.
The membrane is completely glued to the base. This method is used on roofs with a complex configuration and in case the roof is subjected to strong mechanical stress. For work, use assembly glue. Care should be taken when choosing an adhesive, as it must be compatible with the material of the thermal insulation and membrane.
DIY installation work. What errors occur
It is quite possible to carry out the installation of an exploited flat roof on your own today. On the Internet there are a huge number of sites and all kinds of forums where you can find not only step by step instructions to implement installation works... But also ask questions to professionals who can tell in detail about each of the stages of installation.
Instructions allow purchasing required material, because usually they are accompanied by calculations made by specialists. It is very important to follow all the recommendations and strictly follow the advice. This will help to avoid possible errors that may arise at any of the stages.
So, when installing insulation, it is important to avoid the formation of "cold bridges". The loss of heat in this case can be very serious and reach 50%. The result of such a violation of the installation can lead to the appearance of condensation, and subsequently mold.
The reason for the appearance of such "cold bridges" can be banally simple. They can occur as a result of the use of dowels with a metal nail.
A similar problem is eliminated when using stone wool as insulation for a flat roof. In this case, according to the technology, assembly glue or special dowels with a plastic rod are used to fasten the insulation.
If you doubt the quality of your work, and for some reason do not want to attract professional builders, play it safe and use a two-layer insulation. In this case, special attention should be paid to the order of laying the top layer.
It is laid in such a way that the upper insulation plates cover the seams of the lower layer. Experts recommend using large slabs. This will make it possible to reduce the number of seams, keeping heat loss to a minimum.
Recently exploited flat roofs have become often used in. it perfect solution in the case when it is necessary to increase the space, or want to create a small and cozy place to relax.
Such roofs are often equipped after major repairs, especially in situations where there is no balcony in the home. This is a great opportunity to make your home more comfortable and modern.
The process of arranging an exploited flat roof is quite simple. The work involves the use of materials that are affordable. Due to the low labor costs, almost everyone can afford to equip this type of roof.
Availability of materials and the ability to get on the Internet detailed instructions allows you to do this work yourself. Often such a platform is set up on the roof of the Khrushchevs.
These flat roofs are completely unreliable covered, and often result in heat loss. Arrangement of the operated roof will allow not only to create a comfortable landscaped terrace for yourself, but also to insulate the apartment, additionally protecting it from above with reliable high-quality materials.
Create such a roof yourself at home, and your terrace or green area will become a favorite resting place for guests and a serious reason for pride. And how to insulate it, you can watch the video:
Flat roofs - these are roofs with almost no slope. Their slope does not exceed 3-4 degrees. A small slope is betrayed so that water from the roof can flow by gravity.
This type of roof is widespread in multi-storey residential construction, industrial and warehouse buildings, and public facilities. Flat roofs for their intended purpose are exploited (terrace roofs) and non-exploited.
It is believed that a flat roof is cheaper and more economical than a pitched roof. Why? - For the same building area, the pitched roof area will be larger than the flat roof area. Since the area of \u200b\u200ba flat roof is less, then due to the footage, less building materials are needed for its device. Also, the work associated with the device of a flat roof is less dangerous and much easier to carry out. Also, flat roofs are simple and convenient for maintenance, preventive inspections, for cleaning storm water, working with antennas, chimneys, ventilation ducts and the roof itself. Flat roofs do not require special mountaineering knowledge and skills from the operating and maintenance personnel.
A big plus for flat roofs is the ability to conveniently locate a variety of equipment on them: air conditioning units, ventilation equipment, etc. Many flat roofs are operated with the widest range of purposes: from compensating for the insufficient area of \u200b\u200bland adjacent to the structure in dense urban development or in budget cottage construction, to identifying the aesthetic advantages of a flat roof (arranging winter gardens on them open ground, playgrounds, pools, etc.)
A flat roof is subject to heavy snow loads, but unlike pitched roofs they have no sail, which is very important for multi-storey construction... Also, the positive factors include the possibility of a phased deployment of the construction of a flat roof.
