The essence of terrorism, its types and distinctive features. By the level of impact

Terrorism is about violence for the purpose of intimidation. The subject of terrorist violence is individuals or non-governmental organizations. The object of violence is the power in the person of individual civil servants or society in the person of individual citizens (including foreigners, or civil servants of other states). In addition - private and state property, infrastructure, life support systems. The purpose of violence is to achieve the development of events desirable for terrorists - revolution, destabilization of society, unleashing a war with a foreign state, gaining independence by a certain territory, a decline in the prestige of power, political concessions from the government, etc.

Defining terrorism appears to be a daunting task. The forms and methods of terrorist activities have changed significantly over time. This phenomenon has a persistent negative assessment, which gives rise to arbitrary interpretation. On the one hand, there is a tendency for an unjustifiably extended interpretation, when some political forces without sufficient grounds call their opponents terrorists. On the other hand, it is an unjustified narrowing. The terrorists themselves tend to call themselves soldiers,

Legislators from different countries have not come to a common definition of terrorism. Investigating and summarizing the acts and signs of terrorist offenses recorded in the Criminal Codes of the CIS member states, V.P. Yemelyanov constructs the following definition of terrorism: terrorism is publicly performed publicly dangerous actions or threats thereof aimed at intimidating the population or social groups, for the purpose of directly or indirectly influencing the adoption of any decision or refusal from it in the interests of terrorists.

Terrorism is associated with a more general, generic concept of terrorism. Terror is a way of managing society through preventive intimidation. This method of political action can be resorted to by both the state and organizations (or forces) setting political goals for themselves. For many years, the tactic of preventive intimidation, outside

Terror relies on violence and achieves its goals through demonstrative physical suppression of any active opponents in order to intimidate and deprive all potential opponents of power to resist. It is important to emphasize that terror is a policy of preventive violence and this distinguishes it from the most severe repressions against lawbreakers. Terror is resorted to by the authorities seeking to radically change the existing order of things. In such cases as a foreign conquest, or a social revolution, or the establishment of authoritarianism in a society with democratic traditions - that is, whenever political reality changes radically, and these changes inevitably provoke resistance from a significant part of society - in the arsenal of political strategies of the new government lies politics terror.

The words "terrorism", "terrorist", "act of terrorism" are tracing copies from English (terrorism, terrorist, act of terrorism). In their original meaning, they are all associated with terror as a policy of intimidation. But here differences are crucial. First of all, the subject

A prerequisite for terrorism is the resonance of a terrorist act in society. Terrorism is fundamentally declarative. Widespread dissemination of information about a terrorist attack, making it the most discussed event is a key element of terrorism tactics. An unnoticed or classified terrorist attack loses all meaning.

This distinguishes a terrorist act from such closely related phenomena as sabotage or political assassination. Sabotage is a subversive force action carried out by the special services of the state. Sabotage is valuable for direct damage to the enemy, the public resonance of the operation does not interest the saboteur and is even dangerous. Ideally, sabotage imitates a man-made disaster, an accident, or a violent action committed by another force.

Terrorists need a public response to a terrorist act to change public sentiment. Terrorist attacks affect mass psychology. Terrorist organizations demonstrate their strength and willingness to go to the end, sacrificing both their own lives and the lives of victims. The terrorist loudly declares that in this society, in this world there is a force that

Terrorist act:

1. Demonstrates powerlessness to the society. At that point in time and space where the terrorist attack took place, the government lost its monopoly on violence, laws and the establishment of power were defiantly violated. In the area of \u200b\u200bthe terrorist attack, an alternative government was realized.

2. Creates precedents of active disobedience and violent opposition to the authorities. Terrorist ideologues call this "propaganda by action." The terrorist act contains a call to the forces sympathetic to the cause of the terrorists to join the active opposition to the authorities.

3. As a rule, it activates any forces and moods, oppositional authorities, including those who distance themselves from the tactics of terrorism. The terrorist attack is interpreted as an indisputable sign of an acute crisis in society. All this is pushing society, and then the government, to make concessions to political forces using the tactics of terrorism.

4. Hits the economy, reduces the investment attractiveness of the country, worsens its image, reduces the flow of international tourists, etc.

5. Pushes the country towards radicalization of the political course, towards authoritarian forms of government. Often this evolution is in line with the goals of the terrorists.

Terrorism is the most dangerous (according to the criterion of invested resources

According to the general opinion of legal scholars, terrorism in any of its forms is the most socially dangerous of all crimes described by criminal legislation (the sanctions of articles providing for criminal liability for a crime of a terrorist nature should have the most severe punishment of all types of punishments provided for by the criminal law).

A terrorist attack requires a nationwide and ideally a global audience. This implies the first condition for the emergence of terrorism - the formation of an information society. In their modern forms terrorism emerges in the 19th century. in Europe. That is, where there is a society that regularly reads newspapers. And further, the more powerful the mass media become, the more they permeate society, the higher their role in shaping public sentiments, the wider the wave of terrorism. As the habit of reading newspapers and magazines is complemented by the habit of listening to the radio, watching TV, "surfing" the Internet

The second condition for the emergence of terrorism is associated with the nature of technology and the laws of development of the technological environment of human existence. The essence of the matter is that as scientific and technological progress unfolds, the technogenic environment becomes more complex and vulnerable. The development of technology gives a person the ability to pointwise destroy the social, technological and natural environment.

For the destruction of any material object, energy is required that is equal to or comparable with the energy required to create this object. In ancient times, the destruction of a dam or a pyramid would have required a significant number of people and a fairly long time, and such an action would not have gone unnoticed. The development of technology made it possible to accumulate energy and use it pointwise to destroy the objective or natural environment. The dagger and crossbow are giving way to dynamite, a rifle with a telescopic sight, a grenade launcher, a compact surface-to-air missile, etc.

The technological environment is becoming denser and more vulnerable. The state's ability to block terrorist activities at every point in the social space at any arbitrary moment turns out to be lower than the attackers' ability to strike. In the modern world, man-made disasters occur without any interference from terrorists.

The third essential condition for the emergence of terrorism is associated with the erosion of traditional society and the formation of a modernized society oriented towards liberal values. Terrorism arises when a society that is familiar with the concept of a social contract comes to replace traditional culture. Liberal values \u200b\u200band ideas

The attacks loudly proclaim that the authorities are unable to guarantee the life, health and tranquility of citizens; therefore, the authorities are responsible for this. This is the essence of the mechanism of political blackmail used by terrorists. If the society does not react in any way to the actions of terrorists, or unites around the powers that be, then terrorism loses any effect.

The fourth condition for terrorism is the real problems that arise in the course of historical development. They can have very different dimensions - political, cultural, social. In a prosperous country, single acts of mentally unbalanced marginals are possible, but terrorism as a phenomenon is poorly expressed. The most frequent foundations of terrorism are separatism and national liberation movements, as well as religious, ethnic and ideological conflicts. Terrorism is a phenomenon inherent in the crisis stages of the modernization transition. It is characteristic that the completion of modernization transformations removes the grounds for terrorism.

Terrorism emerges at the boundaries of cultures and eras of historical development. The most striking example of this is the situation in Israel and the Palestinian Authority, where the Islamic world is confronted with an outpost of European civilization extended deep into Asia, and deeply traditional Palestinian society is in contact with a modernized Israeli society. Culturally and stadially homogeneous societies (Holland, Switzerland) are more protected from terrorism.

