Concreting of monolithic walls of residential buildings

Interior decoration the house is one of the most difficult works during its entire construction. After all, it is not enough just to build 4 walls and cover them with a roof. It is also necessary to build the necessary ceilings, partitions inside, hang the doors and, of course, perform cosmetic repairs associated with painting or pasting the necessary interior elements and furnishing the rooms with furniture.

Walls and internal partitions made of foam concrete are distinguished by their strength and high load-bearing capacity.

In addition to all of the above, it is necessary to conduct electricity, water, heating and much more inside the room. And these are additional troubles associated with switches, sockets, chandeliers and everything else.

If you, most likely, cannot cope with some of the work alone, since you must have the appropriate qualifications for installing electrical wiring, heating and water supply, then pouring walls or partitions inside the structure with your own hands can well be done with your own hands. For interior partitions there is no need to use any complex constructions. Most often, a material such as drywall is used for these purposes. In order to erect such a partition, you only need a wooden or metal carcass, to which the GCR will be attached. Such a partition will turn out to be quite light, it will be possible to complete it even without additional helpers. Despite this, drywall has properties such as increased heat and sound insulation. In order for these properties to be certain, it is necessary to lay the inside of the partition with a layer of waterproofing.

Overlappings can be made of foam concrete (1), poured into fixed formwork (2 - between brick wall and drywall) and poured into removable formwork (3 - internal partitions).

More solid partitions are erected using concrete, polystyrene concrete or foam concrete. These materials are used in the construction of load-bearing and even self-supporting walls and partitions. All three types of materials can be used both in low-rise residential buildings and in multi-storey buildings intended for production. In the process of making foam concrete and polystyrene concrete, a variety of technologies are used. Depending on this, the materials can be used in a particular room, and the method of preparation depends on how the walls and partitions should be poured later.

In order to choose which material (polystyrene concrete or foam concrete) is better to use, you need to decide how much effort you are willing to spend on this process. The first of the above solutions is much easier to prepare, but foam concrete can also be prepared in a conventional concrete mixer or even in a box, mixing it with a shovel.

Production of foam concrete

For self-production of foam concrete without a special foam generator, you will need a construction mixer or a corresponding drill attachment.

If you have decided that a monolithic wall will still be filled with foam concrete, you need to familiarize yourself with how you can make it yourself. The very name "foam concrete" speaks of what it is this material... It includes foamed concrete. The technology of its manufacture, as already mentioned, is rather primitive. You can use two main technologies - mechanical and chemical. In order to carry out the preparation of foam concrete in the first way, you will need:

• sand;
• water;
• cement;
• construction mixer;
• drill.

First, an ordinary cement mortar is mixed, in which 1 part of cement is first mixed with the same amount of water, after which 3 parts of sand are added to the mass. After you mix all this with a shovel or a concrete mixer, you can start foaming the mixture. To do this, you need a powerful drill and an attachment - a construction mixer. With this device it is necessary to foam the solution. The pores are small, but that's enough.

Monolithic pouring is carried out with another type of solution, which is prepared in almost the same way as the previous solution.

To prepare foam concrete yourself, you will need cement, sand, water and a special foaming agent that ensures the porosity of the concrete.

But instead of using a drill, you need to add a foaming agent. This constituent material can be made on the basis of vegetable or fatty components, based on surfactants, which are not much different in composition from all known detergents. It is the amount of the added foaming agent that will affect the final properties of the solution, which will be used for the monolithic pouring of the partition or walls. Foam concrete is usually used of medium density. To do this, you can pour in not a whole bottle of foaming agent. And if you use a construction mixer, then the speed on the drill should also not be maximum. Walls made of foam concrete are distinguished by increased thermal conductivity (they are even capable of storing heat themselves) and soundproofing properties.

Another undoubtedly positive quality of foam concrete is that it is able to let vapors through itself, so moisture will not accumulate in it, which can lead to the emergence of all kinds of destructive organisms, such as a fungus, in the walls. At the same time, the monolithic filling of a partition or wall made of foam concrete does not absorb water. So this material can be used in the kitchen, in the bathroom, and in other rooms with high humidity.

Wall mounting

For the construction of interior partitions, you need to make a formwork from boards, drywall, glass-magnesium sheets, etc.

In order for the walls to be not only reliable, but also warm and even, a monolithic pouring them into a permanent formwork is used. This method of building walls requires the following set of materials and tools:

• foam concrete;
• wooden blocks and boards;
• nails;
• hammer;
• self-tapping screws;
• screwdriver;
• metallic profile.

In order for the wall to be poured using foam concrete, it is necessary to prepare in advance the frame into which the solution will be poured. The fact is that such foam concrete has a very liquid consistency, which needs to be poured only into an airtight container. Therefore, you first need to build a wall of beams and boards.

For the construction of monolithic foam concrete partitions, a sealed frame is first built from wooden bars sheathed with plasterboard.

To do this, you first need to attach the bar vertically to both the ceiling and the floor. Having retreated from it a distance of no more than 60 cm, the next one is set, and so on until their total length is equal to the length of the potential partition. The bars are fastened with nails or metal staples. Further, across the bars, you will need to nail boards with the same pitch as the bars. This frame must be attached on both sides finishing material... Most often, GCR is used for these purposes. It is attached to the tree with self-tapping screws.

It is necessary that the distance between the screws be as small as possible, since the foam concrete increases during the drying process and can squeeze out the walls of the partition. The wall is poured after all joints between the GVL are hermetically closed. For this, you can use a silicone sealant, as this material is very fluid. All that remains is to pour foam concrete into the wall. This can be done with an ordinary bucket (or a bucket, depending on how much distance allows you). Another option is to use a pump. Previously, wiring and other communications, such as heating pipes, can be laid inside the wall.

Additional styling options

It is more advisable to use polystyrene concrete for pouring partitions into fixed formwork, since it is denser than foam concrete due to the polystyrene balls it contains.

In addition to pouring the walls into a permanent formwork, pouring into a removable formwork is also possible. But it is not very convenient to carry out these works with foam concrete, because, as already mentioned, it is very liquid. You can use its denser version - polystyrene concrete. For mounting removable formwork either ready-made formwork sheets are used, or home-made - from laminated plywood. After the foam concrete has hardened, the formwork can be removed. Since this method assumes the presence of a thicker foam concrete than when pouring the wall into a permanent formwork, some try to resort to other options for diluting the concrete solution. For this, many use gas. With the help of this material, concrete can also be foamed, but the result will not be the same as required by the norms for building houses and erecting partitions. Therefore, in no case should the concrete solution be foamed with the help of gas, especially if you intend to resort to the construction of the wall using temporary, removable formwork.

Some are taking a not very effective option for wall insulation with foam concrete. It lies in the fact that this solution is poured into the brickwork between the facing and internal bricks. The effectiveness of this method is minimal due to the fact that the insulation is in the wall itself. This method of monolithic pouring is called well masonry pouring.

& nbspIn individual construction, not only small-block materials are used. Walls can also be erected in the form of a lightweight concrete monolith. The advantages of such technologies are that they are quite simple and can be used by the developer even in the absence of extensive experience, are quite cheap and at the same time have good operational characteristics.

& nbspAllows in lightweight concrete are slag, brick battle, expanded clay, sawdust and various local materials, binders - cement, lime, gypsum, clay. Most often, fuel or blast furnace slag is used as a filler, to increase the strength of which approximately 10–20% of its volume of sand is added.

& nbspBoth sand and slag should not contain any impurities: clay, soil, ash, etc. The strength and thermal insulation properties of slag concrete are largely determined by its granulometric composition - the ratio of large (5-40 mm) and small (0.2-5 mm ) fractions of filler. If large particles predominate, then the cinder concrete is light, but not strong enough; if the majority of the aggregate is fine slag, then the cinder concrete will not only be denser, but also more heat-conducting. Proceeding from this, it has been experimentally established that the ratio of small and large slag is optimal for external walls - from 3: 7 to 4: 6; for internal load-bearing walls, in which strength is a more important indicator, the proportions are shifted towards small fractions. Moreover, particles larger than 10 mm are not introduced into the mixture at all.

& nbspThe main binder is cement, to which clay or lime is added. This allows not only to save expensive material, but also to improve the quality of cinder concrete, which, thanks to additives, acquires plasticity.

& nbsp 8 shows the components for the preparation of slag concrete.

& nbspTable 8

& nbsp The ratio of the components in the composition of cinder concrete

& nbspBefore preparing cinder concrete, the aggregate must be passed through sieves with cells of 5 x 5 and 1 x 1 mm. The slag remaining on the first belongs to large, on the second - to small. Having combined 60–70% of the coarse fraction with 30–40% of the fine one, you can proceed to further actions.

& nbspTo prepare slag concrete, cement, sand and slag (large fragments must be moistened) are thoroughly mixed in a dry state, then lime or clay dough and water are added. The composition is mixed again and can be used immediately. In this case, such an amount of the mixture is needed so that it can be consumed within no more than 2 hours.

& nbspFor making a monolithic wall, it is necessary to make a formwork with a height of 40-60 cm, the boards of which should be well adjusted, otherwise the cement milk will simply flow out. For formwork, both planed and non-planed boards are suitable. The first - in the event that further wall decoration is not expected, the second - if the surfaces are plastered.

& nbspThe most convenient way is to use the movable formwork (Fig. 79), made of horizontal wooden panels and screeds or vertical metal panels and rods.

& nbsp Fig. 79. The design of the movable formwork: a - wooden;

& nbspb - metal; 1 - clamp; 2, 3 - horizontal external and internal shields; 4, 5 - upper and lower wooden ties; 6 - metal screed; 7 - slag concrete; 8 - vertical bar; 9 - wedges

& nbspThe thickness of the monolithic walls is 550–650 mm. If expanded clay or pumice is used as a filler, the wall can be thinner - 450–500 mm.

