Monolithic housing construction technologies
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A monolithic multi-storey building is a serious object in which the heating, water supply, ventilation, power supply and sewerage systems are connected into a single whole.
The construction process is divided into several stages, which ultimately affects the time. Despite this, multi-story houses more and more often they are building using monolithic technology.
The main stages of the construction of multi-storey buildings using monolithic technology
Any construction of a multi-storey building using monolithic technology is a long and painstaking procedure. Moreover, this applies not only to themselves construction works, but also the approval of the project and other paper documentation.
Consider the main stages of the construction of a monolithic high-rise building:
- 1. Perhaps the most difficult stage is not related to construction. First you need obtain a building permit and choose a suitable site. Then comes a difficult period of coordination of controversial issues with the local administration (given the complexity of the sphere of urban construction, this stage will take a huge amount of time and nerves).
- 2. On the allocated plot of land geological and topological exploration ... It is necessary to correctly determine the type of soil and its composition, the depth of occurrence groundwater, the level of soil freezing and other important indicators.
Pit for the construction of a residential building 
Pile field under monolithic house 
Removable formwork 
Removable wall formwork
- 3. An extremely important step is development of a project for a multi-storey building ... It includes all the necessary construction documentation: material calculation, engineering systems, sections, floor plans, final estimate. The project is the last paper document and after it the stages of construction work begin.
- 4. Breakdown of the site is made and start preparatory work to prepare the foundation. It is necessary dig a pit and drive piles under the foundation. After that, the installation of the frame from the reinforcement begins (use a rod of rectangular or round section). In the construction of a multi-storey building using monolithic technology, the frame plays an important role - it gives the structure the necessary rigidity.
- 5. Performed assembly of removable formwork from wooden boards, expanded polystyrene or plastic. You can use ready-made formwork. At the end of the assembly, produce pouring concrete solution with further ramming (using deep vibrators). Now it remains to wait for the mixture to dry completely and harden, after which the formwork is dismantled. Various additives can be used to speed up the process. According to this principle, they build floor by floor.
- 6. Insulation and finishing of the facade produced after the last layer of concrete has completely dried. This takes at least 28 days, and even more in wet and cold weather.
- 7. At the final stage, the house connect to all necessary communications ... After that, the territory adjacent to the house is ennobled.
Fixed formwork (example) 
Construction of a multi-storey building using monolithic technology
Advantages of monolithic multi-storey buildings
Monolithic high-rise buildings have obvious advantages over brick and panel counterparts.
- First of all, it is worth highlighting their reliability and compactness.
- An important component is visual appeal.
- An insulated and plastered monolithic high-rise building looks much better than a panel or brick one.
- In addition, very often during the construction of a multi-storey building using monolithic technology, additional architectural techniques and elements are used: protrusions, bay windows, curved walls, window openings with original geometry.
- Durability is one of the key benefits. Thanks to the special construction technology, monolithic construction has fewer joints, which can significantly increase the service life. Such buildings can be built in seismically active areas.
- Monolithic high-rise buildings are ideal as objects with developed infrastructure. In the basement and first floors there is the possibility of arranging retail outlets, sports facilities, parking lots and other establishments.
Disadvantages of monolithic high-rises
The disadvantages include reasons not related to the operational characteristics of buildings. The main negative point is the likelihood of a shift in the delivery date of the object. This happens due to miscalculation or worsening weather conditions. This includes the complexity of the work, because not every company can master a monolithic structure.
Issue price
It may seem that, taking into account the above characteristics, the cost of such a house is several times higher than the budget of similar buildings made of panels and bricks. In fact, their cost is approximately equal, and with a well-designed project, it can be even lower. Analysis of the real estate market shows that prices for housing in monolithic high-rise buildings are 10-15% lower. Thus, this property can be considered an excellent investment.
Progress in the construction field is slow. Proven and efficient technologies have been used for decades. However, significant competition leads to the search for new solutions that allow buildings to be erected faster, cheaper and with greater strength.
Most of the innovation comes from Western countries and is brought by international construction companies. In RF modern technologies are fully used for the construction of the largest or non-standard objects of great social importance. After mastering the technology, it finds application in typical buildings. Thus, innovative methods become widely available.
Construction of the Moscow-City complex as a triumph of high technologies
An excellent example of a modern one is the Moscow City building complex located in the capital. It would be impossible to carry out such a grandiose project without innovative techniques. One of the most famous objects of this complex is the Mercury Tower, which at a height of 338.8 m is the tallest skyscraper in Europe. To reach this height, it was necessary to use a number of new solutions, including the technology of prestressing concrete.
The prestressing of concrete makes it possible to reduce the weight of the structure and increase its strength properties.
This technology allows you to increase the spacing of the support columns by 2 times or more, to reduce the thickness floor slabs by 20%. Reduction of concrete consumption is achieved up to 25%.
The technology of prestressing concrete has been known for a long time, but it was used to create individual blocks. IN monolithic construction it has only recently come into use. Its essence lies in the fact that steel reinforcement with high strength is stretched using hydraulic and screw jacks. After that, concrete is poured. When it grabs, the tension is released. The armature tries to return to its original length and exerts a compressive force on the material. During the operation of the resulting product, these compressive loads reduce tensile deformations, which are a common cause of failure of concrete structures.
high-rise complex "Moscow City" - monolithic construction
Higher strength values \u200b\u200bfor monolithic elements with stressed reinforcement make it possible to erect concrete structures with long spans without intermediate supports. This reduces the overall weight of the structure. This method was proposed earlier by the Soviet scientist Viktor Mikhailov, but his ideas remained unclaimed. And the successful experience of construction by the method of French engineer Eugene Freycinet began to be widely used first in Europe and then in Russia.