Depending on the used roofing materials and technologies for their implementation, flat roofs are divided into traditional and inversion... Accordingly, flat roofs can be covered with traditional or inverted roofing.
Traditional flat roof are types of flat roof roofing that are laid on top of thermal insulation. In this construction technology Waterproofing is considered a "weak point", since it is constantly exposed to atmospheric influences, sudden changes in temperature, and in the conditions of an operating roof, also to mechanical stress. A big drawback of such roofs is that when leaks occur in the roof, it is difficult to find their place, and the work associated with the repair is time consuming and expensive.
Inverted flat roof... Unlike traditional flat roofs, the insulation in such a roof is placed above the waterproofing material. At the same time, the roof waterproofing itself is protected from temperature drops, exposure to sunlight and mechanical damage. Also, laid under a layer of insulation, it also performs the function of a vapor barrier. At the same time, the inverted roof structure makes special increased demands on thermal insulation. Inversion roofs are especially widely used in many countries for multi-level parking lots and allow more efficient use of space in dense urban areas. The use of an inverted roof allows you to place green areas on it, equip multi-level parking lots and sports grounds.
Operated roofs
Operated roofs are widespread in megalopolises, where, with very dense buildings, there are few free plots of land. They arrange green areas, sports grounds, parking lots, cafes, etc. One of the varieties of exploited roofs can be the overlap of underground premises (the same parking lots, shopping areas, etc.), which from the surface of the earth are perceived as a comfortable spot in urban development (square, outdoor cafe, etc.).
The device of the exploited roof for the underground parking is arranged according to the following scheme: the waterproofing layer is laid directly on the screed made over the concrete floor. Stack on top thermal insulation boards overlapping each other. On top of the thermal insulation, a special filtering layer is laid, on it - a layer of gravel backfill. Sidewalk slabs are laid on the gravel. It turns out not a roof, but a yard area, which is used as usual, although it is not recommended to plant trees there. Flowers, grass, small bushes - please. If the roof of the underground parking is intended for use as a guest parking, then instead of slabs and gravel filling, a continuous reinforced concrete pavement should be used.
These include almost all multi-storey residential buildings of the Soviet era, as well as industrial construction sites and shopping centers, where, for economic reasons, it is impractical to have flat roof... This type of roof is divided into two types:
- operated (located on the roofs of summer restaurants, cafes, viewing and walking areas),
- unexploited, not requiring additional reinforcement.
It is one of the simplest types of roofs. The construction of such a roof does not require large expenditures of money and amount of work.
To build such a roof, certain conditions must be met:
- bias,
- the whole structure must be waterproofed and have a drain for rain and waste water,
- roof insulation.
When arranging a roof terrace, the required slope has great importanceas it serves as waterproofing.
The necessary device for water drainage can be made using gutters. Best to apply inner tube heated so that ice does not form inside it in winter.
The base of the roof can be made of concrete. The concrete should be insulated with special materials, then a layer of waterproofing should be laid on the thermal insulation, with special attention should be paid to the areas most susceptible to wetting, for example, the connection between the wall and the roof.
As stated above, flat roof has several varieties.
Varieties of flat roofing.
Operated... This type settles down for such a purpose that people will go out to it. For example, for the repair and inspection of coatings and waterproofing or ventilation systems.
One of the important conditions when creating such a roof is the construction of a fence around the entire perimeter, which must be stable and reliable. An internal and external drainage system is also important.
Unexploited flat roof... Usually it is used on structures with a small area, for example, it can be a garage, warehouse, bathhouse or gazebo. Since people are not provided for access to it, the rigidity of the foundation does not play a special role.
Another type of roof is inversion. It implies active exploitation. For example, this type of roof can house restaurants, cafes, winter gardens or parking lots.
All calculations should be done by professional engineers. Only they will be able to calculate floors, thermal insulation and waterproofing.
When building private houses, flat roofs can be made of wood. In this case, waterproofing is also of great importance.
In any kind of flat roof, it must have:
- vapor barrier layer,
- high-quality waterproofing,
- insulation layer,
- roofing covering.