& nbspPrepared and installed formwork it is filled in layers with cinder concrete (approximately 150-200 mm), after which it is compacted and bayonetted to remove air from the material that can form pockets in the wall mass and destroy its strength.

& nbspAbout 2-3 days (depending on the weather), the formwork is disassembled and assembled in another place. The erected section of the wall needs maintenance, which consists of protection from sunlight and moisture.

& nbspYou can start finishing the wall in 3-4 weeks, waiting for the cinder concrete to completely harden and gain strength.

& nbspFrom the outside, the walls are plastered or finished with other modern materials. Brick wall cladding should be recognized as a good technological solution.

& nbspBeing made with jointing, the brick wall will not only give the monolith a more spectacular look, but can also serve as formwork during the concreting process.

& nbspThe lintels over the window and door openings, due to the specifics of the wall material, are made by privates from a monolithic reinforced concrete belt 300-400 mm thick, laid along wooden formwork... The support parts of the lintels are 400–500 mm long on both sides of the opening.

& nbspMonolithic walls, like small-block ones, can be made with voids. This has a number of advantages: first of all, the consumption of building material decreases and the thermal insulation properties of the enclosing structure increase.

& nbspInserts made of lightweight concrete, expanded polystyrene, etc. act as void formers. To prevent voids from reducing the strength of the wall, the density of cinder concrete should be increased.

& nbspThe construction of walls will be cheaper (by 30-40% compared to cinder-concrete and 2-3 times compared to brick) if you use waste woodworking industry, in particular sawdust (Table 9). Additionally, it is recommended to introduce calcium chloride, water glass, etc. (approximately 2–4% of the volume of the binder).

& nbspTable 9

& nbsp The ratio of the components in the composition of sawdust concrete

The sawdust composition is prepared as follows: individually sifted through a sieve with 1 x 1 cm cells, sawdust is mixed with sand, and cement - with lime dough, after which the mixtures are combined, mixed, laid out in the formwork in layers 10-15 cm thick, and then bayonetted, are compacted and left for 2-3 days.

& nbspWalls made of sawdust concrete are light, environmentally friendly, have low thermal conductivity, are quite durable, especially if you take some measures for this, in particular, provide waterproofing of the foundation, increase the overhang of the roof to 600 mm. The strength of the walls will increase if they are reinforced with a metal bar every 30–40 cm in height in two or three places along the width of the wall (the greatest attention should be paid to the places of abutment and intersection of external and internal walls); at the level of the overlap, make a strapping of boards with a section of 150-200 x 50 mm with the ends embedded in half a tree; place window openings at a distance of at least 1.5 m from the corners; make piers at least 1 m wide; the lintels over window and door openings should be embedded in the walls, having previously insulated, to a depth of at least 250 mm.

& nbspThickness of external sawdust concrete walls depends on the average temperature of the coldest five days of the year. If it is –20 ° C, then 350 mm is sufficient, at –40 ° C - 400 mm. Internal walls thickness - 300 mm.

& nbsp In order to inform

& nbspAbove we presented the traditional method of erecting monolithic walls. But modern technologies have gone far ahead, moreover, they are now at a level that allows architects and designers not only to make, but also to implement the most daring decisions, in particular, it is not at all necessary for the house to look like a boring gray concrete box. New formwork structures make it possible to "break" the facade, to give it a special architectural expressiveness.

In addition, a monolithic house is built very quickly, especially if the problem with the supply of mortar to the construction site is removed and a modern formwork structure is used. By the way, it should be noted that there is no need to purchase it.

& nbspSuch devices can be rented if you plan to build on your own, or hire a team that has a formwork system. But it is very important what kind of formwork they own, since the timing of the construction of the walls, their quality, and how much the house will cost depend on it.

& nbspThe world leaders in the manufacture of formwork systems are German manufacturers, for example, PERI, which has been working in this field since the 1970s. Trio formwork is one of its best developments, which is versatile and is used for the construction of an object of any complexity. The formwork is a steel frame, galvanized on both sides, with a special powder coating applied to it, thanks to which it is easy to clean after stripping. The frame is covered with 18 mm Finnish plywood. Installation of the system, consisting of six standard sizes of panels (30, 60, 72, 120, 240 cm), which can be assembled vertically and horizontally, is carried out using a universal (suitable for all connections) BFD lock. The structure has a height of 540 cm, but during assembly it will not require any crossbars - it is enough to install this lock on the stiffening ribs (Fig. 80).

A special lubricant (pericline or peribiocline) is applied to the surface of the formwork by spraying, due to which the joints fit as well as possible and the walls are leveled. In addition, the lubricant makes it easier to clean the structure after stripping (the adhered concrete sprayed with such a composition instantly comes off). Within seven days, the grease evaporates from the surface of the wall, so it is not an obstacle to its finishing.

& nbsp Fig. 80. Trio formwork: a - formwork elements; b - universal lock BFD; c - a fragment of the assembled formwork

& nbspThe Italian formwork system Faresin, which has big amount modules and allows you to create an almost unlimited number of different building structuresand highly qualified specialists are not required for its installation. In this design, the indicators of rigidity, strength and weight are optimally combined.

& nbspThe frame is made with high precision from steel and aluminum profiles, panels - from laminated plywood 18 mm thick. The assembled aluminum structure weighs 28-32 kg / m, steel - 40-45 kg / m. Two people use a crane to assemble the formwork in 27 minutes.

& nbspDomestic formwork systems are quite competitive and differ at an affordable price, for example, STALFORM formwork made of steel and aluminum modules with a height of 3 and 3.3 m with laminated plywood and weighing 30 and 50 kg / m, respectively.

& nbspIn order for the house to meet all the requirements for heat conservation, comfort level, architectural expressiveness, new technologies are being developed, modern materials are being introduced. To put it simply, the technology of monolithic construction is carried out as follows: on the site allocated for the house, a formwork is mounted along the contour of the wall of the future structure, into which a frame made of reinforcement is installed and concrete is poured. When it gains the necessary power, the formwork is either dismantled, or becomes part of the newly erected wall. In the second case, it is called non-removable. Its prospects are no longer in doubt.

& nbspThe method of erecting walls using fixed formwork is a hybrid of two technologies: monolithic housing construction and the construction of walls from hollow blocks or panels. Therefore, it is not surprising that the whole process consists of the same stages, with the exception of the last one (the formwork remains in place):

& nbsp1) erection of a wall from blocks or panels;

& nbsp2) reinforcement;

& nbsp3) filling internal voids with concrete.

& nbspBlocks and panels play the role of formwork, which is then not dismantled, but turns into a multi-layer enclosing structure. This technology, which has become widespread in European countries, is used to build dwelling houses, utility and small industrial buildings (as a rule, no higher than five floors).

& nbspDistinguishing features of fixed formwork are the low weight of the elements, simple technology and no need for heavy equipment.

& nbspCurrently, fixed formwork made of expanded polystyrene is most famous, although there are other technologies using, for example, chipboard, DSP, etc. Consider some of them.

& nbsp ISODOM is a technology that has proven its reliability and has stood the test of time. In accordance with it, the permanent formwork is made of building polystyrene foam, which was invented in 1951 in Germany. Almost immediately, they began to use it as a heat insulator for insulating external walls (it is 97% air).

& nbspIn the early 1960s. a technology was developed and implemented, according to which formwork was made from expanded polystyrene in the form of blocks installed at the construction site and poured with liquid concrete. This method has replaced wall insulation with expanded polystyrene plates (although it is still used for thermal insulation of already built buildings). Over time, polystyrene foam blocks have been modernized, improved and ultimately turned into comfortable, durable, technological structures that allow you to implement any architectural solution.

& nbspIzodom fixed formwork is blocks (fig. 81) made of solid expanded polystyrene with through voids. On their surface there is a special system of locks, which ensures the tightness of the structure and prevents the loss of concrete. Installation of modules is carried out without any effort, especially since blocks 1.5 m long are practically weightless.

& nbsp Fig. 81. Blocks of the "IZODOM" system: a - wall block MS2;

& nbspb - wall block MC1; c - wall block MCF1; d - rotating block MCF0.7; d - block for internal walls MCF1 / 15; e - block above ML openings; g - block for overlapping MR; h - block MN; and - plugs OS, OH, OV; k - block with increased thermal insulation

& nbspWall blocks MS - these are two walls of expanded polystyrene 50 mm thick, connected by jumpers, which are made of expanded polystyrene 6.5 cm thick or solid polystyrene. The latter are distinguished by their increased strength and are used in the construction of buildings up to four floors, but are also suitable for low-rise buildings and in this case they allow the use of low-grade concrete. There are dovetail grooves on the inner surfaces of the blocks, thanks to which the concrete adheres firmly to the block walls.

& nbspIf the project of the house involves the construction of walls at one or another angle (not at a right angle), then a rotary wall block is intended for this.

& nbspThe ML unit is mounted above window and door openings as a lintel. Using the MH module, the height is adjusted when installing window and door blocks, the dimensions of which are not multiples of 25 cm.

& nbspThe MR block is used for the installation of interfloor floors. If it is required to close the holes in the ends of the MC block in corner joints or in window or door openings, then OH and OV plugs are used. A similar role is played by the OS element, which overlaps the ends of the MC blocks in cases when blocks of non-standard length are cut out of them.

& nbspThanks to the modules МН, ОН, ОН, ОВ, the IZODOM system becomes almost waste-free (there are systems that give 30% of waste). Thus, the set of elements is so diverse that it allows building a building regardless of its architectural complexity.