There is no terrorism, and cannot exist in totalitarian and authoritarian societies. There are no conditions for its emergence, and any manifestations of anti-state activity are fraught with terror against entire regions, peoples, confessions or social categories. Equally, terrorism is ineffective in disintegrating countries where power has fallen apart and does not control society - such as Somalia or Afghanistan.

Terrorism is possible provided that at least a part of society sympathizes with the cause of terrorists. Unlike saboteurs - specially trained professionals who can work in a hostile environment - terrorists, like guerrillas, need support among the population. The loss of this support leads to the extinction of terrorist activities.

Terrorism is an indicator of crisis processes. This is an emergency feedback channel between society and the authorities, between a separate part of society and society as a whole. It testifies to acute trouble in a certain zone of social space. In this respect, terrorism does not have a purely forceful, police solution. Localizing and suppressing terrorists is only part of the fight against this evil. The other part involves political, social and cultural transformations that remove the grounds for radicalizing society and turning to terrorism.

By the nature of the subject of terrorist activity, terrorism is divided into:

According to its goals, terrorism is divided into:

However, the pursued goals can be intertwined. So, using the methods of terrorism, the "Kurdish Workers' Party" pursues the goal of creating a national state and at the same time - social transformation of society in the spirit of Marxism

Another example is the Colombian organization Extraditable (Extraditable). The core of the organization is made up of drug trafficking criminals to be extradited to the United States. "Extraditable" attack officials, police officers, prominent political and public figures, all who actively oppose the drug trade. The reason for the terrorist actions may be a police operation against the drug mafia or the extradition of another mafia boss to American justice.

The same organization often appears under different names. Terrorist organizations are split; new ones are allocated from the parent organization. There are organizations that are fake, organizations that are one-day. In addition, terrorist organizations are of various sizes. Alongside the effective, the big ones have existed and exist the tiny ones. All this creates problems with the verification and classification of existing data.

Researchers identify the most dangerous organizations capable of launching mass terror. Among them are the Shiite Hezbollah (Party of Allah) headquartered in Lebanon, the Palestinian Hamas (Islamic Resistance Movement) and the Islamic Jihad, the Tamil Liberation Tigers of Tamil Elam in Sri Lanka, Al Qaeda Osama bin Laden, "Kurdish Workers' Party" of Abdullah Ocalan, the Egyptian "Al Jihad" ("Holy War") and the "Armed Islamic Group".

1. Explosions of state, industrial, transport, military facilities, editorial offices of newspapers and magazines, various offices, party committees, residential buildings, train stations, shops, theaters, restaurants, etc.

2. Individual terror or political assassinations - officials, public figures, bankers, law enforcement officers, etc.

3. Political abductions. As a rule, prominent statesmen, industrialists, journalists, military men, foreign diplomats, etc. are abducted. The purpose of the kidnapping is political blackmail (demands to fulfill certain political conditions, release of accomplices from prison, ransom, etc.)

4. The seizure of institutions, buildings, banks, embassies, etc., accompanied by the taking of hostages. Most often, this is followed by negotiations with representatives of the authorities, but history also knows examples of the destruction of hostages. Hostage ownership allows terrorists to negotiate "from a position of strength." Today it is one of the most common forms of terrorism.

5. Seizure of aircraft, ships or other vehicles, accompanied by the taking of hostages. This form of terrorist activity became widespread in the 1980s.

6. Robbery of banks, jewelry stores, private individuals, taking hostages in order to obtain a ransom. Robbery is an auxiliary form of terrorist activity that provides terrorists with financial resources.

7. Non-fatal injuries, beatings, bullying. These forms of terrorist attacks pursue the goal of psychological pressure on the victim and at the same time are a form of so-called "propaganda by action".

9. Use of toxic substances and radioactive isotopes.

The arsenal of methods and forms of terrorism is constantly expanding. Now they are talking about computer terrorism. In principle, any infrastructure of society, any industrial facilities, technological structures, waste storage, damage to which is fraught with environmental disasters, can become an object of terrorist attacks.

Back in the 1st century. AD in the territories now occupied by the state of Israel, there was an organization sicarii, who fought against the Romans for the autonomy of the province of Thessaloniki. The Sicarii killed the Romans and members of the Jewish nobility who collaborated with Rome. The killing was carried out with the short sword "shikoy", in accordance with certain rituals.

In the 11-13 centuries. the Muslim Shiite sect of the Ismailis, better known as the Assassins, practiced the physical destruction of government officials in Syria, i.e. Caliphs-foreigners. The fedai novices, on the orders of their sovereign, a certain Elder of the Mountain, killed anyone doomed to death, in spite of any precautions. The Assassins existed until 1256, when the stronghold of the sect - the fortress of Alamut - fell under the blows of the Mongols.

In the 12th and 13th centuries, against the background of the struggle of Rome with the royal dynasties of Europe, the religious authorities of the Catholic Church substantiated the legitimacy of killing monarchs by their subjects - monarchomachy. By the 16th century. the ideas of monarchomachy are becoming extraordinarily relevant. The opponents of militant Catholicism, William of Orange (1584), Henry III (1589) and Henry IV (1610), were killed.

The so-called "gunpowder plot" by Guy Fawkes (1605) is sure to be mentioned by historians of terrorism. English army captain Guy Fawkes led a conspiracy against parliament and King James I. It was supposed to blow up the parliament building, in which the king was to be present. The conspiracy pursued the goal of the restoration of Catholicism.

In July 1793, the French aristocrat Charlotte de Corday stabbed a member of the Convention, chairman of the Jacobin Club, Jean Paul Marat with a dagger. The reason was the bloody terror unleashed by the Jacobins after the fall of the Girondins.

In the 1820s, conspiratorial organizations emerged in Italy with the goal of creating a national state. A mafia is emerging in Sicily, pursuing the goal of fighting the Bourbon monarchy. Commora was founded in Naples in 1820. The goals of the organization are to bribe and intimidate the jailers. At the same time, in the south of the country, a brotherhood of the Carbonari appeared, spreading its network throughout Italy. Initially, the goals of the brotherhood were to protect peasants and agricultural workers from the tyranny of landowners. The Carbonari first warned and then killed the most brutal oppressors. Subsequently, the organization of the Carbonari takes on a political character and sets the task of combating Austrian rule and corrupt monarchical regimes. All three organizations used terrorist methods to intimidate jailers, landlords, police officers and government officials. Note that terrorism was just one of the tactics used by conspiratorial organizations. They carried out propaganda, prepared and carried out prison breaks, armed protests.

After Italy, terrorism spread to France, Austria, Germany. Seven assassination attempts were made against King Louis Philippe of France. In one of them (1835) 18 people were killed and 22 wounded. The middle of the 19th century was marked by a number of successful and unsuccessful attempts on the life of Emperor Frederick William IV, Franz Joseph of Austria. In 1858, the Italian Felice Orsini made an attempt on the life of Napoleon III. The Duke of Parma was killed (1854), attempts were made on the life of Ferdinand III of Naples and the Spanish queen Isabella (1856).

From the 1880s to the 1890s, Europe and the United States experienced a flourishing of anarcho-terrorism. In 1894, the president of the French Republic, Sadi Carnot, was assassinated. In 1881, US President J. Hartfeld was mortally wounded. 1901 - US President McKinley was assassinated. Against the background of peak events, there were also less loud acts - bombings in theaters and restaurants, murders of high and medium-sized officials, etc. Anarchist terrorism began to decline only from the 1910s to the 1920s.