Insulation should be selected depending on the type of roof, for example, on an unexploited one can be used soft materials, and in the case of an exploited roof, it is necessary to use only rigid types of insulation coating.
Flat roof consists of several layers:
- grounds,
- vapor barrier,
- insulation,
- waterproofing, which is also a roof covering.
Vapor barrier protects the insulation from the warm air that enters through the ceiling. Various materials can be used as a vapor barrier, for example, a vapor barrier film or fiberglass.
In places where the vapor barrier is connected to vertical surfaces, it is brought to a height that is greater than the thickness of the insulation and the roof covering. A sealant or hot bitumen is added to the joints.
For houses that are intended for use, usually the insulation is polystyrene, expanded polystyrene or other insulation materials that have a solid structure.
Bulk mixtures can be used as insulation, but not on actively exploited roofs. In this option, a sand and cement screed is poured over the free-flowing coating.
By choosing flat roof covering, quality should be made a guideline waterproofing material, since the effectiveness of the coating and the elimination of leaks depend on it.
The pros and cons of a flat roof.
The main advantage of this type of roof can be attributed to efficiency, since when arranging it, the material will require 1.5-2 times less than when constructing other types of roofs, for example, pitched ones. As a result, space heating is saved, since a small roof area gives off less heat to the atmosphere.
The disadvantages of such a roof include:
- not very attractive external house view,
- a high-quality drainage system is required,
- obligatory presence of a strong and reliable waterproofing system.
If on flat roof the attic space is not provided, then the insulation should be carried out both outside and inside the room.
Thermal insulation can be laid in one or several layers. It depends on the temperature conditions of the region.
Any roof must have a slope, even if it is called flat. This is done to ensure that water flows unhindered into gutters and funnels.
On residential buildings, the slope is 1-5 degrees. If this is not done, then water will accumulate on the surface of the roof, which will further render the coating unusable.
If the precipitation that fell in summer can evaporate, then the precipitation that fell in the autumn goes through a repeated cycle, that is, it freezes, then melts and so on in a circle. As a result, the top layer of the roofing is destroyed and water penetrates into the insulation material.
If the slope on the roof is insufficient, then moisture enters under the waterproofing layer, as a result of which leaks begin. In addition, dust gets into the ever-standing puddles, which settles, and the seeds of various plants are carried by the wind, which later grow, turning the roof into oases. You can often see a picture where not only grass but also trees grow on the roof. To avoid these undesirable consequences, it is necessary to roll the roof. This is done at the stage flat roof devices... All processes associated with these are aimed at acquiring the necessary bias.
A flat roof looks like a kind of multi-layer cake, the layers of which are:
- base, represented by an iron floor slab or a metal profile of a certain height,
- vapor barrier rolls materials,
- insulation having a different structure,
- several layers of roll waterproofing,
The slope is made directly at the stage of laying the insulation material. In order for the drainage to have sufficient efficiency, the minimum slope of the slope must be from 1 to 4 degrees.
In addition to all other components, the roof structure with an internal drain must have drain funnels. If the drainage system is located outside the building, then gutters are installed, which are arranged on the outer wall of the structure or under the roof covering.
To achieve the required slope, several methods are used:
- using bulk materials,
- using a mixture of concrete with the same fillers,
- using a concrete mixture with polymer fillers,
- using insulating materials.
When flat roofing Bulk materials are not very convenient because they have great mobility. During the work, the material can move, and, accordingly, the angle of inclination may differ from the specified parameters.
In order for the bulk material to take a stable shape and maintain the given slope parameters, it must be poured with a cement composition and wait a while for the material to set.
So, flat roofs have recently become quite popular among the population, as they significantly help save space. On such a roof, you can install a summer cafe, an observation deck, a restaurant or a parking area.
When constructing such a roof, all its features should be taken into account, the main of which is high-quality and reliable waterproofing... If all calculations are made correctly and all the basic nuances of a flat roof device are provided, then it will have a long service life. The insulation and ventilation system is also an important point.
Flat roof will help save not only on space, but also on materials.