& nbspTo understand the advantages of the IZODOM technology, we will argue as follows. Load-bearing walls houses must provide reliable thermal insulation. On the one hand, if the wall is not equipped with any kind of insulation, then the material from which it is erected must have high sound and heat insulation properties. Porous materials have this to the greatest extent. But this material is not designed for heavy loads. To increase strength, the number of pores in its structure should be reduced, which will lead to a decrease in thermal insulation properties.

& nbsp On the other hand, to preserve these properties, you need to increase the thickness of the walls, which will require additional construction Materials, and this comes with costs. But you can, without increasing the thickness of the walls, cover them on both sides with expanded polystyrene. Then the wall retains the necessary strength and does not lose in terms of heat conservation. This is the essence of the IZODOM technology.

& nbsp 50 mm thick expanded polystyrene has the same thermal conductivity as a 2.5 m thick concrete wall (it is clear that building houses with such walls is impossible). If the concrete is enclosed in a polystyrene foam shell, then the wall is protected from temperature fluctuations, temperature expansions leading to cracking, etc. Walls with fixed formwork warm up well and maintain the temperature inside the room, which compares favorably with brick, which quickly cool down for warming up which requires significant energy costs.

& nbspSo, walls with expanded polystyrene formwork have the following parameters:

& nbsp1) wall thickness - 250 mm; of which concrete - 150 mm, expanded polystyrene - 100 mm (walls of different thickness are presented in different series);

& nbsp2) weight - 280-300 kg / m;

& nbsp3) concrete consumption M200 - 125 l / m;

& nbsp4) thermal conductivity coefficient (excluding finishing) - 0.036W / m * K (such thermal conductivity will have a brick wall 150 cm thick, expanded clay concrete - 199 cm, aerated concrete - 178 cm, cobbled - 53 cm);

& nbsp5) fire resistance - I degree (limit - 2.5 hours). Expanded polystyrene refers to self-extinguishing materials, that is, it melts in a fire, does not spread flame, does not emit hazardous substances;

& nbsp6) sound insulation - 46 dB;

& nbsp7) moisture absorption - less than 2%.

& nbsp To this we add that the walls:

& nbsp1) easily and quickly (10 times faster than brick) are mounted. In three days, two people build a house with an area of \u200b\u200b100 m2;

& nbsp2) are lightweight (1 m of the finished wall weighs 280-320 kg), which means that money is saved on laying the foundation;

& nbsp3) are sawn in accordance with the project;

& nbsp4) are equipped with channels for reinforcement;

& nbsp5) do not have cold bridges;

& nbsp6) are environmentally friendly (disposable tableware, food packaging are made of expanded polystyrene), durable, not affected by harmful microorganisms, fungi, and are not damaged by rodents;

& nbsp7) are economical (construction costs are 60% lower than with brickwork; the cost of 1 m is 30% lower than the cost of the same size of a brick wall; transportation of materials will cost 3-4 times less, since the entire set can be brought in one trip; heating costs are reduced by about 3–3.5 times during house operation);

& nbsp8) do not pass and do not absorb moisture, but can absorb water vapor from the air;

& nbsp9) do not lose or change their properties at low temperatures;

& nbsp10) increase the usable area due to the difference in thickness indoor spaces, for example, with a house area of \u200b\u200b100 m, the additional amount will be 14-15 m, and without deterioration of thermal insulation characteristics;

& nbsp11) are combined with any finishing materials.

& nbspInstallation of IZODOM formwork is so simple that even a non-professional can handle it.

& nbspBlocks are installed directly on the foundation (interfloor overlap), which is leveled and already waterproofed (in the most elementary way, it is covered with waterproofing, two layers of roofing material or polyethylene film). Preference is given to strip foundation or a monolithic reinforced concrete slab.

& nbspThe first row of blocks takes its place around the entire perimeter, vertical reinforcement fixed in the foundation is passed through the cavities in them, then horizontal reinforcement is mounted (there are special grooves for this). In the first row, it is very important to correctly place all the bends. Electrical wiring, ventilation ducts and other communications are laid before concreting the wall.

& nbspThe second row is mounted as in masonry, with bandaging of the seams, that is, with an offset of 250 mm, which gives the wall stability. To connect the expanded polystyrene blocks, press on the edges so that the locks click into place. The third row aligns all block levels. All of the above is illustrated in Fig. 82.

& nbsp Fig. 82. Installation of the ISODOM fixed formwork: a - foundation; b - installation of a wall block; c - trimming the block and installing plugs; d - filling the block with concrete; 1 - fittings; 2 - waterproofing; 3 - wall block; 4 - plug; 5 - funnel

& nbspIn blocks, it is necessary to provide openings for windows and doors. In the places of openings for them, holes are formed in the blocks, which are drowned out by the parts of the ОВ and ОН. In the same rows, jumpers are installed, which finally form the openings. In order to prevent the openings from subsiding, vertical supports are substituted under them, then they can be easily removed.

& nbspAfter the formwork is mounted, it is filled with concrete (M200, with a maximum gravel grain size of 12-14 mm for pumping the mixture with a pump; for a two-story cottage: cement M400, sand, crushed stone of fractions 5-20 mm (1: 3: 5)) , and first of all, the corners and extreme parts of the holes are poured, then the rest of the walls. To free the concrete from the air, it is bayonetted and compacted.

& nbspIf after laying the first portion of concrete 6 hours have passed, then before the next stage, its surface must be cleaned of cement milk, which has appeared like a glassy film, and moistened. To new

& nbspThe formwork is airtight, which prevents the drainage of excess liquid. Therefore, the condition of the concrete mass and the amount of water in it must be controlled. To ensure the plasticity of the concrete solution, plasticizers can be introduced into it.

& nbspThe pump with which concrete is fed into the formwork must have a hose with a tip from a pipe with a diameter of not more than 100 mm. In order to reduce the concrete feed rate and to prevent violation of the geometric parameters of the structure, it is recommended to give the tip an S-shape. Since the highly plastic mortar is poured at a sufficient speed, it is automatically compacted, so there is no need to use vibrators (in the presence of additional reinforcement, the concrete mix is \u200b\u200bcompacted using a vibrating needle with a diameter of no more than 4 cm). If the concrete is laid by hand, a special hose funnel should be installed.

& nbspConcrete pouring begins with the first row (for additional waterproofing it is recommended to fill it with a layer (10–20 cm) of waterproof hydrotechnical concrete grade B-4), and the maximum filling height should not exceed 1 m, ie, three blocks in height.

Thus, in the course of one technological operation, a monolithic reinforced concrete wall is erected, enclosed on both sides in a shell of expanded polystyrene, which encloses the entire structure from the outside and prevents it from freezing, and from the inside turns into a barrier that prevents heat exchange between the warm air of the room and the walls.

& nbspWork can also be carried out in winter, but the air temperature should not be lower than –5 ° C. In this case concrete mortar prepared from warm aggregates, mixed warm water (or the mixture can be heated in special storage bins).

& nbspSince expanded polystyrene has high thermal stability, the heat that accompanies the hydration of the solution is not released outside. To prevent freezing of concrete, you need to monitor its temperature.

& nbspAs soon as the stage ends, immediately with the help of a plumb line, the centering of the walls is controlled, its correspondence to the project axes. Correction of deviations is only possible before the mortar hardens. In addition, all impurities are washed away from the walls, side fixings and anchors with a jet of water.

& nbspIf the project provides for arches, then the openings are filled wall blockslaid dry, then the desired contour is cut, the lower part is covered with any durable material that will act as a removable formwork. Reinforcement and concreting of arches occurs in the same way as the design of ordinary lintels over windows and doors. To additionally insulate the arch, its bottom is covered with expanded polystyrene.

& nbspThe fixed formwork made of expanded polystyrene has a high surface quality, so the walls are smooth and ready for any type of traditional finish (wallpaper, plaster, plasterboard and gypsum fiber sheets, tiles, siding, facing bricks, etc.). Since the stage of leveling the walls is skipped, money, materials, time, labor are saved.

& nbspThe construction technology is such that it assumes various options for the device of floors: they can be wooden, monolithic or from precast concrete.

& nbspIn addition to correctly performing the "masonry", it is necessary to control the quality and technology of concrete work, that is, it is important to accurately select the composition of concrete, especially during construction in winter, to correctly reinforce the walls.

& nbspIn addition to small-piece blocks, permanent formwork is made of large-sized elements - expanded polystyrene panels (Fig. 83), equal to the height of the floor and 2-3 m long. Some of the internal voids in them can remain free of concrete and be used for laying communications.

& nbsp Fig. 83. Panel made of expanded polystyrene (dimensions are in millimeters)

& nbspPermanent formwork made of chipboard has a number of significant differences from expanded polystyrene. Wall panels from chipboard with a certain pitch are connected by X- and Y-shaped metal or polymer profiles.

& nbspAll structural elements are made of chipboard: ceiling, special, etc. On areas subject to stress, DSP (wood frame plates, connected by means of cement) are used.

& nbspSince chipboard and DSP panels in relation to this technology are not insulation, the wall structure needs thermal insulation. Nevertheless, the system has a number of significant positive aspects, in particular, high industrialism (this means that the design involves the automated and mechanized production of panels (in production conditions, in accordance with the project, fittings, electrical wiring and communications are mounted, i.e., on the construction site, only using a crane with a lifting capacity of 1 ton to install the panel and concreting the voids), installation and finishing in the shortest possible time), minimal material costs, savings in manual labor and the total cost of construction. Since all technological processes are carried out at the enterprise, this allows you to control the entire process. The surface of the formwork elements is such that it does not require any preparatory work before finishing, which can be almost anything.