Results of the 19th century consisted in the fact that terrorism has become a significant factor in political life. The twentieth century is characterized by a sharp upsurge and qualitative transformation of terrorism. More and more political forces are resorting to this tactic. Terrorism went wide, sweeping Latin America and Asia. International connections of terrorists have been established. In addition, terrorism has become a factor of interstate confrontation. Terrorist movements began to receive support from countries acting as an enemy of the state - the target of terrorist attacks.

Terrorism is split into globally and locally oriented. In the 20th century. political movements are taking shape with global interests and claims that actively use the tactics of terrorism. In order of origin, these are the international communist, fascist and Islamic radical movements. These movements are made up of the leading sponsor states and organizers of terrorism and a wide belt of terrorist organizations in various countries that are targets of political expansion.

In the 20th century. yesterday's terrorists turned into legitimate political leaders. Politicians using the tactics of terrorism sometimes became heads of state. At the beginning of the 20th century. the tactics of terrorism are actively used by the national liberation and revolutionary movements. They operate in the territories of the Russian, Ottoman and British empires. A new element was the support of terrorists at the state level. So, during the First World War, Germany supported the Irish separatists,

The world war gave a new impetus to the further development of terrorism. The success of such tactics was clearly demonstrated. The war began with a terrorist shot. And as a result of the war, three empires collapsed and a number of national problems were resolved.

The interwar era was characterized by a change in the geography and quality of terrorism. Terrorism was increasingly linked to external support. Behind the backs of the terrorist groups, the special services of the states interested in this are clearly visible. State support for terrorism is becoming the lot of aggressive totalitarian regimes that actively oppose liberal values. The geography of terrorism is expanding. Post-war Europe has not freed itself from former national problems. In addition, new ones arose (for example, on the territory of the Yugoslav Kingdom). Hotbeds of terrorism are also emerging in the East.

In the interwar period, the communist and fascist regimes came to power and became stronger. At the stage of the struggle for power, they are united by a combination of legal and illegal forms of work. Along with the parliamentary parties, these movements had a cadre of underground workers and militants. Both communists and fascists used the tactics of terrorism on their way to power. Further, the tactics of terrorism have been used for some time and after the formal coming to power, until the totalitarian parties have created an effective apparatus of state violence. At this stage, both communists and fascists use militants to crack down on opponents of the new regime. In Russia, this tactic is illustrated by the murder of the Constituent Assembly deputies Shingarev and Kokoshkin in the hospital after the Assembly was dispersed. And also, by order of the RSDLP, the shooting of a popular demonstration held in Petrograd in protest against the dispersal of the Constituent Assembly. In Italy - the assassination of the socialist deputy Giacomo Matteotti (1924). In Germany, the terror of Rehm's stormtroopers from the moment Hitler came to power until the "night of the long knives", when the stormtroopers were destroyed (1933-1934). After gaining a foothold in power and "riding" the system of punitive organs, the communists and fascists are moving on to systematic state terror. As a result, the tactics of terrorism are taken outward, turning into one of the instruments for solving the problem of political expansion.

The policy of "exporting the revolution" is inevitably associated with the use of terrorist tactics. In the 1920s, under the Comintern, schools were created for Western European and American communists, where they received training in the methods of terrorism and civil war. The USSR supplies militants in the Balkans with weapons and money. In April 1925, during a memorial service for a member of parliament, two "infernal machines" were blown up in the Sofia Cathedral. The Bulgarian Communist Party claimed responsibility for the attack. The special services of the USSR stood behind her. It is characteristic that we are facing not an isolated terrorist attack, but a failed attempt to carry out a coup d'etat.

Fascist regimes, solving the tasks of political expansion, also sponsored terrorism. In 1934, during a failed attempt at a fascist coup in Austria, supporters of the Anschluss committed the assassination of Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss. In 1934 ustashi (Croatian nationalists) committed the murder of the Yugoslav king Alexander I Karadjordjevic and the French foreign minister Louis Bartou. The Ustashi, who fought for the independence of Croatia, worked in contact with the special services of Nazi Germany. This terrorist attack undermined one of the instruments that ensured stability in interwar Europe - the military-political alliance of Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia under the general name "Little Entente", created under the patronage of France. With the hands of the Ustasha, the leadership of Nazi Germany solved their problems.

In addition to Italy and Germany, fascist terrorism manifested itself in the Romanian organization "Iron Guard" (which carried out the assassination of Romanian Prime Minister Ion Duca in 1934). Fascist organizations in Hungary and France also used terrorist tactics.

In the United States, the interwar period saw some activation of the Ku Klux Klan. The clan carries out terrorist attacks against religious and racial minorities.

The Second World War marked another stage in the development of terrorism. In the post-war period, terrorism is spreading almost all over the world and is undergoing another qualitative transformation. Before the war, the predominantly targets of terrorism were government agents, the military, and persons collaborating with the regime. The civilian population, not connected with the authorities, was not the primary target of the terrorists. But the World War, the experience of the Holocaust and Hiroshima changed the attitude towards the price of human life on a global scale. After the war, the practice of modern terrorism takes shape. Now the subject of terrorism is a powerful professional organization supported by the state sponsoring terrorism. The direct targets of terrorist violence are citizens, foreigners, diplomats. A terrorist attack turns out to be a mechanism of pressure on the authorities through public opinion and the international community. The essence of blackmailing terrorists is that a liberal society is characterized by natural pacifism, fear of blood, both one's own and someone else's. The confrontation between a terrorist and a liberal state is a confrontation between two cultures, radically different in the cost of human life.

After the war, the knot of national problems finally shifted to the East. The circle of fascist states sponsoring terrorism is disappearing, but the circle of communist sponsors is significantly expanding. In the 1960s, an Arab (or Islamic) circle of states sponsoring terrorism emerged. These states are headed by both secular fascist pan-Arab nationalists and Islamic fundamentalists.

A number of separatist movements have been active in Europe after the war. The largest of them are IRA and ETA. IRA - "Irish Republican Army" - the oldest terrorist structure, which emerged in 1914. After Ireland gained independence, it fights to join the Republic of Ulster ( cm... NORTHERN IRELAND). IRA activity has grown especially since the 1970s. ETA - (Euskadi ta Ascatasuna - "Basque Country and Freedom") originated in 1959 in Spain. Fights for the complete independence of the Basque Country. Over time, the leaders of ETA came to a combination of nationalism and Marxism. The peak of ETA activity falls in the 1960s – 1980s. One of the most famous actions is the assassination of Spanish Prime Minister Cariero Blanco (1973). ETA is currently active

"Left" terrorism has become a striking phenomenon in the history of the post-war West. It covered Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, Germany, Japan, and the USA. The most powerful onslaught of left-wing terrorism was experienced by Spain, Italy and the Federal Republic of Germany.

In Spain in the mid-1960s, the Maoist "Communist Party of Spain" (Marxist-Leninist) was created. The militant organization of the party in the mid-1970s was the Revolutionary Patriotic and Popular Front (FRAP) and the Group of Patriotic Anti-Fascist Resistance on October 1) (GRAPO). The peak of the activity of these structures falls in the second half of the 1970s. For at least two decades, terrorism in Spain has been a serious political problem.

In 1970, a Marxist organization, the Red Brigades, emerged in Italy. The peak of its activity falls on the second half of the 1970s and early 1980s. The most notorious action is the kidnapping and subsequent murder of the leader of the Christian Democrats Aldo Moro (1978). Another prominent anarchist organization, Rabochaya Autonomy, gravitated towards spontaneous, mass actions and sought to deploy urban guerrillas (pickets, seizure of enterprises, damage to equipment, proletarian expropriations). Since the early 1980s, Italian terrorists have been in crisis.