Another innovation was used in the construction of the multi-storey tower "Russia". It has a considerable number of underground floors that go into the ground for 56 m. Work with this building was carried out construction company "Satori". The Up & Down technology has been used, which has proven to be excellent in deep excavation operations. It involves the gradual excavation of soil, as the floors are erected in the underground tiers. This approach makes it possible to quickly build both aboveground and underground part building.
Experts believe that now there is no alternative to Up & Down technology in urban construction. It allows you to significantly reduce the construction time of a building, since construction is carried out simultaneously up and down relative to ground level. Unlike traditional construction methods, there is no need to wait until the ground floor is fully completed. This technology is now increasingly used not only at non-standard facilities, such as the Moscow City complex, but also in conventional construction in many large cities of the Russian Federation. Often this method is the only way out when sealing construction is performed.
When performing construction work within the city, and especially in its center, it is necessary to reduce the use of heavy equipment to a minimum. The height of mobile cranes is much less than modern high-rise buildings, and they do not allow the delivery of concrete upstairs, which is used to fill the floors. In this regard, at the construction site of the Moscow City complex, such a technical innovation as.
Concrete pumps SANY (SANI) were used to deliver the solution to the huge heights of the towers. At the same time, concrete of grade B90, which is characterized by very low fluidity. The choice of the concrete grade was made by the general contractor based on the safety of the building. The construction of buildings was carried out all year roundeven when the temperature dropped to -20 ° C. For this, the technique has been adapted in a special way. It was equipped with a low temperature starting system, heated hydraulic drive and a thick layer of heat insulator.
According to the engineers, the concrete pump has become a necessary installation on the construction site. Without its use, the terms of work would have increased significantly, and time plays a decisive role in such construction. With the help of a drip, you can feed on upper floors up to 60 cubic meters of concrete per hour. When building a residential neighborhood or several objects in the city, a concrete pump becomes a mandatory installation, without which work goes much slower.
Quarter in Khamovniki in the English style
In the delivery of residential and, especially, luxury real estate, considerable attention is paid to giving the buildings individuality from an architectural point of view. One such example is the Knightsbridge residential complex, in which the developer tried to convey the spirit of old London, in which quite intricate architectural forms met. Despite the complex structure of facades and layouts, the deadlines for the completion of such complexes are tight, and the busy schedule requires builders to search for new solutions that can reduce the time to complete the work.
During the creation of Knightsbridge Private park, considerable attention was paid to the assembly of the formwork. As often happens, the effect was given by a simple improvement of the process - the use of film faced plywood for concreting the floors, on which a template mesh was applied in advance. This made it much easier to mark and cut the concrete formwork slabs on the construction site.
The use of plywood sheets simplifies the daily work that builders need to do - measuring and marking. When using laminated plywood with a marked grid, workers can easily measure the required distances. This mesh reduces the time it takes to lay the rebar. Lines running at intervals of 25 and 50 mm can serve as guides and with their help it is easy to maintain a step when laying reinforcement. The plywood itself has an acrylic-based coating that protects the material from moisture.
Kazan-Arena and Otkrytie Arena - sites for new records
The opening of the International Universiade, held in Kazan, took place on July 6, 2013. The new stadium "Kazan-Arena" became the main site for it. Its construction was completed almost twice as fast as that of similar objects, due to the use of modern ways formwork creation.
If you ask about the duration of different stages of construction work at a monolithic construction site, you will notice that the installation and dismantling of formwork takes the most time. These processes are quite laborious, and they largely determine the pace of construction. Significant savings in the time spent on the construction of the Kazan-Arena were made possible by the creation of the building connected by “quick locks”.
The assembly of the system using this technology can be started immediately when the formwork is brought to the construction site. Conventional formwork is assembled on site, which takes a lot of time. When moving to the next floor with a different layout, such a formwork must be completely disassembled and redrawn, having done all the work, in fact, from scratch. And the formwork system, consisting of standard components, is much easier to assemble - the “quick locks” are disconnected, the elements are transferred to a new place and connected again. Such a system has great durability.
During the construction of the Kazan-Arena, the PSK-CUP formwork of the girder-frame structure was used. It combined the advantages of both panelboard and girder-transom formwork systems, while also acting as a scaffolding. Such an innovative design made it possible to save money needed for scaffolding rental, installation and dismantling.
construction of "Otkrytie Arena"
Spartak Stadium, also called Otkritie Arena, located on the territory of the old Tushino airfield, is due to open in mid-2014. The final project was agreed only in 2010, which required the builders to speed up the pouring of concrete. At the same time, they were required to be performed in the winter, and the low temperature should not have a negative impact on the strength of the concrete.
To ensure normal hardening, the concrete was heated using heat guns with electric heating elements. About 60% of the concrete work at the Otkritie Arena stadium was completed in the winter of 2011-2012. Great importance played by the formwork of the beam-frame structure PSK-CUP. It provided resistance to high loads and temperature extremes.
During the construction of the Otkritie Arena, another new technology - connections of fittings with couplings. The use of such elements instead of welding the rods and tying them made it possible to significantly speed up the installation of the fittings, since this operation required no more than 10 minutes.
Compared to viscous by-passes, coupling joints allow reducing the consumption of reinforcing rods. Also, the advantage of this method is that it allows you to create a connection with equal strength along the entire length of the reinforcing cage. This ensures an even distribution of loads across all members. The welded joint has an important drawback - the complexity of control over the quality of the seam. This requires bulky equipment that cannot be used in field conditions... Couplings ensure high quality of the joint due to the use of tapered threads.
Concrete prestressing, powerful mix pumps, laminated plywood with mesh, couplings and other new technologies simplify the job of builders. Such technologies give companies an edge over competitors and freedom of decision in the construction of complex buildings.