& nbsp Fig. 84. Plate Velox WS: 1, 4 - chipboard; 2 - expanded polystyrene; 3 - concrete; 5 - fittings

& nbsp In order to inform

& nbspIn Russia, the fixed formwork Velox is also used (patented in Austria in 1956). Its main element is two cement slabs made of compressed mineralized spruce chips (95%), cement with the addition of an aluminum sulfate catalyst and a binder - liquid glass. Expanded polystyrene is used as a heater, which is mounted with an outer plate. The gap between the panels is filled with concrete after installation. Panel size (fig. 84): 2000 x 500 x 25 (35, 50, 75) mm.

& nbspWith a heater in its composition, the Velox fixed formwork does not require additional thermal insulation. Due to mineralization, the plates do not burn, they are not subject to decay processes. The structure of the material itself, from which they are made, provides an optimal exchange, just like the walls of wood. Therefore, living in such a house is comfortable and pleasant.

The rest of the Velox formwork has the same advantages as the IZODOM fixed formwork, and is mounted in the same way. The service life of houses built from this material is over 100 years.

Before I start expanding the article filling walls with concrete, I would like to say that pouring concrete into the walls is not a very economical process in terms of funds, but let's get started.

Pouring the walls with concrete preparatory work.

It is worth knowing that monolithic construction walls are interconnected with the foundation and before you start pouring the walls, you need to prepare, and also rent the formwork or purchase if you are going to build in the future monolithic houses, but it's easier to rent. There is an option of buying wood for formwork, formwork panels that you will throw out from the walls when dismantled, and they will cost you the same price as the rental of formwork. And so they dug a pit, it was time to knit the reinforcing cage and. The minimum thickness of the walls that we plan to get from concrete with a thickness of at least half a meter and the reinforcement cage for pouring the walls is knitted according to your house plan and is one piece with the foundation, and so that 100-150 kg of reinforcement for each cube of concrete wall, and 150 -200 kg of reinforcement per 1 m3. The reinforcement is knitted especially on one floor of the building and the formwork is exposed just below the end of the reinforcement structure for further continuation of tying the reinforcement and proceed to pouring the walls of the first belt. What kind of reinforcement is needed to fill the walls with concrete, is it worth knitting or boiling reinforcement, you can find in the article. But in order to know which brand of concrete is better to use when making monolithic construction of walls, we read the topic.

And so our reinforcement is connected, the formwork for pouring the walls is ready, it remains to figure out how we will pour concrete. Of course, it is better to pour the walls with concrete continuously and a mixer is very well suited for this, and not as a concrete mixer. If you are going to pour the walls from a concrete mixer, you need to learn one nuance. Pouring the walls with concrete using a concrete mixer is carried out by spans, and if you do not have time to fill the floor from corner to corner today, it is fraught with layering and bad consequences during the operation of the building. It is better to put jumpers to delay the concrete solution, but fill up the span, in general, calculate your capabilities, gentlemen. Pouring the walls with concrete from a mixer and concrete mixer begins with the passage of the corners of the buildings, and after that the middle of the span of the walls is added. It is better to order cement or use the PSh-400 grade, and slag or gravel as an additional binding agent. As you finish pouring the walls of the first floor, put the floors and continue pouring the second floor in the same sequence. It is important that the already poured concrete walls have to settle within two to three weeks. Formwork from the first floor can be moved to the next floor. Pouring walls with concrete is a process that does not require any skill, the main thing is to take measuring instruments with you, for example, a level, so that the pouring of the walls with concrete goes smoothly and the walls turn out to be even and beautiful. Do not forget that concrete is very fond of moisture. For a decade, it is 15-22 days we water the concrete walls with water. A couple of times to beat the walls of concrete a day will be enough. This care after pouring the concrete walls will allow the monolithic walls to stand for a long time and when finishing the building with cement and adhesive mortars, the concrete itself will not pull water on itself.