Leftist terrorism in the FRG dates back to the student riots of 1968. The leader is the Red Army Faction (RAF), which was named the Baader-Meinhof Group by the names of the leaders. The goal of the movement is to unleash a proletarian, communist revolution in the country through the city guerrilla. The leaders - Ulrika Meinhof, Horst Mahler - often acted as theorists and propagandists of the movement. The group was exceptionally active from 1970-1972. This was followed by a rout and a decline in activity. Later, the “July 2 Movement” arose in the FRG, which took as its emblem a red star and a machine gun. The maximum activity of the Movement falls in 1975. Terrorists took hostage major politicians, killed President of the Supreme Court Gunther von Drenkmann (1974). The most famous action of West German terrorists is the kidnapping of the chairman of the "Union of German Industrialists" Hans Schleier (1977). In response to this terrorist attack, the government of the country created special anti-terrorism units. In 1981-1982, the police defeated terrorist organizations. Most of their members were arrested. The survivors emigrated and hid.

Left-wing radical terrorism in other countries has received much less development. In Portugal, after the 1974 revolution, a number of left-wing extremist groups arose. The most famous, the People's Forces on April 25, carried out a series of terrorist attacks in the first half of the 1980s. In the early 1960s, France experienced the terror of the SLA (Org

In the United States in the late 1960s, a group of "Weatherman" ("Weatherman" - "meteorologists") appeared. The peak of its activity falls at the beginning of the 1970s, followed by a rout. Another organization, the United Liberation Army, announced itself in the early 1970s. The peak of fame is associated with the kidnapping of Patricia Hirst, the daughter of a newspaper tycoon, who expressed her desire to join the ranks of the organization. In the wake of this development, leftist terrorism in the United States is rapidly declining.

Since the late 1960s, Japan has experienced a fairly serious onslaught of terrorists. The largest organization is the Red Army Faction, later

In the 1960s, a new front of leftist terrorism opens - Latin America. The impetus for the deployment of guerrilla and terrorist movements in Latin America was given by the Cuban Revolution. Having come to power, the supporters of Fidel Castro began to vigorously organize the "export of revolution". To this end, in a short time in Cuba, special training centers for the training of partisans were established.

Basics of Latin American radicalism: guerrilla movement in cities or countryside - rural or urban guerrilla; the slogan is "continental revolution"; the idea is to create "hotbeds" of resistance in rural or urban areas; the icon is Che Guevara. The most prominent theorist is Juan Marigella, leader of a terrorist group in Sao Paulo (Brazil). To understand leftist terrorism, it is essential to interpret the goals of the guerrilla. According to Marigella, one of the goals is to provoke government repression. This will make the life of the masses unbearable and hasten the hour of the uprising against the regime.

In the late 1960s, the most famous Uruguayan organization in Europe, Tupamaros, was founded. The Tupamaros carried out an equalizing distribution of money to the poor from funds obtained as a result of expropriations. The abduction of prominent politicians and foreigners was widely practiced. We tried to avoid excess blood. Defeated in 1972. Several independent terrorist organizations operated in Brazil. Terrorists carried out assassination attempts, attacks on weapons depots, banks, foreign firms, armed attacks on police and army officials. Foreign diplomats were systematically kidnapped with political demands. Defeated in the early 1970s. At the same time, the city guerrilla is taking place in Argentina. In the mid-1970s, the terrorist movement was defeated by the military regime.

Similar groups arose in a number of other South American countries - Bolivia, Colombia, Chile, Peru.

The Peruvian organization Sandero Luminoso (Light Path), which was founded in 1978, deserves special mention. Its leaders regard the movement as a "Marxist-Leninist organization of a new type." The core of the organization is Indians, students and university professors in the poorest region of Peru. The ultimate goal is the destruction of cities, a stake on subsistence farming, the destruction of technology and buildings. The ideological connection between the Sanderists and the Pol Pot Kampuchea is obvious. Unable to fit into modern society, these archaics with weapons in their hands defend their right to live outside of history and civilization. In the mid-1980s, the organization suffered a defeat, but it still exists today.

A specific situation has developed in Turkey, on the border of Europe and Asia. Along with the Kurdish separatists, both "right-wing" and "left-wing" terrorist organizations operated here. In the 1970s, the country was going through an acute modernization crisis, expressed, among other things, in the confrontation between right and left extremism. Fascist right-wing organizations and Maoist left-wing organizations fought intensely with the government and with each other. Indirect terror was widely practiced here: explosions at objects of mass visits. The peak of activity is the late 1970s. Then the government managed to localize (but not destroy) the Turkish terrorists themselves. The activity of the separatists from the "Kurdish Workers' Party" of Abdullah Ocalan has been reduced only recently, which was facilitated by the arrest of Ocalan.

The last area of \u200b\u200bpost-war terrorism is in the East. Having developed in the 1960s, it continues to grow up to the beginning of the 21st century. The contours of this area coincide with the boundaries of Islamic identity. Historically, terrorism in the East grew out of the Palestinian problem. The terrorist organization Fatah (Al-FAT "H - one of the names of the Palestine National Liberation Movement) pursues the goal of fighting Israel before its destruction and the creation of a Palestinian state. It emerged in the 1950s in Egypt. Egypt provided the movement with weapons, instructors, training camps In the late 1950s, Fatah cells appear in Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Lebanon, Jordan. In the mid-1960s, Fatah receives arms assistance from the PRC. In 1968, the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) is formed, the chairman of which becomes the leader in 1969 Fatah Yasser Arafat. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the PLO received assistance from the USSR. Palestinian militants underwent training at a special center in Balashikha and the Turkmen city of Mary. The leader of Arafat's movement was financed by Egypt, China, the USSR. Romania helped the PLO with weapons. PLO led a long and stubborn struggle, which included terrorism, in the name of gaining Palestinian statehood. The creation of the Palestinian Authority (1993) became possible in the basis of a political compromise, which consisted of the PLO abandoning the task of eliminating Israeli statehood and renouncing the methods of terrorism. This compromise was not recognized by all the militants.

The Palestinians continue to struggle to create a fully sovereign state and acquire acceptable borders. For these purposes, the old principle is used - a combination of legal and illegal forms of political activity. Formally, the PLO and the Palestinian leadership do not use terrorist methods. However, terrorist structures ("Hamaz", "Islamic Jihad" and others) operate on the territory of the Autonomy under the wing of the PLO. And despite the fact that individual militants are sometimes imprisoned in Palestinian prisons, the tactics of the PLO and terrorists are effectively coordinated.

Among the features of Palestinian terrorism: the widespread use of unaddressed terror; training and use of suicide bombers on a massive scale; planning and implementation of high-profile actions aimed at world public opinion (hijacking aircraft, etc.); flexible use of terrorist acts as a policy element.

Thus, for more than four decades there has been an almost continuous war that has long gone beyond the confrontation between Israelis and Palestinians. The growth of terrorism in the East fixes a two-pronged process - the intensification of Islamic extremism and the growth of its opposition to the Western world. Western support for Israel and Arab solidarity with the people of Palestine drew the Arab world into this confrontation. But the reasons lie much deeper. The inclusion of the countries of the Islamic world in the processes of modernization destabilizes traditional societies and mobilizes them to confront the source of modernization processes. Factors such as the collapse of the colonial system, gigantic revenues from oil exports, associated with the processes of "Islamic revival", the growing solidarity of the countries of the Islamic world contributed to the formation and growth of an integral terrorist complex.

In the Middle East, civil wars followed one after another, there were interventions, countries disintegrated, territories of neighboring states were seized, refugee camps were constantly growing. In such a situation, reliance on power solutions turned into a universal political mechanism, and war became an everyday background in human life. A number of Lebanese territories have become a base of terrorism. Hamaz currently controls the south of the Bekaa Valley. Militant bases and training centers have been set up here. The infrastructure of Arab terrorism receives financial support from Iran, Iraq and Syria. In Sudan, the ruling fundamentalist regime has set up camps in the south of the country. Libya supported terrorists for a long time.

In the 1970s, the Western world experienced the peak of the terrorist offensive. At this time, the system of international terrorism is being formed. The tactical goals of the most diverse players coincided in one thing: both terrorist organizations and sponsoring states interacted in the name of a common goal - to destabilize the West. For example, the famous terrorist, Venezuelan Ilyich Ramirez Sanchez (Carlos Jackal) was trained in the Soviet and Cuban training camps, and worked for both the PLO breakaway groups and the leader of Libya, Muammar Gaddafi

The union of sponsors of terrorism from the socialist camp and secular regimes of the Arab world characterized the first stage of the growth of terrorism in the East. In the late 1970s, the Islamic world began to turn from secular landmarks to Islamic values. The Iranian Revolution (1978) heralded the era of the onset of religious fundamentalism. Fundamentalist radicalism is characterized by extreme intensity of passions and global aspirations. In the 1980s and 1990s, the local by nature “aid to our Arab brothers” was replaced by a sacred “war with infidels” - Jihad, which knows no boundaries.

The situation in India deserves special mention. Multi-ethnic and multi-confessional, Indian society is developing very painfully. Inter-ethnic clashes and sectarian riots occur regularly. Terror has become an enduring element of Indian reality. Among the most notorious acts is the assassination of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi by Hindu fundamentalists (1984). Assassination of Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi

The defeat and decay of leftist terrorism immediately preceded the collapse of world communism. The disintegration of the communist camp, China's departure from Mao's ideas created a worldview in which the radical left ideology does not work. Gone are the big communist sponsors of terrorism. But (due to the transitional countries of the former communist camp) the field for terrorism has expanded. The Arab-Muslim hotbed of terrorism persists and grows. In addition, traditional separatist terrorism persists in Europe, India, Sri Lanka and other countries.

In recent years, a so-called “arc of instability” has developed, stretching from Indonesia and the Philippines to Bosnia and Albania. One of the signs of this arc is terrorism directed against carriers of non-Islamic (European, Christian, Jewish, Hindu) identity or carriers of secular, secular values \u200b\u200bin traditionally Islamic countries. This allows such prominent theorists of international relations as Samuel Huntington to talk about the intercivilizational confrontation between the modernizing Islamic world in crisis and the dynamic civilization of the West.

In the 1990s, a new hotbed of terrorism emerged on the territory of the disintegrated Yugoslavia. Various ethnically and confessionally marked forces resorted to his methods. They were Albanians, Bosnians, Serbs, Croats. Recently, as the political situation stabilizes, there has been a decline in terrorist activity. However, Yugoslav terrorism is alive. The political assassination of Serbian Prime Minister Zoran Djinjic (2003) shocked the entire country.

In the 1990s, a hotbed of terrorism emerged in Algeria. In 1992, the ruling secular regime canceled the election results, which were won by the fundamentalist political organization, the Islamic Salvation Front. The consequence of this was the unleashing of a wave of terrorism. The authorities responded with the most severe repression. Almost in the country a civil war broke out. The terror of the authorities and the terrorism of religious fanatics led to monstrous casualties. Tens of thousands of people died. Algerian terrorism was characterized by the widespread use of mass unaddressed terror. The situation returned to normal only towards the end of the decade.

In Israel, the onslaught of terrorism grew throughout the 1990s. Here terrorism is an obvious instrument of political pressure on Israel. Terrorist attacks occur almost daily. A stalemate has developed: Israel cannot destroy the infrastructure and base of terrorism, and the united front of anti-Israeli forces (PLO, Arab terrorism, states sponsoring terrorism) cannot destroy Israel

The bombing of a shopping center in New York on September 11, 2001 was another milestone in the history of terrorism. Signs of this stage are the creation of an international antiterrorist coalition under the leadership of the United States, the declaration of terrorism as the leading threat to world civilization and the elevation of the task of eliminating terrorism to the rank of priority problems of the world community. The Russian Federation, which has experienced significant attacks of terrorism, joined the anti-terrorist coalition

The words were followed by actions. A member of Ishutin's group D. Karakozov in 1866 makes a failed attempt on Alexander II. In 1887, the Polish emigrant A. Berezovsky attempted to assassinate the tsar in Paris. In 1878, the gendarme general Mezentsev was killed. In 1879 - Kharkov governor Kropotkin (cousin of the famous anarchist). In 1879, the terrorist organization Narodnaya Volya emerged in Russia. In 1879, the People's Will passed the "death sentence" to Alexander II. Eight attempts were made. The last - March 1, 1881 ended with the assassination of the king. This was followed by an ultimatum to the heir, demanding deep political change. However, the "popular masses" did not meet the terrorists' hopes: instead of the long-awaited revolution, Jewish pogroms began. The organization was soon defeated.

A distinctive feature of pre-revolutionary Russian terrorism was the benevolent attitude towards terrorists of an educated society. The peasantry was far from this topic or had a negative attitude towards the bombers. People who denied the tactics of terror for moral or political reasons were in an absolute minority. The arguments for justifying revolutionary terror were drawn from crushing assessments of Russian reality. The terrorists were seen as devotees of the idea, sacrificing their lives for the sake of lofty goals.

The most striking manifestation of these public sentiments was the acquittal of the jury in the case of Vera Zasulich, who attempted the life of the St. Petersburg mayor F. Trepov. Alarmed by the news of the unjust punishment of the political prisoner Bogolyubov, committed on the orders of Trepov, Zasulich shot at the mayor. The defender's speech ended with the words "Yes, she can leave here condemned, but she will not come out disgraced ...". A large part of educated society admired terrorists. see also FOLKNESS.

The era of counterreforms Alexander III did not favor revolutionary terrorism. However, an unsuccessful attempt to assassinate the tsar was made in 1887. The historical situation changed by the mid-1890s. At the beginning of the reign of Nicholas II, there was a consolidation of revolutionary forces of various orientations. The Socialist-Revolutionary Party (formed in 1901), which historically inherited the People's Will, adopted the tactics of terrorism. At the end of 1901, the Fighting Organization of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party (which disintegrated in early 1907) was created.

The first political assassination in the 20th century. was committed in Russia. Student Pyotr Karpovich, shortly before expelled from the university, on February 4, 1901, assassinated the conservative Minister of Education N. Bogolepov. In April 1902, the Minister of the Interior Sipyagin was assassinated. In July 1904, his successor in this post was von Plehve. In February 1905 - the Tsar's uncle, Moscow Governor-General, Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich. These were the loudest acts.