TYPICAL TECHNOLOGICAL CARD (TTC) CONCRETING MONOLITHIC WALLS OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS 1. SCOPE A typical technological map is developed for concreting monolithic walls of residential buildings. Erection of monolithic walls The feature of concreting walls and partitions depends on their thickness and height; the degree of reinforcement; the type of formwork used for their construction; methods of feeding and compacting mixtures (Fig. 1, 2). Fig. 1. Technological schemes for concreting walls: 1 - large-panel formwork; 2 - vibrating hopper with flexible trunk; 3 - deep vibrator; 4 5 - blade vibrator; 6 - hopper with a pulsating wall; 7 - formwork matrix; 8 - bunker with telescopic vibrators Fig. 2. Technological schemes for concreting walls: 1 - movable board with vibrating hopper; 2 - rotary throwing head; 3 - concrete pump; 4 - pulsating formwork The most widespread are layer-by-layer concreting with layers 30-50 cm high and its compaction with deep vibrators. The thickness of the elements to be concreted in layers must be at least 100 mm. To obtain high quality surfaces and a homogeneous concrete structure, careful vibration processing and uniform delivery of the concrete mixture are required. In this case, concrete mixtures with a mobility of 6-8 cm are used.In walls with a thickness of more than 0.5 m with weak reinforcement, a concrete mixture is laid with a cone draft of 4-6 cm.When a length of more than 20 m, they are divided into sections of 7-10 m and at the border plots install a dividing formwork. The concrete mixture is fed directly into the formwork at several points along the length by buckets, vibrating chutes, and concrete pumps. With a wall height of more than 3 m, link trunks are used. The concrete is laid in horizontal layers 0.3-0.4 m thick with the obligatory vibration of the concrete mixture. The supply of the concrete mixture to one point is excluded, since in this case inclined loose layers are formed, which reduce the quality of the surface and the homogeneity of the concrete. In the process of concreting, they monitor the position of the reinforcement and prevent its displacement from the design position. Concreting is resumed at the next highest section after the construction of the working seam and the strength of the concrete at least 0.15 MPa. More mobile mixtures (6-10 cm) are placed in thin and densely reinforced structures of walls and partitions. When compacting concrete, the vibrators should not touch parts of the formwork, since the transmission of vibrations from it can cause destruction of previously laid layers. The vibration exposure mode depends on the type of concrete used. When erecting external walls of concrete on lightweight aggregates, compaction modes are required that cause turbulent movement of the mixture sections and prevent delamination. For inactive mixtures on dense aggregates, it is advisable to use standard vibrators with a vibration frequency of 100-200 Hz. Particular attention is paid to the process of compacting concrete mixtures with plasticizing additives. Due to the high mobility of such mixtures, the vibration impact should be short-term and with a reduced vibration frequency (15-20 Hz). To obtain a high quality of front surfaces and a homogeneous structure of concrete, it is advisable to use vane and split type vibrators. The uniformity and the required intensity of the concrete mix is \u200b\u200bachieved by using various systems of vibrating bins and bins with pulsating walls. An increase in the homogeneity of the structure of concrete and the quality of surfaces is achieved by using a system of submersible telescopic blade vibrators mounted in the bunker (Fig. 1, at). Noteworthy is the practical experience of using the movable shield method (Fig. 2, and). It provides uniform strength over the entire area and thickness of structures due to intensive vibration treatment of the mixture. Due to the lack of an internal enclosing formwork surface, rigid concrete mixtures are used to ensure the preservation of the form after vibration compaction. Mechanical spraying is a promising method for laying and compacting low-mobile concrete mixtures on dense and porous aggregates. Using a bunker with rotary throwers (Fig. 2, b), it is possible to combine the process of laying and compacting mixtures in one mechanism. Experimental and industrial studies have shown the high efficiency of this technology when concreting weakly reinforced vertical and horizontal structures. This achieves the required concrete density and high quality of the surfaces adjacent to the formwork. At present, mobile designs of rotor throwing heads have been developed, designed for the conditions of monolithic housing construction. The method of mechanical spraying allows you to control the mode of compaction of mixtures by optimizing the movement of the throwing heads, their rotation speed and the intensity of the flow of concrete mixture particles. Injection method (Fig. 2, c, d) is based on feeding under a pressure of 1-1.2 MPa into the cavity between the formwork panels of the concrete mixture. To create the required pressure and transport the mixtures, concrete pumps are used. The injection method allows concreting in height at a speed of up to 0.5 m / min, but requires the use of power formwork forms. The experience of producing bulk blocks from expanded clay concrete shows its sufficiently high efficiency and the possibility of using it in monolithic housing construction... Improving the quality of structures and intensifying concreting is achieved by using pulsating formwork systems (Fig. 2, and). The pulsating formwork shield allows combining the processes of laying and compacting mixtures, increasing the speed of concreting. However, the most significant advantage of this system is the ability to obtain high-quality face surfaces and a homogeneous concrete structure. Pulsation modes with a frequency of 10-12 Hz and an amplitude of up to 5 mm provide intensive compaction during the processing of 20-30 s of concrete mixtures on dense and porous aggregates with a cone settlement of 4-6 cm and higher. A rational area of \u200b\u200bapplication of such systems is considered to be concreting of densely reinforced thin-walled structures (elevator shafts, walls and stiffening cores), as well as elements of the outer walls (sub-window areas) that require more thorough vibration treatment of concrete mixtures. Fig. 3 shows a technological scheme for erecting walls in a climbing-climbing formwork. The system includes external and internal formwork panels, hinged and lever connected to the support frames. This allows you to cyclically rearrange the corresponding tier of the formwork after the concrete has reached its stripping strength. Anchor cones are used to fix the tier formwork, providing the necessary connection and design position systems. Shields are supplied with protective devices and service platforms. The hinge-link joints ensure smooth movement of the formwork panel to the design position, its fixation and dismantling. When concreting the next tier, the system is fixed with anchor cones. Fig. 3. Wall construction technology in climbing formwork 1 - anchor cone of the next tier; 2 - an anchor cone from the lower platform Erection of walls with the use of permanent formwork-facing has a number of technological advantages, as it allows to significantly expand the architectural range of facades and exclude work on their design. The construction cycle consists of six stages (Fig. 4). Initially, the working scaffold and the inner wall formwork are installed. Then, a panel of fixed formwork is mounted with mandatory fixation with elements of the internal formwork. After alignment to the design position and temporary fastening, a conductor clamp is installed on the formwork panel, which serves to perceive the dynamic pressure from the loading of the concrete mixture. After the concrete has set 30-40% of the design strength, the clamps are dismantled, the scaffold is moved to the upper mark and the cycle is repeated. Fig. 4. The technological sequence for the construction of external walls in fixed formwork: I-VI - stages of construction; 1 - internal wall formwork; 2 - scaffolds; 3 - non-removable formwork panel; 4 - conductor clamp 2. ORGANIZATION AND TECHNOLOGY OF WORK PERFORMANCE. BASIC NOTES 1. Routing designed for the production of work on the construction of monolithic concrete walls. 2. Concreting of walls is carried out according to grabs. 3. Before starting work it is necessary to: - prepare a set of panels for installation; - clean the boards from debris and adhered cement mortar; - check and accept according to the act all structures and their elements that are closed during the concreting process; - lubricate the surface of the formwork with an emulsion; - take out the geodetic risks of breaking the axes of the walls (for the convenience of work, it is recommended to carry out the leader of the marks at a distance of 0.5 m from the axis); - install lighthouse bars to the width of the wall, shooting them against the ceiling at the base of the wall; - prepare for work and check the rigging equipment, devices, tools. 4. The installation of the formwork is carried out after the installation of the reinforcing cage of the wall in the following sequence: - the shield is supplied by the crane to the place of installation; - the shield is installed by adjusting its base against the installed lighthouse bars; - the vertical edge of the shield is installed close to brick wall when constructing a longitudinal wall, close to a monolithic transverse wall when constructing transverse walls; - unfasten the shield with braces, finally verify its vertical and horizontal position using braces; - similarly install all other shields along one side of the wall; - install pre-prepared projectors and wall end caps in places where it is necessary; - install the wall formwork from the second side, unfasten the formwork panels with the help of connecting elements; - install, if necessary, additional elements (shields). 5. Before placing concrete in the wall structure, it is necessary to carry out the acceptance of the assembled reinforcement with its registration with an inspection certificate hidden works... 6. Concrete mix is \u200b\u200btransported by a concrete truck with unloading into bunkers. 7. The hopper with the mixture is fed by a crane. CONCRETING TECHNOLOGY 1. Concreting is carried out in stages. 2. Concrete mix with a cone draft of 14-16 cm is laid in layers - the maximum layer thickness is 600 mm. 3. Install the collection trays before placing the concrete. 4. Compaction of the concrete mixture is planned to be carried out by deep vibrators IV-47, IV-67. Control over the vibration process is carried out visually according to the degree of laying the mixture, stopping the release of air bubbles from it and the appearance of cement milk. 5. The depth of immersion of the vibrator in the concrete mixture should ensure its deepening into the previously laid layer by 5-10 cm. The step of moving the vibrator should not exceed one and a half radius of the vibrator action (see the concrete mixture compaction diagram). When vibrating, ensure that the reinforcement is protected. 6. Leaning of the vibrator on fittings and embedded parts is not allowed. 7. Interruptions in concreting layers should not exceed 2 hours. 8. Structural stripping is carried out after concrete has reached the strength of 3.5 MPa. 9. Control over the quality of concrete mix and concrete is carried out by the construction laboratory in accordance with GOST 10180-90. All quality control data is recorded in the concrete log. Particular attention should be paid to the control of the vibration compaction of the concrete mix. 10. When performing concrete work, it is necessary to follow the requirements of SNiP 12-04-2002 "Labor safety in construction", SNiP 3.03.01-87 "Bearing and enclosing structures" and SNiP 12-03-2001 "Labor safety in construction", SNiP 52 -01-2003 "Concrete and reinforced concrete structures". CURING When working at an air temperature above 25 ° C, to protect concrete from abnormal shrinkage, leading to the appearance shrinkage cracks, it is necessary to strictly observe the following rules: 1. Use fast-hardening polyethylene, the grade of which must exceed the grade strength of concrete by at least 1.5 times. 2. It is not allowed to use pozzolanic p / c, slag Portland cement below M 400. 3. The temperature of the concrete mixture during concreting should not exceed 30 ° C. 4. If cracks appear on the surface of the laid concrete due to plastic shrinkage, its repeated vibration is allowed no later than 0.5-1 hour after the end of its laying. 5. Concrete care should be started immediately after placing the concrete mixture and finishing the concrete surface: - initial care is carried out until the concrete acquires a strength of 0.5 MPa, which is 4-8 hours and is expressed in the concrete covering with moisture-consuming materials (burlap), provided that they are maintained wet. 6. After removing the formwork, protect the concrete surface from rapid drying under a burlap shelter for 2 - 3 days. 7. In winter, at temperatures below 0 ° С, heat the concrete using a heating wire with formwork insulation according to the existing holding regimes. FRAGMENT OF THE PLAN Fig. 5. Formwork inner wall assembled: and - with a wall height up to 3 m; b - the same, more than 3 m; 1 - bushing; 2 - adjoining formwork panels; 3 - cantilever scaffolding; 4 - the joint of the console and the brace; 5 - screw tie; 6 - brace; 7 - bracket; 8 - lining board (according to the height of the drop); 9 - fastening to the ceiling SCHEME OF LAYER CONCRETE SCHEME OF COMPACTION OF CONCRETE MIXTURE IN WALLS WITH A DEPTH VIBRATOR SYMBOLS When performing work on areas that do not have reliable fences, workers must be fastened with a safety belt with an extension cord. The attachment points are indicated by the foreman or foreman. - Concrete workers B1 and B2, standing on the wooden platform of the scaffold, take the distributing rotary bunker with concrete mixture, suspending its descent at a height of 1 m and bring it to the unloading point. B2 holds the bunker with both hands, and B1 opens the gate and unloads the concrete mixture. - After making sure that the bunker is completely unloaded, the concrete worker B1, by moving the handle upwards, closes the sector gate, throws on the handle holder and gives a signal to the crane operator to feed the bunker for loading. - Concreters B1 and B2 use shovels to clean the spilled concrete from the wooden flooring of the scaffolds and the formwork and throw it into the formwork. - After laying the top layer of concrete mix, the B2 concrete worker performs, if necessary, smoothing the concrete surface. ATTENTION! When carrying out monolithic work in areas that do not have reliable fences, workers must be fastened with a safety belt with an extension cord in order to avoid falling from a height. The attachment points are indicated by the master (foreman). 3. REQUIREMENTS FOR THE QUALITY OF PERFORMANCE OF WORKS TABLE OF LIMIT DEVIATIONS

N p / p

Parameter

Limit deviations, mm

Control, method, volume, type of registration

1

deviation of the lines of the intersecting planes from the vertical inclination for the entire height of wall structures supporting monolithic floors

15 mm

2

deviation from horizontal planes for the entire length of the calibrated

20 mm

measuring, at least 5 measurements for every 50-100 m, work log

3

local unevenness of the concrete surface when checking with a 2-meter rail, except for supporting surfaces

5 mm

measuring, each structural element, work log

4

element length or span

± 20 mm

measuring, each element, work log

5

element cross-section size

+6 mm

measuring, each element,

-3 mm

work log

6

marks of surfaces and embedded products that serve as supports for

-5 mm

measuring, each support element, executive scheme

steel or precast concrete columns and other prefabricated elements

7

difference in elevation at the junction of two adjacent surfaces

3 mm

the same, each joint, executive scheme

SCHEME OF OPERATIONAL QUALITY CONTROL OF THE DEVICE OF MONOLITHIC CONCRETE AND REINFORCED CONCRETE WALLS Scope of operations and controls

Stages of work

Controlled operations

Control (method, volume)

Documentation

Preparatory work

Verify:

General journal of works, certificate of inspection of hidden works

- availability of certificates for previously completed hidden work;

Visual

- correct installation and reliability of fastening the formwork, supporting scaffolding, fastenings and scaffolding;

Technical inspection

- readiness of all mechanisms and devices that ensure the production of concrete work;

Visual

- the cleanliness of the base or previously laid concrete layer and the inner surface of the formwork;

Also

- condition of fittings and embedded parts (presence of rust, oil, etc.), compliance of the position of installed reinforcement products with the design one;

Technical inspection, measuring

- leader of the design elevation of the top of concreting on the inner surface

Measuring

formwork.

Concrete laying, concrete hardening, stripping

Control:

General work log, concrete work log

- the quality of the concrete mix; - the state of the formwork;

Laboratory (before installation in the structure) Inspection

- the height of the dumping of the concrete mixture, the thickness of the layers to be laid, the step of rearranging the deep vibrators, the depth of their immersion, the duration of vibration, the correctness of the working seams;

Measuring, 2 times per shift

- temperature and humidity conditions of concrete hardening;

Measuring, in places determined by PPR

- the actual strength of concrete and the timing of stripping.

Measuring

Acceptance of completed works

Verify:

General work log, geodetic executive scheme, acceptance certificate

- the actual strength of the concrete;

Laboratory

- surface quality of structures;

Visual

- the quality of materials and products used in the construction;

Also

- geometric dimensions, compliance of the design with working drawings.