In addition to the Socialist-Revolutionaries, the tactics of terrorism were used by anarchists and nationalists from the outskirts of the empire, and by the Social Democrats, but the Socialist-Revolutionaries made an exclusive stake on the use of terrorism tactics. The fighting organization was professional structure... Its members were free from theoretical battles and internal party problems. Functions and areas of responsibility were divided within the organization. So Grigory Gershuni was responsible for the organization and selection of personnel. Dora Brilliant specialized in bomb making. In addition to the central Combat Organization, there were so-called. "Flying combat detachments" and "combat squads" in the field.

The first Russian revolution (1905-1907) was marked by a powerful outburst of terrorism. Terrorism has gripped the entire country and has become a ubiquitous phenomenon. Between October 1905 and the end of 1907, 4,500 government officials were killed and maimed, 2,180 were killed and 2,530 individuals were wounded. In 1907, terrorists accounted for an average of 18 daily victims. From the end of 1907, the revolution retreated, but retreated with battles. From January 1908 to May 1910, 19,957 terrorist attacks and revolutionary robberies were recorded. They killed police officers, blew up houses, expropriated (robbed for the needs of the revolution) in houses, trains and steamers, not professional terrorists, but

The Azef case occupies a special place in the history of Russian terrorism. Yevno Azef (1869–1918), the son of a Jewish tailor, offered his services to the Police Department in 1892 while a student at the Polytechnic Institute in Germany. Returning to Russia in 1899, he established ties with terrorist groups and soon became a prominent figure in the Socialist-Revolutionary movement. At the direction of the Minister of Internal Affairs Plehve, he penetrated the leading structures of the party, and from 1903 he headed the Combat Organization of the Social Revolutionaries. Until the middle of 1908 he collaborated with the police. In the summer of 1908 Azef was exposed by Vladimir Burtsev. The creator of the national tradition of journalistic investigation of the activities of the special services, Burtsev managed to prove the fact of Azef's work for the secret police. The Socialist-Revolutionary Party conducted an official investigation. As a result, the Central Committee of the Socialist Revolutionary Party was forced to admit the truth and declare Azef a provocateur. The Azef case caused irreparable damage to the Socialist-Revolutionary Party.

Parallel to the Socialist Revolutionary, but less organized and on a more modest scale, the terror of the anarchists unfolded. Anarchists were visible in the south and west of the Russian Empire. The centers of anarchist terror are Bialystok, Odessa, Riga, Vilno, Warsaw. Anarchist terrorism was distinguished by its targeting against the possessing classes and the widespread use of suicide bombers.

Social Democrats generally declared their opposition to systematic terror. The Bolsheviks, above all their leader V. I. Lenin, rejected terrorism as an erroneous tactic, unpromising from the point of view of the task of accomplishing a social revolution in Russia. However, the practical Bolsheviks adopted the practice of expropriation and taxation of individuals on the needs of the revolution. During the revolution, the Bolshevik Party created Combat Detachments. In 1905, Leonid Krasin created the Military-Technical Group under the Central Committee of the RSDLP. In addition to the expropriation of property, they practiced the destruction of informants, terror against supporters of the "Black Hundred", mining railways... The Bolsheviks were responsible for the murder of the Georgian writer and public figure Ilya Chavchavadze (August 1907). But the main thrust of Bolshevik terrorism was expropriation. This direction of work was directed by Leonid Krasin. The most active activity developed in the Caucasus. A group led by Semyon Ter-Petrosyants (Kamo) carried out a number of expropriations. The loudest act was the "Tiflis ex" on June 12, 1907, when the Bolsheviks blew up two postage carriages with money and took away 250,000 rubles for the needs of the "Bolshevik center" abroad.

Terrorism also developed on the outskirts of the empire. Since the late 19th century, the Polish Socialist Party (PSP) has periodically destroyed police informers and those most zealously collaborating with the tsarist administration. During the revolution, the PSP created the "Warsaw Fighting Organization", in which Felix Dzerzhinsky was actively involved. In Lvov, the PSP created a school that trained personnel to fight against Russian rule. On the territory of Lithuania

In the 1910s, Russian society stabilized. The last major case in the history of pre-revolutionary terrorism was the assassination of Stolypin. In September 1911, compromised by his connections with the Security Department, the anarcho-communist Dmitry Bogrov assassinated the Prime Minister in the building of the Kiev Opera, in front of the Tsar and 92 security agents.

The February revolution and the Bolshevik coup (1917) marked a new stage in the history of Russian terrorism. Establishing their power, the Bolsheviks faced opposition from a broad coalition of political and social forces. The enemies of the Soviet regime, naturally, turned to the tactics of terrorism. They relied on a half-century tradition, a cadre of professionals, the prevailing structures of terrorism. But then it became clear that terrorism is effective only in a society following the path of liberalization. The totalitarian regime opposes the scattered terrorism of anti-government forces with systematic and devastating state terror.

Among the terrorist attacks of the Civil War era - the assassination of the German ambassador, Count Mirbach (1918), the assassination of prominent communists Uritsky (1918) and Zagorsky (1919). In 1918, an attempt was made on Lenin's life. In 1918-1919 - several explosions in public places. So, in September 1919, anarchists from the "All-Russian Insurgent Committee of Revolutionary Partisans" blew up the building of the Moscow Committee of the RCP. Basically, these attacks were carried out by the SRs. The Red Terror destroyed the anti-Soviet underground in a matter of years. The terrorist movement has lost both personnel and support in society. Criticizing the government and sympathizing with terrorists is a luxury available to a person living in a more or less free society. In addition, the communist regime has created a powerful and well-thought-out system for the protection of senior state officials. Terrorist attacks against the leaders became impossible.

After the end of the Civil War, emigration activists tried to carry out terrorist attacks against Soviet representatives abroad. An example is the assassination of the Soviet diplomatic courier Theodor Nette in Latvia (1926) and the plenipotentiary representative Peter Voikov in Poland (1927). The Soviet secret services solved this problem as well. Anti-Soviet movements were saturated with people from Moscow, irreconcilable activists were destroyed. By the late 1930s, much of the emigration was under control. The tradition of Russian terrorism has been destroyed. The high-profile case of the mid-1930s, which served as a signal for the unfolding of a wave of repressions - the assassination of Kirov (1934) - according to one version - a pseudo-terrorist attack organized by the USSR special services.

After the war, there are two local centers of terrorism in the territories annexed by the USSR before the war - in the Baltic States and Western Ukraine. Partisan movements operating in the Baltics and Western Ukraine carried out terrorist attacks against both representatives of the Soviet authorities and against Soviet activists from local residents. By the early 1950s, anti-Soviet rebel movements using terrorist methods had been defeated. Terrorism disappears from the life of Soviet society for decades.

Rare isolated terrorist attacks have only become public knowledge since the late 1960s. In 1969, an army lieutenant, later recognized as mentally ill, tried, firing a pistol at an open car, to kill Leonid Brezhnev... In 1977, three Armenian separatists detonated a makeshift bomb in the Moscow metro. In the 1970s, there were several attempts to hijack an aircraft to Israel. Several terrorist attacks took place during the Perestroika era. Among them - an attempt to hijack an aircraft by the Ovechkin family ("Seven Simeons") in 1988.

Since 1991, the modern stage of national history has been unfolding. The collapse of the Soviet system created a qualitatively new reality. According to the Constitution, the Russian Federation is a democratic constitutional state. Contemporary Russian society is immeasurably freer than the Soviet one. In other words, democratic Russia (like any democratic society) has become a potential target of terrorism.

Terrorist attacks begin in the second half of the 1990s. Weakening state institutions, the economic crisis, the formation of a black market in weapons and explosives, the explosive growth of criminal violence (the so-called "showdowns", contract killings), uncontrolled migration flows, the war in Chechnya and other factors created the preconditions for the emergence of terrorism.

Individual terrorist attacks are carried out by small groups of a radical communist orientation. Examples are the explosion of the monument to Nicholas II near Moscow (1998), the night explosion at the FSB reception office in Moscow (1999), the mining of the monument to Peter I in Moscow. All these actions took place without human casualties.

The series of terrorist acts connected with the war in Chechnya is immeasurably more serious. These are the explosions of houses, explosions in streets and markets, the seizure of public buildings and the taking of hostages. Terrorist attacks take place in Dagestan, Volgodonsk, Moscow. Chechen terrorism is distinguished by its organized character, good financial, organizational and technical support.

Among the most notorious actions is the seizure of a maternity hospital in the city of Budenovsk by a detachment of terrorists led by Shamil Basev in the summer of 1995. The terrorist attack ended in negotiations and the return of terrorists to territory not controlled by the Russian army. A similar seizure of the theater center on st. Dubrovka in Moscow by a detachment led by Movsar Barayev in the fall of 2002 ended with an assault, the destruction of terrorists and the release of hostages.

The contribution to the theory of terrorism by Russian anarchists and radicals is well known. First of all, the names of Bakunin, Nechaev (for example, his Revolutionary catechism

The ideologues of fascism made their contribution to the ideology of terrorism - Primo de Riviera, Adolf Hitler, Joseph Goebbels, Otto Strasser, Benito Mussolini... In the 1960-1970s, the theorist of the urban guerrilla, the Brazilian Juan Carlos Marigella, the author of the classic work City Guerrilla Mini Tutorial... The leaders of the West German left-radical group Baader-Meinhof worked on the theory of terrorism (for example, Urban guerrilla concept and Urban guerrilla and class struggle Ulrike Meinhof). At the end of the 1990s, among Islamic fundamentalists, ideological constructions of theorists of Islamic terrorism, which are less accessible to us, developed, working out the concept of jihad. In this system of ideas, terrorism is interpreted as an element of the holy war with the infidels.

Speaking about the ideological baggage of terrorists, it should be noted that the separatist and national liberation movements, resorting to the tactics of terrorism, set themselves local goals. Here, terror is a means of achieving a result, which (as the examples of Poland or Israel show) is removed with the solution of the task at hand. Terrorists, inspired by totalitarian ideologies and fundamentalist readings of religious doctrines - anarchists, radical communists, fascists, Islamic fundamentalists, see the perspective differently. For them, terror acts as a prologue to the world war of liberation. Terrorism is understood as a stone, the fall of which will move an avalanche from its place. The peoples will rise up to fight the imperialists, plutocrats, infidels and sweep away the hated power of the forces of the world evil. Here the connection between ideological terrorism and the Manichean worldview is clearly revealed.

It should be noted that Islamic religious fanaticism is far from the only source of modern religious terrorism. The methods of terrorism are used by religious fanatics Hindus or fanatics Judaists. The religious sect "Aum Shinrike", the Christian fanatic - the American Timothy McVeigh, came to terrorism.

Among the main problems of the ethics of terrorism are the problem of justifying terror and the problem of criteria for the admissibility of terrorist acts as a means of political struggle. Theorists and ideologues of terrorism proceeded from their inherited tyrannical attitude. They began with the fact that terror is permissible in societies with a tyrannical regime, which did not give their citizens the opportunity to legally (within the framework of the parliamentary process and democratic procedures) fight for the assertion of their ideals and the reorganization of society. The logic of the historical evolution of terrorism led the ideologists of the movement to the idea that any and all governments, both authoritarian and democratic, were declared satraps and bloody dictatorships. The principle of revolutionary necessity is affirmed, according to which all means are good if they serve the cause of overthrowing the "anti-popular regime".

The problem of accidental victims of terrorist acts is no less significant. The practice of terrorism began with a desire to avoid and minimize accidental casualties. However, the logic of the terrorist struggle drove the militants to more and more victims. Accordingly, the ideologues of terrorism began to develop the thesis about the admissibility and justification of any, including accidental victims. The latter are declared "bourgeois" ("infidels", "foreigners") or their "servants". The idea that everyone who tolerates this power is responsible for it wins. They are serviceable taxpayers, with their consent and on their money this power exists, they are its servants, etc. There is also another answer - the authorities, with which the terrorists are fighting, are to blame for the deaths of accidental victims.

If there is a real problem behind terrorism - social, cultural, political, then some segment of society that is sensitive to this problem will sympathize, if not with the methods of terrorists, then with the goals or ideas that they defend. Within this segment, terrorism finds support and recruits personnel. Without the support of at least part of society, terrorist movements die out. Accordingly, the resolution of acute problems removes the split in society and deprives the terrorist movements of the necessary social base.

A society confronted with terrorism, as a rule, is experiencing an evolution of its attitude towards this phenomenon. The emergence of terrorism is splitting the population. Some reject terrorism completely and completely, others allow it in certain situations, and still others accept and justify. As terrorism unfolds, society is faced with the consequences of acts of terror and the suffering of the victims. This information reinforces the negative

The attitude of people towards terrorism in any country of the world is influenced by the general historical evolution of the assessment of this phenomenon. The attitude towards terrorism has undergone a change within the framework of the world-historical process. Terrorism was born in Europe. At the first stages of its history, the image of a terrorist for a significant part of society merged with the image of a fighter for freedom, national independence, and social justice. At the beginning of the 20th century. State support for movements using terrorist tactics in countries of potential or actual adversaries was viewed by many governments as normal practice. Then states committed to liberal values \u200b\u200babandon this practice. In the interwar period, and especially after the Second World War, sponsoring terrorism becomes the exclusive property of aggressive regimes preoccupied with the tasks of ideological and political expansion.

In the 1960s – 1970s, a system of international terrorism was formed. Since that time, the process of understanding terrorism as an unconditional danger threatening the foundations of international stability has been unfolding. Accordingly, public sentiment is changing. Today, in the information and cultural panorama of societies belonging to the Euro-Atlantic civilization, justification of terrorism, heroization of the image

Today, the centers of terrorism have shifted to non-European areas. The societies of the East have yet to go through the evolution of their attitude towards terrorism and recognize it as an absolutely criminal and immoral practice.

Terrorism is a complex and resource intensive enterprise. On the other hand, terrorism pays great dividends. The activation of terrorists may turn out to be a significant factor in deciding the choice of a particular route for the gas pipeline. Terrorists can redirect international tourist flows. Where economic interests run in the billions of dollars, it is easy to find millions to fund terrorists. In addition, terrorism is constantly financed by ideological

As terrorism turns into an industry, terrorist training becomes a complex field. It includes selection, ideological and psychological training, complex and multifaceted vocational training. The training system is close to the training system for intelligence officers, agents and saboteurs. The training of suicide bombers requires special efforts. There are two strategies in modern terrorism. One, comes from the installation on the mass

Igor G. Yakovenko

A traditional source of help for terrorists is help from any countries that use terrorists as tools to achieve their goals, which may be completely alien to the terrorists themselves. Previously, the great powers did not disdain to provide assistance to "ideologically close" terrorists, but in the modern world this is not the only source. As noted in 2000 by the authors of the "Report of the Council

A more important source of terrorist financing is the sponsorship of individuals through the mediation of various communities, humanitarian aid societies, religious organizations, etc. The fact is that although many in the "third world" vehemently reject the values \u200b\u200bof the Western world, this does not prevent them from mastering "Western" capitalism and making capital. An iconic figure in this regard is Osama bin Laden, a millionaire from Saudi Arabia who started out as a sponsor of the Afghan mujahideen and later joined their ranks. However, the Arab millionaire terrorist is not quite a typical figure. There are much more of those who generously donate to the "cause of Islam", but are not at all eager to personally take up the machine gun. As a result, a paradoxical picture emerges: Saudi Arabia is a reliable ally of the United States, but many of its citizens sponsor anti-American terrorism and personally participate in terrorist attacks in America. It is also known that Irish militants received active assistance from the Irish communities of the United States (approximately 20% of the income of the Provisional IRA), although official Washington has always categorically condemned Ulster Catholic terrorists. This source fuels religious and nationalist terrorist groups.