Measuring, each structural element

Control and measuring tools: construction plumb line, tape measure, metal ruler, level, 2-meter rail.

Operational control is carried out by: foreman (foreman), laboratory post engineer, surveyor - in the process of performing work. Acceptance control is carried out by: quality service workers, foreman (foreman), representatives of the customer's technical supervision.

Technical requirements SNiP 3.03.01-87 clause 2.113, table 1

Permissible deviations: Lines of planes of intersection from the vertical or design slope to the entire height of the structure: - walls supporting monolithic coverings and ceilings - 15 mm; - walls supporting prefabricated beam structures - 10 mm; - walls of buildings and structures erected in sliding formwork, in the absence of intermediate floors - 1/500 of the height of the structures, but not more than 100 mm; - walls of buildings and structures erected in sliding formwork, in the presence of intermediate floors - 1/1000 of the height of the structure, but not more than 50 mm; - local irregularities of the concrete surface when checking with a two-meter rail, except for the supporting surfaces - 5 mm; - horizontal planes for the entire length of the area to be verified - 20 mm; - length - 20 mm; - cross-sectional size - +6 mm, -3 mm; - marks of surfaces and embedded products serving as supports - 5 mm. The difference in height marks at the junction of two adjacent surfaces is 3 mm. Minimum concrete strength during wall stripping, MPa:

- unloaded - 0.2-0.3; - loaded on the project or PPR.

Requirements for the quality of the materials used GOST 7473-94. Concrete mixes. Technical conditions. GOST 26633-91. Concrete is heavy and fine-grained. Technical conditions. Each batch of concrete mix sent to the consumer must have a quality document, which should indicate: - manufacturer, date and time of dispatch of the concrete mix; - type of concrete mix and its symbol; - the number of the composition of the concrete mixture, the class of concrete for compressive strength; - medium density grade (for lightweight concrete); - type and volume of additives; - the largest aggregate size, workability of the concrete mixture; - number of the accompanying document; - manufacturer's warranty; - other indicators (if necessary). The methods used for transporting the concrete mixture should exclude the possibility of atmospheric precipitation entering the mixture, disruption of homogeneity, loss of cement mortar, and also ensure the protection of the mixture on the way from the harmful effects of wind and sunlight. The maximum duration of transporting mixtures is 90 minutes. The stratified mortar must be mixed on site. When checking the concrete mix at the construction site, it is necessary to: - check the presence of a passport for the concrete mix and the data required in it; - by external examination, make sure that there are no signs of stratification of the concrete mixture, the presence of the required fractions of coarse aggregate in the concrete mixture; - if in doubt about the quality of the concrete mix, request a control check in accordance with GOST 10181-2000. Transportation and supply of concrete mixtures should be carried out by specialized means that ensure the preservation of the specified properties of the concrete mixture. It is forbidden to add water at the place of placing the concrete mixture to compensate for its mobility. Work instructions SNiP 3.03.01-87 clauses 2.8, 2.10-2.16, 2.109, 2.110 Before concreting the foundations, horizontal and inclined concrete surfaces working joints should be cleaned of debris, dirt, oils, snow and ice, cement film, etc. Immediately before placing the concrete mix, the cleaned surfaces should be rinsed with water and dried with an air stream. All structures and their elements that are closed during the concreting process (prepared foundations of structures, reinforcement, embedded products, etc., as well as the correct installation and fastening of the formwork and its supporting elements) must be accepted and formalized with an inspection certificate for hidden works. The height of free throwing of concrete mixture into the formwork of structures is not more than 4.5 m. Concrete mixtures must be laid in the structures to be concreted in horizontal layers of the same thickness without breaks, with a consistent laying direction in one direction in all layers. The thickness of the layers of the concrete mixture being laid: - when compacting the mixture with heavy suspended vertically arranged vibrators - 5-10 cm less than the length of the working part of the vibrator; - when compacting the mixture with manual deep vibrators - no more than 1.25 of the length of the working part of the vibrator. When compacting the concrete mixture, it is not allowed to rest the vibrators on reinforcement and embedded products, ties and other formwork fastening elements. The step of permutation of deep vibrators should not exceed one and a half radius of their action. Laying the next layer of concrete mixture is allowed before the beginning of the setting of the concrete of the previous layer. The duration of the break between the laying of adjacent layers of concrete mixture without the formation of a working seam is established by the construction laboratory. The upper level of the laid concrete mix should be 50-70 mm below the top of the formwork panels. Measures for the care of concrete, control over their implementation and the timing of stripping should be established by the PM. The minimum concrete strength during stripping must be at least 0.2-0.3 MPa. Acceptance of structures should be formalized in the prescribed manner by an act of survey of hidden works or an act of acceptance of critical structures. 4. MATERIAL AND TECHNICAL RESOURCES TABLE OF EQUIPMENT, EQUIPMENT AND ACCESSORIES

N p / p

Name

Brand, GOST

Quantity, pcs.