In the modern world, however, terrorism is less and less in need of external financial assistance and is increasingly shifting to self-supply. We are talking about the involvement of terrorist organizations in the rapidly growing international criminal industries - drug trafficking, illegal migration, smuggling of valuable minerals, etc. To “launder” criminal proceeds, terrorist organizations, like organized crime syndicates, create cover in the form of completely legal gas stations, supermarkets, transport and other companies. As a result of such commercialization, terrorism acquires the features of the mafia, and the struggle for the idea is partially supplanted by the struggle for the long dollar. Such mafia terrorism is more difficult to fight than the mafia or conventional terrorism: it is more militant and bloodthirsty than the traditional mafia, and richer than the traditional type of terrorism. If with "ideological" terrorists it is possible to look for and find some compromises, then with mafia terrorists they are fundamentally impossible. Mafiozization now affects, to one degree or another, practically all types of terrorism.

Modern Colombia has become a heartache for both the “left” and the “right”: the former are ashamed of what the heirs of Che Guevara have degenerated into, the latter for the methods they are forced to use in the fight against the “guevarists”.

There are two main rebel organizations operating in Colombia:

Colombian rebels' revenues reach 600 million dollars a year (about 1.5 million a day), which puts them on a par with the largest national corporations.

Since the early 1980s, the guerrillas have systematically collected "tribute" from the most prosperous areas of the Colombian economy. Now almost all economic actors pay certain taxes to the racketeer insurgents for the safety of their activities. Refusal to pay may result in the kidnapping of the businessman or his family members. However, the abductions, which hundreds of people are subjected to every year, are not necessarily related to tax evasion; it is also an independent source of income. In addition, the rebels enrich themselves by controlling the cultivation, production and transportation of drugs - cocaine and heroin. In the "liberated" territories, drug traffickers openly engage in their business, paying taxes to the "revolutionaries" for patronage.

Today, Colombia accounts for about half of all kidnappings in the world. The number of abductions has grown steadily since the mid-1990s, and in 2000 Colombia had a "record" of 3706 officially reported cases ( cm... fig. 2). This means that an average of 8 people are kidnapped every day.

The Colombian example of terrorist organizations forming a "state within a state" is exceptional, but not so unique. According to some reports, Fatah has an annual budget of $ 7-8 billion, which is double the GNP of Jordan. However, most other terrorist organizations have more modest incomes: for example, at the end of the 1990s, the budget of the Provisional IRA was estimated at $ 3.5 million per year, the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Elam - 82 million.

International terrorism is an essential element of the international criminal community. Like the criminal community, international terrorism is strong by fusion with the state. The difference is that the alliance between terrorists and the state is ensured not by corruption, but by the deliberate political choice of the ruling regimes of the states sponsoring terrorism.

The confrontation between the state and a separate terrorist organization develops according to a certain scenario. In the second half of the 20th century. between the emergence of an active terrorist organization and its defeat, on average, 3-5 years pass. In other words, a terrorist organization by itself always loses to the state. If behind the back of this organization there is a "liberated region" not controlled by the authorities and run by anti-government rebels, or another state, then

Usually, a new terrorist organization is inevitably infused with intelligence agents. Militants are arrested or killed during special operations. The average term of active activity of a terrorist is three years. Then he either dies or goes to prison. Significant organizational, technical and financial resources are needed for the constant reproduction of the destructible structure of terrorism. We need bases, instructors, weapons and other equipment, penetration channels, fake documents, intelligence data, etc. In short, effective terrorist activities today require the full support of the sponsoring state.

Note that one state cannot contain the entire system of international terrorism. Reproduction of the system of international terrorism requires a coalition of several states (covering different continents, representing different races and civilizations). Such a coalition took shape in the second half of the 20th century. The tactical alliance of sponsors of terrorism from the socialist countries and the authoritarian regimes of the Arab world ensured the unfolding of the global offensive of terrorism in the 1960s and 1970s.

To date, the palette of states sponsoring terrorism has shrunk and changed significantly. After September 11, 2001, real preconditions for the formation of a global anti-terrorist coalition arose. Before our eyes, the norm of international relations is being approved, according to which proven sponsorship of terrorism is a sufficient basis for violent actions against the sponsoring country, up to the overthrow of the ruling regime. The destruction of the terrorism-state link is called upon to solve the problem of international terrorism. Deprived of state resources and support for special services, terrorists will not be able to continue their activities in the same volume. Single terrorist attacks, apparently, are unavoidable. As for organized terrorism, without outside support, it is possible only as one of the forms of civil war (guerrilla), as a harbinger of an unfolding revolution. In other words, in the case when a significant part of the population is behind the terrorists.

It can be seen that the story of the elimination of the slave trade unfolded in a similar way. Initially, the slave trade was banned as an international practice. The leaders of the world community (in this case, Great Britain) imposed a ban on the slave trade on the rulers of the traditional societies of the East. Deprived of state support and legal status, the slave trade was strangled by police measures

In those countries of Asia or Latin America (and partly in the Balkans), where terrorists operate today, the situation is different. In these regions, terrorism has not been eradicated historically. Here, illegal violence is considered the order of the day. However, terrorism is spilling over into the spaces of the prosperous West.

International terrorism is a mechanism for the impact of a coalition of unmodernized (or rather, partially modernized) traditional societies on the world of liberal civilization. As a source of global dynamics, the Western world destabilizes developing countries. There is no malicious intent on the part of the West. Dynamic societies are inherently more efficient than stagnant ones, and they corrupt the traditional world. However, the ideologues of Tradition interpret this regularity of world history as a conspiracy directed against the traditional world. They represent the leaders of the world dynamics in the image of the "Devil", talk about the "crusaders", about the "world dominion of the Freemasons" and so on. The forces supporting international terrorism seek to destabilize the West, tear away from it the countries that have recently chosen the liberal path, and change the vector of historical development.

Terrorism today is an effective means of influence, chosen by the coalition of the most radical anti-liberal forces. This coalition finds allies for itself, both in the societies of the West themselves and in the constantly growing environment of immigrants from Asia and Africa in the West. Modern terrorism uses the nature of a liberal society, speculating on the essence of a liberal state and sets as its strategic goal the destruction of this society.

The profound effect of terrorism is the transformation of the principles of liberalism. Terrorists are pushing the targets of terror to abandon liberal values, civil rights and freedoms. They are pushing the authorities onto the path of total control, seeking to destroy the structures of civil society. Terrorism can be easily defeated with its own weapons. State terror sweeps away the structures of terrorism. However, this path of combating terrorism is closed. The challenge is to

Modern international terrorism is another historical challenge to liberal civilization. We are all not only witnesses, but also participants in this drama.

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