Technical specifications

1

transformer

TSZ-1.5 / 1

1

380/220 / 37.5V

2

vibrator

IB-47, IV-67

2

dl. slave. org. 440 mm

3

receiving funnel

local

2

4

mortar shovel

GOST 3620-76

2

5

scraper metal

r.h. 568-75 TsNIOMT

1

6

trowel

GOST 9533-81

2

7

trowel

2

8

metal tape measure

GOST 7502-98

1

5. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND SAFETY RULES 1. Concreting of structures of buildings and structures should be carried out in compliance with the requirements of SNiP 12-03-2001 "Labor safety in construction. Part 1. General requirements", SNiP 12-04-2002" Labor safety in construction. Part 2. Construction production ", job descriptions and PPR. 2. Every day, before starting concrete placement in the formwork, it is necessary to check the condition of the container, formwork and paving equipment. Any faults should be immediately eliminated. fastening all the vibroboth links to each other and to the safety rope 4. Swivel hoppers (buckets) for concrete mix must comply with GOST 21807-76 5. Moving a loaded or empty hopper is allowed only with a closed gate 6. When placing concrete from buckets or hoppers the distance between the lower edge of the bucket or the hopper and the previously laid concrete or the surface on which the concrete is laid should be no more than 1 m, unless other distances are provided for by the project of work 7. The concrete worker opens the hopper after the crane stops and is not under the hopper and crane boom. Unloading of containers by weight up to lzhna be produced evenly for at least 5 seconds. 8. Instant unloading of containers by weight is prohibited. 9. Workers placing concrete mix on surfaces with a slope of more than 20 should use safety belts. 10. When compacting the concrete mixture with electric vibrators, it is not allowed to move the vibrator by the current-carrying hoses, and during breaks in work and when moving from one place to another, the electric vibrators must be turned off. 11. Special conditions for ensuring the safe production of work during steam, electric heating, the use of chemical additives, etc. should be addressed as part of the PPR. 12. It is forbidden for concrete workers to move along paving means that are not fixed to the design position by structures, which do not have a fence or a safety rope. 13. In each shift, there must be constant technical supervision by foremen, foremen, foremen and other persons responsible for the safe conduct of work, monitoring the good condition of stairs, scaffolds and fences, as well as cleanliness and sufficient illumination of workplaces and passages to him, the presence and use of safety belts and protective helmets. Labor protection and safety instructions for a concrete worker I. General requirements 1. The concrete worker is obliged to work in the overalls and footwear issued to him and to keep them in good order. In addition, he must have the necessary safety devices for work and use them at all times. 2. Before starting work, workplaces and passages to them must be cleared of foreign objects, debris and dirt, and in winter - from snow and ice and sprinkled with sand. 3. It is prohibited to work in an area where there are no fences of open wells, pits, hatches, openings in ceilings and openings in feet. In the dark, in addition to fencing in dangerous places, light signals must be displayed. 4. In case of insufficient illumination of the workplace, the worker must inform the foreman about it. 5. It is forbidden for the concrete worker to screw in and unscrew the live electric lamps and to carry temporary electrical wiring. This work must be done by an electrician. 6. It is prohibited to stay in the area of \u200b\u200boperation of lifting mechanisms, as well as to stand under a raised load. 7. The concrete worker is not allowed to switch on and off mechanisms and signals, to which he has no relation. 8. Machines, power tools and lighting lamps can only be switched on using circuit breakers, etc. No worker is allowed to connect or disconnect live wires. If it is necessary to extend the wires, call an electrician. 9. To avoid electric shock, do not touch poorly insulated electrical wires, unshielded parts of electrical devices, cables, buses, switches, lamp holders, etc. 10. Before starting the equipment, check the reliability of the guards on all open rotating and moving parts. 11. If a malfunction of the mechanisms and tools with which the concrete worker works, as well as their fences, are found, work must be stopped and the foreman must be immediately reported. 12. Upon receipt of the instrument, make sure that it is in good working order: the defective instrument must be returned for repair. 13. When working with hand tools (scrapers, bush hammers, shovels, rammers), it is necessary to monitor the serviceability of the handles, the tightness of the tool nozzle on them, and also to ensure that the working surfaces of the tool are not knocked down, dull, etc. 14. It is prohibited to work with power tools from ladders. 15. The electrified tool, as well as the electric wire supplying it, must have reliable insulation. Upon receipt of the power tool, the condition of the wire insulation should be checked by external examination. When working with the tool, make sure that the power cable is not damaged. 16. At the end of the work, the power tool must be disconnected from the power supply and handed over to the storeroom. 17. When carrying aggregate materials and concrete mix, workers should be aware that the maximum permissible load: Teenagers under 16 are not allowed to carry heavy loads. 18. When moving construction cargo in wheelbarrows, its weight should not exceed 160 kg. 19. In order to avoid colds, all open openings in the premises must be sealed with temporary shields. 20. During the cold season, use rooms specially designated for heating. It is prohibited to warm up in boiler rooms, wells of heating mains, in bunkers, as well as on air heaters. 21. In the event of an accident with a workmate, first aid should be given to him, as well as inform the foreman or workmaker. II. Concrete transport 22. When conveying a concrete mix by a belt conveyor, its upper end should be located above the load-receiving platform for a length of at least 0.5 m. 23. During operation of the belt conveyor, it is necessary to monitor its stability, as well as the good condition of the protective sheds that enclose the conveyor over the aisles and driveways. 24. When sliding the conveyor belt, it is not allowed to throw sand, clay, slag and other materials between the belt and the drum. To do this, you must stop the conveyor and call the locksmith on duty. 25. It is possible to clean the rollers and the conveyor belt from adhered concrete, as well as to tighten and strengthen the latter, only when the electric motor is off. In this case, it is necessary to hang a warning inscription on the starter: "DO NOT TURN ON!", And remove the fuses. Only an electrician can remove fuses. 26. Pass through the conveyor belts along special bridges with handrails. 27. When lifting the concrete mixture with cranes, it is necessary to check the reliability of the attachment of the bucket or container to the crane hook, the serviceability of the container and the sector gate. The distance from the bottom of the bucket or container at the time of unloading to the surface onto which unloading takes place should not be more than 1 m. 28. When delivering concrete in a dump truck, the following rules must be observed: a) at the time of the approach of the dump truck, all workers must be on the side of the opposite the one on which the movement takes place; b) it is not allowed to approach the dump truck until it comes to a complete stop, stand at the stacker bunker and be under the lifted load at the time of unloading the dump truck; c) the raised body should be cleaned of adhered pieces of concrete with a shovel or a scraper with a long handle, do not hit the bottom of the body from below; cleaning workers must stand on the ground. It is prohibited to stand on the wheels and sides of the dump truck; d) it is forbidden to pass on the carriageway of flyovers on which dump trucks move. III. Laying concrete mix 29. Before starting to place the concrete mixture in the formwork, it is necessary to check: a) the fastening of the formwork, supporting scaffolds and working platforms; b) fastening to the supports of loading funnels, trays and trunks for lowering the concrete mixture into the structure, as well as the reliability of fastening the individual links of the metal trunks to each other; c) the condition of the protective covers or flooring around the hoppers. 30. Before placing the concrete in the molds, the correctness and reliability of the mounting loops must be checked. 31. Concrete should be placed in structures that are 1.5 m below the level of its supply only along trays, link trunks and vibrobots. 32. When laying concrete mix from non-fenced areas at a height of more than 3 m, as well as when concreting structures with a slope of more than 30 ° (cornices, lanterns, coverings), concrete workers and their servicing workers should work using safety belts attached to reliable supports ... 33. The joints of prefabricated elements at a height of up to 5.5 m should be concreted from ordinary scaffolding, and at higher heights - from special scaffolding. 34. Delivery of concrete mix to a particular vibroboth should be carried out at the direction of the manufacturer or foreman with the help of a predetermined signaling. 35. When conveying the concrete mixture through vibro-probes, it is necessary that: a) the links of the vibro-probes are attached to the insurance rope; b) the vibrators were securely connected to the trunk; c) winches and steel ropes for the trunk guy were securely fastened; d) the lower end of the trunk was secured, and the strength of the fastening should be systematically checked; e) during the unloading of the concrete mix, no one should be under the vibroboth. IV. Concrete compaction with vibrators 36. Concrete workers working with vibrators are required to undergo a medical examination, which must be repeated every 6 months. 37. Women are not allowed to work with a manual vibrator. 38. Concrete workers working with electrified tools must know the measures of protection against electric shock and be able to provide first aid to the victim. 39. Before starting work, it is necessary to carefully check the serviceability of the vibrator and make sure that: a) the hose is well attached and if it is accidentally pulled, the ends of the winding will not break; b) the supply cable has no breaks and bare spots; c) the grounding contact is not damaged; d) the switch works properly; e) the bolts ensuring the tightness of the casing are well tightened; f) the connections of the vibrator parts are sufficiently tight and the motor winding is well protected from moisture ingress; g) the shock absorber on the vibrator handle is in good condition and is adjusted so that the vibration amplitude of the handle does not exceed the standards for hand tool ... 40. Before starting work, the body of the electric vibrator must be grounded. The general serviceability of the electric vibrator is checked by testing it in a suspended state for 1 min, while the tip should not be resting on a solid base. 41. To power the electric vibrators (from the distribution board), use four-core hose wires or wires enclosed in a rubber tube; the fourth core is necessary for grounding the vibrator body, operating at a voltage of 127 or 220 V. 42. The electric vibrator can only be turned on with a switch protected by a casing or placed in a box. If the box is metal, it must be grounded. 43. Hose wires must be suspended and not routed over the laid concrete. 44. Do not pull the vibrator by the hose wire or cable while moving it. 45. In the event of a break in live wires, sparking of contacts and a malfunction of the electric vibrator, stop work and immediately inform the master or manufacturer of the work. 46. \u200b\u200bWorking with vibrators on ladders, as well as on unstable scaffolds, decks, formwork, etc. is prohibited. 47. When working with electric vibrators, it is necessary to wear rubber dielectric gloves or boots. 48. In order to avoid falling of the vibrator, it should be attached to the structure support with a steel rope. 49. It is prohibited to press the portable vibrator against the surface of the concrete to be compacted; it is allowed to move the vibrator manually during operation only with the help of flexible rods. 50. When working with a vibrator with a flexible shaft, it is necessary to ensure the straight direction of the shaft, in extreme cases with small smooth bends. No loops are allowed on the shaft in order to avoid an accident. 51. During continuous operation, the vibrator must be turned off for five minutes every half hour to cool. 52. When it rains, the vibrators should be covered with tarpaulins or placed indoors. 53. During breaks in work, as well as when concrete workers move from one place to another, the vibrators must be turned off. 54. When pouring concrete or formwork, the concrete worker working with the vibrator must not allow water to get on it. 55. During the work of the vibration platform, careful supervision of the state of the limit switches and of the device for lifting the vibration shield should be provided. Particular attention must be paid to the reliable operation of the traverse shutter lock in the upper position. 56. To reduce the noise during the operation of the vibrating unit, it is necessary to fasten the forms to the vibrating machines and systematically check the tightness of all fasteners 57. It is not allowed to go down into the pit of the vibrating platform during its operation. 58. It is prohibited to stand on the form or on the concrete mixture during its compaction, as well as on the vibrating platform, vibration pads or on the frame of the molding machine during their operation. 59. At the end of the work, the vibrators and hose wires should be cleaned of concrete mixture and dirt, wiped dry and put into the storeroom, and the wires should be folded into coils. The vibrator can be cleaned only after disconnecting it from the mains. Do not wash the vibrators with water. V. Concrete work in winter conditions 60. Before working with chemical accelerators of concrete hardening, a concrete worker must undergo special instructions on the safe handling of chemicals, as well as a medical examination. It should be remembered that calcium chloride, which is used as an accelerator for the setting and hardening of concrete, is dangerous for the skin of the face and hands, and bleach and its aqueous solutions are strong oxidants capable of releasing chlorine gas. Persons under the age of 18 are not allowed to work on the preparation of chlorinated solutions. 61. Prepare chlorinated water in a separate room, located at a distance of at least 500 m from residential buildings. 62. When working with calcium chloride or when using bleach and chlorinated mixtures, wear a respirator or gas mask and rubber gloves. 63. Calcium chloride can be used as an accelerator only in a diluted form. When diluting calcium chloride solution, use long-handled scoops. 64. Workers concreting structures subjected to electric heating must undergo special instructions on safe methods of work. Workers in the vicinity of heated areas must be warned of the danger of electric shock. 65. The heated areas of concrete should be fenced and well lit at night. The fences are installed at a distance of at least 3 m from the boundary of the area under current. Warning posters and inscriptions: "DANGER!", "CURRENT ON", as well as the rules of first aid in case of electric shock should be posted at the boundaries of the site. 66. Work on electric heating of concrete should be carried out under the supervision of experienced electricians. The stay of people in the areas of electric heating and the performance of any work is prohibited, with the exception of temperature measurement. Only qualified personnel can measure the temperature. Moreover, this must be done using protective equipment. 67. Electric heating reinforced concrete structures must be carried out at a voltage not higher than 110 V. 68. In the area of \u200b\u200belectric heating work, there must be a signal lamp located in a conspicuous place and lighting up when the current is turned on in the area. From this point on, only persons who service the unit can be on the site. 69. Workers performing electric heating are required to work in dielectric rubber shoes and the same gloves; the tool must have insulated handles. 70. Before concreting, make sure that the heated area is not energized. 71. When concreting in poorly lit areas, it is allowed to use portable lamps with a voltage of not more than 12 V. 72. Before unloading the concrete mix, the concrete worker must make sure that the reinforcement and electrodes are located correctly. The distance between the electrodes and the fittings must be at least 5 cm. The concrete mixture must be unloaded very carefully, without moving the electrodes. 73. Watering concrete is allowed only after stress relief in heated structures. 74. Before electric heating of concrete, for better contact with the wires, the protruding ends of the electrodes must be cleaned of the concrete mixture. At the end of the electric heating, the ends of the electrodes protruding from the concrete must be cut off. 75. It is not allowed to work on the site where the concrete is electrically heated. Work should be done with a special fitter's tool using dielectric gloves and galoshes. Tools must have insulated handles. 76. Concrete temperature should be measured in dielectric rubber galoshes and gloves. In this case, it is necessary to be extremely careful, do not come close to the structure, and also do not lean on it. Work should be done with one hand, if possible, holding the other behind the back or side. 77. In structures heated with the help of thermo-formwork, the outer surfaces of the formwork and sawdust moistened with water acquire increased conductivity, therefore, during electric heating, when the current is turned on, it is prohibited to touch the thermo-formwork and sawdust. 78. Touch water pipes, taps, water heaters and other open parts of water supply lines that are energized during electrical heating, as well as the stream of water flowing from them, is prohibited. 79. Checking the presence of voltage on parts of the electrical installation by hand is prohibited. For this purpose, current detectors or control lamps with tips at the ends of the wires should be used. 80. Walking or transporting concrete in an energized electric heating zone is permitted only along specially arranged passages and scaffolds. 81. When electrically heated monolithic structures, concreted in parts, non-concreted reinforcement associated with the heated area must be carefully grounded. 82. When working at height, connected with the construction of reinforced concrete pipes, elevators and similar structures, the switching on of voltage for electric heating is allowed only after people have been removed from the heating zone. 83. The temperature of concrete in the heating zone should be measured using remote instruments or with the voltage turned off. 84. It is prohibited to perform any work inside closed reinforced concrete structures (pipelines, tunnels, etc.) that are energized. These works can only be performed after disconnecting the voltage Vi. Safety measures when servicing vibrating platforms 85. Before starting work on the manufacture of reinforced concrete products on vibration platforms, tables and other vibration installations, it is necessary to check: a) the serviceability of emergency switches and, first of all, switches that turn off vibration installations; b) the operation of signaling devices; c) serviceability of the blocking of the hatch for the entrance (descent) into the trench (pit) of the vibrating platform; d) the presence of grease in the de-balance bearings, since in its absence, high-pitched noise occurs; e) the strength of the attachment of the de balances to the vibratory platform, a good attachment of the de balances, in addition to the occurrence of noise, can lead to its separation from the platform and the failure of the entire vibrator, and in some circumstances even to an accident; f) absence of people in the trench (pit) of the vibrating platform; g) the reliability of fixing the vibration loading shield in the upper position; h) serviceability of the vibrator by testing it idle for a short time. 86. To reduce the effect of noise on the body, use special mufflers - anti-phonetic plugs, which do not allow high-pitched noises to pass through. 87. When starting work, you should put on special shoes with vibration-damping soles, if available at the enterprise. 88. In the absence of mechanisms for automatic leveling of concrete mix on the forming unit, special scrapers or leveling machines with vibration-insulated handles should be used. It is prohibited to use shovels and other tools with wooden or metal handles for leveling the mixture, as this will transmit vibration along the handle. 89. While working on vibration equipment, do not allow the presence of foreign objects on the vibration platform, vibration shield and form, which during operation may be additional sources of noise. 90. It is necessary to especially monitor the good condition of the form, the fastening of parts and individual elements on it. Fastening of wedges, axles, spindles and other fasteners using chains, as well as free tightening of forms, in which the washers are in a loose state, are not allowed. 91. To eliminate the harmful effects of vibration on the body of workers, the leveling of the concrete mixture and the finishing of the upper surface of the product must be performed only from special reinforced concrete passive-vibration-insulated platforms. 92. Platform-platforms should not be connected to a working vibrating platform, therefore, during work, it is necessary to ensure that the concrete mixture does not fall into the gaps between them. If they become jammed by concrete, reinforcement or foreign objects, it is necessary to clean these areas and then constantly monitor the cleanliness. 93. When servicing, the vibrating platform must be firmly strengthened with special clamps (locks) or with magnetic plates to avoid shifting and rattling of the form. 95. It is allowed to distribute the concrete mix manually according to the form only when the vibration platform is switched off with a tool with vibration-insulated handles. 96. It is necessary to ensure that the concrete mix and oversized aggregate do not fall into the mechanism of the vibrating platform, which can lead to its failure or to jamming of the passively vibration-insulated platform. 97. When compacting the concrete mixture with a vibrating platform, it is not allowed to stand with your feet or even one foot on the vibrating form (platform). It is forbidden to stand and perform any work on the wet concrete mass during the operation of the vibrating platform, as well as to correct (hold) mounting loops, to sink frames or ends of reinforcement into the concrete mass, etc. 98. It is not allowed to increase the weight of the vibration loading board by installing an unsecured additional load on it, which may be an additional source of noise. 99. When the concrete mix is \u200b\u200bbeing vibrated, it is prohibited to stand on the vibro-loading board. 100. It is allowed to clean the vibration loading plate or carry out repair work only with the vibration switched off. 101. During production renovation works in the pits of vibrating platforms, it is necessary to de-energize this equipment and hang out a poster on the control panel "DO NOT TURN ON - PEOPLE WORK!" 102. The vibrating platform driver should be notified of all types of repair work performed with the equipment. Vii. Recreation measures to prevent workers from vibro-diseases 103. The phenomena of vibration disease caused by the impact of general and local vibration in the manufacture of reinforced concrete products are reversible and treatable. 104. At the very first signs of vibration disease, workers should be transferred to another job that is not related to vibration (for up to 2 months), and in case of pronounced forms of vibration disease, they should be sent to VTEK to establish a group of disability and further employment without contact with vibration and noise. 105. Vibro-sickness can be prevented in various ways: a) strictly observe the above requirements for the operation of vibration equipment; b) arrange ten-minute breaks after each hour of work with a complex of gymnastic exercises, which improves blood circulation and promotes relaxation for overworked muscle groups; c) it is not allowed to be under the influence of vibration for more than 50% of his working time; d) take ultraviolet irradiation or hydro-procedures (thermal baths, fan shower) at lunchtime and after work; e) organize appropriate rest and nutrition (food should be rich in vitamins, carbohydrates and proteins). BASIC FIRE SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS 1. When performing construction and installation works, fire safety at the site of work and at workplaces should be ensured in accordance with the requirements of the "Fire Safety Rules in the Russian Federation PPB-01-03", approved by the GUGPS of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2. Persons guilty of violating fire safety rules shall bear criminal, administrative, disciplinary or other liability in accordance with applicable law. 3. The person responsible for fire safety at the construction site is appointed by order of a person from among the engineering and technical personnel of the organization performing the work. 4. All workers employed in production should be allowed to work only after passing fire-prevention training and additional training in the prevention and extinguishing of possible fires. 5. At workplaces, signs must be posted indicating the phone number to call the fire department and the scheme for evacuating people in case of fire. 6. At the place of work should be installed fire posts, equipped with fire extinguishers, boxes with sand and shields with tools, posted warning posters. All inventory must be in good condition. 7. It is prohibited to make fires, use open fires and smoke on the territory. 8. Smoking is allowed only in areas specially designated and equipped for this purpose. 9. The mains must always be kept in good condition. After work, it is necessary to turn off the electric breakers of all installations and work lighting, leaving only the emergency lighting and working equipmentparticipating in a continuous cycle with the electrician on duty. 10. Work areas, workplaces and passages to them in the dark should be illuminated in accordance with GOST 12.1.046-85. Illumination should be uniform, without the glare of devices on workers. Work in unlit areas is not allowed. 11. Workplaces and approaches to them must be kept clean, timely clearing them of debris. 12. External fire escapes and roof rails must be maintained in good condition. 13. It is prohibited to obstruct driveways, aisles, entrances to the locations of fire equipment, fire alarm gates. 14. The fire-fighting water supply networks must be in good condition and provide the required water consumption for the needs of fire extinguishing. Their performance should be checked at least twice a year (in spring and autumn). 15. For heating mobile (inventory) buildings, steam and water heaters and prefabricated electric heaters must be used. 16. Drying of clothes and shoes should be carried out in rooms specially adapted for this purpose with central water heating or using oil heaters. 17. It is forbidden to dry cleaning and other materials on heating devices... Oiled overalls and rags, containers from flammable substances must be stored in closed boxes and removed at the end of work. 18. Do not put on the base of the machine with leaking fuel or oil, and with an open fuel tank filler neck. 19. It is prohibited to store supplies of fuel and oils at the construction site, as well as containers from under them outside the fuel and oil storage facilities. 20. Washing machine parts and mechanisms with fuel is allowed only in specially designated premises. 21. Spilled fuel and oil should be covered with sand, which should then be removed. 22. The electric welding machine must be grounded during operation. 23. Above portable and mobile electric welding installations used in the open air, sheds of non-combustible materials should be erected to protect against atmospheric precipitation. 24. Workers and engineers employed in production are obliged: to comply with fire safety requirements at production, as well as to observe and maintain a fire safety regime; to carry out precautions when using fire-hazardous substances, materials, equipment in the event of a fire, report it to the fire department and take measures to save. BIBLIOGRAPHY SNiP 3.03.01-87. Supporting and enclosing structures. SNiP 12-03-2001. Labor safety in construction. Part 1. General requirements. SNiP 12-04-2002. Labor safety in construction. Part 2. Construction production. GOST 12.1.044-89. SSBT. Fire and explosion hazard of substances and materials. Nomenclature of indicators and methods for their determination. GOST 12.2.003-91. SSBT. Manufacturing equipment. General safety requirements. GOST 12.3.009-76. SSBT. Loading and unloading works. General safety requirements. GOST 12.3.033-84. SSBT. Construction machines. General safety requirements for operation. GOST 24258-88. Scaffolding tools. General technical conditions. PPB 01-03. Fire safety rules in the Russian Federation. The electronic text of the document was prepared by ZAO "Kodeks" and verified against the materials provided by Ph.D. Demyanov A.A. (VITU)